Articoli di riviste: "Famines – China"

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Akhtar Gul, Muhammad Ghulam Shabeer, Rija Ahmad Abbasi e Abdul Wahab Khan. "Africa’s Poverty and Famines: Developmental Projects of China on Africa". PERENNIAL JOURNAL OF HISTORY 3, n. 1 (25 giugno 2022): 165–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.52700/pjh.v3i1.109.

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Poverty exists without any face; it is a multifaceted and complex phenomenon. Poverty and famines existed before human civilization and culture. Human culture existed 0.07 million years ago, and civilization began 6000 years ago. In a modern civilized society, ‘first famine in human history occurred in 1708 B.C. From 1708 BC to 1878 AD, 350 famines occurred in various spheres of the world. The Encyclopedia Britannica listed 31 main famines from prehistoric to the 1960s. The sub-continent has also faced eleven severe famines from 1769-70 to 1943, and about 40.9 million people have died due to these famines. Similarly, more than 2 billion people live below the poverty line. Besides, China left 800 million people due to ‘Open Door Policy’. Now she is changing the world's shape through BRI. Africa is a complex and perplexing region of the world. Because, Africa is facing all the root problems of the world, i.e., poverty, massive unemployment and income inequality, mono-culture political economy, border disputes, intra-state wars, and ethnic and lingual clashes. In the land of Africa, the first famine was recorded 2273 years ago in Ethiopia’. About 2,582 languages[i] and 1,382 dialects are found on the African continent. From 1945 to 1999, humanity faced 25 interstate wars, most of which occurred in Africa. Therefore, 127 civil wars happened among 73 states in the same era, and 16.2 million people died. The Export and Import Bank of China will spend 1US$ trillion on the African continent in 2025. [i] Language which is speaking in Africa, Arabic (170 million) English (130 million), Swahili (100), French (115), Berber (50), Hausa (50), Portuguese (20) and Spanish (10) (Spolsky, 2018)

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Brennan, Lance. "Government Famine Relief in Bengal, 1943". Journal of Asian Studies 47, n. 3 (agosto 1988): 541–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2056974.

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An estimated seven and a half million people died of starvation and related diseases in China, Vietnam, and India during the last half of the Second World War. This death toll reflected the severity with which the poor were affected by the combination of natural disaster, military imperative, political conflict, economic dislocation, and corruption that caused these famines. But famine mortality is also a function of the effectiveness of the relief system. The famines in China and, to a lesser extent, Vietnam, occurred in times of administrative disruption. During the Bengal famine of 1943, however, the central and provincial administrations were intact, if under strain, as the Japanese army tested the eastern defenses of India. Moreover, the Bengal government had recently revised the instructions for bringing relief to those affected by famine. The possibility of an ordered administrative response to the crisis means that the analysis of this operation provides an opportunity to make a contribution to the general understanding of famine relief.

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Guest Editors, From The. "Communism and Hunger: Preface". East/West: Journal of Ukrainian Studies 3, n. 2 (10 settembre 2016): 3. http://dx.doi.org/10.21226/t2qc79.

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Over the past two decades, researchers have made significant progress in studying the great political famines of the twentieth century. As a result of increased access to formerly closed archives and the collective efforts of the international scholarly community, we now have a rather accurate picture of the causes, dynamics, demographic impact, and consequences of the pan-Soviet famines of 1931-33, the Ukrainian Holodomor, the Kazakh great hunger, and the terrible famine of 1959-61 in China produced by the Great Leap Forward...

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Graziosi, Andrea. "Political Famines in the USSR and China: A Comparative Analysis". Journal of Cold War Studies 19, n. 3 (agosto 2017): 42–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jcws_a_00744.

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This article offers a comparative study of the domestic and international dimensions of two calamitous famines in Communist countries: one in the USSR engendered by Iosif Stalin's Great Turning Point (1928–1934) and the other in the People's Republic of China in connection with Mao Zedong's Great Leap Forward (1958–1962). The article traces the historical roots of these catastrophes and explains how Sino-Soviet interactions affected the genesis of the famine in China. It also discusses the long-term consequences of these avoidable tragedies, comparing their impact on subsequent Soviet and Chinese history. A close look at the evident affinity between the famines opens new and at times unexpected vistas, which allow us not only to get a better grasp of each event in its own specificity but also to shed new light on fundamental questions.

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Klid, Bohdan. "Empire-Building, Imperial Policies, and Famine in Occupied Territories and Colonies". East/West: Journal of Ukrainian Studies 8, n. 1 (28 aprile 2021): 11–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.21226/ewjus634.

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The introductory article to the special issue “Empire, Colonialism, and Famine in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries” begins by pointing to some recent literature on famine theory, where stress has been made on responses of authorities to famine and on the political nature of modern famines. Literature on the connection between imperial policies, colonial rule, and famines is also briefly discussed. The Soviet Union is treated as an empire in the essay, and some of the literature on this question is also surveyed. The article then offers summaries of and highlights from essays in this volume that resulted from papers presented at two conferences on the theme “Empires and Famines in Comparative Historical Perspective,” held in 2016 in Toronto and in 2017 in Kyiv. These include papers on famine and food policies during World War II in occupied Ukraine and Moldova. Essays on famines in Soviet Ukraine, British-ruled Ireland, and British-ruled Bengal, India, are summarized as well as an essay on Raphaël Lemkin’s views on genocide and famine and an essay that looked at minorities in Mao’s China during the 1958-62 famine. The essay concludes with the observation that the investigation of imperial policies, colonial rule, and famine should be pursued further, especially in the case of the Soviet Union where this line of research is just beginning.

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Graziosi, Andrea, e Frank E. Sysyn. "Communism and Hunger: Introduction". East/West: Journal of Ukrainian Studies 3, n. 2 (10 settembre 2016): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.21226/t2kk5c.

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<p>Over the past two decades, important studies of the famines in the Soviet Union and the People’s Republic of China have transformed our understanding of these events and laid the groundwork for the first attempts at comparative analysis. Nevertheless, the great twentieth-century famines caused by state policies remain relatively little studied. We still lack a systematic comparison of their features, at least in part because of the difficulty in conceptualizing the possibility of man-made famine in modern times and because a topic like “Communism and Hunger” may seem to be a contradiction in terms. Yet even a simple list of the past century’s major famines suggests that the topic is badly in need of attention...</p>

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Xie, Xiaolin. "Scores on Loneliness of Chinese and American College Students". Psychological Reports 81, n. 1 (agosto 1997): 317–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1997.81.1.317.

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197 American college students going to school in Oklahoma and 91 Chinese college students going to school in China participated. Chinese students from extended families (families with three generations) reported less loneliness than those from nuclear famines. In the younger group (aged 18 to 20 yr.), Chinese students scored higher on loneliness than American students as did all freshman compared with all sophomore students. Significant interactions between nation and years in college and between nation and family structure (extended families vs nuclear families) were found within the same age group.

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Tian, Huidong, Chuan Yan, Lei Xu, Ulf Büntgen, Nils C. Stenseth e Zhibin Zhang. "Scale-dependent climatic drivers of human epidemics in ancient China". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 114, n. 49 (6 novembre 2017): 12970–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1706470114.

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A wide range of climate change-induced effects have been implicated in the prevalence of infectious diseases. Disentangling causes and consequences, however, remains particularly challenging at historical time scales, for which the quality and quantity of most of the available natural proxy archives and written documentary sources often decline. Here, we reconstruct the spatiotemporal occurrence patterns of human epidemics for large parts of China and most of the last two millennia. Cold and dry climate conditions indirectly increased the prevalence of epidemics through the influences of locusts and famines. Our results further reveal that low-frequency, long-term temperature trends mainly contributed to negative associations with epidemics, while positive associations of epidemics with droughts, floods, locusts, and famines mainly coincided with both higher and lower frequency temperature variations. Nevertheless, unstable relationships between human epidemics and temperature changes were observed on relatively smaller time scales. Our study suggests that an intertwined, direct, and indirect array of biological, ecological, and societal responses to different aspects of past climatic changes strongly depended on the frequency domain and study period chosen.

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Edgerton-Tarpley, Kathryn Jean. "From Bodhisattva Earth to Man-Made Meat Essence: Famine Foods in Late Qing, Nationalist and Maoist China". Environment and History 26, n. 1 (1 febbraio 2020): 105–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.3197/096734019x15755402985587.

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This article examines change and continuity in the selection, conceptualisation and state-sponsorship of 'famine foods' in late Qing, Nationalist and Maoist China. It employs as case studies the following severe famines that struck North China under three markedly different regimes: the North China Famine of 1876-79, the Henan Famine of 1942/43 and the Great Leap Famine of 1958-62. Continuities that cut across the three periods include the particular non-grain foods - beginning with tree bark and wild plants and extending to Bodhisattva earth (Guanyin tu) - consumed at the local level, and a tradition of elite involvement in identifying and endorsing items that could relieve starvation. The terms used to describe survival foods changed significantly, however, as did the rationale for promoting such foods. Moreover, as twentieth-century Chinese modernisers joined their Western counterparts in championing the use of science and technology to address food crises and other disasters, state-run health and scientific agencies played an increasingly active role in testing and promoting recipes for non-grain foods. This trend reached its zenith during the Great Leap Famine, when the government launched a 'food substitute' (daishipin) campaign that aimed to address food shortages without reducing grain quotas by encouraging the mass-production of food substitutes such as chlorella and artificial meat. This campaign can be understood as a sharp departure from Qing China's grain-centred famine relief policies, a radical extension of rhetoric and priorities laid out during the Nationalist period and a case of high modernism gone badly awry.

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GRDA, CORMAC. "The ripple that drowns? Twentieth-century famines in China and India as economic history1". Economic History Review 61 (agosto 2008): 5–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0289.2008.00435.x.

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Fuller, Pierre. "Changing disaster relief regimes in China: an analysis using four famines between 1876 and 1962". Disasters 39, s2 (23 settembre 2015): s146—s165. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/disa.12152.

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Lee, Harry F. "Internal wars in history: Triggered by natural disasters or socio-ecological catastrophes?" Holocene 28, n. 7 (25 marzo 2018): 1071–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0959683618761549.

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Chaotic events that might be regarded as proximate causes in triggering war have rarely been considered in the large- N quantitative studies of historical warfare. Furthermore, it has not been fully determined which types of chaotic events, natural disasters or socio-ecological catastrophes, are more influential in modulating the likelihood of wars. This study is based on the incidents of 5368 natural disasters, 1478 famines, 5700 epidemics, 456 nomadic invasions, and 1315 internal wars in the agricultural region (including wheat and rice regions) of China in AD 1470–1911, together with Poisson regression and Granger Causality analyses, to explore the catalytic effect of natural disasters and socio-ecological catastrophes in modulating the likelihood of wars in history. The comparison between the wheat and the rice regions is focused. This is the first large- N inter-regional quantitative analysis on this topic. Our statistical results show that, in general, socio-ecological catastrophes are the proximate triggers of internal wars. Specifically, internal wars are triggered by epidemics in the wheat region, and they are ignited by famines in the rice region in historic China. In addition, internal wars in the two agro-ecological zones are revealed to be context-dependent. Also, conceptual models about the synergy of natural disasters and socio-ecological catastrophes in causing internal wars in the wheat and the rice regions are proposed, respectively. The above findings supplement the Malthusian theory by demonstrating the inter-connection among various mortality factors, which has rarely been examined empirically in academia. Moving beyond historic China, researchers are encouraged to boil down war data in other parts of the world by geographic regions in the course of their statistical analysis to examine each region individually in follow-up studies.

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Zhang, D., R. Blender e K. Fraedrich. "Volcanic and ENSO effects in China in simulations and reconstructions: Tambora eruption 1815". Climate of the Past Discussions 7, n. 3 (22 giugno 2011): 2061–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/cpd-7-2061-2011.

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Abstract. The co-operative effects of volcanic eruptions and ENSO (El Niño/Southern Oscillation) on the climate in China are analyzed in a millennium simulation for 800–2005 AD using the earth system model (ESM) ECHAM5/MPIOM/JSBACH subject to anthropogenic and natural forcings. The experiment includes two ensembles with weak (5 members) and strong (3 members) total solar irradiance variability. In the absence of El Niño and La Niña events, volcanoes, which are the dominant forcing in both ensembles, cause a dramatic cooling in West China (−2 °C) and a drought in East China during the year after the eruption. The recovery times for the volcano induced cooling vary globally between one and 12 yr; in China these values are mostly within 1–4 yr, but reach 10 yr in the Northeast. Without volcanoes, after El Niño events the summer precipitation is reduced in the North, while South China becomes wetter (indicated by the Standardized Precipitation Index, SPI, for summers, JJA); La Niña events cause opposite effects. El Niño events in the winters after eruptions compensate the cooling in most regions of China, while La Niña events intensify the cooling (up to −2.5 °C). The simulated impact of the eruption of the Tambora in 1815, which caused the "year without summer" 1816 in Europe and North America and coldness and famines for several years in the Chinese province Yunnan, depends crucially on the ENSO state of the coupled model. A comparison with reconstructed El Niño events shows a moderate cool climate with wet (in the South) and extreme dry anomalies (in the North) persisting for several years.

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Fang, XiuQi, Yun Su, Jun Yin e JingChao Teng. "Transmission of climate change impacts from temperature change to grain harvests, famines and peasant uprisings in the historical China". Science China Earth Sciences 58, n. 8 (9 maggio 2015): 1427–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11430-015-5075-9.

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Wu, Sylvia. "Reinventing Sacred Ground Amidst Natural Disaster: The Holy Islamic Tomb in Seventeenth-Century Quanzhou". International Journal of Islamic Architecture 13, n. 2 (1 luglio 2024): 309–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1386/ijia_00143_1.

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The Holy Islamic Tomb at Lingshan Mountain in Quanzhou, China, is believed to be the final resting place of two of the Prophet Muhammad’s disciples who were dispatched as missionaries in the early seventh century. While prior scholarship has centred on verifying the tradition’s chronology, this article foregrounds the role of environmental actors in the tomb site’s ascent to prominence. I argue that the holy tomb (shengmu) tradition did not emerge until the late sixteenth and early seventeenth century, so its invention should be analysed alongside concurrent climate hazards that plagued late Ming China (1368–1644). Uncommon episodes of snowfall, flooding, drought, and associated famines drove Quanzhou’s local communities towards popular religious practices. Muslim visitation practices in Quanzhou, which experienced a restrained period following the decline of Mongol rule, re-emerged into universal consciousness and became integral to the city’s spiritual landscape by aligning with Chinese allegorical narratives. Through this reinvented tradition, the Holy Islamic Tomb was characterized as a site blessed by the heavens during times of cosmic disturbances. Instead of passive assimilation, through which religious identities may be diluted, the active participation of Quanzhou Muslims in local practices empowered them to elevate and honour Islamic traditions within a predominantly non-Muslim society.

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Su, Yun, Jia He, Xiuqi Fang e Jingchao Teng. "Transmission pathways of China’s historical climate change impacts based on a food security framework". Holocene 28, n. 10 (26 giugno 2018): 1564–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0959683618782600.

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There are still many uncertainties about how climate change affects the development of human society. The impact of climate change is likely to be weakened or amplified by the response and adaptation of the reciprocal feedback process after entering the socio-economical subsystem. The study of the climate change impact processes is the basis for understanding the mechanisms of climate change impacts. Furthermore, long-term research of climate change impacts can provide historical similarity and experience for current or future adaptation of climate change. Ancient China was traditionally an agricultural country. Its food production safety, food supply safety, and food consumption safety reflect the impacts of climate change being transferred from a production subsystem to a population subsystem to an economic subsystem. Based on a conceptual framework of food security, we selected 10-year resolution sequences of grain harvest grades, famine indices, and economic levels in China over the past 2000 years (206 BC–AD 1911) to quantify and recognize the main transmission pathways of climate change impacts during cold and warm units of climate change. Our results were as follows: (1) according to the transmission relationship climate change → grain harvests → famines → economic levels, there are 16 main transmission pathways, including 10 pathways starting from cold units and 6 pathways starting from warm units. (2) The main pathway is dominated by natural factors and socio-economic factors, with each factor set accounting for approximately 50%. However, the probability of the main pathways with socio-economic influence leading toward negative developments was 60% for cold units, and the probability of the main pathways with socio-economic influence leading toward positive developments was 66.7% for warm units. According to the main pathway led by natural factors, of all transmission pathways in cold units (100%), 14.7% of the depressed economy may be more directly related to climate change. However, 32.3% of the prosperous economy may have a more direct relationship with climate change in warm units (100%). (3) Famine is the most important link in the climate change influence on transmission chains regulated by socio-economic factors. Famine reflects both poor harvests due to the natural production subsystem and a lack of grain allocation by the socio-economic subsystem or the government’s ability to eliminate famine. Thus, there may be another pathway of transmission, such as climate change → agricultural yield/grain production → economic prosperity → famine relief (social vulnerability).

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Li, Yali, Gideon Shelach-Lavi e Ronnie Ellenblum. "Short-Term Climatic Catastrophes and the Collapse of the Liao Dynasty (907–1125): Textual Evidence". Journal of Interdisciplinary History 49, n. 4 (marzo 2019): 591–610. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jinh_a_01339.

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Short-term disasters such as clusters of droughts or cold spells, lasting for just a decade or two, can induce food shortages, famines, and violence and create waves of refugees. Climatically enforced migrations can affect complex societies and, in extreme cases, even topple established bureaucracies. But the measurement of indirect signals (proxies), which is limited by the multidecadal range of radiometric dating or by the poor distribution of the better-dated signals (such as series of tree-rings, lacustrine varves, ice-cores, etc.), is often insufficient to determine the extent to which such natural disasters were the causes of particular human events in history. The introduction of historical evidence, however, can change the resolution of such indirect reconstructions and enable a more balanced and comprehensive assessment. Such an approach indicates that intense cold and other short-term climatic changes were largely responsible for the collapse of the Liao dynasty in Mongolia and northern China.

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Ivácson, András Áron. "The Joy of Knowledge Put Into Practice. The Cosmotechnical View on Acquiring Knowledge in Ancient China". Studia Universitatis Babeș-Bolyai Philosophia 68, Special Issue (23 novembre 2023): 61–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.24193/subbphil.2023.sp.iss.04.

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"Classical Chinese thought slowly formed from the 9th century BCE onward through the Spring and Autumn era but reached its pivotal point during the so-called Warring States era (5th to 2nd centuries BCE). According to historical records, during these three hundred years more than four hundred wars of different scales raged across the Chinese world. These wars brought with them their own consequences like famines and abject poverty, terrible inequality and disillusionment. An intellectual history forming in these conditions understandably and inevitably was influenced by these conditions. In this context, the Hong Kong philosopher Yuk Hui presents his thesis of “cosmotechnics”, the view that merely understanding the world is not enough, it is paramount to change it for the betterment of people’s lives. This is the theoretical underpinning of much of classical Chinese thought, according to Yuk Hui, and therefore also for the drive to acquire knowledge. Thus, one unique aspect of classical Chinese thought is its interminable insistence on how man’s every action must have a reason beyond that action itself and any sort of philosophizing that does not lead to practice in changing the environment for the good of the people inhabiting it, is a wasted and useless thought. Therefore, there are a number of words and concepts related to the acquisition of knowledge in Classical and modern Chinese, like “learning” 學, “teaching” 教, “discussion” 論, “argumentation” 辯, and so on, but all these are encompassed within “the way” 道, specifically the “correct way of doing a thing”, i.e.: actual practice, rather than mere thought alone. I aim to present several examples of this from remote Chinese antiquity and classical Chinese thought within the framework of what I term “cosmotechnical joy” stemming from making people’s lives better. Keywords: China, philosophy, thought, knowledge, pragmatism, Confucianism, Daoism, legalism"

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Heimsoth, DeAnna, e Julie Anne Laser. "Transracial adoption". International Social Work 51, n. 5 (settembre 2008): 651–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0020872808093343.

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English Qualitative research investigated expatriate families living in China with adopted Chinese children and the manner in which living in China influenced the adoptees' acquisition of their culture of origin. The values and cultural practices of these expatriate parents are also examined. French Il s'agit d'une recherche qualitative qui explore la situation des familles expatriées vivant en Chine et ayant adopté des enfants Chinois. Plus particulièrement, cette recherche examine la façon dont le fait de vivre en Chine a influencé les enfants adoptés à intégrer leur culture d'origine. Les valeurs et les pratiques culturelles des parents expatriés sont également examinées. Spanish Mediante investigación cualitativa se estudió a las familias expatriadas que viven en China con sus niños adoptivos chinos, y la forma en que vivir en China ha influenciado en éstos la adquisición de su cultura de origen. También son examinados los valores y prácticas culturales de estos padres expatriados.

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Luo, Zhehui, Ren Mu e Xiaobo Zhang. "Famine and Overweight in China*". Review of Agricultural Economics 28, n. 3 (settembre 2006): 296–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9353.2006.00290.x.

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Wang, Yuying, Fangzhen Xia, Heng Wan, Chi Chen, Yi Chen, Wen Zhang, Ningjian Wang e Yingli Lu. "Metabolites in the association between early-life famine exposure and type 2 diabetes in adulthood over a 5-year follow-up period". BMJ Open Diabetes Research & Care 9, n. 1 (aprile 2021): e001935. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjdrc-2020-001935.

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IntroductionExposure to malnutrition in early life has been found to significantly elevate type 2 diabetes risk in adulthood. However, the changes in metabolites resulting from malnutrition in early life have not been studied. The aim of this study was to identify metabolites with levels associated with type 2 diabetes resulting from exposure to China’s Great Famine (1959–1962).Research design and methodsParticipants were from SPECT-China 2014 and SPECT-China2 2019, two cross-sectional studies performed at the same site. In total, 2171 subjects participated in SPECT-China and SPECT-China2 simultaneously. The sample size of fetal-exposed (1959–1962) versus non-exposed (1963–1974) individuals was 82 vs 79 in 2014 and 97 vs 94 in 2019. Metabolomic profiling was performed between famine-exposed and non-exposed groups.ResultsAmong the different famine exposure groups, the fetal-exposed group (1959–1962) had the greatest incidence rate (12.5%), with an OR of 2.11 (95% CI 1.01 to 4.44), compared with the non-exposed group (1963–1974). Moreover, compared with those in the non-exposed group (1963–1974), four metabolites (indole-3-carbinol (I3C), phosphatidylcholine (PC) (22:6(4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)/16:1(9Z)), pyrimidine, and PC(16:1(9Z)/22:5(4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z))) showed significantly lower relative intensities in the famine and diabetes groups both in 2014 and 2019. Pyrimidine significantly mediated the association of famine exposure with diabetes, and I3C marginally mediated this association.ConclusionsFamine exposure in the fetal period could increase type 2 diabetes risk in adults, even those in their 60s. I3C and pyrimidine are potential mediators of the effects of famine exposure on diabetes development.

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Xu, Hanyu. "Applicatoin of TTCC Algorithm in House Reallocation Market in China". Advances in Economics, Management and Political Sciences 56, n. 1 (1 dicembre 2023): 291–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.54254/2754-1169/56/20231204.

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In recent years, many low-income families have been suffering house allocation problem. The current welfare house allocation mechanism is of low effiency. Despite Chinese government has been working on improving the current mechanism to solve this proplem, there are still many people which try to cheat in the house allocation market. Most of the people could not even truly express their preference through the current mechanism. It is important to find a more suitable mechanism which can help low-income familes reallocate their welfare housing. This article tries to make anaysis about applying Top Trading Cycles and Chians mechansim (TTCC) in the house reallocation market. This mechanism can lead to a more efficient result. Besides, this article expalins why TTCC is better than the current mechanism by studing the feature of the result from TTCC. The results show that TTCC can be used to in house reallocation market with a strcit ranking among low-come familes and there requires a strcit background investigation organization as well.

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SHI, Xinzheng. "Famine, fertility, and fortune in china". China Economic Review 22, n. 2 (giugno 2011): 244–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chieco.2011.02.001.

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Xiong, Yixuan. "Analysis of Educational Inequality in China". Lecture Notes in Education Psychology and Public Media 18, n. 1 (26 ottobre 2023): 139–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.54254/2753-7048/18/20231306.

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Economic development should be based on talents. Education is the foundation of a countrys centennial plan. The quality of education development is related to the destiny of a countrys development. At present, the problem of educational inequality in China is obvious, and the talents cultivated under the educational management system can no longer meet the needs of Chinas social development. In order to promote the balanced development of education from the perspectives of the government, families, individuals, and schools, the paper proposes appropriate solutions and analyses the current situation of educational inequality in China and the factors that cause it from various angles. The paper also takes educational inequality in China as its research theme. The conclusions of this study have reference value for solving educational inequality, providing reference for government decision-making, further promoting the improvement of Chinas education system and promoting education equality in urban and rural areas, regions and gender.

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Naquin, Susan, Pierre Etienne Will e Elborg Forster. "Bureaucracy and Famine in Eighteenth-Century China." Pacific Affairs 64, n. 3 (1991): 399. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2759479.

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Sasaki, Takayuki. "Kunio Ishihara & Rokuro Tabuchi(eds.) Changing Families in Northeast Asia: Comparative Analysis of China, Korea, and Japan". Kazoku syakaigaku kenkyu 26, n. 1 (2014): 61. http://dx.doi.org/10.4234/jjoffamilysociology.26.61.

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Tang, Jiahui. "Reduction or Restrain? Social Reproduction in Chinas Compulsory Education under the Double Reduction Policy". Lecture Notes in Education Psychology and Public Media 19, n. 1 (26 ottobre 2023): 133–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.54254/2753-7048/19/20231405.

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The double reduction policy was issued in 2021 in China as a means of reducing students schoolwork and restricting extracurricular tutoring, thereby alleviating students pressure and promote education equality. This paper investigates whether this policy eases educational inequality and promotes social mobility, or it reinforces social reproduction and intensifies social stratification. This paper begins with a brief introduction to Chinas compulsory education and the background of the double reduction policy. Afterwards, core and related theories of social reproduction are introduced and critically analysed. According to the theories and the context, it is examined how reproduction occurs through Chinas compulsory education. Subsequently, a review is conducted of the current impact of this policy, particularly on the acquisition of educational resources by students from different backgrounds. Schools, families, and tutoring institutions are considered the main fields where reproduction take place. It turns out that the double reduction policy to students, appears not only as a burden-reduction mechanism, but more like a restriction that hinders the acquisition of necessary assistance by ordinary families while ensuring the availability of high-quality resources for elite families, thus marginalising education resources, privatising education, and perpetuating class privileges among elite families.

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Chen, Yixin. "Cold War Competition and Food Production in China, 1957–1962". Agricultural History 83, n. 1 (1 gennaio 2009): 51–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/00021482-83.1.51.

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Abstract This article examines how Mao’s grand strategy for Cold War competition inflicted a catastrophic agricultural failure in China and victimized tens of millions of Chinese peasants. It argues that Khrushchev’s 1957 boast about the Soviet Union surpassing the United States in key economic areas inspired Mao to launch an industrialization program that would push the People’s Republic past Great Britain in some production categories within fifteen years. Beginning in 1958 Mao imposed unrealistic targets on Chinese grain production to extract funds from agriculture for rapid industrial growth. Maoists placed relentless pressure on communist cadres for ruthless implementation of the Great Leap Forward. Contrary to Maoist plans, China’s grain output in 1959-1960 declined sharply from 1957 levels and rural per capita grain retention decreased dramatically. Throughout China, party cadres’ mismanagement of agricultural production was responsible for the decline in grain output, and the communist state’s excessive requisition of grain caused food shortages for the peasants. But the key factor determining the famine’s uneven impact on the peasantry in the provinces was the degree to which provincial leaders genuinely and energetically embraced Maoist programs. This is illustrated by a close examination of the Great Leap famine in Anhui Province.

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Chen, Yixin. "Famine Relief in Warlord China by Pierre Fuller". China Review International 27, n. 1 (2020): 21–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/cri.2020.0007.

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Dikötter, Frank. "Coping with famine in Communist China (1949–62)". European Review of History: Revue européenne d'histoire 22, n. 6 (29 giugno 2015): 917–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13507486.2015.1049125.

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Shen, Qingfeng. "Analysis and Discussion of Chinas Double Reduction Policy". Lecture Notes in Education Psychology and Public Media 11, n. 1 (26 ottobre 2023): 51–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.54254/2753-7048/11/20230713.

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Teenagers in China are faced with a heavy academic burden, and the educational expenses that have to be invested in raising their children also bring financial burdens to families. The Chinese government has launched the double reduction program to overhaul the edu-cation sector in response to the issues in education. Through a political study of the double reduction policy from the perspectives of social population and economic development, this article will explore the double reduction policys effects on society and the education sector. The implementation of this policy not only offers Chinese children and families better learning environments and equitable educational chances, but also contributes to al-leviating Chinas aging population.

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Zhao, J. "Rural income diversification patterns and their determinants in China". Agricultural Economics (Zemědělská ekonomika) 60, No. 5 (28 maggio 2014): 219–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/97/2013-agricecon.

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The article investigates the major rural income diversification patterns and their determinants in the context of China. Based on the data from a rural household survey, we first categorize the rural income diversification patterns according to the industry and the location in which the income is generated. Then we apply a Bayesian multinomial probit model to examine the determinants of various types of the rural income diversification. The major results demonstrate that a larger family size stimulates households to undertake various income diversification patterns, but its effects are discounted by an unproductive population structure within the household. Another interesting discovery is that a rural household chooses its income diversification pattern by referring to the surrounding neighbourhood; when most farm families depend on off-farm activities to boost their income, the individual household is more likely to follow the surrounding households by participating in the off-farm or mixed income activities or to migrate out to earn its income.  

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Van, Lu. "Legal problems of adoptive families in China". Право и политика, n. 6 (giugno 2024): 11–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.7256/2454-0706.2024.6.70359.

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In the People's Republic of China, as in many other countries of the world, modern government policy in the field of family relations is focused on mobilizing the entire society to support families in raising children and supporting children left without parental care, including through placing children in foster care families. However, the legislation in the area of placement of children left without parental care is not perfect and requires a subjective assessment in terms of its compliance with the interests of children’s rights. This form of placement for children without parental care, like a foster family, has made in Chinese legislation relatively recently and is important for protecting the rights and interests of children without parental care. At the same time, the existing legislative rules ensuring the placement of children left without parental care in foster families are not perfect. Thus, the legal problems of placing children without parental care in foster families, related both to the restrictive framework that is imposed on the children themselves who are subject to placement in foster families, and the restrictive framework that is established for the foster families themselves (the age limit of parents, the number of children who can be raised in one foster family) deserve special attention. The article focuses on the legal problems of placing children without parental care in foster families. An analysis of existing problems has shown that there is an urgent need to modernize legislative norms related to placement in foster families in order to ensure the best and comprehensive interests of children, rather than maintaining the approach according to which the family becomes part of the bureaucratic and traditional framework, making it the last link in the implementation of state politicians.

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Zhang, Han, e Wing Chung Ho. "The Long-Term Effect of Famine Exposure on Cognitive Performance: Evidence from the 1959–1961 Chinese Famine". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, n. 24 (15 dicembre 2022): 16882. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192416882.

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We examined the long-term impact of the 1959–1961 Chinese Famine on the survivors’ cognitive performance in this study. Using data from the 2010 China Family Panel Study, our cohort comparison analysis showed that people who experienced the famine in early childhood (aged 1–3) had a lower score on a vocabulary test and that those who were exposed to the famine in utero did not differ from those born after the famine, probably due to positive selection for the in utero survivors. To deal with the problem of the lack of a comparable control group, we further applied a migrant–stayer comparison approach, with data from the 2016 China Family Panel Study and the 2017 Hong Kong Panel Study of Social Dynamics, to examine the effects of famine exposure at different life stages on adult cognition. We compared the people who stayed in Guangdong with the people who crossed the border to Hong Kong before the famine. The results showed that Guangdong stayers who experienced the famine when they were aged 1–18 had worse performance in immediate word recall. The findings suggested that exposure to malnutrition during childhood has long-term adverse effects on cognitive performance.

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Shan, Patrick Fuliang. "Pierre Fuller. Famine Relief in Warlord China." American Historical Review 126, n. 4 (1 dicembre 2021): 1630–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ahr/rhab606.

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Bernstein, Thomas. "Famine politics in Maoist China and the Soviet Union". Journal of Peasant Studies 44, n. 1 (2 gennaio 2017): 328–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03066150.2016.1263061.

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Smith, S. A. "Famine politics in Maoist China and the Soviet Union". Slavonica 22, n. 1-2 (2 luglio 2017): 90–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13617427.2017.1382667.

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38

Lavely, William. "Famine in China, 1959-61. Demographic and Social Implications". Population Studies 44, n. 1 (1 marzo 1990): 180–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0032472031000144506.

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gráda, cormac ó. "Fighting famine in north China – By Lillian M. Li". Economic History Review 61, n. 1 (febbraio 2008): 266–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0289.2007.00419_29.x.

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Yang, Dali L., e Fubing Su. "The politics of famine and reform in rural China". China Economic Review 9, n. 2 (settembre 1998): 141–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1043-951x(99)80011-x.

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Liu, Woyu. "Famine Politics in Maoist China and the Soviet Union". Europe-Asia Studies 68, n. 6 (2 luglio 2016): 1085–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09668136.2016.1202536.

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Yuqing, Chen. "Why Donate: The Famine Relief Sponsorship in Qing China". Chinese Historical Review 31, n. 1 (2 gennaio 2024): 56–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1547402x.2024.2327205.

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Ma, Tsang Wing. "Scribes, Assistants, and the Materiality of Administrative Documents in Qin-Early Han China: Excavated Evidence from Liye, Shuihudi, and Zhangjiashan". T’oung Pao 103, n. 4-5 (30 novembre 2017): 297–333. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685322-10345p01.

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As a result of the increasing administrative needs in the early imperial period, the profession of scribes was liberated from being the exclusive reserve of traditional hereditary families and opened to aspirants from non-hereditary families. Based on the excavated legal and administrative texts from Liye, Shuihudi, and Zhangjiashan, this paper explores the complementary nature of the scribes and assistants to understand the opening of the scribal profession. This paper also coins a concept of “administrative literacy,” which suggests that the materiality of written surfaces is a significant factor in understanding the literacy of administrative officials in early imperial China. Du fait des besoins croissants de l’administration aux débuts de l’époque impériale, la profession de scribe a cessé d’être l’apanage des familles qui traditionnellement en avaient l’accès exclusif, et a été ouverte à des candidats venus d’autres familles. En se fondant sur les documents administratifs et juridiques exhumés à Liye, Shuihudi et Zhangjiashan, cet article explore la nature complémentaire des rôles de scribe et d’assistant, en vue de comprendre une telle ouverture de la profession de scribe. Ce faisant, il propose le concept de “compétence administrative” et suggère que la matérialité des supports d’écriture était un facteur important pour comprendre les niveaux de compétence des fonctionnaires de l’administration aux débuts de l’ère impériale.

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Bianco, Lucien. "The 1958-62 Chinese Famine and Its Impact on Ethnic Minorities". East/West: Journal of Ukrainian Studies 8, n. 1 (28 aprile 2021): 173–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.21226/ewjus644.

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China underwent its most murderous famine between 1958 and 1962. Although a demographic transition from the countryside to the cities was in its early stage and gross domestic product (GDP) per capita was among the lowest in the world, objective conditions were far less decisive than Chinese Communist Party (CCP) policies in bringing about the famine. A development strategy copied on the Soviet model favoured quick industrialization at the expense of rural dwellers. Such novelties as people’s communes, communal canteens, and backyard furnaces further aggravated the famine. Though ethnic minorities represented only 6 percent of China’s population, compared to forty-seven percent in the Soviet Union, Soviet nationality policies heavily influenced those of China. Initially mild, especially for Tibetans, Chinese nationality policies became more authoritarian with the advent of the Great Leap Forward in 1958. Qinghai Tibetans resisted the closure of many monasteries; then the same policies, and famine itself, caused a more important rebellion in 1959 in Xizang (Tibet). Repression and the flight of the Dalai Lama to northern India coincided with the end of Tibet’s special status in China. Internal colonialism did not, however, aggravate the impact of famine on national minorities in China. Their rate of population growth between the first two censuses (1953 and 1982) exceeded that of Han Chinese. Among the provinces most severely affected by famine, only Qinghai was largely inhabited by ethnic minorities. Within Qinghai the same pattern prevailed as in Han populated provinces: the highest toll in famine deaths was concentrated in easily accessible grain surplus areas. The overwhelming majority of victims of the Chinese famine were Han peasants. At most, 5 percent were members of ethnic minorities, compared to eighty percent of victims in the Soviet Union in the period between 1930 and 1933.

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Adela Zaros, Agustina. "Mixed families in China: international migration, partner, and children". Latinoamericana de Estudios de Familia 14, n. 2 (1 luglio 2022): 115–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.17151/rlef.2022.14.2.7.

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Abstract: Objective. This study is part of an exploratory and descriptive research on mixed families in China, in which one of the spouses is a Chinese citizen and the other one is a native of a Latin American country. Methodology. The methodology chosen is a qualitative approach; the data compilation was made through interviews conducted in 2021 at different cities around China. Results. Among the main results of the fieldwork, we may highlight the different migrant profiles based on the participants’ city of origin, residence, and journey, two types of Latino-Chinese intermarriages, and the fact that the couples who participated in the research expect to stay in China. In terms of family arrangements, we focus on parenting decisions and the nationality that the parents elect for their children. Conclusions: These families develop marital and family systems in which the characteristics inherent in their culture of origin and the specific circumstances of present life in China are in negotiation and tension.

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Xun, Zhou. "‘Kitchen Knowledge’, Desperate Foods, and Ritual Healing in Everyday Survival Strategies during the Great Famine in China, 1958–62". Asian Medicine 7, n. 2 (20 gennaio 2012): 384–404. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15734218-12341258.

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AbstractFamine is a social and economic crisis that is commonly accompanied by widespread of malnutrition, starvation, epidemic disease, and increased mortality. This paper focuses on the period of the Great Leap Famine in China between 1958 and 1962. Based on newly-collected oral interviews and archival evidence, it gives voices to ordinary villagers from different parts of China—from various counties in one of China’s biggest and most populated Sichuan province in the southwest to Shandong in the east and Hunan in central China and examines their experiences and their survival strategies in times of hunger, illness, and death. It shows that an integral part of everyday famine culture, particularly in rural China, which was worst hit, concerns the kitchen knowledge and practice of healing and nutrition. Many traditional recipes that were used in previous times were rediscovered and used as everyday hunger-coping techniques. Some are dated back to the Ming dynasty—a few were recorded inMateria Medica for Famine Relief(Qiuhuang bencao救荒本草,c. 1406). Using the methodology of oral history set against the historical background of traditional materia medica, this paper elicits how ordinary people in rural China devised complex and plural strategies to cope with fundamental biological crises.

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Hu, Pinxu. "Research on the Social Causes Behind the Phenomenon of Studying Abroad in Mainland China - Taking High School Students as an Example". Lecture Notes in Education Psychology and Public Media 25, n. 1 (28 novembre 2023): 180–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.54254/2753-7048/25/20230714.

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With the rapid development of Chinas economy, the exchanges between China and the outside world are becoming increasingly close, and the exchanges in education are no exception. More and more Chinese families choose to send their children to study abroad, and China has become the largest source of international students in the world. However, for a long time, the difficulty of applying for prestigious universities has increased year by year, and the problems such as the increase in living costs still exist objectively. In order to fully understand the real reasons why high school students choose to study abroad, as well as the fundamental reasons why the number of Chinese students choose to study abroad is not decreasing but increasing during the epidemic period, this study is based on Otterbachs push-pull theory, and adopts literature analysis and interview method to conduct case analysis. The research objects are overseas undergraduate students and international high school students in mainland China. Through the research, it is found that the social causes of Chinese high school students choosing to study abroad mainly stem from two factors: different education systems and students surrounding environment.

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Chen, Yixin. "The China International Famine Relief Commission and the Rural Cooperative Movement in China, 1923–1934". Chinese Historical Review 13, n. 1 (marzo 2006): 105–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1547402x.2006.11827234.

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Scharff, David E. "Changing family and marital structure in China". Proceedings of the Wuhan Conference on Women 3, n. 2 (31 dicembre 2020): 244–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.33212/ppc.v3n2.2020.244.

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The author summarises factors that have played on changing roles and configurations in Chinese marriages and families in the last seventy years, including the one-child policy, periods of national trauma, and the recent stresses on families as China becomes more urban, individualistic, and entrepreneurial. He gives two family vignettes, one a couple that faces the strain of different expectations for their marriage, and the other a family with a history of trauma, alcoholism, and a school refusing adolescent girl, illustrating how couples and families experience the strains on modern Chinese families.

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Hämäläinen, Juha, Honglin Chen e Fang Zhao. "The Chinese welfare philosophy in light of the traditional concept of family". International Social Work 62, n. 1 (7 agosto 2017): 224–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0020872817721736.

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The approach to developing professional welfare services for families is considered in the light of both conflicting traditional and modern family values. Providing updated understanding of the social needs of families in contemporary China, this article also discusses today’s challenges of welfare policies to recognize the changed necessities in order to identify appropriate policies and services to Chinese families, focusing on mainland China.

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