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Articoli di riviste sul tema "Extinction"

Autore: Grafiati

Pubblicato: 4 giugno 2021

Ultima modifica: 25 luglio 2025

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1

Cole, Selina R., and Melanie J. Hopkins. "Selectivity and the effect of mass extinctions on disparity and functional ecology." Science Advances 7, no. 19 (2021): eabf4072. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf4072.

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Abstract (sommario):

Selectivity of mass extinctions is thought to play a major role in coupling or decoupling of taxonomic, morphological, and ecological diversity, yet these measures have never been jointly evaluated within a single clade over multiple mass extinctions. We investigate extinction selectivity and changes in taxonomic diversity, morphological disparity, and functional ecology over the ~160-million-year evolutionary history of diplobathrid crinoids (Echinodermata), which spans two mass extinctions. Whereas previous studies documented extinction selectivity for crinoids during background extinction,

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2

Finnegan, Seth, Christian M. Ø. Rasmussen, and David A. T. Harper. "Identifying the most surprising victims of mass extinction events: an example using Late Ordovician brachiopods." Biology Letters 13, no. 9 (2017): 20170400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2017.0400.

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Mass extinction events are recognized by increases in extinction rate and magnitude and, often, by changes in the selectivity of extinction. When considering the selective fingerprint of a particular event, not all taxon extinctions are equally informative: some would be expected even under a ‘background’ selectivity regime, whereas others would not and thus require special explanation. When evaluating possible drivers for the extinction event, the latter group is of particular interest. Here, we introduce a simple method for identifying these most surprising victims of extinction events by tr

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3

MORLAN, R. E. "Pleistocene Extinction Reexamined: Quaternary Extinctions." Science 228, no. 4701 (1985): 870–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.228.4701.870.

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4

Thackeray, J. Francis. "Rates of extinction in marine invertebrates: further comparison between background and mass extinctions." Paleobiology 16, no. 1 (1990): 22–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0094837300009702.

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Prominent extinction “events” have been recognized from statistical analyses of marine invertebrate genera represented in Mesozoic and Cenozoic assemblages, contrasting with relatively low “background” extinction intensities measured in terms of a “percentage extinction” index. On a logarithmic scale, the slope of the relationship between time and extinction intensity for background extinctions is shown to be parallel to the slope obtained for most extinction events, characterized by intensities 100.35 above prevailing background levels. Although extinction intensities are variable, this study

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5

Bush, Andrew M., Steve C. Wang, Jonathan L. Payne, and Noel A. Heim. "A framework for the integrated analysis of the magnitude, selectivity, and biotic effects of extinction and origination." Paleobiology 46, no. 1 (2019): 1–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/pab.2019.35.

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AbstractThe taxonomic and ecologic composition of Earth's biota has shifted dramatically through geologic time, with some clades going extinct while others diversified. Here, we derive a metric that quantifies the change in biotic composition due to extinction or origination and show that it equals the product of extinction/origination magnitude and selectivity (variation in magnitude among groups). We also define metrics that describe the extent to which a recovery (1) reinforced or reversed the effects of extinction on biotic composition and (2) changed composition in ways uncorrelated with

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6

Raup, David M. "Extinction from a paleontological perspective." European Review 1, no. 3 (1993): 207–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1062798700000582.

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Abstract (sommario):

Extinction of widespread species is common in evolutionary time (millions of years) but rare in ecological time (hundreds or thousands of years). In the fossil record, there appears to be a smooth continuum between background and mass extinction; and the clustering of extinctions at mass extinctions cannot be explained by the chance coincidence of independent events. Although some extinction is selective, much is apparently random in that survivors have no recognizable superiority over victims. Extinction certainly plays an important role in evolution, but whether it is constructive or destruc

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7

Wagler, Ron. "The Anthropocene Mass Extinction: An Emerging Curriculum Theme for Science Educators." American Biology Teacher 73, no. 2 (2011): 78–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/abt.2011.73.2.5.

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There have been five past great mass extinctions during the history of Earth. There is an ever-growing consensus within the scientific community that we have entered a sixth mass extinction. Human activities are associated directly or indirectly with nearly every aspect of this extinction. This article presents an overview of the five past great mass extinctions; an overview of the current Anthropocene mass extinction; past and present human activities associated with the current Anthropocene mass extinction; current and future rates of species extinction; and broad science-curriculum topics a

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8

Foote, Michael. "Extinction and quiescence in marine animal genera." Paleobiology 33, no. 2 (2007): 261–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1666/06068.1.

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If last appearances of marine animal genera are taken as reasonable proxies for true extinctions, then there is appreciable global extinction in every stage of the Phanerozoic. If, instead, backsmearing of extinctions by incomplete sampling is explicitly taken into consideration, a different view of extinction emerges, in which the pattern of extinction is much more volatile and in which quiescent time spans—with little or no global extinction for several million years—are punctuated by major extinction events that are even more extreme than is generally thought. Independent support for this a

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9

Mankun, Liu. "Narrating Extinctions for Survivance." Environmental Humanities 16, no. 2 (2024): 331–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/22011919-11150155.

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Abstract This article navigates the obligatory relationship between extinction narratives and future imaginaries through the lens of an artist’s films. Taking Chinese artist Mao Chenyu’s works as case studies, the first part examines the notion of extinction that his video essay Becoming Father (2021) complicates through the perspective of rice (Oryza sativa) and humans in Dongting Lake. It reveals adaptive evolution, hetero-reproduction, and geontopower as three political regimes where extinctive pressures accumulate through the erosion of biocultural inheritability. The second part engages w

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10

Raup, David M. "Large-body impact and extinction in the Phanerozoic." Paleobiology 18, no. 1 (1992): 80–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0094837300012227.

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The kill curve for Phanerozoic marine species is used to investigate large-body impact as a cause of species extinction. Current estimates of Phanerozoic impact rates are combined with the kill curve to produce an impact-kill curve, which predicts extinction levels from crater diameter, on the working assumption that impacts are responsible for all “pulsed” extinctions. By definition, pulsed extinction includes the approximately 60% of Phanerozoic extinctions that occurred in short-lived events having extinction rates greater than 5%. The resulting impact-kill curve is credible, thus justifyin

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11

Banerjee, Amit, and George E. Boyajian. "Selectivity of foraminiferal extinction in the late Eocene." Paleobiology 23, no. 3 (1997): 347–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0094837300019722.

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Late Eocene foraminiferal extinction shows diverse patterns of selective morphologic and latitudinal extinction. Taxa with discoidal shape, calcareous tests, and narrow and low-latitudinal ranges are at significantly greater risk of extinction. Elevated extinction intensities in calcareous tests are mainly due to the presence of larger benthic foraminifera that evolved in late Paleocene and diversified through the lower to middle Eocene. Selectivity of late Eocene foraminiferal extinction indicates that this extinction event was not a globally uniform event. Although this result does not verif

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12

Holland, Steven M. "The Stratigraphy of Mass Extinctions and Recoveries." Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 48, no. 1 (2020): 75–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-earth-071719-054827.

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Interpretations of the tempo of mass extinctions and recoveries often rely on the distribution of fossils in a stratigraphic column. These interpretations are generally compromised when they are not based on a knowledge of marine ecological gradients and sequence-stratigraphic architecture. Crucially, last and first occurrences of species do not record times of extinction and origination. A face-value interpretation of the stratigraphic record leads to incorrect inferences of pulsed extinction, underestimates of the duration of mass extinction, and overestimates of local recovery times. An und

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13

Valentine, James W., and Timothy D. Walker. "Extinctions in a model taxonomic hierarchy." Paleobiology 13, no. 2 (1987): 193–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0094837300008745.

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A computer model of background and mass extinctions in a taxonomic hierarchy has been used to study the effects of different extinction patterns in a search for clues as to the causes of actual extinction events. Model taxa at four levels were built up from speciation events in adaptive space according to rules of origination which seem plausible biologically. The frequency distribution of species among the three higher taxonomic levels in the model is similar to that in living marine taxa which have good fossil records. Three mass extinction patterns were imposed on the model after species di

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14

Campagna, Claudio, Daniel Guevara, and Bernard Le Boeuf. "De-scenting Extinction: The Promise of De-extinction May Hasten Continuing Extinctions." Hastings Center Report 47 (July 2017): S48—S53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hast.752.

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15

Kerr, R. A. "PALEONTOLOGY: Mass Extinctions Face Downsizing, Extinction." Science 293, no. 5532 (2001): 1037. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.293.5532.1037.

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16

Lockwood, Rowan. "Beyond the Big Five: Extinctions as Experiments in the History of Life." Paleontological Society Papers 14 (October 2008): 249–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1089332600001716.

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The past century has witnessed a number of significant breakthroughs in the study of extinction in the fossil record, from the discovery of a bolide impact as the probable cause of the end-Cretaceous (K/T) mass extinction to the designation of the “Big 5” mass extinction events. Here, I summarize the major themes that have emerged from the past thirty years of extinction research and highlight a number of promising directions for future research. These directions explore a central theme—the evolutionary consequences of extinction— and focus on three broad research areas: the effects of selecti

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17

Bromham, Lindell, Robert Lanfear, Phillip Cassey, Gillian Gibb, and Marcel Cardillo. "Reconstructing past species assemblages reveals the changing patterns and drivers of extinction through time." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 279, no. 1744 (2012): 4024–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2012.1437.

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Predicting future species extinctions from patterns of past extinctions or current threat status relies on the assumption that the taxonomic and biological selectivity of extinction is consistent through time. If the driving forces of extinction change through time, this assumption may be unrealistic. Testing the consistency of extinction patterns between the past and the present has been difficult, because the phylogenetically explicit methods used to model present-day extinction risk typically cannot be applied to the data from the fossil record. However, the detailed historical and fossil r

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18

Turvey, Samuel T., and Susanne A. Fritz. "The ghosts of mammals past: biological and geographical patterns of global mammalian extinction across the Holocene." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 366, no. 1577 (2011): 2564–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2011.0020.

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Although the recent historical period is usually treated as a temporal base-line for understanding patterns of mammal extinction, mammalian biodiversity loss has also taken place throughout the Late Quaternary. We explore the spatial, taxonomic and phylogenetic patterns of 241 mammal species extinctions known to have occurred during the Holocene up to the present day. To assess whether our understanding of mammalian threat processes has been affected by excluding these taxa, we incorporate extinct species data into analyses of the impact of body mass on extinction risk. We find that Holocene e

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19

Gray, Alan. "The ecology of plant extinction: rates, traits and island comparisons." Oryx 53, no. 3 (2018): 424–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0030605318000315.

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AbstractAlthough there is increasing evidence for a sixth mass extinction, relatively few plants have been officially declared extinct (<150 are categorized as Extinct on the IUCN Red List). The Red List, although the data are neither perfect nor comprehensive, is perhaps the most reliable indicator of extinction and extinction threat. Here, data collated from the Red List, of Extinct plant species and of Critically Endangered plant species with populations in decline, are examined to address three questions: (1) How do background, continental, and island plant extinction rates compare? (2)

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20

Hubbard, Alan E., та Norman L. Gilinsky. "Mass Extinctions as Statistical Phenomena: An Examination of the Evidence Using χ2 Tests and Bootstrapping". Paleobiology 18, № 2 (1992): 148–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0094837300013944.

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Although much natural historical evidence has been adduced in support of the occurrence of several mass extinctions during the Phanerozoic, unambiguous statistical confirmation of the mass extinction phenomenon has remained elusive. Using bootstrapping techniques that have not previously been applied to the study of mass extinction, we have amassed strong or very strong statistical evidence for mass extinctions (see text for definitions) during the Late Ordovician, Late Permian, and Late Cretaceous. Bootstrapping therefore verifies three of the mass extinction events that were proposed by Raup

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21

Hanna, Emily, and Marcel Cardillo. "Predation selectively culls medium-sized species from island mammal faunas." Biology Letters 10, no. 4 (2014): 20131066. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2013.1066.

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Globally, elevated extinction risk in mammals is strongly associated with large body size. However, in regions where introduced predators exert strong top-down pressure on mammal populations, the selectivity of extinctions may be skewed towards species of intermediate body size, leading to a hump-shaped relationship between size and extinction risk. The existence of this kind of extinction pattern, and its link to predation, has been contentious and difficult to demonstrate. Here, we test the hypothesis of a hump-shaped body size–extinction relationship, using a database of 927 island mammal p

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22

Fordham, Damien A., Barry W. Brook, Conrad J. Hoskin, Robert L. Pressey, Jeremy VanDerWal, and Stephen E. Williams. "Extinction debt from climate change for frogs in the wet tropics." Biology Letters 12, no. 10 (2016): 20160236. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2016.0236.

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The effect of twenty-first-century climate change on biodiversity is commonly forecast based on modelled shifts in species ranges, linked to habitat suitability. These projections have been coupled with species–area relationships (SAR) to infer extinction rates indirectly as a result of the loss of climatically suitable areas and associated habitat. This approach does not model population dynamics explicitly, and so accepts that extinctions might occur after substantial (but unknown) delays—an extinction debt. Here we explicitly couple bioclimatic envelope models of climate and habitat suitabi

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23

Kocsis, Ádám T., Carl J. Reddin, and Wolfgang Kiessling. "The biogeographical imprint of mass extinctions." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 285, no. 1878 (2018): 20180232. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2018.0232.

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Mass extinctions are defined by extinction rates significantly above background levels and have had substantial consequences for the evolution of life. Geographically selective extinctions, subsequent originations and species redistributions may have changed global biogeographical structure, but quantification of this change is lacking. In order to assess quantitatively the biogeographical impact of mass extinctions, we outline time-traceable bioregions for benthic marine species across the Phanerozoic using a compositional network. Mass extinction events are visually recognizable in the geogr

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24

McKinney, Michael L. "Extinction selectivity among lower taxa: gradational patterns and rarefaction error in extinction estimates." Paleobiology 21, no. 3 (1995): 300–313. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0094837300013312.

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Documenting past environmental disturbances will provide a very incomplete explanation of extinctions until more data on intrinsic (e.g., phylogenetic) responses to disturbances are collected. Taxonomic selectivity can be used to infer phylogenetic inheritance of extinction-biasing traits. Selectivity patterns among higher taxa, such as between mammals and bivalves, are well documented. Selectivity patterns among lower taxa (genus, species) have great potential for understanding the dynamics underlying higher taxic turnover. Two echinoid data sets, of fossil and living taxa, indicate that spec

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25

Ceballos, Gerardo, Paul R. Ehrlich, Anthony D. Barnosky, Andrés García, Robert M. Pringle, and Todd M. Palmer. "Accelerated modern human–induced species losses: Entering the sixth mass extinction." Science Advances 1, no. 5 (2015): e1400253. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13514883.

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(Uploaded by Plazi for the Bat Literature Project) Humans are causing a massive animal extinction without precedent in 65 million years. , The oft-repeated claim that Earth's biota is entering a sixth "mass extinction" depends on clearly demonstrating that current extinction rates are far above the "background" rates prevailing between the five previous mass extinctions. Earlier estimates of extinction rates have been criticized for using assumptions that might overestimate the severity of the extinction crisis. We assess, using extremely conservative assumptions, whether human activities are

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26

Ceballos, Gerardo, Paul R. Ehrlich, Anthony D. Barnosky, Andrés García, Robert M. Pringle, and Todd M. Palmer. "Accelerated modern human–induced species losses: Entering the sixth mass extinction." Science Advances 1, no. 5 (2015): e1400253. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13514883.

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Abstract (sommario):

(Uploaded by Plazi for the Bat Literature Project) Humans are causing a massive animal extinction without precedent in 65 million years. , The oft-repeated claim that Earth's biota is entering a sixth "mass extinction" depends on clearly demonstrating that current extinction rates are far above the "background" rates prevailing between the five previous mass extinctions. Earlier estimates of extinction rates have been criticized for using assumptions that might overestimate the severity of the extinction crisis. We assess, using extremely conservative assumptions, whether human activities are

Gli stili APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO e altri

27

Ceballos, Gerardo, Paul R. Ehrlich, Anthony D. Barnosky, Andrés García, Robert M. Pringle, and Todd M. Palmer. "Accelerated modern human–induced species losses: Entering the sixth mass extinction." Science Advances 1, no. 5 (2015): e1400253. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13514883.

Testo completo

Abstract (sommario):

(Uploaded by Plazi for the Bat Literature Project) Humans are causing a massive animal extinction without precedent in 65 million years. , The oft-repeated claim that Earth's biota is entering a sixth "mass extinction" depends on clearly demonstrating that current extinction rates are far above the "background" rates prevailing between the five previous mass extinctions. Earlier estimates of extinction rates have been criticized for using assumptions that might overestimate the severity of the extinction crisis. We assess, using extremely conservative assumptions, whether human activities are

Gli stili APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO e altri

28

Ceballos, Gerardo, Paul R. Ehrlich, Anthony D. Barnosky, Andrés García, Robert M. Pringle, and Todd M. Palmer. "Accelerated modern human–induced species losses: Entering the sixth mass extinction." Science Advances 1, no. 5 (2015): e1400253. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13514883.

Testo completo

Abstract (sommario):

(Uploaded by Plazi for the Bat Literature Project) Humans are causing a massive animal extinction without precedent in 65 million years. , The oft-repeated claim that Earth's biota is entering a sixth "mass extinction" depends on clearly demonstrating that current extinction rates are far above the "background" rates prevailing between the five previous mass extinctions. Earlier estimates of extinction rates have been criticized for using assumptions that might overestimate the severity of the extinction crisis. We assess, using extremely conservative assumptions, whether human activities are

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29

Nagata, Hisashi. "Extinction, the Causes of Extinction and the Conservation of Biodiversity." Journal of Disaster Research 3, no. 3 (2008): 166–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jdr.2008.p0166.

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Over 25% of species are currently categorized as threatened. Extinction is a natural process in organism evolution, and 99% of all organisms that have thus far existed are already extinct. Current extinction rates, however, is progressing at least 2,500 times faster than in the past. Ongoing extinction is so fast, in fact, that organisms may not be able to adapt environment and to evolve. Current biodiversity crisis is called “sixth extinction” because it is severer than five geological mass extinctions. Habitat destruction, overexploitation, and invasion of species through human activities ar

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Stanley, Steven M. "Estimates of the magnitudes of major marine mass extinctions in earth history." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 113, no. 42 (2016): E6325—E6334. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1613094113.

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Procedures introduced here make it possible, first, to show that background (piecemeal) extinction is recorded throughout geologic stages and substages (not all extinction has occurred suddenly at the ends of such intervals); second, to separate out background extinction from mass extinction for a major crisis in earth history; and third, to correct for clustering of extinctions when using the rarefaction method to estimate the percentage of species lost in a mass extinction. Also presented here is a method for estimating the magnitude of the Signor–Lipps effect, which is the incorrect assignm

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31

Ceballos, Gerardo, Paul R. Ehrlich, Anthony D. Barnosky, Andrés García, Robert M. Pringle, and Todd M. Palmer. "Accelerated modern human–induced species losses: Entering the sixth mass extinction." Science Advances 1, no. 5 (2015): e1400253. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.1400253.

Testo completo

Abstract (sommario):

The oft-repeated claim that Earth’s biota is entering a sixth “mass extinction” depends on clearly demonstrating that current extinction rates are far above the “background” rates prevailing between the five previous mass extinctions. Earlier estimates of extinction rates have been criticized for using assumptions that might overestimate the severity of the extinction crisis. We assess, using extremely conservative assumptions, whether human activities are causing a mass extinction. First, we use a recent estimate of a background rate of 2 mammal extinctions per 10,000 species per 100 years (t

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Nawrot, Rafał, Daniele Scarponi, Michele Azzarone, et al. "Stratigraphic signatures of mass extinctions: ecological and sedimentary determinants." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 285, no. 1886 (2018): 20181191. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2018.1191.

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Stratigraphic patterns of last occurrences (LOs) of fossil taxa potentially fingerprint mass extinctions and delineate rates and geometries of those events. Although empirical studies of mass extinctions recognize that random sampling causes LOs to occur earlier than the time of extinction (Signor–Lipps effect), sequence stratigraphic controls on the position of LOs are rarely considered. By tracing stratigraphic ranges of extant mollusc species preserved in the Holocene succession of the Po coastal plain (Italy), we demonstrated that, if mass extinction took place today, complex but entirely

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Terzopoulou, Sofia, François Rigal, Robert J. Whittaker, Paulo A. V. Borges, and Kostas A. Triantis. "Drivers of extinction: the case of Azorean beetles." Biology Letters 11, no. 6 (2015): 20150273. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2015.0273.

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Oceanic islands host a disproportionately high fraction of endangered or recently extinct endemic species. We report on species extinctions among endemic Azorean beetles following 97% habitat loss since AD 1440. We infer extinctions from historical and contemporary records and examine the influence of three predictors: geographical range, habitat specialization and body size. Of 55 endemic beetle species investigated (out of 63), seven can be considered extinct. Single-island endemics (SIEs) were more prone to extinction than multi-island endemics. Within SIEs restricted to native habitat, lar

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Westermann, Gerd EG. "Modes of extinction, pseudo-extinction and distribution in Middle Jurassic ammonites: terminology." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 38, no. 2 (2001): 187–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e00-046.

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Mid-Jurassic Ammonitina (Cephalopoda, Mollusca) provide good examples of true and apparent "extinctions" (i.e., taxon or clade disappearances) at the local, regional, and global scales. A terminology is presented. Extinction is the termination of a phylogenetic lineage or entire clade (not of local demes or regional populations). Extinction was often preceded by progressive range contraction that resulted in diachronous regional disappearance ("extirpation") and occurred with the elimination of the last refuge. Other range contractions, however, were not terminal, but were followed by renewed

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Kauffinan, Erle G. "Common Patterns of Mass Extinction, Survival, and Recovery in Marine Environments: What Do They Tell Us About the Future?" Paleontological Society Special Publications 7 (1994): 437–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2475262200009709.

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Mass extinction is characterized by the loss of more than 50 percent of the world's species within a short interval of geologic time - months to as much as 3 million years (My). In the fossil record, these events have primarily been recorded from the marine realm. Three patterns of mass extinction have been described - catastrophic, stepwise, and graded extinction. Many well-studied extinction intervals contain elements of more than one pattern, suggesting that these biotic crises were caused by varied forcing mechanisms linked by complex environmental feedback loops. This hypothesis is suppor

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Christie, Max, Steven M. Holland, and Andrew M. Bush. "Contrasting the ecological and taxonomic consequences of extinction." Paleobiology 39, no. 4 (2013): 538–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1666/12033.

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Extinction in the fossil record is most often measured by the percentage of taxa (species, genera, families, etc.) that go extinct in a certain time interval. This is a measure of taxonomic loss, but previous work has indicated that taxonomic loss may be decoupled from the ecological effects of an extinction. To understand the role extinction plays in ecological change, extinction should also be measured in terms of loss of functional diversity. This study tests whether ecological changes increase correspondingly with taxonomic changes during the Late Ordovician M4/M5 extinction, the Ordovicia

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Collins, Catherine J., Nicolas J. Rawlence, Stefan Prost, et al. "Extinction and recolonization of coastal megafauna following human arrival in New Zealand." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 281, no. 1786 (2014): 20140097. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2014.0097.

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Extinctions can dramatically reshape biological communities. As a case in point, ancient mass extinction events apparently facilitated dramatic new evolutionary radiations of surviving lineages. However, scientists have yet to fully understand the consequences of more recent biological upheaval, such as the megafaunal extinctions that occurred globally over the past 50 kyr. New Zealand was the world's last large landmass to be colonized by humans, and its exceptional archaeological record documents a vast number of vertebrate extinctions in the immediate aftermath of Polynesian arrival approxi

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Dai, Xu, and Haijun Song. "Toward an understanding of cosmopolitanism in deep time: a case study of ammonoids from the middle Permian to the Middle Triassic." Paleobiology 46, no. 4 (2020): 533–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/pab.2020.40.

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Abstract (sommario):

AbstractCosmopolitanism occurred recurrently during the geologic past, especially after mass extinctions, but the underlying mechanisms remain poorly known. Three theoretical models, not mutually exclusive, can lead to cosmopolitanism: (1) selective extinction in endemic taxa, (2) endemic taxa becoming cosmopolitan after the extinction and (3) an increase in the number of newly originated cosmopolitan taxa after extinction. We analyzed an updated occurrence dataset including 831 middle Permian to Middle Triassic ammonoid genera and used two network methods to distinguish major episodes of ammo

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39

GRASBY, STEPHEN E., BENOIT BEAUCHAMP, DAVID P. G. BOND, PAUL B. WIGNALL, and HAMED SANEI. "Mercury anomalies associated with three extinction events (Capitanian Crisis, Latest Permian Extinction and the Smithian/Spathian Extinction) in NW Pangea." Geological Magazine 153, no. 2 (2015): 285–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0016756815000436.

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Abstract (sommario):

AbstractStrata of Permian – Early Triassic age that include a record of three major extinction events (Capitanian Crisis, Latest Permian Extinction and the Smithian/Spathian Extinction) were examined at the Festningen section, Spitsbergen. Over thec. 12 Ma record examined, mercury in the sediments shows relatively constant background values of 0.005–0.010 μg g–1. However, there are notable spikes in Hg concentration over an order of magnitude above background associated with the three extinctions. The Hg/total organic carbon (TOC) ratio shows similar large spikes, indicating that they represen

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40

Janevski, G. Alex, and Tomasz K. Baumiller. "Evidence for extinction selectivity throughout the marine invertebrate fossil record." Paleobiology 35, no. 4 (2009): 553–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1666/0094-8373-35.4.553.

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Abstract (sommario):

The fossil record has been used to show that in some geologic intervals certain traits of taxa may increase their survivability, and therefore that the risk of extinction is not randomly distributed among taxa. It has also been suggested that traits that buffer against extinction in background times do not confer the same resistance during mass extinction events. An open question is whether at any time in geologic history extinction probabilities were randomly distributed among taxa. Here we use a method for detecting random extinction to demonstrate that during both background and mass extinc

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41

Reddin, Carl J., Ádám T. Kocsis, and Wolfgang Kiessling. "Climate change and the latitudinal selectivity of ancient marine extinctions." Paleobiology 45, no. 1 (2018): 70–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/pab.2018.34.

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Abstract (sommario):

AbstractGeologically rapid climate change is anticipated to increase extinction risk nonuniformly across the Earth's surface. Tropical species may be more vulnerable than temperate species to current climate warming because of high tropical climate velocities and reduced seawater oxygen levels. To test whether rapid warming indeed preferentially increased the extinction risk of tropical fossil taxa, we combine a robust statistical assessment of latitudinal extinction selectivity (LES) with the dominant views on climate change occurring at ancient extinction crises. Using a global data set of m

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42

Hansen, Thor A. "Early Tertiary radiation of marine molluscs and the long-term effects of the Cretaceous-Tertiary extinction." Paleobiology 14, no. 1 (1988): 37–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0094837300011787.

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Abstract (sommario):

The Cretaceous–Tertiary (K–T) extinction reduced the gamma diversity of molluscs on the U.S. Gulf Coast from over 500 species in the late Maastrichtian to a little over 100 species in the early Danian. Gamma (total) diversity increased in a series of steps that generally tracked temperature, to a high of around 400 species in the late Middle Eocene, at which time diversity declined in the Late Eocene–Oligocene extinctions. The molluscan radiation occurred in at least two distinct phases: 1) an Initial Radiation Phase in which certain families underwent unusually high speciation, apparently fil

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43

Sepkoski, J. John. "Some Implications of Mass Extinction for the Evolution of Complex Life." Symposium - International Astronomical Union 112 (1985): 223–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0074180900146558.

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Abstract (sommario):

Extinction has the destructive effect of eliminating established lineages from an evolutionary system and the constructive effect of vacating ecospace into which new lineages can evolve. Mass extinctions, which are times of unusually intense extinction, have been consistently followed by major radiations of new lineages. Extraterrestrial impacts associated with extinction events and a periodic recurrence of these events implicates an extraterrestrial forcing mechanism as the ultimate cause of mass extinction. This suggests that the extraplanetary environment has played an important, active rol

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44

Raup, David M. "Large-body impact: the least unlikely cause of pulsed extinction." Paleontological Society Special Publications 6 (1992): 240. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2475262200008005.

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Abstract (sommario):

In the past year, a strong consensus in the geological community has developed in favor of comet or asteroid impact as the ultimate cause of the K-T mass extinction, although many paleontologists remain doubtful. The discovery of tektites and craters with argon-argon ages matching the K-T boundary has finally removed the “smoking gun” problem. It is important, therefore, to evaluate large-body impact as a possible cause of other Phanerozoic extinctions, and to do so as carefully as possible before enthusiasm for the K-T success overwhelms objectivity in this research area.Approximately 60% of

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45

Finnegan, Seth, Jonathan L. Payne, and Steve C. Wang. "The Red Queen revisited: reevaluating the age selectivity of Phanerozoic marine genus extinctions." Paleobiology 34, no. 3 (2008): 318–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1666/07008.1.

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Abstract (sommario):

Extinction risk is inversely related to genus age (time since first appearance) in most intervals of the Phanerozoic marine fossil record, in apparent contradiction to the macroevolutionary Red Queen's Hypothesis, which posits that extinction risk is independent of taxon age. Age-dependent increases in the mean species richness and geographic range of genera have been invoked to reconcile this genus-level observation with the presumed prevalence of Red Queen dynamics at the species level. Here we test these explanations with data from the Paleobiology Database. Multiple logistic regression dem

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46

Schoene, Blair, Michael P. Eddy, Kyle M. Samperton, et al. "U-Pb constraints on pulsed eruption of the Deccan Traps across the end-Cretaceous mass extinction." Science 363, no. 6429 (2019): 862–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.aau2422.

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Abstract (sommario):

Temporal correlation between some continental flood basalt eruptions and mass extinctions has been proposed to indicate causality, with eruptive volatile release driving environmental degradation and extinction. We tested this model for the Deccan Traps flood basalt province, which, along with the Chicxulub bolide impact, is implicated in the Cretaceous-Paleogene (K-Pg) extinction approximately 66 million years ago. We estimated Deccan eruption rates with uranium-lead (U-Pb) zircon geochronology and resolved four high-volume eruptive periods. According to this model, maximum eruption rates occ

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47

Pires, Mathias M., Brian D. Rankin, Daniele Silvestro, and Tiago B. Quental. "Diversification dynamics of mammalian clades during the K–Pg mass extinction." Biology Letters 14, no. 9 (2018): 20180458. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2018.0458.

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Abstract (sommario):

The Cretaceous/Palaeogene (K–Pg) episode is an iconic mass extinction, in which the diversity of numerous clades abruptly declined. However, the responses of individual clades to mass extinctions may be more idiosyncratic than previously understood. Here, we examine the diversification dynamics of the three major mammalian clades in North America across the K–Pg. Our results show that these clades responded in dramatically contrasting ways to the K–Pg event. Metatherians underwent a sudden rise in extinction rates shortly after the K–Pg, whereas declining origination rates first halted diversi

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48

Boyajian, George E. "Taxon age and selectivity of extinction." Paleobiology 17, no. 1 (1991): 49–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0094837300010344.

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Abstract (sommario):

Taxon-age distributions were compiled for families of marine animals surviving or becoming extinct in each stage of the Phanerozoic. I demonstrate, through the use of a modified bootstrap analysis, that there is no difference between the longevity of families becoming extinct during times of background extinction and times of mass extinction. In both mass and background extinction intervals the mean age of families that become extinct is 2 standard deviations below the geometric mean taxon age of families available for extinction. Young families are more susceptible to extinction, perhaps as t

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49

Lombardi, Marco. "Optimal extinction measurements." Astronomy & Astrophysics 615 (July 2018): A174. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201832769.

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Abstract (sommario):

In this paper we present XNICER, an optimized multi-band extinction technique based on the extreme deconvolution of the intrinsic colors of objects observed through a molecular cloud. XNICER follows a rigorous statistical approach and provides the full Bayesian inference of the extinction for each observed object. Photometric errors in both the training control field and in the science field are properly taken into account. XNICER improves over the known extinction methods and is computationally fast enough to be used on large datasets of objects. Our tests and simulations show that this metho

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50

Sclafani, Judith A., Curtis R. Congreve, Andrew Z. Krug, and Mark E. Patzkowsky. "Effects of mass extinction and recovery dynamics on long-term evolutionary trends: a morphological study of Strophomenida (Brachiopoda) across the Late Ordovician mass extinction." Paleobiology 44, no. 4 (2018): 603–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/pab.2018.24.

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Abstract (sommario):

AbstractMass extinctions affect the history of life by decimating existing diversity and ecological structure and creating new evolutionary and ecological pathways. Both the loss of diversity during these events and the rebound in diversity following extinction had a profound effect on Phanerozoic evolutionary trends. Phylogenetic trees can be used to robustly assess the evolutionary implications of extinction and origination.We examine both extinction and origination during the Late Ordovician mass extinction. This mass extinction was the second largest in terms of taxonomic loss but did not

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