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1
Ferreira, Pedro João Bem-Haja Gabriel. "Psychophysiology of eyewitness testimony". Doctoral thesis, Universidade de Aveiro, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10773/22797.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Doutoramento em PsicologiaAs testemunhas oculares são muitas vezes o único meio que temos para aceder à autoria de um crime. Contudo, apesar dos 100 anos de evidência de erros no testemunho ocular, a consciência das suas limitações como meio de prova só ganhou força no advento do ADN. De facto os estudos de exoneração mostraram que 70 % das ilibações estavam associadas a erros de testemunho ocular. Estes erros têm um impacto social elevado principalmente os falsos positivos, por colocar inocentes na prisão. De acordo com a literatura, deverão ser utilizadas novas abordagens para tentar reduzir o numero de erros de identificação. Destas abordagens, destacam-se a análise dos padrões de movimentos oculares e os potenciais evocados. Nos nossos estudos utilizamos essas novas abordagens com o objetivo de examinar os padrões de acerto ou de identificação do criminoso, usando um paradigma de deteção de sinal. No que diz respeito aos movimentos oculares, não foram encontrados padrões robustos de acerto. No entanto, obtiveram-se evidências oculométricas de que a fusão de dois procedimentos (Alinhamento Simultâneo depois de um Alinhamento Sequencial com Regra de Paragem) aumenta a probabilidade de acerto. Em relação aos potenciais evocados, a P100 registou maior amplitude quando identificamos um inocente. Este efeito é concomitante com uma hiperactivação no córtex prefrontal ventromedial (CPFVM) identificada na análise de estimação de fontes. Esta hiperativação poderá estar relacionada com uma exacerbação emocional da informação proveniente da amígdala. A literatura relaciona a hiperativação no CPFVM com as falsas memorias, e estes resultados sugerem que a P100 poderá ser um promissor indicador de falsos positivos. Os resultados da N170 não nos permitem associar este componente ao acerto na identificação. Relativamente à P300, os resultados mostram uma maior amplitude deste componente quando identificamos corretamente um alvo, mas não diferiu significativamente de quando identificamos um inocente. Porém, a estimação de fontes mostrou que nessa janela temporal (300-600 ms) se verifica uma hipoativação dos Campos Oculares Frontais (COF) quando um distrator é identificado. Baixas ativações dos COF estão relacionadas com redução da eficiência de processamento e com a incapacidade para detetar alvos. Nas medidas periféricas, a eletromiografia facial mostrou que a maior ativação do corrugador e a menor ativação do zigomático são um bom indicador de quando estamos perante um criminoso. No que diz respeito ao ritmo cardíaco, a desaceleração esperada para os alvos devido à sua saliência emocional apenas foi obtida quando a visualização de um alvo foi acompanhada por um erro na identificação (i.e., um falso negativo). Neste trabalho de investigação parece que o sistema nervoso periférico está a responder corretamente, identificando o alvo, por ser emocionalmente mais saliente, enquanto que a modulação executiva efectuada pelo CPFVM conduz ao falso positivo. Os resultados obtidos são promissores e relevantes, principalmente quando o resultado de um erro poderá ser uma condenação indevida e, consequentemente, uma vida injustamente destruída.
Eyewitnesses are often the only way we can access the author of a crime. However, despite 100 years of evidence of errors in eyewitness testimony, awareness of its limitations only gained strength with the advent of DNA. In fact, 70% of exonerations have been associated with eyewitness errors. These errors have a high social impact, mainly false positives. According to the literature, new approaches to try to reduce the number of identification errors should be used. Of these, the study of oculometric patterns and event-related Potentials (ERP) stand out. In our studies, these new approaches were used with the objective of examining patterns of accuracy, using a signal detection paradigm. Regarding eye movements, no entirely clear patterns were found. However, there was oculometric evidence that the merging of two procedures (Simultaneous Lineup after a Sequential Lineup with Stopping Rule) increases performance accuracy. Regarding ERPs, the P100 registered a larger amplitude when an innocent was identified. This effect is concomitant with a hyperactivation in the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (VMPFC) identified by source estimation analysis. This hyperactivation might be related to an emotional exacerbation of the information coming from the amygdala. The literature relates the hyperactivation in the VMPFC with false memories, and these results suggest that the P100 component might be a promising marker of false positive errors. The results of the N170 do not allow to associate this component with accuracy. Regarding the P300, the results showed a greater amplitude of this component when a target was correctly identified but did not differ significantly from when an innocent was identified. However, source analysis in this time window (300-600 ms) showed a hypoactivation of Frontal Eye Fields (FEF) when a distractor was identified. FEF inactivations are related to the reduction of processing efficiency and to the inability to detect a target. Concerning the peripheral measures, facial electromyography showed that the greater activation of the corrugator and the lower activation of the zygomaticus are a good marker of when we are facing a perpetrator. Regarding heart rate, the expected deceleration for the targets due to their emotional salience was only obtained when the visualization of a target was accompanied by an error in the identification (i.e., a miss). In this research it seems that the peripheral nervous system is responding correctly, identifying the target, because it is emotionally more salient, while the executive modulation carried out by the VMPFC causes the false positive error. The results presently obtained are promising and relevant, especially when the result of an error might be an undue condemnation of an innocent and consequently a destroyed life.
2
Ridley, Anne M. "The effect of anxiety on eyewitness testimony". Thesis, University of East London, 2003. http://roar.uel.ac.uk/1227/.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Anxiety at the time of interview in witnesses to a crime has received scant attention from researchersin the eyewitnesst estimony field. In this thesis, the effects of state and trait anxiety on memory accuracy, suggestibility and confidence of accuracy were investigated. In addition, with respect to suggestibility, the effects of anxiety at the time of encoding misleading information was evaluated and compared to the effects of anxiety at the time of its possibler etrieval as a suggestibler esponse. Five laboratory-based studies were conducted. The first three used a standard suggestibility paradigm and anxious mood was induced by an experimental manipulation. The fourth study was a source identification experiment and the fifth was a line-up recognition study. The fourth and fifth studies both used questionnaire measures of state anxiety. Questionnaire measures of trait anxiety were used in all experiments. Neither state nor trait anxiety was found to affect memory accuracy, measured by cued-recall in Studies I to 3, nor did anxiety affect correct attributions to source in Study 4. In Study 5 there was a modest improvement in identification accuracy in the high state-anxious group, but only when the target was present in the line-up. Misleading post-event information (MPI) did not lead to suggestibility in Study 5, but it did affect accuracy. There was a strong effect of NTI in all other studies with misinformed groups more suggestible than controls. However, anxiety moderated the effect of MPI, with high state anxiety (whether experimentally induced or measured by questionnaire) being associated with reductions in suggestibility. In contrast, trait anxiety was associated with higher levels of suggestibility, but the effects of state anxiety were stronger. In Studies I-3 it was found that anxiety at either the encoding or the retrieval of WI generally resulted in lower levels of suggestibility. Anxiety affected confidence of memory accuracy, with more accurate confidence judgements generally observed in low anxious participants. In contrast, anxiety did not affect confidence in responsesto questionst esting suggestibility. Overall, the findings indicate that elevated state anxiety at interview does not adversely affect eyewitness performance and can reduce the negative effects of WI. Results are discussed in the light of both theories of cognition and emotion, for example cognitive biases associated with anxiety, and eyewitness testimony research,. in particular theories of suggestibility.
3
Maras, Katie. "Eyewitness testimony by adults with Autism Spectrum Disorder". Thesis, City University London, 2011. http://openaccess.city.ac.uk/1145/.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Eyewitness testimony is central to the criminal justice system, and may include that given by individuals with ASD. Despite the memory difficulties that are experienced by people with ASD, sparse research to date has examined the reliability of their testimony. This thesis presents a series of experiments that are aimed at exploring factors affecting eyewitness testimony in adults with ASD. Findings across five experiments suggest that individuals with ASD can recall as much and as accurately as their typical counterparts if they are interviewed appropriately. It seems that high-functioning ASD individuals at least are no more or less suggestible than their typical counterparts, and that both ASD and typical individuals modulate memory with arousal typically as demonstrated by their attenuated forgetting rates over time for arousing events compared to neutral events. However, a particularly pertinent finding from the present work was that the widely used police Cognitive Interview (CI) not only fails to increase the reporting of details by individuals with ASD, but it also significantly reduces their accuracy of recall. It seems that the main component of the CI - „context reinstatement‟ - is problematic for individuals with ASD, not because they fail to encode an event with its contextual details to start with, but because they have difficulty in following the CI‟s series of verbal instructions in order to retrieve this context to trigger their memory of the event. Findings indicate that recall by individuals with ASD can in fact be aided by more supportive context cues: when they physically return to the same environmental context in which they encoded the event their recall is enhanced to that of their typical counterparts. These findings have important implications for ascertaining the reliability of reports given by witnesses with ASD and highlight that, whilst the CI should not be used to interview them, there may be appropriate context-supportive interviewing techniques that can help to enhance their recall. A number of future research directions are highlighted by the present findings. These are discussed along with the implications and limitations of this work in the final chapter.
4
Moston, S. J. "Social support and the quality of children's eyewitness testimony". Thesis, University of Kent, 1989. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.234441.
Testo completo
5
Dixon, Susan. "The effects of post-event feedback on eyewitness testimony". Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.445158.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
This thesis raised new questions about how eyewitness evidence might be distorted by information encountered after having witnessed an event. First, Experiment 1 explored eyewitness perceptions of ambiguous, unfolding scenarios, before post-event feedback (PEF) had been administered. The study identified the main risk cues used by eyewitnesses to assess the likelihood of whether a crime might occur, which included situation, behaviour, physical appearance and emotion details. Behaviour (particularly, actions and movements) was the most frequently reported cue. Subsequent experiments introduced different types of PEF and examined the effects of each on specific aspects of eyewitness evidence. Experiment 2 explored participants’ beliefs regarding actions and details ‘common or typical’ of a mugging incident. Experiment 3 then asked how PEF about the outcome of a seemingly ambiguous event might affect eyewitness recall. Eyewitnesses told the outcome was a mugging were more likely to rate the character of the perpetrator and victim more negatively then a neutral and no outcome group. Eyewitnesses who believed the outcome would be a mugging reported more details consistent with that outcome (based on the mugging script generated in Experiment 2), highlighting the need to acknowledge eyewitnesses’ own beliefs about an event. Experiment 4 explored the effect of feedback that could be administered during or after an interview. High agreement with co-witnesses significantly increased eyewitnesses’ reports about how confident they had been at the time of making a judgement about a crime event compared to those told agreement with others was low. However, in an exploration of the effects of pre-identification feedback, Experiment 5 revealed that co-witness feedback based on recall performance did not significantly affect performance on an identification task.
6
Lougklou, Fani. "Attachment and memory does attachment experience influence eyewitness testimony? /". Huntington, WV : [Marshall University Libraries], 2002. http://www.marshall.edu/etd/descript.asp?ref=123.
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7
Krahenbuhl, Sarah Joanne. "The effect of question repetition on young children's eyewitness testimony". Thesis, University of Sheffield, 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.487599.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Children who have been the victims of crime will be interviewed by police officers. Current interviewing guidelines warn against repeating questions, because children may interpret the repetition to mean that their first response was incorrect and therefore change their response. Previous researchers have not investigated the ways police interviewers use repeated questions. Given the guidelines we expected repeated questions to be rare. In Study 1 we analysed 95 police interviews with children aged 4-11 alleging abuse. Almost all contained repetition, and on average repeated questions accounted for a quarter of all questions asked. Repetitions led to changes in 75% of children's responses (55% were novel responses, 20% extended the original information elicited). We identified four principal question repetition styles used in police interviews: . verbatim, gist, open' questions repeated as closed, and closed questions repeated as open. In Studies 2, 3, 4 and 5 we interviewed children aged 4-5, 6-7 and 8-9 about a staged event they had witnessed earlier (Studies 2, 3 and 4), or about an activity in which they had participated (Study 5). In these studies we varied the type and number of repetitions. We also varied the delay between repetitions and between the event and the interview. The children's responses were assessed for accuracy and consistency. The number of accurate responses increased with age but decreased with repetition. Repetitions led to changes in approximately 25% of responses. The number of changed ,responses decreased with age and differed depending on whether the question was answerable or unanswerable. Most changes in responses led to a further inaccurate response (after an original inaccurate response), or resulted in accurate responses becoming inaccurate. We did not find any pattern of repetition, or type of repeated question that consistently enhanced accuracy. The implications of these results for interviewing practices are discussed.
8
Berman, Garrett L. "Effects of inconsistencies in eyewitness testimony on mock-juror decisionmaking". FIU Digital Commons, 1995. http://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/1627.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
In attempting to impeach eyewitnesses, attorney's often highlight inconsistencies in the eyewitness's recall. This study examined the differential impact of types of inconsistent testimony on mock-juror decisions. Each of 100 community members and 200 undergraduates viewed one of four versions of a videotaped trial in which the primary evidence against the defendant was the testimony of the eyewitness. I manipulated the types of inconsistent statements given by the eyewitness in the four versions: (1) consistent testimony, (2) information given on-the-stand but not given during the pre-trial investigation, (3) contradictions between on-the-stand and pre-trial statements, and (4) contradictions made on the witness stand. Subjects exposed to any form of inconsistent testimony were less likely to convict and found the defendant less culpable and the eyewitness less effective. These effects were larger for contradictions than for information given on the stand but not during pre-trial investigations.
9
Schachter, Ashley M. "Improving eyewitness testimony methods for more accurate recall of events". Honors in the Major Thesis, University of Central Florida, 2011. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETH/id/514.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Eyewitness testimony has as long history in the court system, and is very persuasive to juries. Jurors are hard pressed to ignore a witness' assertion of a perpetrator's identity. However, the juror's perception of eyewitness testimony is problematic as it has been documented as inaccurate and unreliable in numerous experiments. With the advent of DNA testing and efforts such as The Innocence Project, it has become apparent that faulty eyewitness accounts are central to many wrongful convictions. The intent of this thesis was to explore how law enforcement can facilitate more accurate eyewitness accounts via their interview process. Research suggests that a key problem in the current interviewing system is "post-event information," or outside information introduced by leading questions, exposure to police conversations or other witnesses' accounts. This information can contaminate a witness's memories of events and lead them to report things they did not see. The current experiment explores the effects of 1) warning and educating witnesses about suggestibility and 2) interviewing with leading or open-ended questions. Accuracy scores were then compared for each condition. The hope was to gain insight into methods for improving accurate recall of events and reducing memory contamination from "post-event information."B.S.
Bachelors
Sciences
Psychology
10
Cook, Matthew A. "The effects of misleading information and group discussion on eyewitness testimony". Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2001. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/MQ60799.pdf.
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11
McCurry, Ford C. "How Psychology’s Empirical Results Can Benefit the Criminal Justice System: Expert Testimony". Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2013. https://dc.etsu.edu/etd/1166.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Brigham and Bothwell (1983) claimed that jurors have a scientifically incorrect view of eyewitness testimony. The purpose of this study was to examine the most beneficial way to assist the jury in dealing with eyewitness testimony. Duckworth, Kreiner, Stark-Wroblewski, and Marsh (2011) applied interactive participation in an eyewitness activity and expert testimony to a mock-jury dealing with eyewitness testimony and found that those who participated in the activity had significantly fewer convictions. The methodological framework of the Duckworth et al. study was applied to East Tennessee State University criminal justice undergraduates. Although this study did not find any significant effects in hearing expert testimony on empirical findings regarding eyewitness testimony or participating in an individual recall activity, cross tabulation frequencies indicated a directional pattern of relationship when independent variables were compared to the control group.
12
Martire, Kristy Anne Psychology Faculty of Science UNSW. "Helping jurors to evaluate eyewitness identifications: the role of expert evidence and judicial instruction". Publisher:University of New South Wales. Psychology, 2008. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/40801.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Psychologists, legal practitioners and scholars share the knowledge that honest eyewitnesses can err in their attempts to identify the perpetrator of a crime. This thesis reports an experimental investigation of the extent to which expert evidence and judicial instruction can improve juror ability to discriminate between accurate and inaccurate identifications. Special attention is also paid to the logic of inferences which have been made by psychologists regarding the efficacy of expert evidence, and compares methodologies adopting direct measures of participant Sensitivity to Eyewitness Accuracy (SEA) with those that can only indirectly assess this construct. Study 1 surveys the knowledge and opinions of legal professionals regarding eyewitness identification issues (n = 35), showing that respondents expressed doubts that judicial instructions would exert an effect equivalent to that of eyewitness expert evidence. Accordingly, Experiments 1 to 4 (Experiment 1, n = 104; Experiment 2, n = 238; Experiment 3, n = 228; Experiment 4, n = 297) were conducted to directly assess the relative impacts of judicial instruction and expert evidence on participant juror SEA. The methodology utilised in these investigations incorporated the testimony of real eyewitnesses to a staged crime scenario in order to assess the impact of instruction on juror ability to discriminate between known accurate and known inaccurate eyewitnesses. Overall, little evidence was found to support the notion that expert evidence is more effective than judicial instruction, as no significant association was identified between instruction type and SEA. This result was found to hold irrespective of the objective quality of the expert?s testimony (accurate or erroneous). In light of the results from Experiments 1 to 4, Experiment 5 was designed to investigate why the experts were not able to improve the discrimination accuracy of the jurors. This study focused on the extent to which participants of varying levels of expertise could correctly classify eyewitness accuracy. The results of Experiment 5 (n = 145) suggest that experts were no better able to discriminate between accurate and inaccurate eyewitnesses than novice laypeople. Overall, the evidence reported in this thesis raises serious questions regarding the utility of eyewitness expertise in the completion of eyewitness discrimination tasks.
13
Maxwell, John Bruce. "Detail and weapon focus in eyewitness testimony : the application of "trivial persuasion" /". Title page, contents and abstract only, 2001. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09SPS/09spsm4654.pdf.
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Terrell, Jonathan Trent Weaver Charles A. "Eyewitness testimony in civil litigation retention, suggestion, and misinformation in product identification /". Waco, Tex. : Baylor University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2104/5162.
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15
Bern, Zachary. "Legal and Scientific Implications of Daubert: An Empirical Analysis of Expert Psychological Testimony". Scholarship @ Claremont, 2018. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/1862.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The goal of this paper is to outline the legal and scientific implications of the admissibility standard defined in Daubert v. Merrel Row Pharmeceuticals, Inc., 509 U.S. 579 (1993). The evolution of scientific admissibility is discussed. In addition, the author looks at criticisms of Daubert from the legal and psychological literature. Empirical data is presented with respect to judges’ abilities to act as “gate keepers” and jurors’ sensitivity to expert testimony. The author concludes with a discussion of the limitations and implications of this research.
16
Gwyer, Pat. "The effects of retrieval procedures on recall, recognition, confidence and the confidence/accuracy relationship". Thesis, University of East London, 1997. http://roar.uel.ac.uk/1281/.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Six separate experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of specific retrieval procedures on recall, recognition, confidence and the confidence / accuracy relationship for these retrieval domains. In experiment I the effects of retrieval procedures were considered as part of a recognised police interview technique, the Cognitive Interview (CI), while in experiments 11,111, and IV the retrieval procedures involved discrete context manipulations. Experiments V and VI focused exclusively on the confidence / accuracy relationship for recall as a function of specific retrieval procedures and question type. Results indicated that although frequently improving the quality and quantity of recall, the Cl and other types of context reinstatement manipulation did not reliably improve recognition accuracy from lineup presentations, nor did they have a significant moderating effect upon the confidence / accuracy relationship. However in experiment TV in which a long (three month) delay was utilised significant effects of context manipulation on recognition performance were found. With regard to confidence, experiment I indicated that the Cl was responsible for a significant increase in confidence of recall but not recognition. Results from experiments II, III, and iv indicated non consistent effects of context manipulation on confidence, rating-q for either recall and recognition. With regard to the confidence / accuracy relationship, results from the initial five experiments indicated that in very few instances was confidence and accuracy significantly related. However, in experiment VI confidence and accuracy was found to be reliably and consistently related The most important finding to emerge from this research suggests the retrieval procedure undergone by a witness (interactive interview / passive questionnaire), to be an important moderator of the confidence / accuracy relationship. As such the results are supportive of Leippe's (1980) two premises in which it is suggested that as reconstructional and social influences increase, the confidence / accuracy relationship will correspondingly decrease
17
Chrobak, Quin M. "The Role of Causal Connections in the Development of False Memories for Entire Fabricated Events". Kent State University / OhioLINK, 2010. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=kent1278623190.
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18
Johnson, Terry L. "Eyewitness Testimony, False Confession, and Human Performance Technology: An Examination of Wrongful Convictions". University of Toledo / OhioLINK, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=toledo1379676653.
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19
Nelson, Breanna. "The impact of training on eyewitness memory". Honors in the Major Thesis, University of Central Florida, 2013. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETH/id/889.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
In a large body of research, Elizabeth Loftus (1975) first illuminated major concerns about the inaccuracy of eyewitness accounts. The primary goal of the present research was to test whether training regarding common eyewitness mistakes and witness suggestibility could improve eyewitness accuracy. The experimental group watched a presentation on research conducted by Elizabeth Loftus (1975) on eyewitness testimony and suggestibility during a Psychology course. Afterwards, an actor interrupted the classroom and had a discussion with the teacher. Students were asked a series of questions about the disruption. Some of the questions were leading and suggested certain things about the disruption that were inaccurate. After the misleading questions were asked, students were instructed to write a brief summary of what they saw. One week later, the students were asked direct questions about the disruption. A control group did not receive the presentation on eyewitness testimony, but witnessed the exact same event as the experimental group and followed the same procedure. The results suggest that participants who were trained were not as influenced as participants in the control group. Additionally, students in the control group reported the actor's behavior as more threatening than did the experimental group. This research not only adds to the existing literature, but has the potential to improve current eyewitness identification procedures in order to strengthen our justice system.B.S.
Bachelors
Sciences
Psychology
20
Gurney, D. J. "The misleading potential of communicative hand gestures in a forensic interview". Thesis, University of Hertfordshire, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2299/6003.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
A wealth of research has highlighted the susceptibility of eyewitnesses to verbal influence. However, considerably less attention has been paid to the role of nonverbal influence in police questioning. The purpose of this thesis was to evaluate the extent to which gestures can exert an influence on witnesses and skew their responses when questioned. Study 1 initially investigated this by presenting participants with an on-screen 'police' interviewer who accompanied his questions with gestures conveying either accurate or misleading information about a piece of video footage they had witnessed. Results showed that, for one question in particular, participants' responses concurred with the information conveyed to them in gesture; accurate gestures led more participants to giving correct responses and misleading gestures led more participants to giving fabricated responses. Study 2 built on this by examining whether gestures could also affect the confidence attributed to their responses in order to give insight into whether gestures were knowingly processed for information. It was found that, in some cases, gestures were able to increase confidence in both accurate and misled responses. Study 3 examined participants' awareness of gesture further by studying their attention to gesture during its performance and ability to identify it retrospectively on a recognition task. A new set of questions confirmed that gestures could influence the responses of participants (including those working in the legal profession) and revealed that the influence of gesture appears to be at its strongest when unnoticed by participants. Finally, study 4 considered whether the results of the previous studies could be replicated in a more ecologically valid interview scenario and confirmed that gestures continued to be influential when performed face-to-face. Overall, it was concluded that gestures can impact accurate eyewitness testimony and can be a powerful influential tool in police interviews.
21
Blank, Hartmut. "Remembering discrepant information in eyewitness testimony experiments and paired-associate learning tasks : an integrative model /". Marburg : Tectum-Verl, 1996. http://www.bsz-bw.de/cgi-bin/xvms.cgi?SWB5173436.
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22
Blank, Hartmut. "Remembering discrepant information in eyewitness testimony experiments and paired-associate learning tasks ; an integrative model /". [S.l.] : Universität Konstanz , Sozialwissenschaftliche Fakultät, Fachgruppe Psychologie, 1995. http://www.bsz-bw.de/cgi-bin/xvms.cgi?SWB8500809.
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23
Ross, Audrey E. "Can Knowledge of Future Public Presentations of Eyewitness Testimonies Obviate Positive Post-Identification Feedback Effects?" Marietta College Honors Theses / OhioLINK, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=marhonors1367867665.
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24
Perez, Christina. "Narrative Abilities and Resistance to Suggestion in Monolingual and Bilingual Children: Implications for Forensic Interviews". University of Toledo / OhioLINK, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=toledo1556563428655542.
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25
Sousa, Almeida Telma Sofia de. "The impact of Autism Spectrum Disorder on event memory and accuracy". Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2018. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/285408.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Children who have developmental disorders that involve memorial deficits and impairments in social interaction and communication, such as Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD), can present challenges to professionals seeking their testimony when they are victims or witnesses of a crime. Most forensic interviews involve long delays after an event, underscoring the importance of conducting experimental studies which consider the effect of delay on children's memory. In this research, fifty-nine children (age 6-15 years) with ASD (N=27) and without disabilities (N=32) were questioned about their participation in a set of activities after a two-week delay and again after a two-month delay, using the Revised National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD) Investigative Interview Protocol. A detailed coding scheme was designed to code and analyse the interviewers' utterances and the children's responses in 118 interviews. Transcripts were coded for completeness (with respect to the gist of the event), amount of narrative details, and accuracy. Results indicated that autistic children did not differ from typically developing (TD) peers on any dimensions of memory after both delays. Specifically, both groups of children provided equivalently complete accounts on both occasions. However, children in both groups provided significantly fewer narrative details about the event in the second interview, and the accuracy rates were lower. Recall prompts elicited more detailed and more accurate responses from children in both groups than recognition prompts. Although autistic children recalled fewer correct narrative details than TD peers when questioned using open-ended recall prompts, they were as accurate as TD peers in response to recognition prompts. The informativeness and accuracy of children's reports remained unchanged over time. Finally, social support was beneficial when children were interviewed for the first time but not after a longer delay. The findings indicate that autistic children can provide meaningful and reliable testimony about an event they personally experienced, but several aspects of their memory reports deteriorate over time.
26
Morrison-Blair, Amanda B. "Misattributing post-event causal suggestions to the original story event: Rates of false memory for human and physical causes of negative outcomes". Kent State University / OhioLINK, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=kent1341518229.
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27
DeFranco, Rachel M. "Determinants of Juror Belief in Witness Testimony: The Role of Witness Uncertainty and Certainty". Kent State University / OhioLINK, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=kent1460552577.
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28
VanEaton, Jessica R. "Eyewitness Recall of Noncriminal Events: An Examination of Demographic Characteristics with a Selected Population". Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2009. https://dc.etsu.edu/etd/1821.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The purpose of this study was to examine differences of recalled events from a selected university student population. Eyewitness testimony is frequently used to convict defendants each year. Many of these convictions are based solely on eyewitness accounts. While much has been written on the reliability of eyewitness testimony, little is known about demographic characteristic differences that may exist. A videotaped event was shown to a sample of college students who were then asked to complete a questionnaire based on what they watched. There were significant differences found in the respondents‟ accuracy in recalling events of the video according to demographic characteristics of the sample.
29
Lawson, Monica L. "The Reliability of Children’s Event Reports to Their Mothers". University of Toledo / OhioLINK, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=toledo148093558237461.
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Gültekin, Raver. "Testifying through another tongue:Examining the effects of language barriers on accuracy and suggestibility in eyewitness testimonies". Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Psykologiska institutionen, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-160651.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Language barriers in eyewitness testimonies may pose threats toward witnesses’ accuracy, and consequently on the outcome of judicial procedures. The present study aims to investigate the credibility and the extent of reported detail information of eyewitnesses’ testimony of a crime event, when the testimony is given in witnesses’ first language, second language, or second language through interpreter. Moreover, the study examines whether eyewitness suggestibility is affected by the language to which the testimony is provided. Participants (N=60) were exposed to a mock crime event and subsequently performed memory tests about that event. Results showed no differences in accuracy of suggestibility between experimental conditions. The personality trait social desirability showed no relation to suggestibility or the extent of inaccurate detail information provided in the present study. The findings are discussed in the context of implications, limitations and future directions.
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Caldeira, Johanne Lia Emonts. "How misleading information interferes with child eyewitness identification : effect of lineup type and age in target absent trials". Master's thesis, Universidade de Aveiro, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10773/14160.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Mestrado em Psicologia ForenseExisting literature on eyewitness testimony indicates that there is a wide range of variables which interfere with the reliability of eyewitness identifications (e.g., eyewitness’ age, target presence in the lineup, presence of misleading information and the entity that delivers it, lineup type). The present study focused on the efficency of simultaneous versus sequential lineups in children eyewitness testimonies in the case of target absent lineups, with the insertion of misleading information. The effect of children’s age was also investigated. Hence, 55 children of two different age groups (4-5 years-old and 8-10 years-old), divided into two lineup type conditions, viewed four videos of fake CCTV footage that depicted minor thefts. After a brief interference task, the children were asked to identify the suspect seen in the video, if they believed that he was amongst lineup members. Answers were registered according to the lineup member chosen, and could be of four different types: correct (no lineup member was chosen), dummy (the filler with the misinformation described features was chosen), pseudo-target (the filler with highest resemblance to the suspect in the video was chosen) and other (any of the other four lineup members was chosen). Results showed that younger children identify more frequently the dummy in the lineups than older children, evidencing a greater suggestibility. Additionally, results showed that participants identified significantly more “other” lineup members in the sequential lineup than in the simultaneous one, possibly because of not being able to exclude these members from their choice as easily as in the simultaneous lineup, which permits a relative judgment. This study has the potential to aid forensic investigations envolving child eyewitnesses, in an effort to understand and improve testimony and lineup methodology.
A literatura tem vindo a demonstrar que existe uma diversidade de variáveis que interferem com a fiabilidade da identificações por testemunha ocular (e.g., idade da testemunha, se o é alvo ausente ou presente, presença de informação errónea e entidade que a introduz, tipo de alinhamento utilizado). O presente estudo teve como objetivo testar a eficácia do tipo de alinhamento utilizado (simultâneo ou sequencial), face à introdução de um enviesamento de memória, em crianças como testemunhas oculares perante alinhamentos de alvo ausente. Para tal, 55 crianças de faixas etárias diferentes (4-5 anos e 8-10 anos), separadas em dois grupos por tipo de alinhamento, visualizaram quatro vídeos que mimicavam metragens de câmaras de vigilância e retratavam um furto. Após uma breve tarefa de interferência foi pedido que identificassem o suspeito que tinham visto no vídeo, caso achassem que este se encontrava entre os membros do alinhamento. As suas respostas foram registadas de acordo com o sujeito que escolhiam ou não e podiam pertencer a um de quatro tipos: acerto (não escolher ninguém do alinhamento), dummy (escolher o membro com as características erróneas descritas), pseudo-alvo (escolher o membro com maior nível de semelhança ao perpetrador) e outro (escolher qualquer um dos restantes quatro membros do alinhamento). Os resultados demonstraram que as crianças mais novas identificaram um maior número de vezes o “dummy” do que as crianças mais velhas, demonstrando uma maior sugestionabilidade. Verificou-se ainda uma correlação significativa entre o alinhamento sequencial e a probabilidade de escolherem um dos outro quatro membros do alinhamento, possivelmente dado a não poderem utilizar um julgamento relativo como no alinhamento simultâneo de modo a excluir mais facilmente estes membros das suas escolhas. Este estudo tem o potencial de auxiliar investigações criminais relacionadas com testemunhas oculares menores de idade, no sentido de ajudar a compreender os erros e aperfeiçoar as técnicas de procedimento aquando do reconhecimento e identificação de suspeitos em alinhamentos.
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Corley, William Barrett. "The Effect of Forewarning on Suggestibility: Does it Depend on Working Memory Capacity?" TopSCHOLAR®, 2015. http://digitalcommons.wku.edu/theses/1497.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Suggestibility occurs when inaccurate information is incorporated into currently existing memories. The present study examined the effect of forewarning on suggestibility, including the influence of working memory capacity (WMC). The main hypotheses are that forewarnings will reduce suggestibility compared to the control group and that high-WMC will yield lower suggestibility compared to medium- and low-WMC. The final hypothesis is that WMC and forewarning will interact such that low-WMC individuals will benefit more than high-WMC individuals from the forewarning. A sample of 123 college students was recruited. Participants watched a clip of the TV-show 24. WMC was then assessed followed by the presentation of a misleading narrative. Prior to listening to the narrative, they read a set of instructions that sometimes contained the forewarning. After listening to the misleading narrative, participants took a test over their memories of the film. A 2 X 3 ANOVA was conducted and found a main effect for forewarning. No other effect was significant. The current results only support the first main hypothesis that forewarning reduces suggestibility. These results could be used to help prepare eyewitnesses to resist misinformation in the period between witnessing an event and reporting the event during a later trial.
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Yokum, David Vincent. "Debiasing the Courtroom: Using Behavioral Insights to Avoid and Mitigate Cognitive Biases". Diss., The University of Arizona, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/555855.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
How can empirical science, and psychology in particular, be harnessed to avoid or eliminate unwanted biases? The body of work herein explores this question across twelve experiments. The first approach we consider is placing the onus on the individual to root out any already existing bias within him or herself. Chapter 3, for example, presents experiments that assess whether people (viz., jurors during voir dire) can accurately "self-diagnose" when they are irreparably biased by negative pretrial publicity. (The answer is a resounding no). A second approach is to try and avoid letting bias enter the courtroom in the first place. Chapter 4, for example, provides an experimental test of an institutional solution known as blind expertise, wherein certain biases of an expert witness are avoided by having an intermediary pick the expert, and then having the expert render an opinion before knowing which litigant made the request. In Chapter 7, we consider a third approach to handling bias, one that concedes it will exist in the courtroom. Namely, instruct jurors on the existence of bias, so that they can try to weigh it properly. To this end we test a recently enacted New Jersey instruction on eyewitness testimony. We find that jurors do not become more sensitive to low versus high evidence quality, but instead they discount the eyewitness testimony across the board. Across this inquiry, we deploy several novel tactics; in Chapter 5, for instance, we explore how continuous response measurement (CRM) can provide unique insights into the study of reasoning, and in particular how jurors parse trial evidence. We end in chapter 8 with a more general discussion of how behavioral science can be applied across law and policy.
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Colomb, Cindy. "L’entretien cognitif sous influence : Du développement d’un protocole modifié à son étude en interaction avec trois variables sociales". Thesis, Clermont-Ferrand 2, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011CLF20012.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Malgré les avancées considérables dans l’analyse des preuves matérielles, et le développement ces dernières années de la police scientifique, les témoignages oculaires occupent encore aujourd’hui un rôle primordial dans les décisions de justice. Et pourtant, ces témoignages sont faillibles. En effet, de nombreux facteurs se trouvant au croisement de processus mnésiques et/ou cognitifs et de processus sociaux et/ou sociocognitifs, peuvent les impacter de façon irréversible. C’est dans ce contexte, et dans le but de mieux comprendre certaines variables à l’origine de leur fragilité, que nous avons réalisé les sept expérimentations présentées dans cette thèse.De façon plus précise, les trois premières études s’intéressaient à une technique d’audition efficace, appelée l’entretien cognitif. Notre objectif était alors de développer et d’évaluer, en laboratoire et sur le terrain, un protocole modifié d’entretien cognitif fondé sur le principe de multiplication des rappels libres. Toutefois, dans cette thèse, nous souhaitions adopter une approche plus dynamique et situationnelle de l’entretien cognitif que celle rencontrée jusqu’à présent dans la littérature. C’est pourquoi, dans une seconde partie, nous avons examiné l’efficacité de ce protocole en lien avec trois variables évaluatrices indissociables des situations d’auditions, et pouvant dans les faits impacter fortement et négativement la qualité des témoignages oculaires. Ces trois variables sont: (a) les scripts que partagent les individus à propos des évènements criminels, (b) les discussions entre témoins, et, (c) les stéréotypes associés aux témoins par le biais de leursappartenances groupales.Plusieurs résultats ont alors été montrés. Tout d’abord, nous avons confirmé l’efficacité d’une version modifiée d’entretien cognitif (ECM). Plus précisément, un protocole composé de deux rappels libres, incluant les consignes d’exhaustivité et de remise en contexte ainsi qu’une nouvelle technique destinée à favoriser le souvenir, la focalisation périphérique guidée, a permis d’améliorer, dans toutes nos études, la richesse du rappel des participants sans nuire à son exactitude. Son efficacité a d’ailleurs été montrée aussi bien en laboratoire que sur le terrain. De plus, ce protocole intègre les consignes cognitives les plus efficaces et omet les moins effectives. Parallèlement, nous avons confirmé l’impact néfaste des scripts et des discussions entre témoins sur les témoignages oculaires. Certains effets des stéréotypes liés à l’appartenance groupale du témoin ont aussi été suggérés. Enfin, concernant l’efficacité de l’entretien cognitif, et plus précisément de la versionmodifiée, certains effets délétères de ce protocole et des consignes qui le composent ont été observés en lien avec les trois variables évaluatrices considérées. Toutefois, plusieurs bénéfices intéressants ont également été révélés dans ce cadre.Ces résultats seront discutés au regard des données disponibles dans la littérature à ce jour. Des recommandations appliquées seront également émisesDespite many advances in analyzing physical evidence, and the development these past years of the forensic police, eyewitnesses’ testimonies remains decisive in the decisions of justice. Nevertheless, these testimonies are fallible. Numerous factors, at the crossroad of memory and/or cognitive processes and of social and/or sociocognitive processes, can impact them in an irreversible manner. In this context, we realized the seven experimentations presented in this dissertation. The aim was to understand better some variables responsible for the fragility of eyewitnesses’ accounts.More precisely, the first three studies presented in the first part of this work were dealing with an effective technique for interviewing eyewitnesses, called the Cognitive Interview. Our purpose was to develop and evaluate, in the lab and in the field, a modified version of Cognitive Interview, based on the principle of multiplication of the free recalls. However, in this dissertation, we chose to adopt a more dynamic and situational approach that the one encountered in the literature until now. Therefore, in a second part, we examined the efficacy of this protocol in interaction with three estimator variables, inseparable from the context of hearing witnesses, and which can in the real life strongly and negatively impact the quality of their accounts. These variables are: (a) the scripts shared by individuals about criminal events, (b) the talk between witnesses, and, (c) the stereotypes associated with witnesses through the social groups they belong to.Several results were shown. First, we confirmed the efficacy of a modified version of the Cognitive Interview (MCI). More precisely, a protocol composed of two free recallattempts, composed of the report all and the context reinstatement instructions, as well as a new technique designed to enhance memories, the guided peripheral focus, increased in all the studies the richness of participants’ recalls without impairing their accuracy. Its efficacy was shown in the lab and in the field. Moreover, this protocol includes the most effective cognitive instructions and omits the less beneficial. Then, in the second part, we confirmed that the scripts and the talk among witnesses have a detrimental impact on eyewitnesses’ testimonies. Some effects of the stereotypes linked to the group membership of the witness were also suggested. Finally, concerning the efficacy of the Cognitive Interview, and more precisely the modified protocol, some negative effects were observed in interaction with the three estimator variables considered. However, some interesting benefits of this protocol and of the cognitive instructions it includes were also shown.These results will be discussed in regards with the literature available today. Some applied recommendations will also be emitted
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Launay, Céline. "Conception et évaluation d'une consigne verbatim de l'entretien cognitif : la reconstitution". Thesis, Toulouse 2, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013TOU20149.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Le témoignage oculaire est un élément fondamental de la résolution des enquêtes criminelles. Pour la bonne conduite des enquêtes judiciaires, il apparait primordial d’obtenir des témoignages exhaustifs et exacts. C'est ainsi qu’une équipe de recherche a conçu une méthode basée sur les principes du fonctionnement de la mémoire ayant pour but l’optimisation du recueil des propos du témoin : l’entretien cognitif (Geiselman et al. 1984). Si cette méthode permet d’obtenir des descriptions détaillées sans diminution de la qualité du témoignage, elle est néanmoins marginalement utilisée par les professionnels de la justice. L’objectif de cette thèse est double : il s’agit de proposer une consigne d’entretien qui prend en compte les processus psychologiques en œuvre dans le rappel d’un évènement en mémoire épisodique, et qui soit acceptable du point de vue des pratiques professionnelles. Une première étape a consisté en l’analyse des pratiques professionnelles. L’évaluation d’une formation à l’entretien cognitif auprès d’enquêteurs de police a montré que la méthode est facilement assimilable par les enquêteurs, suggérant que sa non-application sur le terrain ne résiderait pas dans sa difficulté d’utilisation, mais relèverait plutôt de problèmes d’acceptabilité de la part des professionnels. Pour comprendre les objectifs professionnels de l’audition, nous avons ensuite procédé à une analyse des pratiques en termes d’audition. Cette analyse a révélé que les enquêteurs recherchaient de façon prépondérante des informations sur les actions d’une scène criminelle. Sur la base de ces constats, nous avons conçu une consigne dite de reconstitution, qui fait appel aux traces verbatim en mémoire, et vise à apporter des actions générales et spécifiques d’une scène. La consigne a été testée dans un protocole d’entretien et a démontré son efficacité aussi bien quantitative que qualitative, en apportant davantage d’informations correctes sur une scène comparée à d’autres consignes, sans augmentation concomitante du nombre d’erreurs. Il apparait que la consigne de reconstitution répond de façon pertinente au principal objectif d’une enquête de policeEyewitness testimony is a fundamental determinant to the resolution of criminal investigations. To conduct criminal investigations effectively, it appears essential to obtain complete and accurate testimony. For this purpose, a research team has developed a method based on the features of human memory, aiming to enhance the eliciting of eyewitness accounts: the cognitive interview (Geiselman et al., 1984). Although this method enables investigators to obtain detailed descriptions without reducing the quality of the testimony, it is still only marginally used by legal professionals. The objective of this thesis is twofold: it aims to provide interviewing instructions which take into account the psychological processes at work in the recalling of events in episodic memory, while simultaneously being acceptable from the standpoint of professional practice. The first step involved conducting an analysis of professional practices. An evaluation of training in cognitive interviewing by police investigators showed that the method is easily learnt and suggests that the lack of implementation in practice does not stem from the difficulties linked to its implementation, but rather arises as a result of a lack of acceptance among professionals. In order to further our understanding of the professional objectives of the hearing, we then conducted an analysis of practices in terms of hearing. This analysis revealed that investigators were essentially seeking out information about the actions which took place during the crime scene. Based on these findings, we designed a re-enactment-alike interviewing instruction, which activates the verbatim traces in memory and is intended to elicit the general and specific actions of a scene. This instruction was tested in an interviewing protocol and demonstrated its quantitative and qualitative effectiveness in providing a greater quantity of correct information compared with other instructions, whilst withstanding a concomitant increase in the number of errors. Re-enactment-alike instruction thus appears highly relevant for reaching the main objective of a police investigation
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Dubreuil, Susan C. (Susan Catherine) Carleton University Dissertation Psychology. "Courtroom preparation of hypnotic and nonhypnotic eyewitnesses; jurors' perceptions of witness testimony and the impact of expert testimony". Ottawa, 1994.
Cerca il testo completo
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Pfeil, Katrin. "The effectiveness of the Self-Administered Interview© : a meta-analytic review and empirical study with older adult witnesses". Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2018. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/274905.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The Self-Administered Interview© (SAI©) is an eyewitness interviewing tool designed to help protect eyewitness memory and elicit a comprehensive initial statement (Gabbert, Hope, & Fisher, 2009). Early research shows promising results in general adult samples. Whether the SAI© is an effective tool for older adult witnesses has not yet been fully addressed. Older adults will become increasingly important as a witness population in the future, yet perform worse compared to young adults. Some attempts have been made to aid older adult witnesses, but an easy-to-apply and effective method is yet to be introduced. This dissertation presents an overview of current knowledge on eyewitnesses and provides a theoretical basis for the empirical chapters. It further presents results of a systematic review and several meta-analyses on the effectiveness of the SAI© as a means to enhance eyewitness testimony. The meta-analyses cover 38 experimental comparisons from 22 empirical studies representing 1712 interviewees. Results indicate a strong benefit of the SAI both immediately after the witnessed crime (d = 1.20) and in a delayed recall (d = 0.92 compared to no initial recall) after one to three weeks. The third large chapter of this dissertation presents the results of an experiment that investigated the effectiveness of the SAI© for older witnesses’ testimony, suggestibility and lineup performance. 144 participants, half of which were 60 years or older and half aged 18-30 years, took part in two sessions. In the first session, they were shown a film of a staged crime and either filled in the SAI©, gave a written free recall or no initial recall. In the second session after one week they were then asked to give a free recall of what they remembered, answer questions including suggestive questions, and also to identify the perpetrator from the film from a 6-person simultaneous photo lineup. Results confirm the classic SAI© effect for young adults, show a small beneficial effect for older adults and also indicate a beneficial effect for lineup performance for the first time.
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Less, Adam David. "Cultural Biases in the Weschler Memory Scale iii (WMS-iii)". UNF Digital Commons, 2012. http://digitalcommons.unf.edu/etd/591.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The Wechsler Memory Scale –iii is the newest version of a six-decade old neuropsychological inventory. Since its conception, the Wechsler Memory Scale has been highly utilized by practitioners to accurately assess various memory functions in adult subjects. Revisions made within this inventory include the Faces I subtest, a facial recognition scale, which was added in order to strengthen the instrument’s accuracy at measuring episodic memory. Facial recognition, both cross-race and within-race, has been researched extensively and consistent biases have been found between race of test taker and cross-racial identification. Theories of exposure/contextual interaction (environment) and biological foundations have been the subject of study in the past in order to determine from where these racial identification deficits stem. The current study focuses on revealing bias in the Faces I subtest, regarding to an unequal distribution of racially representative faces in the testing materials. Eighty-eight college students were recruited to view forty-eight pictured faces from the Faces I subtest and determine the racial category to which the pictured face belonged. The subjects’ categorical responses were the basis for calculating a percent agreement score for racial category of each face. It was determined, using the results of subjects’ responses, that the Faces I subtest contained an unequal distribution of racially representative faces in both the Target and Interference testing material. This confirmed the presence of an inherent bias within the subscale. The implications of memory accuracy for the WMS-iii are discussed as it relates to different fields of study, but none more directly than the criminal justice system. Eyewitness testimony is a pivotal evidentiary tool in the criminal justice system, and ramifications of cross-racial identification deficits and biases in the tools to accurately assess memory are increasingly bringing this once heavily relied upon tool into question.
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Muriithi, Paul Mutuanyingi. "A case for memory enhancement : ethical, social, legal, and policy implications for enhancing the memory". Thesis, University of Manchester, 2014. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/a-case-for-memory-enhancement-ethical-social-legal-and-policy-implications-for-enhancing-the-memory(bf11d09d-6326-49d2-8ef3-a40340471acf).html.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The desire to enhance and make ourselves better is not a new one and it has continued to intrigue throughout the ages. Individuals have continued to seek ways to improve and enhance their well-being for example through nutrition, physical exercise, education and so on. Crucial to this improvement of their well-being is improving their ability to remember. Hence, people interested in improving their well-being, are often interested in memory as well. The rationale being that memory is crucial to our well-being. The desire to improve one’s memory then is almost certainly as old as the desire to improve one’s well-being. Traditionally, people have used different means in an attempt to enhance their memories: for example in learning through storytelling, studying, and apprenticeship. In remembering through practices like mnemonics, repetition, singing, and drumming. In retaining, storing and consolidating memories through nutrition and stimulants like coffee to help keep awake; and by external aids like notepads and computers. In forgetting through rituals and rites. Recent scientific advances in biotechnology, nanotechnology, molecular biology, neuroscience, and information technologies, present a wide variety of technologies to enhance many different aspects of human functioning. Thus, some commentators have identified human enhancement as central and one of the most fascinating subject in bioethics in the last two decades. Within, this period, most of the commentators have addressed the Ethical, Social, Legal and Policy (ESLP) issues in human enhancements as a whole as opposed to specific enhancements. However, this is problematic and recently various commentators have found this to be deficient and called for a contextualized case-by-case analysis to human enhancements for example genetic enhancement, moral enhancement, and in my case memory enhancement (ME). The rationale being that the reasons for accepting/rejecting a particular enhancement vary depending on the enhancement itself. Given this enormous variation, moral and legal generalizations about all enhancement processes and technologies are unwise and they should instead be evaluated individually. Taking this as a point of departure, this research will focus specifically on making a case for ME and in doing so assessing the ESLP implications arising from ME. My analysis will draw on the already existing literature for and against enhancement, especially in part two of this thesis; but it will be novel in providing a much more in-depth analysis of ME. From this perspective, I will contribute to the ME debate through two reviews that address the question how we enhance the memory, and through four original papers discussed in part three of this thesis, where I examine and evaluate critically specific ESLP issues that arise with the use of ME. In the conclusion, I will amalgamate all my contribution to the ME debate and suggest the future direction for the ME debate.
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Mendes, Bruno Miguel Vilela. "Analysis of eyewitness testimony using electroencephalogram signals". Master's thesis, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10773/31348.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The application of Brain Computer Interfaces techniques to vital crime witnesses
could and probably will be a key feature in the justice system.
Features from the electroencephalogram signals were extracted with information
detailing their domain (time or frequency), and their spacial scalp and
time placement. For both domains, two different classification pipelines were
applied in order to select the most relevant features: one to rank and select
the top features and another to recursively eliminate the least relevant feature.
The Support Vector Machine (linear and non-linear) is the classification model
included in the pipeline.
Further observations on the selected features by the applied techniques were
performed and discussed in relation to the available knowledge about face
recognition.
The present work provides an experimental study on the electroencephalogram
signals acquired from an experiment in which an array of subjects were
asked to identify both culprit and distractor being the culprit related to a previously
shown crime scene video.A aplicação de técnicas de Interfaces Cérebro-Computador a testemunhas vitais de um crime pode e provavelmente será uma funcionalidade chave no sistema de justiça. Características de sinais provenientes de eletroencefalograma foram extraídas com informações sobre o seu domínio (tempo ou frequência), e a sua localização espacial e temporal. Para ambos os domínios, dois modelos de classificação diferentes foram aplicados com vista a selecionar as características mais relevantes: um para classificar, ordenar e selecionar as características mais importantes e outro para eliminar recursivamente a característica menos relevante. O modelo utilizado para classificação foi o Support Vector Machine (linear e não linear). Outras observações sobre as características selecionadas pelas técnicas aplicadas foram realizadas e discutidas tendo em conta o conhecimento disponível sobre reconhecimento facial. O presente trabalho fornece um estudo experimental sobre os sinais de eletroencefalograma adquiridos numa experiência na qual foi pedido a um grupo de indivíduos para identificar tanto culpado como distrator, sendo que o culpado estava relacionado a um vídeo de cenário de crime mostrado anteriormente.
Mestrado em Engenharia de Computadores e Telemática
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Bhaskara, Adella. "Differential effects of confirming post-identification feedback on eyewitness testimony-relevant judgments". Thesis, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2440/93908.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Many studies have found that while the majority of eyewitnesses’ testimony-relevant judgments (e.g., certainty, attention, view) were vulnerable to the confirming post-identification feedback effect, time-in-view and distance judgments appeared to be immune to this effect (see meta-analysis by Steblay, Wells, & Douglass, 2014). To date, there has not been any explanation as to why these two judgments were not affected by confirming feedback while the rest of the judgments were. The main aim of this thesis was to investigate this issue. Experiments 1 and 2 tested two possible reasons for these differential feedback effects. First, time-in-view and distance judgments might be protected from the influence of confirming feedback due to strong internal cues (i.e., the accessibility hypothesis). Second, confirming feedback might only be useful for informing judgments that focus on the target person’s face or the identification decision (e.g., certainty, attention, view), and hence irrelevant to estimations of actual time and distance. Two variables were manipulated between-participants: feedback type (confirming feedback, confirming-specific feedback, no feedback) and retention interval (immediate, delay between viewing an event and making judgments). The confirming-specific feedback was made relevant to the judgments by pairing confirming feedback alongside specific information associating time and distance with a correct identification decision. This feedback was found to affect time-in-view (Experiments 1 and 2) and distance judgments (Experiment 2) in the immediate condition, while confirming feedback by itself did not affect these judgments even in the delay conditions when internal cues were weaker. These results suggested that weak internal cues alone were not enough for judgments to be affected by feedback; the relevance of feedback information to the judgments also played an important role in determining whether or not judgments would be affected. Experiment 3 further investigated the effects of confirming-specific feedback on time-in-view and distance judgments by modifying the wording of the specific feedback. The results indicated that confirming-specific feedback affected time-in-view and distance judgments in Experiments 1 and 2 because the specific feedback provided a reference point for these two judgments. When this reference point was removed in Experiment 3, the specific feedback (that associated viewing time and distance with a correct identification) no longer affected time-in-view and distance judgments. These results suggested that people might not infer their viewing time and distance from a correct identification decision. Factor analysis was then conducted to investigate the factor structure of testimony-relevant judgments and found that time-in-view and distance judgments fell into a factor independent from the rest of the factors that were related to the identification process. Findings from basic research on time and distance estimations were then reviewed, with these suggesting that eyewitnesses’ sources of internal cues for making time-in-view and distance judgments might be different than those of other judgments. Finally, the thesis also investigated the relative accuracy of witnesses’ time-in-view and distance judgments. This research made a contribution to the development of the current theoretical framework of the post-identification feedback effects and the practical use of time-in-view and distance judgments in the legal system.Thesis (Ph.D.) -- University of Adelaide, School of Psychology, 2015
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MASTROBERARDINO, SERENA. "Interrogative Suggestibility and Source Monitoring difficulties as a cognitive resource problem". Doctoral thesis, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/11573/917772.
Testo completo
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Holliday, Robyn Elizabeth. "Dissociating Automatic and Intentional Processes in Children’s Eyewitness Suggestibility". Thesis, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/1959.13/25005.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The chief aim of this dissertation was to establish the respective contributions of automatic and intentional memory processes to misinformation effects in 5-, 8-, and 9-year-old children. In the first two experiments children were presented with a picture story followed by misleading post-event details that were either read to participants, or were self-generated in response to semantic and perceptual hints. Children were then presented with original and suggested items and given a yes / no recognition test under inclusion or exclusion instructions. The application of Jacoby’s (1991) process dissociation procedure to children’s recognition performance revealed that the contribution of intentional processing to misinformation acceptance increased following the self-generation of suggestions. Automatic processing made a strong contribution to misinformation effects regardless of the way that misinformation was encoded. Experiment 3 extended this general pattern of results to a forced choice recognition paradigm. Experiment 4 examined the role of social demand factors in children’s suggestibility using Belli’s (1989) yes / no retrieval paradigm. Little evidence of an influence of social demand on children’s suggestible responses was found with automatic processes again the predominant factor determining suggestibility. In the final experiment, the temporal order of the original and post-event phases was reversed such that 5-year-olds were initially presented with a post-event summary containing misinformation, followed by a witnessed event. The results of this study confirmed that children’s suggestions were unlikely to be the result of trace alteration or social demand. The implications of the findings for theoretical accounts of the misinformation effect in children’s recognition and for children’s eyewitness testimony are discussed.PhD Doctorate
44
Holliday, Robyn Elizabeth. "Dissociating Automatic and Intentional Processes in Children’s Eyewitness Suggestibility". 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/1959.13/25005.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The chief aim of this dissertation was to establish the respective contributions of automatic and intentional memory processes to misinformation effects in 5-, 8-, and 9-year-old children. In the first two experiments children were presented with a picture story followed by misleading post-event details that were either read to participants, or were self-generated in response to semantic and perceptual hints. Children were then presented with original and suggested items and given a yes / no recognition test under inclusion or exclusion instructions. The application of Jacoby’s (1991) process dissociation procedure to children’s recognition performance revealed that the contribution of intentional processing to misinformation acceptance increased following the self-generation of suggestions. Automatic processing made a strong contribution to misinformation effects regardless of the way that misinformation was encoded. Experiment 3 extended this general pattern of results to a forced choice recognition paradigm. Experiment 4 examined the role of social demand factors in children’s suggestibility using Belli’s (1989) yes / no retrieval paradigm. Little evidence of an influence of social demand on children’s suggestible responses was found with automatic processes again the predominant factor determining suggestibility. In the final experiment, the temporal order of the original and post-event phases was reversed such that 5-year-olds were initially presented with a post-event summary containing misinformation, followed by a witnessed event. The results of this study confirmed that children’s suggestions were unlikely to be the result of trace alteration or social demand. The implications of the findings for theoretical accounts of the misinformation effect in children’s recognition and for children’s eyewitness testimony are discussed.PhD Doctorate
45
Solana, Laura Rituerto, e 卓若蘭. "Exploring the Reliable Factors of Investigative Interviews Protocols and Eyewitness Testimony in the French Criminal System". Thesis, 2018. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/3vun8a.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
碩士國立東華大學
諮商與臨床心理學系
106
Eyewitness testimony has extensively been used by the criminal justice system as an unquestioned form of evidence and law enforcement professionals have heavily relied on it. Research has established that those testimonies can be undermined by both intrinsic factors – arising from the individual, and extrinsic factors – arising from outside the individual, which could thus lead to false convictions. The present study has attempted to understand one of the latter, which is the procedure held by French law enforcement officers regarding memory enhancement in the context of eyewitness testimony in France and the reliable factors that have an impact on the interviews protocols. Five participants have been involved in this study, in France. A qualitative interviewing protocol consisting of open-ended questions has been used to gain knowledge about the current procedures and the responses have been analysed using in one hand principles of grounded theory, which is both an approach to generate theory from qualitative data and a method to analyse codes and process such data, and in another hand, a Foucauldian approach to Discourse Analysis (FDA), which focuses on the role of language in communication and in the construction of social life, which is the relationship between the discourse and the subjectivity (Willig & Rogers, 2008). 9 main concepts have broadly been expressed within all the interviews, revealing the reliable factors that might impact the interviews protocols: Interview structure; Interview setting; Memory; Emotions; Mental & Physical health; Media; Socio-cultural factors; Political and Religious factors; Lie drivers. The researcher suggested an increased cooperation and expertise sharing between investigators and magistrates, police psychologists, police trainers, as well as researchers being involved in the field of eyewitnesses testimonies, in order to to make eyewitness evidence more accurate and reliable.
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Blank, Hartmut [Verfasser]. "Remembering discrepant information in eyewitness testimony : experiments and paired-associate learning tasks ; an integrative model / Hartmut Blank". 1995. http://d-nb.info/958774749/34.
Testo completo
47
Gábrišová, Julie. "Kognitivní interview jako prostředek podpory přípravného řízení". Master's thesis, 2021. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-438494.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The presented diploma thesis presents the method of cognitive interview and describes the possibilities of its use in the preparatory proceedings. The theoretical part defines the interrogation of a witness in the preparatory proceedings and introduces the psychological processes in creating witness statement. In the following chapters, the thesis focuses only on the method of cognitive interview, presents its processs, basic techniqes, but also a comparison with other interrogation methods. The greatest emphasis of the thesis is on the use of cognitive interview with the police and specific groups that participate in the preparatory proceedings. Part of the thesis is also research, which is divided into two parts. Each of them aims to describe the current process of interrogating witnesses and victims in the Czech Republic, to help answer the question of whether it is important to try to implement the method of cognitive interview in the Czech environment. Thanks to the analysis of five interrogation videos and seven interviews with police officers from practice, it was possible to identify some interrogation techniques that are considered effective in the cognitive interview method, but also those that the method recommends not to use. Of the four cognitive interview techniques, which are...
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Trojanová, Hana. "Rekognice-psychologické souvislosti a dopady vlivu etnické příslušnosti pachatele". Master's thesis, 2013. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-327811.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
One of the problems in eyewitness recognition of offenders is their different ethnicity from the persons identifying them. This has been the subject of several scientific papers worldwide. Although the number of other ethnic groups in the Czech Republic grows, research into this area remains insufficient. Therefore, the present thesis focuses on ethnicity of offenders in the recognition process. Using video footage of an assault with Czech and Vietnamese offenders and subsequent mugshot facial recognition, the present thesis seeks to highlight the problem of a higher number of false identifications with persons having different ethnicity. Based on previous international research, the offenders' ethnicity is expected to have a negative impact on the ability to correctly identify perpetrators in the Czech Republic alike. The research showed a higher rate of false identifications of offenders with foreign nationality, but at the same time, nevertheless, found no relationship between correct identification of perpetrators with our and with foreign ethnicity. Keywords: recognition, eyewitness, testimony of witnesses, offender ethnicity, quantitative research.
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Santos, Bárbara Isabel Lume. "O Conhecimento sobre a Importância de Diferentes Tipos de Variáveis no Testemunho Ocular: Inquérito a Estudantes Universitários e a Outros Indivíduos da População em Idade Ativa". Master's thesis, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10316/99323.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Dissertação de Mestrado Integrado em Psicologia apresentada à Faculdade de Psicologia e de Ciências da EducaçãoSegundo o Innocence Project (2020), aproximadamente 365 pessoas foram absolvidas de um crime que não cometeram, mediante provas de ADN, sendo a maioria das condenações decorrentes de testemunhas oculares equivocadas. Estas encontram-se sujeitas à influência de diversas variáveis que afetam o seu testemunho. O presente estudo, o primeiro do nosso conhecimento em Portugal, tem como intuito (1) analisar o grau de conhecimento de diferentes indivíduos sobre variáveis que influenciam a precisão do testemunho ocular; e (2) conhecer a importância atribuída a essas variáveis. A amostra, recolhida no formato presencial e online, é composta por 150 participantes, pertencentes a três grupos: (1) participantes com formação em Psicologia Forense (n = 50), (2) estudantes da Universidade de Coimbra (UC), excluindo estudantes da Faculdade de Psicologia e de Ciências da Educação da UC subárea de Psicologia Forense (n = 50), e (3) participantes com idades compreendidas entre 30-60 anos, sem formação em Psicologia e/ou em áreas relacionadas com o conhecimento do sistema judicial (n = 50). Os inquiridos responderam ao questionário de Kassin, Tubb, Hosch e Memon (2001), e as suas respostas foram comparadas com as dos especialistas/peritos do estudo de Kassin et al. (2001). Os principais resultados mostram lacunas grandes no conhecimento dos participantes, assim como a tendência para sobrestimarem a importância de determinadas variáveis que não são consideradas cientificamente como bons indicadores de exatidão, e a subestimar outras que o são. Conclui-se ser necessário sensibilizar e consciencializar a população não especialista para a problemática dos erros não deliberados nos testemunhos oculares.
According to the Innocence Project (2020), approximately 365 people have been exonerated of a crime they did not commit by DNA evidence, with most wrongful convictions being due to mistaken eyewitnesses. Eyewitnesses are under the influence of several variables that can affect the testimony. The present study, the first of our knowledge that is conducted in Portugal, aims (1) to analyze the degree of knowledge of different individuals about variables that have an influence on eyewitness accuracy; and (2) to know the importance attributed to these variables. The sample was collected in presential and online formats, consists of 150 participants, belonging to three groups: (1) participants with education in Forensic Psychology (n = 50), (2) students from the University of Coimbra, excluding students from the Faculty of Psychology and Education Sciences of the UC subarea of Forensic Psychology (n = 50), and (3) participants between the ages of 30-60, with no background in Psychology and/or related areas of knowledge of the judicial system (n = 50). The respondents answered to the Kassin, Tubb, Hosch and Memon's (2001) questionnaire, and their answers were compared with those of the experts from the Kassin et al. (2001) study. The main results show large knowledge deficits among the participants, as well as a tendency to overestimate the importance of certain variables that are not scientifically considered as good indicators of accuracy, and to underestimate others that are. It can be concluded that there is a need to improve the awareness and to sensitize the non-expert population about unintentional errors in eyewitness testimony.
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Paixão, Débora Sofia Louro. "Técnicas de entrevista forense : comparação da eficácia da self-administered interview e da recuperação por categorias". Master's thesis, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.12/7314.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Dissertação de Mestrado apresentada no ISPA – Instituto Universitário
para obtenção de grau de Mestre na especialidade
de Psicologia ClínicaTêm sido notáveis os esforços, por parte dos investigadores, no sentido de aumentar a quantidade e qualidade dos relatos de testemunhas oculares de crimes, sendo estes fundamentais na resolução das investigações policiais. Este estudo vem, por isso, procurar comparar a eficácia de duas técnicas de entrevista investigativa: a Self-Administered Interview (SAI) e a Recuperação por Categorias (RC). Para isto, foram selecionados quarenta participantes com idades compreendidas entre os 18 e os 30 anos. Todos os participantes visualizaram um vídeo com a simulação de um evento crime e foram entrevistados acerca do mesmo, cerca de uma hora depois da visualização do vídeo, através do protocolo da SAI ou da RC, dependendo do grupo a que cada participante pertencia. Os nossos resultados evidenciaram que participantes entrevistados através da SAI relataram um maior número de detalhes sobre a categoria de informação “pessoas”, comparativamente ao grupo RC, não comprometendo a precisão da mesma. Não foram encontradas outras diferenças significativas, pelo que ambas as técnicas parecem revelar-se igualmente eficazes.
Researchers all over the world have been trying to improve the way eyewitnesses are interviewed in forensic contexts, because their testimonies are often crucial to the resolution of a crime investigation. There have been a great amount of studies exploring the efficacy of different interview techniques, in order to assure interviewers, retrieve more and more accurate information from adult witnesses. The present study compared the effectiveness of two techniques used by investigative interviewers: Self-Administered Interview (SAI) and Cluster Recall (CR). For this purpose, forty 18 to 30 years old participants were selected. All participants watched a video about a staged crime and were interviewed about it, approximately one hour later, either with the SAI protocol or the CR protocol, depending on the group each participant was assigned to. Our findings showed that participants interviewed with the SAI recalled more information about the category “people” than participants interviewed with the CR, without compromising the accuracy of this information. There were no other significant differences, thus both techniques seem to be equally effective.