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1
Liao, Fengxiang, Jiahao Wan, Lu Leng e Cheonshik Kim. "E-Health Self-Help Diagnosis from Feces Images in Real Scenes". Electronics 12, n. 2 (9 gennaio 2023): 344. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics12020344.
Abstract (sommario):
Deep learning models and computer vision are commonly integrated for e-health self-help diagnosis. The abnormal colors and traits of feces can reveal the risks of cancer and digestive diseases. As such, this paper develops a self-help diagnostic system to conveniently analyze users’ health conditions from feces images at home, which can reduce dependence on professional skills and examinations equipment. Unfortunately, real scenes at home suffer from several severe challenges, including the lack of labeled data, complex backgrounds, varying illumination, etc. A semi-supervised learning strategy is employed to solve the scarcity of labeled data and reduce the burden of manual labeling. The unlabeled data are classified by an initial model that is pretrained on a small number of training data. Then, the labels with high confidence are allocated to the unlabeled samples in order to extend the training data accordingly. With regard to the small feces areas in certain samples, an adaptive upsampling method is proposed to enlarge the suitable local area according to the proportion of the foreground. Synthesized feces images in real scenes are tested to confirm the effectiveness and efficiency of the proposed method. In terms of accuracy, our proposed model can achieve 100% and 99.2% on color and trait recognition in medical scenes, respectively, and 99.1% and 100% on color and trait recognition in real scenes, respectively. The related datasets and codes will be released on Github.
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Morgan, Laura R., Karen J. Marsh, Douglas R. Tolleson e Kara N. Youngentob. "The Application of NIRS to Determine Animal Physiological Traits for Wildlife Management and Conservation". Remote Sensing 13, n. 18 (16 settembre 2021): 3699. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13183699.
Abstract (sommario):
The ability to measure and monitor wildlife populations is important for species management and conservation. The use of near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) to rapidly detect physiological traits from wildlife scat and other body materials could play an important role in the conservation of species. Previous research has demonstrated the potential for NIRS to detect diseases such as the novel COVID-19 from saliva, parasites from feces, and numerous other traits from animal skin, hair, and scat, such as cortisol metabolites, diet quality, sex, and reproductive status, that may be useful for population monitoring. Models developed from NIRS data use light reflected from a sample to relate the variation in the sample’s spectra to variation in a trait, which can then be used to predict that trait in unknown samples based on their spectra. The modelling process involves calibration, validation, and evaluation. Data sampling, pre-treatments, and the selection of training and testing datasets can impact model performance. We review the use of NIRS for measuring physiological traits in animals that may be useful for wildlife management and conservation and suggest future research to advance the application of NIRS for this purpose.
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Rodrigues, Francelino Neiva, José Lindenberg Rocha Sarmento, Tânia Maria Leal, Adriana Mello de Araújo e Luiz Antonio Silva Figueiredo Filho. "Genetic parameters for worm resistance in Santa Inês sheep using the Bayesian animal model". Animal Bioscience 34, n. 2 (1 febbraio 2021): 185–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.5713/ajas.19.0634.
Abstract (sommario):
Objective: The objective of this study was to estimate the genetic parameters for worm resistance (WR) and associated characteristics, using the linear-threshold animal model via Bayesian inference in single- and multiple-trait analyses.Methods: Data were collected from a herd of Santa Inês breed sheep. All information was collected with animals submitted to natural contamination conditions. All data (number of eggs per gram of feces [FEC], Famacha score [FS], body condition score [BCS], and hematocrit [HCT]) were collected on the same day. The animals were weighed individually on the day after collection (after 12-h fasting). The WR trait was defined by the multivariate cluster analysis, using the FEC, HCT, BCS, and FS of material collected from naturally infected sheep of the Santa Inês breed. The variance components and genetic parameters for the WR, FEC, HCT, BCS, and FS traits were estimated using the Bayesian inference under the linear and threshold animal model.Results: A low magnitude was obtained for repeatability of worm-related traits. The mean values estimated for heritability were of low-to-high (0.05 to 0.88) magnitude. The FEC, HCT, BCS, FS, and body weight traits showed higher heritability (although low magnitude) in the multiple-trait model due to increased information about traits. All WR characters showed a significant genetic correlation, and heritability estimates ranged from low (0.44; single-trait model) to high (0.88; multiple-trait model).Conclusion: Therefore, we suggest that FS be included as a criterion of ovine genetic selection for endoparasite resistance using the trait defined by multivariate cluster analysis, as it will provide greater genetic gains when compared to any single trait. In addition, its measurement is easy and inexpensive, exhibiting greater heritability and repeatability and a high genetic correlation with the trait of resistance to worms.
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Alsubait, Ibrahim S., Ibrahim A. Alhidary e Ahmed A. Al-Haidary. "Effects of Different Levels of Yucca Supplementation on Growth Rates, Metabolic Profiles, Fecal Odor Emissions, and Carcass Traits of Growing Lambs". Animals 13, n. 4 (19 febbraio 2023): 755. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani13040755.
Abstract (sommario):
Sixty male Awassi lambs were used to investigate the effects of dietary Yucca schidgera extract (YS) on the production, fecal and urinary odor emissions, and carcass traits of growing lambs fed complete pellets. Lambs were fed either a complete pelleted diet without yucca (control) or supplemented with 300 or 600 mg YS/kg dry matter (DM) during the 84-day experiment. The weights and feed consumption of the lambs were measured weekly. Blood samples were taken on days 1, 28, 58, and 84, and ruminal fluid samples were collected on day 70. On day 90, the odor emissions from feces and urine were measured. On day 84, 12 lambs were slaughtered for the evaluation of carcass and meat quality. The final values for bodyweight, bodyweight gain, and feed efficiency of lambs fed the YS300 diet were 3.40%, 6.64%, and 6.17%, respectively, higher (p < 0.05) than those fed the YS600 diet. Additionally, the percentage of dressing, myofibril fragmentation index, and ruminal isovalerate percentage of lambs treated with YS600 were higher than those treated with YS300. Compared with the control, the addition of yucca reduced odor emissions from feces and urine. In conclusion, dietary YS300 had no additional benefits on growth rate, feed efficiency, and carcass traits, while dietary YS600 improved fecal and urinary odors.
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F. Z. Al-Dulaimy, Ahmed, e Mazin M. O. Alrawi. "Effect of pigeon, cattle feces and bread yeast on some growth traits of Pomegranate trees". ANBAR JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES 12, n. 2 (1 dicembre 2014): 343–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.32649/ajas.2014.98287.
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Stanton, Thaddeus B., Jennifer S. McDowall e Mark A. Rasmussen. "Diverse Tetracycline Resistance Genotypes of Megasphaera elsdenii Strains Selectively Cultured from Swine Feces". Applied and Environmental Microbiology 70, n. 6 (giugno 2004): 3754–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.70.6.3754-3757.2004.
Abstract (sommario):
ABSTRACT A total of 30 Megasphaera elsdenii strains, selectively isolated from the feces of organically raised swine by using Me109 M medium, and one bovine strain were analyzed for tetracycline resistance genotypic and phenotypic traits. Tetracycline-resistant strains carried tet(O), tet(W), or a tet gene mosaic of tet(O) and tet(W). M. elsdenii strains carrying tet(OWO) genes exhibited the highest tetracycline MICs (128 to >256 μg/ml), suggesting that tet(O)-tet(W) mosaic genes provide the selective advantage of greater tetracycline resistance for this species. Seven tet genotypes are now known for M. elsdenii, an archetype commensal anaerobe and model for tet gene evolution in the mammalian intestinal tract.
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Panyaboriban, S., N. Songsasen, R. P. Singh, L. Padilla, J. Brown, D. Reed, M. Techakumphu e B. Pukazhenthi. "120 IMPACT OF SEASON ON SEMINAL CHARACTERISTICS AND SPERM CRYOPRESERVATION IN THE TUFTED DEER (ELAPHODUS CEPHALOPHUS)". Reproduction, Fertility and Development 28, n. 2 (2016): 190. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rdv28n2ab120.
Abstract (sommario):
The Tufted deer (Elaphodus cephalophus), a small deer species native to China, is listed as near threatened on the IUCN Red List and >70 animals are managed in North American zoos as a hedge against extinction. In this study, we 1) characterized the seminal traits, 2) assessed the impact of season on ejaculate traits and testosterone level, and 3) examined sperm sensitivity to cryopreservation. Semen (24 ejaculates) were obtained from five males (1–2 ejaculates/male per season) by electro-ejaculation and evaluated for volume, osmolality, pH as well as sperm concentration, motility (%M), forward progression (FP, scale = 0–5) and acrosomal integrity (%AI). Ejaculates were divided into two aliquots and cryopreserved (4% vol/vol glycerol final concentration; 50–200 × 106 sperm mL–1) over liquid nitrogen vapor using Beltsville extender (BF5F; Howard et al. 1986) or Triladyl® (TRIL; Minitüb GmbH, Germany) extender. Sperm motility and %AI were assessed immediately (subjective) upon thawing and following swim-up processing (SU; 30 min) using computer-assisted semen analysis after 1, 2, 3, and 4 h of incubation (37°C). Fecal samples were collected 3–5 times weekly for 2 years and analyzed for testosterone (T) metabolites using enzyme immunoassay as a function of season (autumn, September–November; winter, December–February; spring, March–May; and summer, June–August). Data were analyzed using Proc GLM or ANOVA with Tukey multiple mean comparison. Significance was set at P < 0.05. Male reproductive and semen traits peaked in autumn (volume, 2.0 mL; concentration, 207.6 × 106 mL–1; pH, 7.6; osmolality, 310.8 mOsm; %M, 76%; FP, 3.5; and %AI, 82.3). Mean testicular length and neck girth in autumn were 4.9 and 43.2 cm, respectively. Mean T concentration (~1.23 µg g–1 of dry feces) was higher (P < 0.05) in summer compared with winter (1.07 µg g–1 of dry feces) or spring (1.06 µg g–1 of dry feces). Sperm motility and %AI were lower (P < 0.05) immediately after thawing (BF5F, 34.6 and 34.7%, respectively; and TRIL, 23.1 and 29.1%, respectively) compared with fresh semen (76.9 and 74.6%, respectively). Motility characteristics immediately after SU (computer-assisted semen analysis) were higher (P < 0.05) in BF5F compared with TRIL: %M (56.4 v. 44.9%), progressive motility (42.5 v. 21.9%), %AI (41.2 v. 31.3%), straight-line velocity (68.0 v. 53.2 µm s–1), straightness (85.1 v. 75.1%), and linearity (54.3 v. 45.0%). At the end of 4 h of incubation, sperm %M and FP declined (P > 0.05) in both BF5F and TRIL (47 and 30%, respectively) but the %AI was higher (P < 0.05) in BF5F (32%) than TRIL (21%). Results indicate that tufted deer ejaculates exhibit seasonal variations in reproductive traits and cryopreservation in BF5F better preserves sperm motility and acrosomal membrane integrity compared with TRIL.
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NandaKafle, Gitanjali, Taylor Huegen, Sarah C. Potgieter, Emma Steenkamp, Stephanus N. Venter e Volker S. Brözel. "Niche Preference of Escherichia coli in a Peri-Urban Pond Ecosystem". Life 11, n. 10 (28 settembre 2021): 1020. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/life11101020.
Abstract (sommario):
Escherichia coli comprises diverse strains with a large accessory genome, indicating functional diversity and the ability to adapt to a range of niches. Specific strains would display greatest fitness in niches matching their combination of phenotypic traits. Given this hypothesis, we sought to determine whether E. coli in a peri-urban pond and associated cattle pasture display niche preference. Samples were collected from water, sediment, aquatic plants, water snails associated with the pond, as well as bovine feces from cattle in an adjacent pasture. Isolates (120) were obtained after plating on Membrane Lactose Glucuronide Agar (MLGA). We used the uidA and mutS sequences for all isolates to determine phylogeny by maximum likelihood, and population structure through gene flow analysis. PCR was used to allocate isolates to phylogroups and to determine the presence of pathogenicity/virulence genes (stxI, stxII, eaeA, hlyA, ST, and LT). Antimicrobial resistance was determined using a disk diffusion assay for Tetracycline, Gentamicin, Ciprofloxacin, Meropenem, Ceftriaxone, and Azithromycin. Our results showed that isolates from water, sediment, and water plants were similar by phylogroup distribution, virulence gene distribution, and antibiotic resistance while both snail and feces populations were significantly different. Few of the feces isolates were significantly similar to aquatic ones, and most of the snail isolates were also different. Population structure analysis indicated three genetic backgrounds associated with bovine, snail, and aquatic environments. Collectively these data support niche preference of E. coli isolates occurring in this ecosystem.
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Lomholt, Jeanet A., Knud Poulsen e Mogens Kilian. "Epidemic Population Structure of Pseudomonas aeruginosa: Evidence for a Clone That Is Pathogenic to the Eye and That Has a Distinct Combination of Virulence Factors". Infection and Immunity 69, n. 10 (1 ottobre 2001): 6284–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.69.10.6284-6295.2001.
Abstract (sommario):
ABSTRACT The genetic structure of a population of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, isolated from patients with keratitis, endophthalmitis, and contact lens-associated red eye, contact lens storage cases, urine, ear, blood, lungs, wounds, feces, and the environment was determined by multilocus enzyme electrophoresis. The presence and characteristics of virulence factors were determined by restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis with DNA probes for lasA, lasB,aprA, exoS, exoT,exoU, and ctx and by zymography of staphylolysin, elastase, and alkaline protease. These analyses revealed an epidemic population structure of P. aeruginosa, characterized by frequent recombination in which a particular successful clone may increase, predominate for a time, and then disasappear as a result of recombination. Epidemic clones were found among isolates from patients with keratitis. They were characterized by high activity of a hitherto-unrecognized size variant of elastase, high alkaline protease activity, and possession of the exoUgene encoding the cytotoxic exoenzyme U. These virulence determinants are not exclusive traits in strains causing keratitis, as strains with other properties may cause keratitis in the presence of predisposing conditions. There were no uniform patterns of characteristics of isolates from other types of infection; however, all strains from urinary tract infections possessed the exoS gene, all strains from environment and feces and the major part of keratitis and wound isolates exhibited high elastase and alkaline protease activity, and all strains from feces showed high staphylolysin activity, indicating that these virulence factors may be important in the pathogenesis of these infectious diseases.
10
Yu, Yu-Hsiang, Ting-Yu Hsu, Wei-Jung Chen, Yi-Bing Horng e Yeong-Hsiang Cheng. "The Effect of Bacillus licheniformis-Fermented Products and Postpartum Dysgalactia Syndrome on Litter Performance Traits, Milk Composition, and Fecal Microbiota in Sows". Animals 10, n. 11 (5 novembre 2020): 2044. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani10112044.
Abstract (sommario):
This study was designed to evaluate the effects of Bacillus licheniformis-fermented products (BLFP) and postpartum dysgalactia syndrome (PDS) on litter performance traits, milk composition, and fecal microbiota in sows in a commercial farrow to finish pig farm. Fifty multiparous cross-bred pregnant sows were randomly assigned to two groups in a completely randomized design. The dietary treatments comprised a basal diet (pregnancy and nursery diet) as control and basal diet supplemented with 1.5 g/kg of BLFP. Sows with PDS in the two groups were further verified 12 h post-partum. Results show that the piglet body weight at weaning was increased in sows fed the BLFP compared to those fed the control diet. The milk fat content of prepartum sows was reduced in sows fed the BLFP. Postpartum sows with PDS had increased milk solid content compared with healthy sows. Microbial composition and species relative abundance analysis indicated distinct bacterial clusters between the groups. The abundance of the family Prevotellaceae in the feces decreased in sows with PDS. BLFP increased the average abundance of the genus (Eubacterium) coprostanoligenes group in feces of sows. These findings demonstrate that BLFP in the diet of sows can improve the piglet body weight at weaning and modulate the fecal microbiota of sows. PDS also has an impact on milk composition and fecal microbiota in sows.
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Paddock, Z. D., J. Bai, X. Shi, D. G. Renter e T. G. Nagaraja. "Detection of Escherichia coli O104 in the Feces of Feedlot Cattle by a Multiplex PCR Assay Designed To Target Major Genetic Traits of the Virulent Hybrid Strain Responsible for the 2011 German Outbreak". Applied and Environmental Microbiology 79, n. 11 (29 marzo 2013): 3522–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.00246-13.
Abstract (sommario):
ABSTRACTA multiplex PCR was designed to detectEscherichia coliO104:H4, a hybrid pathotype of Shiga toxigenic and enteroaggregativeE. coli, in cattle feces. A total of 248 fecal samples were tested, and 20.6% were positive for serogroup O104. The O104 isolates did not carry genes characteristic of the virulent hybrid strain.
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Jabastin, Jayamanohar, Palanisamy Bruntha Devi, Rajendran Suresh e Venkatesan Brindha Priyadarisini. "Functional traits of exopolysaccharide (EPS) producing lactic flora from feces of Irula and Urban community of Tamil Nadu". Indian Journal of Applied Microbiology 21, n. 02 (24 novembre 2018): 11–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.46798/ijam.2018.v21i02.002.
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Kuroda, Amanda Tami, Jocimar Costa Rosa, André Luís Hartmann Caranhato, Luiz Felipe Antunes de Almeida, Giovana Dal Lago Garcia, Gustavo Arana Demitto, Renata Maria Bento de Souza e Fernando Alves de Albuquerque. "Selection of popcorn genotypes resistant to Spodoptera frugiperda and identification of resistance-related key traits". Acta Scientiarum. Agronomy 46, n. 1 (12 dicembre 2023): e65102. http://dx.doi.org/10.4025/actasciagron.v46i1.65102.
Abstract (sommario):
The Spodoptera frugiperda, is one of the most deleterious pests of popcorn and the identification of resistant genotypes is determinant in breeding programs. The objective of this study was to select popcorn genotypes resistant to S. frugiperda and the key traits related to the identification of resistance. The popcorn varieties UEM J1, Composto Márcia, Arachida, Composto Gaúcho, and Zapalote Chico (resistant check) were evaluated in a completely randomized design with 100 replications. The experimental unit consisted of one Petri dish, containing plant material and a caterpillar The following traits were evaluated: larval stage duration (LSt), food intake weight(IW), final larva weight (FW), mean larva weight (MW), feces (F), assimilated (A) and metabolized food weight (M), relative consumption rate (RCR), relative metabolic rate (RMR), relative growth rate (RGR), conversion efficiency of ingested food (CEI), apparent digestibility (AD), conversion efficiency of digested food (CED), and leaf area consumed (LAC). The diagnosis of multicollinearity, analysis of canonical variables, genetic divergence, hierarchical clustering, factor analysis and canonical correspondence analysis were carried out to perform multivariate analysis. After the multicollinearity test, the traits FW, IW, RCR, AD, and LAC were maintained for further analysis. The traits IW, FW and AD were determinant in the resistance by antixenosis expressed by the varieties Zapalote Chico and Arachida, for the varieties Composto Gaúcho and Composto Márcia the determining characteristics were RCR and LAC and for the variety UEM J1 the variable LAC showed greater importance. Variety Arachida was considered resistant to S. frugiperda by antixenosis and can be used in the future as a source of favorable alleles to breed resistant popcorn hybrids. The traits relative consumption rate, apparent digestibility and leaf area consumed were considered key traits in the identification of resistance against S. frugiperda in popcorn genotypes.
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Tonelli, Mattia, Victoria C. Giménez Gómez, José R. Verdú, Fernando Casanoves e Mario Zunino. "Dung Beetle Assemblages Attracted to Cow and Horse Dung: The Importance of Mouthpart Traits, Body Size, and Nesting Behavior in the Community Assembly Process". Life 11, n. 9 (25 agosto 2021): 873. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/life11090873.
Abstract (sommario):
Dung beetles use excrement for feeding and reproductive purposes. Although they use a range of dung types, there have been several reports of dung beetles showing a preference for certain feces. However, exactly what determines dung preference in dung beetles remains controversial. In the present study, we investigated differences in dung beetle communities attracted to horse or cow dung from a functional diversity standpoint. Specifically, by examining 18 functional traits, we sought to understand if the dung beetle assembly process is mediated by particular traits in different dung types. Species specific dung preferences were recorded for eight species, two of which prefer horse dung and six of which prefer cow dung. Significant differences were found between the functional traits of the mouthparts of the dung beetles attracted to horse dung and those that were attracted to cow dung. Specifically, zygum development and the percentage of the molar area and the conjunctive area differed between horse and cow dung colonizing beetles. We propose that the quantitative differences in the mouthpart traits of the species attracted to horse and cow dung respectively could be related to the differential capacity of the beetles to filtrate and concentrate small particles from the dung. Hence, the dung preference of dung beetles could be related to their ability to exploit a specific dung type, which varies according to their mouthpart traits. Moreover, we found that larger and nester beetles preferred cow dung, whereas smaller and non-nester beetles preferred horse dung. This finding could be related to the tradeoff between fitness and parental investments, and to the suitability of the trophic resource according to the season and species phenology.
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Ganault, Pierre, Sandra Barantal, Sylvain Coq, Stephan Hättenschwiler, Shéhérazade Lucas, Thibaud Decaëns e Johanne Nahmani. "Leaf litter morphological traits, invertebrate body mass and phylogenetic affiliation explain the feeding and feces properties of saprophagous macroarthropods". European Journal of Soil Biology 109 (marzo 2022): 103383. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejsobi.2021.103383.
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Bubnič, Jernej, Katarina Mole, Janez Prešern e Ajda Moškrič. "Non-Destructive Genotyping of Honeybee Queens to Support Selection and Breeding". Insects 11, n. 12 (21 dicembre 2020): 896. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects11120896.
Abstract (sommario):
In traditional bee breeding, the honeybee queen is chosen for breeding based on the performance of the colony produced by its mother. However, we cannot be entirely certain that a specific queen will produce offspring with desirable traits until we observe the young queen’s new colony. Collecting the queen’s genetic material enables quick and reliable determination of the relevant information. We sampled exuviae, feces, and wingtips for DNA extraction to avoid fatally injuring the queen when using tissue samples. Quantity and purity of extracted DNA were measured. Two mitochondrial markers were used to determine the lineage affiliation and exclude possible contamination of DNA extracts with non-honeybee DNA. dCAPS (derived Cleaved Amplified Polymorphic Sequences) markers allowed detection of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in nuclear DNA regions presumably associated with Varroa sensitive hygiene and set the example of successful development of genotyping protocol from non-destructive DNA sources. One of the logical future steps in honeybee breeding is introducing genomic selection and non-destructive sampling methods of genetic material may be the prerequisite for successful genotyping. Our results demonstrate that the extraction of DNA from feces and exuviae can be introduced into practice. The advantage of these two sources over wingtips is reducing the time window for processing the samples, thus enabling genotyping directly after the queen’s emergence.
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Neri, Vanessa dos Santos, José Lindenberg Rocha Sarmento, Laylson da Silva Borges, Tatiana Saraiva Torres, Luciano Silva Sena, Max Brandão de Oliveira e Antônio de Sousa Júnior. "Phenotypic diversity and carcass quality of creole goats with genetic potential for resistance to infection caused by worm". Pesquisa Agropecuária Brasileira 53, n. 7 (luglio 2018): 849–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-204x2018000700009.
Abstract (sommario):
Abstract: The objective of this work was to phenotypically characterize creole goats of the Moxotó, Azul, Canindé, Repartida, Marota, and Graúna breeds, comparing them with the Boer, Anglo Nubian, and Alpine exotic breeds, to identify the genetic groups of greater potential for carcass quality and resistance to infection caused by worm. Data on morphometric measurements were obtained for the count of worm eggs in grams of feces (WEGF), Famacha score, carcass measurements, and body weight from 308 animals, in a farm in the state of Piauí, Brazil. Repartida goats showed the highest average for wither height (61.55 cm) and rump height (62.16 cm), and Moxotó goats had the greatest ear length (13.45 cm). The Moxotó breed showed the highest means for carcass and body weight. The lowest average for body weight was observed in Azul goats (24.35 kg), and the lowest WEGF was detected in Repartida goats (200 eggs per gram of feces). The average Famacha score was 2.77. Average linkage was the method that best summarized the information on the morphometric and carcass data. The use of morphometric and carcass measurements provides satisfactory results in the phenotypic characterization of the animals. The Brazilian creole goats, which are considered resistant to worm infection and show high-quality carcass traits, may be indicated for conservation and genetic breeding programs.
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Saenz Flores, Edith, Luis Raúl Garcia Flores, Román Gonzalez Escobedo, Yair Palma Rosas, Juan González Maldonado, Gilberto Castillo Luna e Lorenzo Buenabad Carrasco. "Influence of including pecan shelling by-product into pig diets: performance, carcass traits and visceral organ weights". Archivos Latinoamericanos de Producción Animal 31, Suplemento (15 giugno 2023): 135–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.53588/alpa.310524.
Abstract (sommario):
Ten pigs (65.55 kg IBW) were used in a 42-d trial to evaluate the influence of partial replacement of corn with pecan shelling by-product (PSB) on performance, carcass characteristics and visceral organ weights in finishing pigs. Dietary treatments consisted of corn-soybean meal-based diet containing 0 or 10% PSB, where PSB replaced 0 or 13% of corn (as-fed basis) in two-phase feeding program. There was not difference on average daily feed intake, average daily gain, and feed efficiency between dietary treatments in both feeding phases. Fecal score as a measure of intestinal activity was not different between dietary treatments, except for the browner feces produced from pigs fed on PSB supplemented diets. No differences on carcass yield and visceral organ weights were observed between dietary treatments, however pig fed on PSB had lower backfat depth. Pecan shelling by-product supplementation into a corn-soybean meal-based diet at 10% inclusion level does not seem to have a negative effect on performance and carcass characteristics. Including PSB into feeding formulations for backyard swine production marginally reduces feeding cost and improves circular economy at local level.
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Raimondi, Stefano, Lucia Righini, Francesco Candeliere, Eliana Musmeci, Francesca Bonvicini, Giovanna Gentilomi, Marjanca Starčič Erjavec, Alberto Amaretti e Maddalena Rossi. "Antibiotic Resistance, Virulence Factors, Phenotyping, and Genotyping of E. coli Isolated from the Feces of Healthy Subjects". Microorganisms 7, n. 8 (10 agosto 2019): 251. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms7080251.
Abstract (sommario):
Escherichia coli may innocuously colonize the intestine of healthy subjects or may instigate infections in the gut or in other districts. This study investigated intestinal E. coli isolated from 20 healthy adults. Fifty-one strains were genotyped by molecular fingerprinting and analyzed for genetic and phenotypic traits, encompassing the profile of antibiotic resistance, biofilm production, the presence of surface structures (such as curli and cellulose), and their performance as recipients in conjugation experiments. A phylogroup classification and analysis of 34 virulence determinants, together with genes associated to the pks island (polyketide-peptide genotoxin colibactin) and conjugative elements, was performed. Most of the strains belonged to the phylogroups B1 and B2. The different phylogroups were separated in a principal coordinate space, considering both genetic and functional features, but not considering pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. Within the B2 and F strains, 12 shared the pattern of virulence genes with potential uropathogens. Forty-nine strains were sensitive to all the tested antibiotics. Strains similar to the potential pathogens innocuously inhabited the gut of healthy subjects. However, they may potentially act as etiologic agents of extra-intestinal infections and are susceptible to a wide range of antibiotics. Nevertheless, there is still the possibility to control infections with antibiotic therapy.
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Chen, Dong, Minchao Su, He Zhu, Gang Zhong, Xiaoyan Wang, Weimin Ma, Metha Wanapat e Zhiliang Tan. "Using Untargeted LC-MS Metabolomics to Identify the Association of Biomarkers in Cattle Feces with Marbling Standard Longissimus Lumborum". Animals 12, n. 17 (30 agosto 2022): 2243. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani12172243.
Abstract (sommario):
Background: To improve the grade of beef marbling has great economic value in the cattle industry since marbling has the traits of high quality and comprehensive nutrition. And because of the marbling’s importance and complexity, it is indispensable to explore marbled beef at multiple levels. This experiment studied the relationship between fecal metabolites and marbling characters, and further screened biomarkers. Results: We performed fecal metabolomics analysis on 30 individuals selected from 100 crossbreed cattle (Luxi Yellow cattle ♀ × Japanese Wagyu cattle ♂), 15 with an extremely high-grade marbling beef and 15 with an extremely low-grade marbling beef. A total of 9959 and 8389 m/z features were detected in positive ionization and negative ionization mode by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS). Unfortunately, the sample separation in the PCA is not obvious, and the predictive ability of the orthogonal partial least squares discrimination analysis (OPLS-DA) model is not good. However, we got six differential metabolites filtered by VIP > 1 and p < 0.05. After that, we used weighted correlation network analysis (WGCNA) and found out a module in each positive and negative mode most related to the trait of marbling beef, and then identified three metabolites in positive mode. By further annotation of the Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes (KEGG), it was found that these metabolites involved a variety of metabolic ways, including sphingomyelin metabolism, linoleic acid metabolism, glycerophospholipid metabolism, and so on. Finally, receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis was used to evaluate the predictability of metabolites, and the result showed that SM(d18:0/16:1(9Z)) (AUC = 0.72), PC(15:0/18:2(9Z,12Z)) (AUC = 0.72), ADP (AUC = 0.71), PC(16:0/16:0) (AUC = 0.73), and 3-O-Sulfogalactosylceramide (d18:1/18:0) (AUC = 0.69) have an accuracy diagnosis. Conclusions: In conclusion, this study supports new opinions for the successive evaluation of marbling beef through metabolites. Furthermore, six non-invasive fecal metabolites that can evaluate beef marbling grade were found, including SM(d18:0/16:1(9Z)), PC(15:0/18:2(9Z,12Z)), ADP, PC(16:0/16:0), and 3-O-Sulfogalactosylceramide.
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Bibbal, D., V. Dupouy, M. F. Pr�re, P. L. Toutain e A. Bousquet-M�lou. "Relatedness of Escherichia coli Strains with Different Susceptibility Phenotypes Isolated from Swine Feces during Ampicillin Treatment". Applied and Environmental Microbiology 75, n. 10 (6 marzo 2009): 2999–3006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.02143-08.
Abstract (sommario):
ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to examine the dynamics of the development of resistance in fecal Escherichia coli populations during treatment with ampicillin for 7 days in pigs. Before treatment, only 6% of the isolates were ampicillin resistant, whereas more than 90% of the isolates were resistant after days 4 and 7 of treatment. Ampicillin-resistant E. coli isolates were mainly multiresistant, and 53% of the isolates from the treated pigs had one phenotype that included resistance to six antibiotics (ampicillin, chloramphenicol, sulfonamides, tetracycline, trimethoprim, and streptomycin) at day 7. Determination of the frequency of the four phylogenetic groups showed that there was a shift in the E. coli population in ampicillin-treated pigs; before treatment 75% of the isolates belonged to phylogroup B1, whereas at day 7 85% of the isolates belonged to phylogroup A. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) typing revealed that ampicillin treatment selected ampicillin-resistant isolates with genotypes which were present before treatment. Comparison of antimicrobial phenotypes and PFGE genotypes showed that resistance traits were disseminated by vertical transmission through defined strains. One PFGE genotype, associated with the six-antibiotic-resistant phenotype and including a specific combination of resistance determinants, was predominant among the ampicillin-resistant strains before treatment and during treatment. These data indicate that ampicillin administration selected various ampicillin-resistant isolates that were present in the digestive tract before any treatment and that E. coli isolates belonging to one specific PFGE genotype encoding resistance to six antibiotics became the predominant strains as soon as ampicillin was present in the digestive tract.
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Herrick, Jason R., Cayla J. Iske, Rachel M. Santymire, Colleen Lynch, Mattina Alonge, Rebecca L. Krisher e Cheryl L. Morris. "Factors affecting reproductive traits in male snow leopards (Unciauncia)". Reproduction and Fertility 1, n. 1 (11 novembre 2020): 35–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/raf-20-0013.
Abstract (sommario):
Abstract The population of snow leopards (Unciauncia) maintained in US zoos is no longer sustainable due to poor reproductive success. Our objective was to assess reproductive traits in male snow leopards and identify factors (markers of oxidative stress in seminal fluid, surveys of husbandry practices, gonadal and adrenocortical activity, dietary intake of various nutrients, and genetics) that may affect ejaculate traits and subsequent fertility. Ejaculates (2.9 ± 0.2 mL) from 32 male snow leopards (9.8 ± 0.7 years; 38.6 ± 0.8 kg) housed at 27 institutions contained 119.2 + 26.0 x 106 spermatozoa, of which 75.1 ± 2.3% were motile and 28.6 ± 2.6% exhibited normal morphology. Overall, 34% of males produced <5 million spermatozoa and 27% of males produced spermatozoa with <20% normal morphology. Activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) in the seminal fluid was negatively correlated (P < 0.05, r2 = 0.90) with normal sperm morphology. Husbandry practices, mean concentrations of fecal androgen metabolites (fAM), and baseline concentrations of fecal glucocorticoid metabolites (fGM), inbreeding coefficients, and generations each male was removed from the founders in their lineages were not correlated (P > 0.05) with the total number of spermatozoa or the proportion of spermatozoa with normal morphology. Total sperm count was positively correlated (P < 0.05, R2 = 0.86) with the weekly intake of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) and the proportion of spermatozoa with normal morphology tended (P < 0.10, R2 = 0.31) to be positively correlated with copper intake. Altering the nutrient composition of snow leopard diets could provide managers with a possible method of improving reproductive traits in this endangered species. Lay summary The population of snow leopards (Uncia uncia) maintained in US zoos has been declining since 1993 due to poor breeding success. Our objective was to assess the reproductive traits of male snow leopards and identify factors (e.g. hormones, diet, genetics) that may be affecting the quality of semen produced and therefore subsequent fertility. Within a cohort of 32 male snow leopards maintained at 27 US zoos, we found that 34% produced less than 5 million sperm and 27% of males produced sperm where less than 20% looked normal. The quantity and quality of the recovered sperm was not correlated with husbandry practices, concentrations of hormones (androgens and glucocorticoids) in feces, or genetics. However, the number of sperm was positively correlated with polyunsaturated fatty acids in the diet. Altering the nutrient composition of snow leopard diets could provide managers with a possible method of improving reproductive traits in this endangered species.
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Coufal-Majewski, Stephanie, Kim Stanford, Tim McAllister, Yuxi Wang, Barry Blakley, John McKinnon, Mary Swift e Alexandre Chaves. "Effects of Continuously Feeding Diets Containing Cereal Ergot Alkaloids on Nutrient Digestibility, Alkaloid Recovery in Feces, and Performance Traits of Ram Lambs". Toxins 9, n. 12 (19 dicembre 2017): 405. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins9120405.
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Wagner, Valerie A., Karen C. Clark, Leslie Carrillo-Sáenz, Katie A. Holl, Miriam Velez-Bermudez, Derek Simonsen, Justin L. Grobe et al. "Bisphenol F Exposure in Adolescent Heterogeneous Stock Rats Affects Growth and Adiposity". Toxicological Sciences 181, n. 2 (23 marzo 2021): 246–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/toxsci/kfab035.
Abstract (sommario):
Abstract Bisphenol F (BPF) is increasingly substituting bisphenol A in manufacturing polycarbonates and consumer products. The cardiometabolic effects of BPF in either humans or model organisms are not clear, and no studies to date have investigated the role of genetic background on susceptibility to BPF-induced cardiometabolic traits. The primary goal of this project was to determine if BPF exposure influences growth and adiposity in male N:NIH heterogeneous stock (HS) rats, a genetically heterogeneous population. Littermate pairs of male HS rats were randomly exposed to either vehicle (0.1% ethanol) or 1.125 µg/ml BPF in 0.1% ethanol for 5 weeks in drinking water starting at 3 weeks-of-age. Water consumption and body weight was measured weekly, body composition was determined using nuclear magnetic resonance, urine and feces were collected in metabolic cages, and blood and tissues were collected at the end of the study. BPF-exposed rats showed significantly increased body growth and abdominal adiposity, risk factors for cardiometabolic disease. Urine output was increased in BPF-exposed rats, driving a trend in increased creatinine clearance. We also report the first relationship between a bisphenol metabolizing enzyme and a bisphenol-induced phenotype. Preliminary heritability estimates of significant phenotypes suggest that BPF exposure may alter trait variation. These findings support BPF exposure as a cardiometabolic disease risk factor and indicate that the HS rat will be a useful model for dissecting gene by BPF interactions on metabolic health.
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Han, Dukki, Tatsuya Unno, Jeonghwan Jang, Kyungtaek Lim, Sun-Nim Lee, GwangPyo Ko, Michael J. Sadowsky e Hor-Gil Hur. "The occurrence of virulence traits among high-level aminoglycosides resistant Enterococcus isolates obtained from feces of humans, animals, and birds in South Korea". International Journal of Food Microbiology 144, n. 3 (gennaio 2011): 387–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2010.10.024.
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Hernández-Sánchez, Javier, Arnulfo Bautista-Santos, Leonor Fernández, Rosa Ma Bermúdez-Cruz, Augusto Uc-Mass, Eva Martínez-Peñafiel, Mario A. Martínez, Jaime García-Mena, Gabriel Guarneros e Luis Kameyama. "Analysis of some phenotypic traits of feces-borne temperate lambdoid bacteriophages from different immunity groups: a high incidence of cor+, FhuA-dependent phages". Archives of Virology 153, n. 7 (31 maggio 2008): 1271–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00705-008-0111-0.
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STUDZIŃSKA, MARIA, JACEK BOGUCKI, MARTA DEMKOWSKA-KUTRZEPA, MONIKA ROCZEŃ-KARCZMARZ, KLAUDIUSZ SZCZEPANIAK, ANDRZEJ JUNKUSZEW e KRZYSZTOF TOMCZUK. "Gastrointestinal parasites in calves in small and middle-sized farms of South-East Poland". Medycyna Weterynaryjna 74, n. 8 (2018): 520–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.21521/mw.6101.
Abstract (sommario):
The aim of the study was to determine the prevalence and invasion intensity of gastrointestinal parasites in calves from small and middle-sized farms, with a special focus on invasions of chosen protozoa. The analysis included 150 calves from 2 weeks to 5 months of age. The calves came from 30 individual farms with up to 50 cattle managed in a confined system or confined-pasture system. Three types of farms were established: I: up to 20 heads; II: up to 30 heads, and III: up to 50 heads. The feces samples for the analyses were collected directly from the rectum. Each sample was tested using macroscopic and microscopic methods (the McMaster technique, the standard flotation method and the sedimentation method according to Żarnowski and Josztowa). The numbers of oocysts/cysts/eggs per 1 gram of feces (OPG/CPG/EPG) were established. The feces of 94 calves no older than 8 weeks which exhibited traits of diarrhea were analyzed with Bio-X Cryptosporidium parvum Elisa Kit (Kit for antigenic diagnosis of Cryptosporidium parvum by Elisa in bovine feces). The results were subjected to statistical analysis using the Kruskal-Wallis test. The total prevalence of parasites in all groups was 35.33%. The dominating invasion (26%) was with protozoa belonging to Eimeria (most commonly E. bovis, E. zuerni and E. aubernensis). This was followed by Buxtonella sulcata (6.67%), Cryptosporidium parvum (7.45%; Elisa test), Strongyloides papillosus (4.67%) and gastrointestinal nematodes (2.67%). The fewest calves infected with parasites were in Group I, where only the invasions of protozoa were detected. The parasitic infection rates for group II and III were twice and thrice higher, respectively, than for group I. In Groups II and III, nematodes were found apart from protozoa. In all three groups the dominating invasion was Eimeria spp. (Group I: 20%, II: 24%, III: 34%). The prevalence for B. sulcata, S. papillosus, and gastrointestinal nematodes in the groups was as follows: Group I – 2; 0; 0%; Group II – 8; 8; 0%; Group III – 10; 6; 8%, respectively. In the calves aged up to eleven weeks of life, the dominating invasions were Eimeria spp., Cryptosporidium parvum and S. papillosus, while in the calves of 4-5 months of age, B. sulcata and gastrointestinal nematodes prevailed. The average invasion intensities were as follows: Eimeria spp.: 24414 OPG, B. sulcata: 78 CPG, S. papillosus: 86 EPG, and gastrointestinal nematodes: 138 EPG. In the groups, the results were the following: Eimeria spp.: 94,512 (550-414,000); 271 (100-600); 222 (50-500) OPG., B. sulcata 50; 75 (50-100); 70 (50-100) CPG; S. papillosus 0; 75 (50-100); 90 (50-150) and gastrointestinal nematodes: 0; 0; 138 (50-250) EPG. In the calves from all groups, the dominating invasions were caused by parasites belonging to one taxon (genus), they constituted 90%, 80% and 89%, respectively. The statistical analysis did not reveal statistically significant differences between the management system and invasion intensity of Eimeria spp.
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Andrienko, L., e V. Otchenashko. "Influence of methionine from different sources on productivity traits of young rabbits". Tehnologìâ virobnictva ì pererobki produktìv tvarinnictva, n. 2(150) (17 dicembre 2019): 71–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.33245/2310-9289-2019-150-2-71-80.
Abstract (sommario):
The article presents the research results of the compound feed with different methionine sources and its effect on live weight, slaughter rates, nutrient digestibility, nitrogen balance, chemical and amino acid composition of the longest back muscle, blood morphological rates of young rabbits. The results of the study indicate that the rabbit live weight of the 2nd experimental group, which has got to the compound feed with synthetic LM at the age of 70, 77 and 84 days significantly exceeds the control group by 2.1, 2.5, 2.6% and (P<0.01) respectively. Feeding on the compound feed with the addition of L methionine contributes an increase in the indwelling mass by 2.7 (P<0.05). The kidney carcass mass increases by 5.6% (p <0.05), the liver mass – by 10.6% and the longest back muscle mass – by 0.1%. The slaughter yield is higher in the second group than in the control group. In the third experimental group is higher by 2.7 2.8% respectively. . The young rabbits consuming the ration with LM have higher digestibility indices than control group. The second group exceeds the control by 0.3, 0.3, 0.4, 0.7 and 0.1%, respectively with the digestibility of organic matter, protein, fat, fiber. The nitrogen balance data analysis shows that nitrogen has been fed by 0.4 g or 0.8% more in the second group than in the control group. The emptied feces have less nitrogen by 0.01 g or 0.8% in the second group and by 0.01 g or 0.8% less than in the control group. The compound feed with the addition of LM affectes the chemical composition of the longest rabbit back muscle. There is more protein by 0.03%. in the muscles of the second experimental group than in the control sample. The young rabbits of the second experimental group have a higher content of amino acids in the muscles and they outperforme the control analogues of the third experimental group by 1.9 and 4.2% respectively. The rabbits feeding on LM fodder have higher morphological blood rate. Analyzing the above, we can conclude that the feed with methionine content of 0.41% and its source in the form of L methionine, probably improves the performance of young rabbit meat productivity. Key words: rabbits, methionine, live weight, compound feed, slaughter output, digestibility, nitrogen balance, amino acid, morphology.
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Azcarate-Peril, M. Andrea, Eric Altermann, Yong Jun Goh, Richard Tallon, Rosemary B. Sanozky-Dawes, Erika A. Pfeiler, Sarah O'Flaherty et al. "Analysis of the Genome Sequence of Lactobacillus gasseri ATCC 33323 Reveals the Molecular Basis of an Autochthonous Intestinal Organism". Applied and Environmental Microbiology 74, n. 15 (6 giugno 2008): 4610–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.00054-08.
Abstract (sommario):
ABSTRACT This study presents the complete genome sequence of Lactobacillus gasseri ATCC 33323, a neotype strain of human origin and a native species found commonly in the gastrointestinal tracts of neonates and adults. The plasmid-free genome was 1,894,360 bp in size and predicted to encode 1,810 genes. The GC content was 35.3%, similar to the GC content of its closest relatives, L. johnsonii NCC 533 (34%) and L. acidophilus NCFM (34%). Two identical copies of the prophage LgaI (40,086 bp), of the Sfi11-like Siphoviridae phage family, were integrated tandomly in the chromosome. A number of unique features were identified in the genome of L. gasseri that were likely acquired by horizontal gene transfer and may contribute to the survival of this bacterium in its ecological niche. L. gasseri encodes two restriction and modification systems, which may limit bacteriophage infection. L. gasseri also encodes an operon for production of heteropolysaccharides of high complexity. A unique alternative sigma factor was present similar to that of B. caccae ATCC 43185, a bacterial species isolated from human feces. In addition, L. gasseri encoded the highest number of putative mucus-binding proteins (14) among lactobacilli sequenced to date. Selected phenotypic characteristics that were compared between ATCC 33323 and other human L. gasseri strains included carbohydrate fermentation patterns, growth and survival in bile, oxalate degradation, and adhesion to intestinal epithelial cells, in vitro. The results from this study indicated high intraspecies variability from a genome encoding traits important for survival and retention in the gastrointestinal tract.
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Zamora-Camacho, Francisco Javier. "Keep the ball rolling: sexual differences in conglobation behavior of a terrestrial isopod under different degrees of perceived predation pressure". PeerJ 11 (19 dicembre 2023): e16696. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.16696.
Abstract (sommario):
Background Antipredator behaviors are theoretically subjected to a balance by which their display should be minimized when their benefits do not outweigh their costs. Such costs may be not only energetic, but also entail a reduction in the time available for other fitness-enhancing behaviors. However, these behaviors are only beneficial under predation risk. Therefore, antipredator behaviors are predicted to be maximized under strong predation risk. Moreover, predation pressure can differ among individuals according to traits such as sex or body size, if these traits increase vulnerability. Antipredator behaviors are expected to be maximized in individuals whose traits make them more conspicuous to predators. However, how sex, body size and antipredator behaviors interact is not always understood. Methods In this work, I tested the interaction between sex, body size and antipredator behavior in the common pill woodlouse (Armadillidium vulgare), which conglobate (i.e., they roll up their bodies almost conforming a sphere that conceals their appendages) in response to predator attacks. Specifically, I tested whether latency to unroll after a standardized mechanical induction was greater in animals exposed to predator chemical cues (toad feces) than in conspecifics exposed to cues of non-predatory animals (rabbits) or no chemical cues whatsoever (distilled water), incorporating sex and body mass in the analyses. Results In agreement with my prediction, latency to unroll was greater in individuals exposed to predator chemical cues. In other words, these animals engage in conglobation for longer under perceived predator vicinity. However, this result was only true for males. This sexual dimorphism in antipredator behavior could result from males being under greater predation risk than females, thus having evolved more refined antipredator strategies. Indeed, males of this species are known to actively search for females, which makes them more prone to superficial ground mobility, and likely to being detected by predators. Body size was unrelated to latency to unroll. As a whole, these results support the hypothesis that antipredator behavior is tuned to predator cues in a way consistent with a balance between costs and benefits, which might differ between the sexes.
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Gharbi, Manel, Awatef Béjaoui, Safa Hamrouni, Amel Arfaoui e Abderrazak Maaroufi. "Persistence of Campylobacter spp. in Poultry Flocks after Disinfection, Virulence, and Antimicrobial Resistance Traits of Recovered Isolates". Antibiotics 12, n. 5 (10 maggio 2023): 890. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics12050890.
Abstract (sommario):
To investigate the persistence risk of Campylobacter spp. in poultry farms, and to study the virulence and antimicrobial resistance characteristics in the recovered strains, we collected 362 samples from breeding hen flocks, before and after disinfection. The virulence factors were investigated by targeting the genes; flaA, cadF, racR, virB11, pldA, dnaJ, cdtA, cdtB, cdtC, ciaB, wlaN, cgtB, and ceuE by PCR. Antimicrobial susceptibility was tested and genes encoding antibiotic resistance were investigated by PCR and MAMA-PCR. Among the analyzed samples, 167 (46.13%) were positive for Campylobacter. They were detected in 38.7% (38/98) and 3% (3/98) of environment samples before and after disinfection, respectively, and in 126 (75.9%) out of 166 feces samples. In total, 78 C. jejuni and 89 C. coli isolates were identified and further studied. All isolates were resistant to macrolids, tetracycline, quinolones, and chloramphenicol. However, lower rates were observed for beta-lactams [ampicillin (62.87%), amoxicillin-clavulanic acid (47.3%)] and gentamicin (0.6%). The tet(O) and the cmeB genes were detected in 90% of resistant isolates. The blaOXA-61 gene and the specific mutations in the 23S rRNA were detected in 87% and 73.5% of isolates, respectively. The A2075G and the Thr-86-Ile mutations were detected in 85% and 73.5% of macrolide and quinolone-resistant isolates, respectively. All isolates carried the flaA, cadF, CiaB, cdtA, cdtB, and cdtC genes. The virB11, pldA, and racR genes were frequent in both C. jejuni (89%, 89%, and 90%, respectively) and C. coli (89%, 84%, and 90%). Our findings highlight the high occurrence of Campylobacter strains exhibiting antimicrobial resistance with potential virulence traits in the avian environment. Thus, the improvement of biosecurity measures in poultry farms is essential to control bacterial infection persistence and to prevent the spread of virulent and resistant strains.
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Daca, Agnieszka, Tomasz Jarzembowski, Jacek M. Witkowski, Ewa Bryl, Bolesław Rutkowski e Alicja Dębska-Ślizień. "Prophages in Enterococcal Isolates from Renal Transplant Recipients: Renal Failure Etiologies Promote Selection of Strains". BioMed Research International 2014 (2014): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/514689.
Abstract (sommario):
Infections caused by commensal bacteria may be fatal for the patients under immunosuppressive therapy. This results also from difficulty in identification of high risk strains. Enterococcal infections are increasingly frequent but despite many studies on virulence traits, the difference between commensal and pathogenic strains remains unclear. Prophages are newly described as important elements in competition between strains during colonization, as well as pathogenicity of the strains. Here we evaluate a difference in presence of pp4, pp1, and pp7 prophages and ASA (aggregation substance) gene expression in enterococcal isolates from renal transplant recipients (RTx) with different etiology of the end-stage renal failure. Prophages sequence was screened by PCR in strains ofEnterococcus faecalisisolated from urine and feces of 19 RTx hospitalized at Medical University of Gdansk and 18 healthy volunteers. FLOW-FISH method with use of linear locked nucleic acid (LNA) probe was used to assess the ASA gene expression. Additionally, ability of biofilm formation was screened by crystal violet staining method. Presence of prophages was more frequent in fecal isolates from immunocompromised patients than in isolates from healthy volunteers. Additionally, both composition of prophages and ASA gene expression were related to the etiology of renal disease.
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Huang, Tinghua, Xiali Huang, Bomei Shi, Xiongyan Liang, Jingbo Luo e Min Yao. "Relationship among MS4A8 expression, its variants, and the immune response in a porcine model of Salmonella". Canadian Journal of Animal Science 98, n. 4 (1 dicembre 2018): 778–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjas-2017-0037.
Abstract (sommario):
Salmonella colonization often establishes carrier status in infected animals, which decreases their performance. Salmonella-carrying pigs shed large amounts of bacteria in their feces, and thus they have a negative economic impact on the swine industry. The MS4A8 gene (membrane-spanning 4-domains A8) was significantly activated, by up to 119-fold, in peripheral blood after Salmonella inoculation of pigs. The present study analyzed the correlation of peripheral blood expression level and a genetic variant of porcine MS4A8 with Salmonella-infection traits. The result indicated that MS4A8 expression levels correlated significantly with Salmonella shedding counts. Both the expression of MS4A8 and fecal shedding counts correlated with leukocytes, lymphocytes, monocytes, segmented neutrophils, and banded neutrophils. A novel single nucleotide polymorphism of porcine MS4A8 (nonsynonymous, Val > Ala) was associated with Salmonella shedding counts and average daily gain (ADG) of body weight. The TT genotype had higher fecal shedding counts, leukocyte counts, and lymphocyte counts than the TC and CC genotypes. The CC genotype had higher level of ADG than the TC and TT genotype (p < 0.05). Those results indicated that MS4A8 is intriguing and could be used as a prospective genetic marker for Salmonella susceptibility.
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Jacaúna, Amanna G., André M. Castilhos, Caroline L. Francisco, Paulo R. L. Meirelles, Lúcia M. Zeoula, Hugo L. Correa, Vanessa R. M. Jacob, Tania V. Paula, Felipe de Barros e Andre M. Jorge. "PSVII-15 Performance, digestibility and ruminal morphophysiology of water buffaloes finished in feedlot". Journal of Animal Science 98, Supplement_4 (3 novembre 2020): 300–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skaa278.540.
Abstract (sommario):
Abstract This study evaluated the digestibility and ruminal morphophysiology of water buffaloes finished in feedlot and receiving concentrate diet ad libitum (corn silage, ground corn, cottonseed meal, urea, and premix). Seventy-eight male water buffaloes of different genetic groups (GG; Jafarabadi, Mediterranean, and Murrah; n = 26 animals for each GG; 378.57±42.76 kg of initial body weight - BW) were used. The digestibility evaluation was performed and the feces samples were collected after 84 days, for 13 consecutive days [10 days of data collection for dry matter intake (DMI) calculation, and three days of feces collection]. Samples of the ruminal epithelium were collected for morphological and histological analysis of the ruminal papillae postmortem. There was no effect of the GG for digestibility (P = 0.15). Jafarabadi and Mediterranean showed superior feedlot performance compared to Murrah (P < 0.01) for average daily gain (1.57, 1.60, and 1.29, in kg/day, for Jafarabadi, Mediterranean, and Murrah, respectively; SEM=0.07). In addition, Mediterranean presented higher values for DMI than the other GG (2.14, 2.47, and 2.21, in %BW, for Jafarabadi, Mediterranean, and Murrah, respectively; SEM=0.07). Effect of the GG was verified for the variable epithelium (P < 0.01), for which Murrah obtained higher value than other GG (49.14, 48.99, and 55.46, in µm, for Jafarabadi, Mediterranean, and Murrah, respectively; SEM=4.97). Tendency was detected for papillae width (P = 0.09) for which Mediterranean showed a smaller value compared to Jafarabadi, while Murrah did not differ from both GG (0.338, 0.303, and 0.316, in mm, for Jafarabadi, Mediterranean, and Murrah, respectively; SEM=0.016). The mean number of papillae showed tendency for the GG (PP = 0.09) with the highest value for the Mediterranean (56.48, 66.31, and 58.04, for Jafarabadi, Mediterranean, and Murrah, respectively; SEM=13.88). In conclusion, GG of water buffaloes have some differences in feedlot performance and ruminal traits; however, these characteristics do not affect digestibility. Supported by FAPESP (#2014/05473-7).
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Garafutdinov, R. R., D. A. Chemeris, A. R. Sakhabutdinova, Ya I. Alexeev, G. A. Gerashchenkov, Y. R. Giniyatov, F. G. Aminev e A. V. Chemeris. "DNA polymorphism of dogs (Canis familiaris L.). III. VNTR- and STR-loci. Their use in dog breeding and in criminalistics." Biomics 13, n. 3 (2021): 321–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.31301/2221-6197.bmcs.2021-23.
Abstract (sommario):
The application of mini- and microsatellite polymorphisms of dog DNA, also referred to as VNTR- and STR-loci, respectively, in dog breeding and criminalistics is considered. Their use in dog breeding is shown to clarify pedigrees, establish paternity and purebred, as well as to differentiate breeds mainly in the form of microsatellite DNA polymorphism. In criminalistics, dogs can be both participants in crime scenes in the form of attacks on humans or pets, and some witnesses through whose DNA extracted from their fur or feces, by DNA identification of a particular dog, it may be help to get out to the perpetrator or at least to the crime scene, which is also a good help in its disclosure. At the same time, population studies of dogs, during which the prevalence of certain alleles of marker traits in the form of STR loci in different territories is established, contribute to making the right decisions. The databases on STR-polymorphism of dog DNA or their prototypes are briefly described. Attention is paid to the sources of forensic canine DNA, as well as methods of its extraction and preliminary evaluation of isolated preparations. The use of VNTR polymorphism was rather short-lived, and was quickly replaced by STR polymorphism. There are some trends in the introduction of new polymorphic traits in this area in the form of single-nucleotide polymorphism or SNPs, potentially providing more accurate information, including for DNA identification of individuals. The issues of universal DNA certification of dogs are discussed, which can contribute to improving the culture of keeping dogs and will allow the elimination of stray dogs in the future, which will be humanistic character and potentially reduce the number of aggressor dogs.
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Amaretti, Alberto, Lucia Righini, Francesco Candeliere, Eliana Musmeci, Francesca Bonvicini, Giovanna Angela Gentilomi, Maddalena Rossi e Stefano Raimondi. "Antibiotic Resistance, Virulence Factors, Phenotyping, and Genotyping of Non-Escherichia coli Enterobacterales from the Gut Microbiota of Healthy Subjects". International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, n. 5 (7 marzo 2020): 1847. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21051847.
Abstract (sommario):
Non-Escherichia coli Enterobacterales (NECE) can colonize the human gut and may present virulence determinants and phenotypes that represent severe heath concerns. Most information is available for virulent NECE strains, isolated from patients with an ongoing infection, while the commensal NECE population of healthy subjects is understudied. In this study, 32 NECE strains were isolated from the feces of 20 healthy adults. 16S rRNA gene sequencing and mass spectrometry attributed the isolates to Klebsiella pneumoniae, Klebsiella oxytoca, Enterobacter cloacae, Enterobacter aerogenes, Enterobacter kobei, Citrobacter freundii, Citrobacter amalonaticus, Cronobacter sp., and Hafnia alvei, Morganella morganii, and Serratia liquefaciens. Multiplex PCR revealed that K. pneumoniae harbored virulence genes for adhesins (mrkD, ycfM, and kpn) and enterobactin (entB) and, in one case, also for yersiniabactin (ybtS, irp1, irp2, and fyuA). Virulence genes were less numerous in the other NECE species. Biofilm formation was spread across all the species, while curli and cellulose were mainly produced by Citrobacter and Enterobacter. Among the most common antibiotics, amoxicillin-clavulanic acid was the sole against which resistance was observed, only Klebsiella strains being susceptible. The NECE inhabiting the intestine of healthy subjects have traits that may pose a health threat, taking into account the possibility of horizontal gene transfer.
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Chae, Jeong-Byoung, Seung-Uk Shin, Serim Kim, Young-Mi Jo, Hyunsoo Roh, Hansong Chae, Won-Gyeong Kim, Joon-Seok Chae, Hyuk Song e Jung-Won Kang. "The First Identification of Cryptosporidium parvum Virus-1 (CSpV1) in Hanwoo (Bos taurus coreanae) Calves in Korea". Veterinary Sciences 10, n. 11 (26 ottobre 2023): 633. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vetsci10110633.
Abstract (sommario):
Cryptosporidium is an obligate coccidian parasite that causes enteric diseases in bovine species. A double-stranded RNA virus associated with C. parvum oocysts, Cryptosporidium parvum virus-1 (CSpV1), has been characterized. However, the relationship between the abovementioned coccidian parasite and the virus has not been studied in the context of the known clinical outcomes. This study aimed to characterize the prevalence and molecular traits of CSpV1 in diarrheal feces of Hanwoo (Korean indigenous cattle) calves. Of the 140 fecal samples previously tested for C. parvum, which were obtained from Hanwoo calves aged 60 days, 70 tested positive and 70 tested negative. These samples were included in this study. By using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis targeting the RdRp gene of CSpV1, we detected CSpV1 in 28 samples (20.0%), with infection rates of 31.4% (22/70) in C. parvum-positive and 8.6% (6/70) in C. parvum-negative samples. CSpV1 samples detected in the same farm were clustered together. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to report the prevalence and molecular characteristics of CSpV1 in Hanwoo calves in the Republic of Korea, providing important insights into the relationship between C. parvum and CSpV1 in bovine hosts.
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Chand, Naila, Pervez Ali, Ibrahim A. Alhidary, Mutassim A. Abdelrahman, Hani Albadani, Murad Ali Khan, Alireza Seidavi, Vito Laudadio, Vincenzo Tufarelli e Rifat Ullah Khan. "Protective Effect of Grape (Vitis vinifera) Seed Powder and Zinc-Glycine Complex on Growth Traits and Gut Health of Broilers Following Eimeria tenella Challenge". Antibiotics 10, n. 2 (14 febbraio 2021): 186. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics10020186.
Abstract (sommario):
The current study was conducted to evaluate the impact of grape (Vitis vinifera) seed powder and zinc-glycine complex on growth parameters and cecal health of broiler following Eimeria tenella challenge. A total of 250 day-old male broilers (Hubbard) were distributed into five treatments as follows: I—negative control (basal diet); II—positive control (E. tenella challenge); III—group infected + Amprolium; IV—group coccidial infection + organic zinc (OZ) at 50 ppm + grape seed powder (GSP) at 2.5 g/kg; V—coccidial infection + organic zinc (OZ) at 50 ppm + grape seed powder (GSP) at 5.0 g/kg. From findings, a lower (p < 0.05) feed intake was noted for positive control compared to the other treatment groups. Conversely, higher (p < 0.05) body weight, dressing percentage, and feed conversion ratio were observed in infected + Amprolium, GSP2.5 + OZ50, and GSP5 + OZ50 treatments in comparison to the positive control. Moreover, the positive control showed severe cecal lesions of thickness and hemorrhages with mild congestion. The lesion scores decreased (p < 0.05) in GSP and OZ treated groups compared to the positive control. Significant (p < 0.05) lower oocyst per gram of feces was found in infected + Amprolium, GSP2.5 + OZ50, and GSP5 + OZ50 in comparison to positive control. Supplementing diet with GSP and OZ at both levels showed restoration of intense sloughing of villi. From the present findings, it can be concluded that OZ and grape seed powder positively ameliorated the growth performance, lesion score, and oocysts shedding in broilers infected with E. tenella.
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Ovejero Aguilar, Ramiro J. A., Graciela A. Jahn, Mauricio Soto-Gamboa, Andrés J. Novaro e Pablo Carmanchahi. "The Ecology of Stress: linking life-history traits with physiological control mechanisms in free-living guanacos". PeerJ 4 (2 novembre 2016): e2640. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.2640.
Abstract (sommario):
BackgroundProviding the context for the evolution of life-history traits, habitat features constrain successful ecological and physiological strategies. In vertebrates, a key response to life’s challenges is the activation of the Stress (HPA) and Gonadal (HPG) axes. Much of the interest in stress ecology is motivated by the desire to understand the physiological mechanisms in which the environment affects fitness. As reported in the literature, several intrinsic and extrinsic factors affect variability in hormone levels. In both social and non-social animals, the frequency and type of interaction with conspecifics, as well as the status in social species, can affect HPA axis activity, resulting in changes in the reproductive success of animals. We predicted that a social environment can affect both guanaco axes by increasing the secretion of testosterone (T) and Glucocorticoid (GCs) in response to individual social interactions and the energetic demands of breeding. Assuming that prolonged elevated levels of GCs over time can be harmful to individuals, it is predicted that the HPA axis suppresses the HPG axis and causes T levels to decrease, as GCs increase.MethodsAll of the data for individuals were collected by non-invasive methods (fecal samples) to address hormonal activities. This is a novel approach in physiological ecology because feces are easily obtained through non-invasive sampling in animal populations.ResultsAs expected, there was a marked adrenal (p-value = .3.4e−12) and gonadal (p-value = 0.002656) response due to seasonal variation inLama guanicoe. No significant differences were found in fecal GCs metabolites between males/females*season for the entire study period (p-value = 0.2839). Despite the seasonal activity variation in the hormonal profiles, our results show a positive correlation (p-value = 1.952e−11, COR = 0.50) between the adrenal and gonadal system. The marked endocrine (r2 = 0.806) and gonad (r2 = 0.7231) response due to seasonal variation in male guanaco individuals highlights the individual’s energetic demands according to life-history strategies. This is a remarkable result because no inhibition was found between the axes as theory suggests. Finally, the dataset was used to build a reactive scope model for guanacos.DiscussionGuanacos cope with the trade-off between sociability and reproductive benefits and costs, by regulating their GCs and T levels on a seasonal basis, suggesting an adaptive role of both axes to different habitat pressures. The results presented here highlight the functional role of stress and gonad axes on a critical phase of a male mammal’s life—the mating period—when all of the resources are at the disposal of the male and must be used to maximize the chances for reproductive success.
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Zhu, Yi, Yujie Yang, Jiabao Guo, Wenyi Zhang, Zhaojin Zhu, Bin Xie, Jun Yu e Jie Cheng. "Abdominal Manual Therapy Repairs Interstitial Cells of Cajal and Increases Colonic c-Kit Expression When Treating Bowel Dysfunction after Spinal Cord Injury". BioMed Research International 2017 (2017): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/1492327.
Abstract (sommario):
Background. This study aimed to evaluate the therapeutic effects of abdominal manual therapy (AMT) on bowel dysfunction after spinal cord injury (SCI), investigating interstitial cells of Cajal (ICCs) and related c-kit expression. Methods. Model rats were divided as SCI and SCI with drug treatment (intragastric mosapride), low-intensity (SCI + LMT; 50 g, 50 times/min), and high-intensity AMT (SCI + HMT; 100 g, 150 times/min). After 14 days of treatment, weight, improved Basso-Beattie-Bresnahan (BBB) locomotor score, and intestinal movement were evaluated. Morphological structure of spinal cord and colon tissues were examined. Immunostaining, RT-PCR, and western blot were used to assess c-kit expression. Results. In SCI rats, AMT could not restore BBB, but it significantly increased weight, shortened time to defecation, increased feces amounts, and improved fecal pellet traits and colon histology. AMT improved the number, distribution, and ultrastructure of colonic ICCs, increasing colonic c-kit mRNA and protein levels. Compared with the SCI + Drug and SCI + LMT groups, the SCI + HMT group showed better therapeutic effect in improving intestinal transmission function and promoting c-kit expression. Conclusions. AMT is an effective therapy for recovery of intestinal transmission function. It could repair ICCs and increase c-kit expression in colon tissues after SCI, in a frequency-dependent and pressure-dependent manner.
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Paton, Adrienne W., e James C. Paton. "Detection and Characterization of Shiga ToxigenicEscherichia coli by Using Multiplex PCR Assays forstx 1, stx 2,eaeA, Enterohemorrhagic E. coli hlyA,rfb O111, andrfb O157". Journal of Clinical Microbiology 36, n. 2 (1998): 598–602. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jcm.36.2.598-602.1998.
Abstract (sommario):
Shiga toxigenic Escherichia coli (STEC) comprises a diverse group of organisms capable of causing severe gastrointestinal disease in humans. Within the STEC family, certain strains appear to be of greater virulence for humans, for example, those belonging to serogroups O111 and O157 and those with particular combinations of other putative virulence traits. We have developed two multiplex PCR assays for the detection and genetic characterization of STEC in cultures of feces or foodstuffs. Assay 1 utilizes four PCR primer pairs and detects the presence of stx 1,stx 2 (including variants ofstx 2), eaeA, and enterohemorrhagicE. coli hlyA, generating amplification products of 180, 255, 384, and 534 bp, respectively. Assay 2 uses two primer pairs specific for portions of the rfb (O-antigen-encoding) regions of E. coli serotypes O157 and O111, generating PCR products of 259 and 406 bp, respectively. The two assays were validated by testing 52 previously characterized STEC strains and observing 100% agreement with previous results. Moreover, assay 2 did not give a false-positive O157 reaction with enteropathogenic E. colistrains belonging to clonally related serogroup O55. Assays 1 and 2 detected STEC of the appropriate genotype in primary fecal cultures from five patients with hemolytic-uremic syndrome and three with bloody diarrhea. Thirty-one other primary fecal cultures from patients without evidence of STEC infection were negative.
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Rossi, Franca, Carmela Amadoro, Maria Luigia Pallotta e Giampaolo Colavita. "Variability of Genetic Characters Associated with Probiotic Functions in Lacticaseibacillus Species". Microorganisms 10, n. 5 (13 maggio 2022): 1023. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms10051023.
Abstract (sommario):
This study aims to explore the intra-species distribution of genetic characteristics that favor the persistence in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) and host interaction of bacteria belonging to species of the Lacticaseibacillus genus. These bacterial species comprise commercial probiotics with the widest use among consumers and strains naturally occurring in GIT and in fermented food. Since little is known about the distribution of genetic traits for adhesion capacity, polysaccharide production, biofilm formation, and utilization of substrates critically important for survival in GIT, which influence probiotic characteristics, a list of genetic determinants possibly involved in such functions was created by a search for specific genes involved in the above aspects in the genome of the extensively characterized probiotic L. rhamnosus GG. Eighty-two gene loci were retrieved and their presence and variability in other Lacticaseibacillus spp. genomes were assessed by alignment with the publicly available fully annotated genome sequences of L. casei, L. paracasei, L. rhamnosus, and L. zeae. Forty-nine of these genes were found to be absent in some strains or species. The remaining genes were conserved and covered almost all the functions considered, indicating that all strains of the genus may exert some probiotic effects. Among the variable loci, a taurine utilization operon and a α-L-fucosidase were examined for the presence/absence in 26 strains isolated from infant feces by PCR-based tests. Results were variable among the isolates, though their common origin indicated the capacity to survive in the intestinal niche. This study indicated that the capacity to exert probiotic actions of Lacticaseibacillus spp. depends on a conserved set of genes but variable genetic factors, whose role is only in part elucidated, are more numerous and can explain the enhanced probiotic characteristics for some strains. The selection of the most promising probiotic candidates to be used in food is feasible by analyzing the presence/absence of a set of variable traits.
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Hartini, S., D. D. Rahardjo e P. Purwanings. "The Effects of Rice Hull Inclusion and Enzyme Supplementation on the Growth Performance, Digestive Traits, Dry Matter and Phosphorus Content of Intestinal Digesta and Feces of Broiler Chickens". International Journal of Poultry Science 18, n. 1 (15 dicembre 2018): 21–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.3923/ijps.2019.21.27.
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Le Sciellour, Mathilde, Olivier Zemb, Isabelle Hochu, Juliette Riquet, Hélène Gilbert, Mario Giorgi, Yvon Billon, Jean-Luc Gourdine e David Renaudeau. "Effect of chronic and acute heat challenges on fecal microbiota composition, production, and thermoregulation traits in growing pigs1,2". Journal of Animal Science 97, n. 9 (2 luglio 2019): 3845–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skz222.
Abstract (sommario):
Abstract The present study aimed at investigating the impact of heat challenges on gut microbiota composition in growing pigs and its relationship with pigs’ performance and thermoregulation responses. From a total of 10 F1 sire families, 558 and 564 backcross Large White × Créole pigs were raised and phenotyped from 11 to 23 wk of age in temperate (TEMP) and in tropical (TROP) climates, respectively. In TEMP, all pigs were subjected to an acute heat challenge (3 wk at 29 °C) from 23 to 26 wk of age. Feces samples were collected at 23 wk of age both in TEMP and TROP climate (TEMP23 and TROP23 samples, respectively) and at 26 wk of age in TEMP climate (TEMP26 samples) for 16S rRNA analyses of fecal microbiota composition. The fecal microbiota composition significantly differed between the 3 environments. Using a generalized linear model on microbiota composition, 182 operational taxonomic units (OTU) and 2 pathways were differentially abundant between TEMP23 and TEMP26, and 1,296 OTU and 20 pathways between TEMP23 and TROP23. Using fecal samples collected at 23 wk of age, pigs raised under the 2 climates were discriminated with 36 OTU using a sparse partial least square discriminant analysis that had a mean classification error-rate of 1.7%. In contrast, pigs in TEMP before the acute heat challenge could be discriminated from the pigs in TEMP after the heat challenge with 32 OTU and 9.3% error rate. The microbiota can be used as biomarker of heat stress exposition. Microbiota composition revealed that pigs were separated into 2 enterotypes. The enterotypes were represented in both climates. Whatever the climate, animals belonging to the Turicibacter–Sarcina–Clostridium sensu stricto dominated enterotype were 3.3 kg heavier (P < 0.05) at 11 wk of age than those belonging to the Lactobacillus-dominated enterotype. This latter enterotype was related to a 0.3 °C lower skin temperature (P < 0.05) at 23 wk of age. Following the acute heat challenge in TEMP, this enterotype had a less-stable rectal temperature (0.34 vs. 0.25 °C variation between weeks 23 and 24, P < 0.05) without affecting growth performance (P > 0.05). Instability of the enterotypes was observed in 34% of the pigs, switching from an enterotype to another between 23 and 26 wk of age after heat stress. Despite a lower microbial diversity, the Turicibacter–Sarcina–Clostridium sensu stricto dominated enterotype was better adapted to heat stress conditions with lower thermoregulation variations.
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Orkin, Joseph D., Michael J. Montague, Daniela Tejada-Martinez, Marc de Manuel, Javier del Campo, Saul Cheves Hernandez, Anthony Di Fiore et al. "The genomics of ecological flexibility, large brains, and long lives in capuchin monkeys revealed with fecalFACS". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 118, n. 7 (11 febbraio 2021): e2010632118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2010632118.
Abstract (sommario):
Ecological flexibility, extended lifespans, and large brains have long intrigued evolutionary biologists, and comparative genomics offers an efficient and effective tool for generating new insights into the evolution of such traits. Studies of capuchin monkeys are particularly well situated to shed light on the selective pressures and genetic underpinnings of local adaptation to diverse habitats, longevity, and brain development. Distributed widely across Central and South America, they are inventive and extractive foragers, known for their sensorimotor intelligence. Capuchins have among the largest relative brain size of any monkey and a lifespan that exceeds 50 y, despite their small (3 to 5 kg) body size. We assemble and annotate a de novo reference genome for Cebus imitator. Through high-depth sequencing of DNA derived from blood, various tissues, and feces via fluorescence-activated cell sorting (fecalFACS) to isolate monkey epithelial cells, we compared genomes of capuchin populations from tropical dry forests and lowland rainforests and identified population divergence in genes involved in water balance, kidney function, and metabolism. Through a comparative genomics approach spanning a wide diversity of mammals, we identified genes under positive selection associated with longevity and brain development. Additionally, we provide a technological advancement in the use of noninvasive genomics for studies of free-ranging mammals. Our intra- and interspecific comparative study of capuchin genomics provides insights into processes underlying local adaptation to diverse and physiologically challenging environments, as well as the molecular basis of brain evolution and longevity.
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Neher, Deborah A., Tucker D. Andrews, Thomas R. Weicht, Asa Hurd e John W. Barlow. "Organic Farm Bedded Pack System Microbiomes: A Case Study with Comparisons to Similar and Different Bedded Packs". Dairy 3, n. 3 (19 agosto 2022): 587–607. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/dairy3030042.
Abstract (sommario):
Animal housing and bedding materials influence cow and farm worker exposure to microbial pathogens, biocontrol agents, and/or allergens. This case study represents an effort to characterize the bacterial and fungal community of bedding systems using an amplicon sequencing approach supplemented with the ecological assessment of cultured Trichocomaceae isolates (focusing on Penicillium and Aspergillus species) and yeasts (Saccharomycetales). Bedding from five certified organic dairy farms in northern Vermont USA were sampled monthly between October 2015 and May 2016. Additional herd level samples from bulk tank milk and two bedding types were collected from two farms to collect fungal isolates for culturing and ecology. Most of the microorganisms in cattle bedding were microbial decomposers (saprophytes) or coprophiles, on account of the bedding being composed of dead plant matter, cattle feces, and urine. Composition of bacterial and fungal communities exhibited distinct patterns of ecological succession measured through time and by bedding depth. Community composition patterns were related to management practices and choice of bedding material. Aspergillus and Penicillium species exhibited niche differentiation expressed as differential substrate requirements; however, they generally exhibited traits of early colonizers of bedding substrates, typically rich in carbon and low in nitrogen. Pichia kudriavzevii was the most prevalent species cultured from milk and bedding. P. kudriavzevii produced protease and its abundance directly related to temperature. The choice of bedding and its management represent a potential opportunity to curate the microbial community of the housing environment.
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Sen, Keya, Vaughn Shepherd, Tanner Berglund, Alexa Quintana, Shnia Puim, Rama Tadmori, Robert J. Turner, Laura Khalil e Marilia A. Soares. "American Crows as Carriers of Extra Intestinal Pathogenic E. coli and Avian Pathogenic-Like E. coli and Their Potential Impact on a Constructed Wetland". Microorganisms 8, n. 10 (16 ottobre 2020): 1595. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms8101595.
Abstract (sommario):
The study examines whether crows are carriers of extraintestinal pathogenic E. coli (ExPEC) and avian pathogenic E. coli (APEC)-like strains, and if wetland roost areas contribute to their spread. A total of 10 crow feces (n = 71) and 15 water E. coli isolates (n = 134) from a wetland area could be characterized as potentially ExPEC based on the presence of ≥2 of the five cardinal genes iutA, kpsMT2, papEF, pap A/C, papG, sfa/foc, and afa/dra, while six fecal and 14 water isolates could be characterized as potentially APEC-like based on the presence of plasmid associated genes: iutA, episomal iss, ompT, hlyF and iroN. A total of 32 fecal and 27 water isolates tested carried plasmids based on incompatibility typing. Plasmids from 34 of 38 isolates tested could be transferred to another E. coli strain by conjugation with the antibiotic resistance (AR) profile being transferred, indicating their potential to be transferred to indigenous and non-pathogenic strains in the wetland. APEC-like plasmids could be transferred in six of eight isolates tested. Pathogenic E. coli of importance to the medical community and poultry industry may be detected in high levels in surface water due to corvid activity. Regardless of their role in health or disease, water in wetlands and streams can serve as a media for the dissemination of AR and virulence traits of bacteria, with corvids acting as potential vectors for farther dissemination.
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Hossain, MA, MA Hashem e MAS Khan. "A Basic Study on Production Performance of Local Cows under a Typical Village Condition of Mymensingh District". Journal of Environmental Science and Natural Resources 9, n. 2 (14 aprile 2017): 115–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jesnr.v9i2.32174.
Abstract (sommario):
The present piece of research work was conducted to find out the present condition of native cattle rearing, milk production and reproductive parameters and to give important suggestion for production constraints. The experiment was conducted at a nearby village named Boira adjacent to Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh having eighty three local cows and seventeen heifers were taken under this study from 72 farmers selected with direct interview. Data was compiled statistically only for tabular, percentage, mean and standard deviation. Body weight and condition score of the observed value were 173.23 ± 32.03 kg and 2.55 ±0.34, respectively. Average daily intake of feed was 12.5 kg (fresh basis) and 7.72 kg (DM basis). From the results of experiment, it was found that average daily milk yield of the indigenous cows for whole lactation period was 1.43 ± 0.58 kg. The mean value of hemoglobin, packed cell volume and fat percentage was 7.8±1.00 (g 100 ml-1), 52± 52.10 (%) and 57.6±9.1g/kg, respectively. Age at first calving for local cows found 52.8 ± 13.32 months and calving interval was 417.6±109.5 days. Birth weight of the local calves found 14.43±2.56 kg. Average number of eggs of parasite was 53 per gram of feces. From the study it can be concluded that morphometrics, production and reproduction traits of indigenous cows was favorable and profitable practice in selected areas.J. Environ. Sci. & Natural Resources, 9(2): 115-120 2016
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McPartland, John M., e Steve G. Naraine. "Experimental Endozoochory of Cannabis sativa Achenes". Medical Cannabis and Cannabinoids 1, n. 2 (8 ottobre 2018): 96–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000492971.
Abstract (sommario):
The mechanism by which Cannabis sativa dispersed from its center of origin remains an open question. The literature provides many hypotheses, which we review for the first time, but experiments are few. Darwin was interested in zoochory – the transport of plants by animals. He demonstrated endozoochory (transport of seeds via animal digestive systems) of C. sativa achenes (seeds) by carrier pigeons, but he did not quantify achene survival rates. We assessed mammalian endozoochory in a triplicate experiment: feeding C. sativa achenes into a simulated gastrointestinal system, a dog, and a human. The in vitro system subjected achenes to sequential digestive enzymes. Achenes were planted in potting soil and monitored for emergence under growroom conditions. The in vivo experiments added achenes to a normal morning meal (dog food or granola). Feces were collected for daily instillation into an outdoor garden and monitored for seedling emergence for 16 days. Control achenes were planted directly into soil without ingestion. In the in vitro study, 34.7% of the digested achenes emerged as seedlings. The in vivo emergence rates were 10.3, 1.3, and 76.0% for the dog, human, and control conditions. The three groups differed significantly (χ2 = 1,264.93, p < 0.0001). Achene survival was greatest under in vitro conditions, which lacked a mastication step, compared to dog (minimal chewing) and human (maximal chewing) conditions. Although C. sativa lacks evolutionary traits for classic endozoochory (i.e., a fleshy fruit), it seems well adapted to this manner of seed dispersal.
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Mohd Yusof, Hidayat, Nor’Aini Abdul Rahman, Rosfarizan Mohamad, Uswatun Hasanah Zaidan e Anjas Asmara Samsudin. "Influence of Dietary Biosynthesized Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles on Broiler Zinc Uptake, Bone Quality, and Antioxidative Status". Animals 13, n. 1 (28 dicembre 2022): 115. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani13010115.
Abstract (sommario):
A total of 180 broiler chickens (Cobb500) were randomly allotted to five experimental groups consisting of six replicates and six birds in each pen. Each group was fed a basal diet supplemented with 100 mg/kg ZnO (control) and 10, 40, 70, and 100 mg/kg ZnO NPs for 35 days. Resultantly, Zn uptake and accumulation in serum, breast muscle, tibia bone, and liver were linearly and significantly (p < 0.05) increased with increasing dietary ZnO NPs supplementation at 100 mg/kg compared to the control group (dietary 100 mg/kg ZnO), implying effective absorption capacity of ZnO NPs. This was followed by lower Zn excretion in feces in broilers fed ZnO NPs compared to controls (p < 0.05). Furthermore, dietary ZnO NPs at 40, 70, and 100 mg/kg levels improved broiler tibia bone morphological traits, such as weight, length, and thickness. Similarly, tibia bone mineralization increased in broilers fed ZnO NPs at 100 mg/kg compared to the control (p < 0.05), as demonstrated by tibia ash, Zn, Ca, and P retention. Antioxidative status in serum and liver tissue was also increased in broilers fed dietary ZnO NPs at 70 and 100 mg/kg compared to the control (p < 0.05). In conclusion, dietary ZnO NPs increased Zn absorption in broiler chickens and had a positive influence on tibia bone development and antioxidative status in serum and liver tissue, with dietary ZnO NPs supplementation at 70 and 100 mg/kg showing the optimum effects.