Tesi: "Export Processing Zones"

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Baldissera, Marco <1988&gt. "EPZs: Export Processing Zones or Exploiting People Zones?" Master's Degree Thesis, Università Ca' Foscari Venezia, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10579/3724.

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Il lavoro nobilita l'uomo, sostiene la saggezza popolare. Ma è sempre così? Questa tesi vuole gettare luce su un fenomeno tanto diffuso a livello globale quanto - deliberatamente - ignorato: le cosidette Zone Industriali di Esportazione.

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Karaerua, Gerson Uaeta. "Namibian Export Processing Zones (EPZ) : success or myth?" Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/6431.

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Thesis (MBA (Business Management))--Stellenbosch University, 2008.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: In the quest to attract foreign investments which is seen as one way of alleviating poverty by creating employment opportunities and earning foreign currency many countries have implemented the EPZ regime. Though the concept remains the same throughout the world, it has adopted different names depending on the country. In Mexico the EPZ's are called the "Maquiladoras" and in Bulgaria EPZ's are called Free Trade Zones. No matter the differences in names the concept is principally the same: EPZ is an enclave which operates outside the normal economic framework of the country. At independence Namibia faced a high unemployment rate and poverty. In 1995 the Namibian government passed the EPZ Act in order to pave the way for the development of EPZ industrial parks. The need for passing the EPZ Act was necessitated by the acute unemployment rate which the country faced at the time, which had the potential to threaten the political stability the country enjoyed. Thus, amongst other policy instruments, the EPZ Act was passed with the principle objective of attracting the much needed foreign investments which would result in creation of the needed employment opportunities. The government set a very ambitious target for the EPZ regime; it was expected that by 1999 the EPZ regime would have created about 25 000 job opportunities. Thus, the anticipated number of job opportunities was quite frequently used as a justification for the massive investments provided for the development of infrastructures in the EPZ industrial parks and hefty subsidies which were extended to some EPZ companies. It is important to note that unlike other countries who adopted the location-based EPZ model, Namibia has adopted a flexible EPZ model implying that a company which acquires the EPZ status is free to locate or set-up its facility anywhere in the country. In 2003 a Malaysian textile company called Ramatex closed its operations in South Africa and relocated to Namibia. In terms of employment creation the EPZ reached its peak in 2004 when about 10 057 persons / individuals were actively employed in the EPZ companies. Ramatex accounted for about 80% of the total of 10 057 EPZ jobs. Since 2004 the number of jobs in the Namibian EPZ regime started to decline at an alarming rate; at the end of 2007 there were only 5 248 people employed by the EPZ companies. Many times Ramatex threatened to close its operations, citing decline in the demand of its products and low productivity, but after some closed-door negotiations the government initially managed to convince it to continue its operation. Regrettably the success of the Namibian government to convince Ramatex to continue with its operation in Namibia was short-lived, when in the first quarter of 2008; the inevitable closure of Ramatex became a reality. The closure of Ramatex has resulted in the retrenchment of about 3 000 people. The overall performance of the Namibian EPZ regime leaves a lot to be desired. The Namibian EPZ regime so far failed to attract enough investments to create the anticipated job opportunities and to increase the export of manufactured goods. On a positive note, EPZ regime compelled the authority to invest in infrastructures which it might otherwise not have invested in.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: In die soeke na 'n wyse om buitelandse beleggings te trek as een van die maniere om armoede te verlig deur die skepping van werksgeleenthede en die verkryging van buitelandse valuta, het baie lande die EPZ-regime geimplementeer. Hoewel die konsep dwarsdeur die wereld dieselfde bly, het dit verskillende name in verskillende lande. In Meksiko word dit die UMaquiladoras' genoem en in Bulgarye is dit Vryehandelsones. Ongeag wat dit genoem word , bly die konsep in wese dieselfde: EPZ is 'n enklave wat buite die normale ekonomiese raamwerk van die land opereer. Toe Namibia onafhanklik geword het, het die land gebuk gegaan onder 'n hoe werkloosheidskoers en armoede. In 1995 het die Namibiese regering die Wet op EPZ uitgevaardig om ruimte te skep vir die ontwikkeling van EPZ-nywerheidsparke. Die akute werkloosheidskoers van die land op daardie tydstip het dit noodsaaklik gemaak dat hierdie wet uitgevaardig word, aangesien die werkloosheid potensieel die politieke stabiliteit in die land kon bedreig. As deel van ander politieke instrumente is die Wet op EPZ dus uitgevaardig, met as hoofdoelwit die 10k van broodnodige buitelandse beleggings wat sou lei tot die skepping van die ewe nodige werksgeleenthede. Die regering het 'n baie ambisieuse doelwit vir die EPZregime gestel; dit sou na verwagting teen 1999 nagenoeg 25 000 werksgeleenthede skep. Die verwagte getal werksgeleenthede is dus dikwels gebruik as regverdiging vir die massiewe beleggings wat voorsien is vir die ontwikkeling van die infrastrukture in die EPZ nywerheidsparke asook die groot subsidies toegestaan aan sommige EPZ-maatskappye. Dit is belangrik om daarop te let dat, anders as ander lande waar die EPZ-model plekgebonde was, Namibia 'n buigsame EPZ-model aanvaar het. Dit het geimpliseer dat 'n maatskappy wat EPZ-status verwerf het, sy fasiliteit enige plek in die land kon vestig. 'n Maleisiese tekstielmaatskappy met die naam Ramatex het in 2003 sy bedryf in Suid Afrika toegemaak en na Namibie verhuis. Sover dit die skepping van werksgeleenthede aangaan, het die EPZ in Namibie in 2004 sy hoogtepunt bereik, toe ongeveer 10 057 persone / individue aktief in diens van die EPZ-maatskappye was. Ramatex het ongeveer 80% van die totale 10057 EPZ-werksgeleenthede voorsien. Sedert 2004 het die getal werksgeleenthede in die Namibiese EPZ-regime teen 'n ontstellende koers afgeneem, sodat daar teen die einde van 2007 net 5248 mense in diens van die EPZ-maatskappye was. Ramatex het by verskeie geleenthede gedreig om sy bedrywighede te sluit weens die afname in die vraag na sy produkte en lae produktiwiteit, maar na onderhandelinge agter geslote deure het die regering aanvanklik daarin geslaag om Ramatex te oortuig om voort te gaan. Hierdie sukses van die Namibiese regering was ongelukkig van korte duur, aangesien die onafwendbare sluiting van Ramatex in die eerste kwartaal van 2008 werklikheid geword het. Die gevolg was die afdanking van ongeveer 3 000 mense. Die oorkoepelende prestasie van die Namibiese EPZ-regime is ver van bevredigend. Hierdie regime het tot nou toe nie daarin geslaag om genoeg beleggings te lok om die verwagte werksgeleenthede te skep en die uitvoer van vervaardigde produkte te verhoog nie. Aan die positiewe kant het die EPZ-regime die owerheid gedwing om te bele in infrastrukture waarin hulle andersins nie sou bele het nie.

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3

Virgill, Nicola. "Export processing zones tools of development or reform delay? /". Fairfax, VA : George Mason University, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1920/4509.

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Thesis (Ph.D.)--George Mason University, 2009.
Vita: p. 205. Thesis director: Zoltan J. Acs. Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Public Policy. Title from PDF t.p. (viewed June 10, 2009). Includes bibliographical references (p. 191-204). Also issued in print.

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Nilsson, Erika, e Nicklas Lagerberg. "Exportledd utvecklingsstrategi : en studie av ”Export Processing Zones” i Mexico". Thesis, Uppsala University, Department of Economics, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-8063.

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I denna uppsats undersöker vi Export Processing Zones (EPZ) roll i ett lands ekonomiska utveckling, exemplifierat med Mexico. Fokus för uppsatsen är centrerat kring de bakåtriktade länkeffekter som förväntas uppstå som en effekt av ett EPZ-program. Fenomenet längs den mexikansk-amerikanska gränsen kan sägas ha flera orsaker, men grundas i tillgången på billig arbetskraft samt närhet till världens enskilt största konsumentmarknad. Uppsatsen visar på ett minskat FDI-inflöde, ökad sysselsättning, begränsad teknologiöverföring samt mest jobbspecifik kunskapsöverföring. Eftersom få lokala eller inhemska underleverantörer kontrakteras av EPZ-företagen minimeras länkbildningen. De flesta ekonomiska vinster av zonen noteras i form av fler arbetstillfällen. Resultaten visar att även fast Mexico förlorat sina komparativa fördelar inom arbetsintensiv tillverkning i jämförelse med andra länder har man inte lyckats få ett motsvarande skift mot en mer kapitalintensiv produktion. Detta kan till stor del sägas bero på hur staten har hanterat zonen, bland annat med avseende på utländskt ägande.

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Kiria, Joseph Simon. "Export processing zones (EPZs) in Tanzania : impact and influencing factors". Thesis, University of Hull, 2017. http://hydra.hull.ac.uk/resources/hull:16446.

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This thesis is an attempt to understand the impact of, and factors influencing the outcomes of EPZs in a latecomer context, using Tanzania as a case study. Also, it aims to understand why governments in developing context preserve tax incentives. The analysis in this study works within the context of neoliberal theoretical thinking, and employs multiple research methods, in which, multiple sources of data namely document analysis, questionnaire, semi-structured interviews and direct observation are used. The study first examines the factors which might have hindered Tanzanian EPZ initiative from replicating East Asian success. The results demonstrate that the failure is associated to country’s political and institutional factors relevant in determining strategic planning and implementation of a successful EPZ. The factors include inadequate knowledge about crucial aspects of EPZ development and management, vested interests and conflicting interests between bureaucracies, use of EPZ as a tool for corruption and rent seeking, prevalent anti-FDI sentiment, and adoption of single factory scheme. The second part explores the impact of governance on investors’ decisions to locate in an EPZ. The results demonstrate that a relationship exists between level of governance in host country and the flow of FDI in EPZs. The results support the perception that poor governance deters FDI inflows. The last part of the study examines why the use of tax incentives in the Tanzanian EPZ program has remained politically popular and whether there is a rent seeking motive in its application. It also explores whether investors’ location decisions would change if no tax holidays were offered in EPZs. The findings demonstrate that tax incentives have often been motivated by political rather than economic considerations, resulting into rent seeking behaviour. The findings revealed presence of too much political influence of vested interests in the design and implementation of tax incentives policy. The results also demonstrate that absence of tax holidays in EPZs would not result in to disincentive to invest.

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Kanjungu, Donald. "Export processing zones in Zambia : what lessons can be learnt?" Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/8577.

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Thesis (MBA)--University of Stellenbosch, 2010.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The Export Processing Zone (EPZ) regime is not new across the world. The first known form was established in the 13th century in modern day Spain. However, the growth of EPZs only became prominent after the First World War, as first world countries were trying to rebuild their economies through export-oriented manufacturing. By the turn of the century, more than two thirds of the countries in the world had embraced the EPZ regime with more than 3,000 zones established, employing more than 43 million people. China contributed a big number to this as it pushed through its Special Economic Zone (SEZ) regime to experiment with market-driven reforms. EPZs have made a significant contribution towards the growth of countries that have fully embraced the EPZ regime. The majority of these countries are in Asia, the Caribbean and South America. In Africa, Mauritius and Madagascar have benefited from the establishment of zones. On the other hand, other countries have failed to realize benefits from their zones such as Senegal. Zambia was slow to develop policy related to establishment of EPZ. The first attempt to establish EPZ legislature was only made in 2001. However, nothing happened on the ground until 2007, due mostly to concerns around revenue benefits from zones. Since then, two zones have been set up, construction of another is about to start and three more are planned. Despite this ambitious drive, there are still concerns around the realization of benefits from zones compared to the foregone tax, as well as costs associated with establishing infrastructure to support the zones. Other concerns related to the working conditions and wages of people employed by zone enterprises This study explores further such concerns. It is noted in this study that the policy framework for attracting investment in zones is adequate and addresses all concerns. However, the level of infrastructure development is not adequate to support the EPZ regime. The domestic business environment is not well developed to support and benefit from the EPZ regime. Considering its past economic performance, the country has no choice but to embrace the EPZ regime, as a means to develop growth in exports.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die vryhandelsgebiedkonsep is by verre nie nuut in die ekonomiese wêreld nie. Die eerste van hierdie tipe markstelsels dateer terug van sover as 13de eeuse Spanje. Dit is egter interessant dat die vryhandelsgebiedmodel eers na die beëindiging van die eerste wêreldoorlog pertinent posgevat het. Die konsep was in hierdie tyd veral vir eerste wêreld lande van groot waarde. Hulle kon toesien dat hul ekonomieë deur uitvoergedrewe vervaardiging in ere herstel word. Dit is ook verder werd om te weet dat teen die draai van die eeu, meer as twee derdes van die wêreld in meer as 3000 vryhandelsooreenkomste belang gehad het. Dit het direk of indirek daartoe bygedra dat meer as 43 miljoen mense op een of ander wyse by die arbeidsmark betrek is. China het 'n groot rol gespeel deur sy “Spesiale” vryhandelsgebiede waarmee hy markgedrewe hervorming kon toets. Vryhandelsgebiede het daadwerklik 'n groot invloed gehad op die groei van ekonomieë van lande wat volwaardig by die konsep ingekoop het. Die oorgrootte meerderheid van die lande is afkomstig uit Asië, die Karibiese Eilande en Suid Amerika. Uit Afrika was dit onder andere Mauritius en Madagaskar wat die meeste voordeel hieruit geput het. Andersyds het lande soos Senegal klaarblyklik geen voordeel uit sy vryhandelsgebiede gekry nie. Zambië was veral stadig om beleid neer te lê rondom die vestiging van 'n eie vryhandelsgebied(e). Sy eerste poging om amptelike wetgewing in die verband neer te lê was in 2001. Daar het egter niks konkreet hieruit voortgevloei voor 2007 nie. Die land was veral besorg oor inkomstevoordele tussen die voorgestelde gebiede. Sedertdien is twee gebiede reeds gevestig, 'n derde in wording en 'n verdere drie in die beplanningsfase. Ten spyte van die nuutgevonde dryfkrag is daar steeds twyfel oor die voordeel tussen die handelsgebiede, opgeweeg teen die uitgemaakte belasting en kostes wat met die daarstelling van die nodige infrastruktuur gepaard gaan. Daar is ook kommer oor die werksomstandighede en besoldiging van mense wat deur Vryhandelsondernemings in diens geneem word. Die doel van hierdie studie is om verdere kwelpunte te identifiseer en dan te analiseer. Daar word in die studie bevestig dat die beleidsraamwerk, wat daarop gemik is om belegging aantreklik te maak, voldoende is. Die infrastruktuur is egter nie huidiglik voldoende om die Vryhandelsgebiede te ondersteun nie. Die plaaslike besigheidsspeelveld is ook nie goed ontwikkel nie en kan derhalwe nie dié besigheidsmodel ondersteun en voordeel daaruit put nie. Gegewe sy ekonomiese prestasies van die verlede kan Zambië nie anders as om die Vryhandelsgebiedkonsep aan te hang, om sodoende daadwerklike groei in sy uitvoermark te bewerkstellig nie.

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Gondwe, Kasonde Lwao. "The effectiveness of export processing zones : the case of Zambia". Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/95566.

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Thesis (MDF)--Stellenbosch University, 2012.
Export processing zones (EPZs) are policy instruments that are aimed at achieving the goal of economic development through boosting the manufacturing industry in a bid to increase and promote export. This is achieved by setting up or designating various areas or warehouses as free zones in which an environment that is friendly to manufacturing for exports, is established. Incentives such as tax exemptions for the import of required raw materials are given in these zones. EPZs are also known by other names but the most commonly used are free trade zones, industrial free zones, maquiladoras, export free zones, duty-free export processing zones, free zones and privileged zones, to mention a few. Similar to many other developing countries in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), Zambia has a bias towards export orientation as a tool of economic development. This culminated in the formulation of EPZ legislation in 2001. The EPZ act was similar to EPZ legislation in various other countries and provided for the development of an industrial park in which manufacturing for export purposes would take place for both the public and the private sector. After awarding a few companies EPZ status, the government abandoned the act and embarked on more research, resulting in the development of the multi-facility economic zone (MFEZ) in 2007. Recognition of the role of non-traditional exports (NTEs) in increasing export earnings has been important in the justification for EPZ’s development in the country. There has been a drive to attract investment into this sector by means of export-promoting policies. However, and notwithstanding the fact that numerous cost benefit studies have been undertaken to determine actual benefits of zone erection, Zambia has not yet undertaken a comprehensive synopsis of the country’s specific policies which would need to be established in order for the zone to be successful.

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Buri, Elena <1996&gt. "Post-colonial double jeopardy: female workers in Export Processing Zones". Master's Degree Thesis, Università Ca' Foscari Venezia, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10579/19712.

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Il presente elaborato si pone l’obiettivo di evidenziare alcune dinamiche intrinsecamente di genere che la diffusione del modello di sviluppo neoliberale su scala globale presenta. Tale tema verrà sviluppato tramite una problematizzazione del fenomeno della femminilizzazione della forza lavoro entro le Export Processing Zones (EPZs), ossia una tipologia particolare di distretto industriale le cui produzioni sono orientate al mercato globale. Sulla base dell'esplorazione delle condizioni di lavoro per le donne nelle EPZs, l’elaborato discute criticamente l'intersezione delle donne con l'economia globale; cercando inoltre di collocare il dibattito sull'emancipazione femminile con la dovuta attenzione alle categorie di geografia, sesso e classe. Il quadro teorico sulla base del quale esperienze femminili saranno interpretate è fornito dal femminismo marxista, dal femminismo post-coloniale e dal Capability Approach di Amartya Sen. Sebbene una maggiore integrazione nell’economia formale dia l’impressione di emancipazione, questo non vale per tutte le donne e per tutti i tipi di impiego. L’elaborato porta ad osservare che le EPZs rappresentano un esempio di come i bisogni di accumulazione di capitale si sono intersecati a ideologie patriarcali presenti su più livelli, dal locale all’internazionale, creando opportunità e contesti per sfruttare le donne ed esacerbare la discriminazione di genere.

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9

Brand, Daleen. "An evaluative analysis of industrial development zones and export processing zones with reference to the Coega Industrial Development Zone". Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/52668.

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Thesis ((MS en S)--Stellenbosch University, 2002.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: South Africa is experiencing similar problems as those occurring in other developing countries. Such problems include: large scale poverty; unequal regional development; inefficient policies; fragmented transport systems. The list goes on. This is largely due to apartheid policiesthat were implemented. After 1994 a series of new policies and programmes was implemented. Their aim was to eradicate apartheid planning; to provide equal and fair development for everyone and to stimulate and boost the economy. The Reconstruction and Development Programme (RDP) was the first policy of its kind, followed by the Growth, Employment and Redistribution programme (GEAR). The aim of these two policies was to stimulate the economy, especially in areas where there is a need for an economic boost. This ultimately led to programmes such as the Spatial Development Initiative (SDI); Local Economic Development and Export Processing Zones or as they are better known in South Africa, Industrial Development Zones. Programmes or initiative such as these were aimed at boosting the economy, providing employment and utilising resources in a region. This is the shift that has taken place in development planning, from traditional regional policies towards incentive driven policiesthat try to attract investment into under-developed regions. Programmessuch as Industrial Development Zones however have a long history, not all of it positive. These zones have been known as sweatshops and that they use child labour. The largest problem of these zones is that labour legislation is almost non-existent. In 2001 South Africa declared Coega the first Industrial Development Zone in the country. The zone will link to the Spatial Development Initiative programme that was implemented in 1996. An uproar followed when labour organisations such as COSATUlearned that the government is going to use Industrial Development Zones, which are similar to Export ProcessingZones, to stimulate the economy and to solve the problem of unemployment in specific areas of the country. However the labour legislation of South Africa will be applied in the Industrial Development Zones. That just leaves the problem of efficiency and effectiveness. Will these zones really address and solve the employment problems in South Africa? Zones such as those in Mauritius have been a success, but there are cases where the zones did not create employment and more money was spend on putting in the infrastructure and services in the zones, than was made in the zone. Time will be the judge in the case of Coega Industrial Development Zone.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Suid-Afrika ondervind basies dieselfde probleme as wat ander onderontwikkelde lande ondervind. Die probleme sluit in: grootskaalse armoede; ongelyke streekontwikkeling; ondoeltreffende beleide. Die probleem spruit grootliks uit die apartheidsbeleide. Na 1994 is daar egter 'n reeks van nuwe beleide en programme geïmplementeer. Die beleide moes apartheidsbeplanning uitwis; moes gelyke ontwikkeling aan almal voorsien en die ekonomie stimuleer. Die Heropbou- en Ontwikkelingsprogram was een van die eerste beleide, en is gevolg deur die "Growth, Employment and Redistribution" program. Die twee beleide se doel was om die ekonomie te stimuleer, veral in gebiede waar daar 'n behoefte aan ekonomiese groei is. Dit het dan ook gelei tot programme soos "Spatial Development Initiatives", "Local Economic Development" and "Export Processing Zones" of soos wat dit in Suid-Afrika bekend staan "Industrial Development Zones". Programme of inisiatiewe soos die se doel is om die ekonomie van 'n streek te versterk, om werksgeleenthede te skep en om gebruik te maak van die hulpbronne in die spesifieke streek. Die programme het 'n groot verandering in ontwikkelingsbeplanning meegebring, vanaf tradisionele streekbeleide tot inisiatief-gedrewe beleide wat poog om beleggings in onderontwikkelde streke te versterk. Programme soos "Industrial Development Zones" het 'n lang geskiedenis, en nie almal is posititief nie. Hierdie sones het 'n algemene naam van "sweatshops" gekry waar kinderarbeid gebruik word. Die grootste probleem van hierdie sones is dat arbeidwetgewing gewoonlik nie toegepas word binne die sones nie. In 2001 is Coega as die eerste "Industrial Development Zone" verklaar in Suid Afrika. Die sone is verbind tot die "Spatial Development Initiative" programme wat geïmplementeerd is in 1996. Dit is egter sterk deur die arbeidsorganisasie COSATU veroordeel, toe hulle hoor dat die regering nou "Industrial Development Zones", wat basies dieselfde is as "Export Processing Zones", gaan gebruik om die ekonomie te stimuleer en die hoë werkloosheid in die land te verminder. Maar, in hierdie sones sal arbeid wetgewing toegepas word. Dit los net die probleem van effektiwiteit en doeltreffendheid. Gaan hierdie sones die werkloosheids probleem van Suid Afrika oplos? Sones soos in Mauritius was suksesvol, maar daar is egter talle ander wat nie werkgeleenthed geskep het nie en die uitgawes wat gemaak is om infrastruktuur en dienste in die sones te voorsien is veel hoër as die profyt wat gemaak is op die einde. Tyd sal leer in die Coega "Industrial Development Zone'.

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Mathews, Dale Thomas. "Export processing zones in the Dominican Republic : their nature and trajectory". Thesis, University of Sussex, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.239611.

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11

Matthysen, Carlo. "A comparison of export processing zones and industrial development zones in Africa : key factors for success". Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/50555.

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Thesis (MBA)--Stellenbosch University, 2006.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: 'Our industrial development zones have not performed as we have expected - we need to revisit the incentives that we give in these zones', says the deputy president of South Africa, Phumzile Mlambo-Ngcuka (Business Report, 2005: http://www.ecdc.co.za/media/article.asp?pageid=929). This statement raises 2 important questions. Firstly, how was the deputy president able to conclude that these zones have underperformed and secondly, which incentives must South Africa offer potential investors to turn around the fortunes of their programme? To determine how performance can be measured, two investigations were consulted to come up with a list of ten criteria against which export processing zones can be measured to determine whether they have performed successfully or not. As experts are of the opinion that industrial development zones run along similar lines to export processing zones, these criteria could very easily be applied to measuring the success of the former as well. The list includes: • Location • A politically and socially stable host country • High business confidence • Adequate infrastructure • Incentives on offer and administrative set-up • Employment creation • Backward linkages and technology transfer • Foreign exchange eamings • The availability of a competitive labour force • Market accessibility By assessing the zones in Mauritius and Namibia in terms of these criteria, it becomes clear why Schulze (1999: 182) states that Mauritius has become the shining star on the horizon of successful export processing zones and why Tabby Moyo (1999: 1), deputy news editor at The Namibian, is of the opinion that Namibia has so far achieved dismal results. The South African industrial development zone programme was started in the late 1990's and the zones - which are located at Coega, East London, Richards Bay and the Johannesburg International airport - have been in operation for too short a period to allow accurate conclusions to be made about their performance in terms of the ten criteria listed above. However, since their inception, these zones have attrac1ed less than R3.5-billion in planned investments despite the government spending more than R4-billion on infrastructure (www.eedc.co.zalmedia/article.asp?pageid=929). To make these investment-starved zones more attractive to foreign investors, the South African government and the National Treasury, in particular, will have to offer potential investors a much more comprehensive incentive package. They need to: • Review the tax incentives they offer; • Maintain the country's general business; • Make the country's labour laws more flexible; • Increase the literacy rate of the labour force; • Lower the cost of transport, energy and telecoms; • Articulate a vision, build consensus around It and move to action this vision. South Africa needs a world class industrial development zone programme as Schulze (1999: 170) sums it up nicely when he says that free trade zones can indeed contribute to domestic economic growth which will thereby help to alleviate the country's dramatic unemployment rate in addition to enhancing foreign commerce, generating additional foreign exchange and attracting foreign investment. Improvements that South Africa can greatly benefit from.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: 'Our industrial development zones have not performed as we have expected - we need to revisit the incentives that we give in these zones', verklaar die adjunkpresident van Suid-Afrika, Phumzile Mlambo-Ngcuka (Business Report, 2005: hltp:/lwww.ecdc.co.za/media/article.asp?pageid=929). Hierdie stelling wek twee belangrike vrae. Eerstens, hoe was dit vir die adjunk-president moontlik om tot die slotsom te kom dat hierdie sones onderpresteer en tweedens, watter tipe aanmoedigingsmaatreels moet Suid Afrika aan potensiele beleggers bied om 'n ommekeer in die voorspoed van die programme te bewerkstellig? Twee ondersoeke is geraadpleeg ten einde vas te stel hoe prestasie gemeet kan word. Hieruit is 'n Iys van tien kriteria bepaal waarteen uitvoerproseseringssones gemeet kan word om vas te stel of hulle suksesvol presteer of nie. Aangesien deskundiges van mening is dat nywerheidsontwikkelingssones op soortgelyke basis as die van uitvoerproseseringssones funksioneer, kan hierdie kriteria ewe maklik toegepas word om die sukses van die eersgenoemde te bepaal. Die Iys sluit die volgende in: • Ligging; • 'n Politieke en sosiaal standvastige gasheerland; • Hoe handelsvertroue; • 'n Bevredigende infrastruktuur; • Die aanbieding van aanmoedigingsmaatreels en 'n administratiewe opset; • Werkskepping; • Terugskakeling en tegnologiese oordrag; • Buitelandse valuta inkomste; • Die beskikbaarheid van 'n kompeterende werksmag; • Toegang tot die mark. Deur die sones in Mauritius en Namibia te evalueer na aanleiding van hierdie kriteria, word dit duidelik waarom Schulze (1999:182) verklaar dat Mauritius die skynende ster op die horison geword het van suksesvolle uitvoerproseseringssones en waarom Tabby Moyo (1999:1), adjunk-redakteur vir The Namibian, van mening is dat Namibia tot dusver uiters swak resultate behaal het. Die Suid Afrikaanse nyweheidsontwikkelingssone program het in die laat 1990's begin en die sones - Coega, Oos Londen, Richardsbaai en die Johannesburgse Internasionale Lughawe - is nog vir te kort 'n periode in werking om 'n akkurate gevolgtrekking te maak van hulle prestasie in terme van die voorafgenoemde tien kriteria. Nogtans, sedert hul begin, het hierdie sones minder as R3.5b in beplande investering gelok ten spyte daarvan dat die regering meer as R4b op infrastruktuur spandeer het (www.eedc.co.za/media/article.asp?pageid=929). Om hierdie beleggingshonger sones meer aanloklik te maak vir buitelandse beleggers, sal veral die Suid Afrikaanse Regering en die Nasionale Tesourie 'n meer omvattende aanmoedigingspakket aan potensiele beleggers moet bied. Hulle sal die volgende moet doen: • Die belastingsaanmoedigings wat hulle tans bied, te hersien; • Die land se algemene sakebedryf te ondersteun; • Arbiedswetgewing meer buigbaar maak; • Die geletterdheid onder die ambagsmag te verhoog; • Vervoer-, energie- en telekommunikasie koste te verlaag; • 'n Visie artikuleer, konsensus daar random bou en hierdie visie tot aksie te transformeer. Suid Afrika benodig 'n wereld-gehalte industriele ontwikkelingssone-program soos wat Schulze (1999:170) goed opsom wanneer hy sê dat vrye handelsones inderdaad kan bydra tot binnelandse ekonomies groei wat kan help om die land se dramatiese werkloosheid syfer te verlaag asook om buitelandse handel te bevorder. Hierdeur kan addisionele buitelandse valuta gegenereer word en buitelandse beleggings gelok word. Suid-Afrika kan baie baat vind by hierdie verbeterings.

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12

Hunt, Robin. "A comparison between export processing zones and industrial development zones with special reference to Walvis Bay and Coega". Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/50240.

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Abstract (sommario):

Theses (MBA)--Stellenbosch University, 2005.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: In order to survive in a global economy, developing nations can no longer rely on their own resources if they wish to prosper, they require outside assistance. Various economic policies and strategies have been adopted over the years in order to encourage foreign capital to contribute to the growth of developing nations. One of the most common of these is the concept of an export promotion zone. This is a dedicated area inside the host country where the host tries to lure foreign investors - usually by providing a range of financial and labour concessions. Namibia instituted an export promotion zone in the mid nineties in Walvis Bay but has met with limited success, as indeed have many of the other countries which have tried this approach. Namibia's immediate neighbour - South Africa - reviewed this and other economic zones with the intent of adopting a policy better suited to the needs of foreign capital. The result was the development of an industrial development zone in Coega outside Port Elizabeth. This study contrasts these two concepts in order to ascertain similarities and differences both in terms of their respective legislation and in terms of the World Association of Investment Promotion Agencies ten criteria for a successful investment environment. The conclusion was that these two policy frameworks are different more in name than in substance, with one crucial exception: South Africa has effectively waived most of the tax concessions generally found in this type of area. It is argued that if the South Africa concept does succeed it will probably be more a function of the country's relative economic size in Africa rather than because of policy differences. Beyond that there is little reason to believe that South Africa will meet with any more success than Namibia barring the acquisition of a major anchor tenant to draw other affiliate industries.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Ontwikkelende lande het buitelandse bystand nodig om in 'n wêreld ekonomie te bestaan omdat hulle nie meer op hulle eie reserwe bronne kan staat maak nie. Verskeie strategieë en ekonomiese beleidstoepassings is in die verlede aangewend om buitelandse beleggings te lok ten einde by te dra tot die groei van ontwikkelende nasies. 'n Algemene strategie is die daarstelling van 'n uitvoersone waardeur die land probeer om buitelandse beleggers te lok deur die daarstelling van 'n reeks finansiële- en arbeidstoegewings. Namibië het so 'n uitvoersone in die middel negentigs in Walvis Baai tot stand gebring, met min sukses. Verskeie ander lande het ook nie bevredigende resultate met hierdie metode gehad nie. Suid-Afrika, 'n direkte buurland van Namibië, het hierdie ekonomiese sone en soortgelyke implementerings ondersoek met die doel om die beleid aan te pas en te verbeter om sodoende meer buitelandse kapitaal te lok. Die resultaat was die ontwikkeling en totstandkoming van die industriële ontwikkelingsarea in Coega buite Port Elizabeth. In hierdie studie word die twee konsepte met mekaar vergelyk ten einde die ooreenkomste en verskille uit te lig, beide in terme van wetgewing asook in terme van die Wereld Assosiasie van Bellegingsbevorderings Agentskappe se tien kriterieë vir 'n suksesvolle beleggingsomgewing. Die gevolgtrekking was dat die twee beleidsraamwerke baie min verskil, met die uitsondering dat daar min of geen belasting toegewings gemaak word ten opsigte van implementering van hierdie sones in Suid-Afrika nie. Daar word aangevoer dat indien die Suid-Afrikaanse konsep suksesvol is, dit meer waarskyknlik die gevolg sal wees van die land se relatiewe ekonomiese stand in Afrika, as die gevolg van beleidstoepassing. Behalwe hierdie faktor is daar min rede om te glo dat Suid-Afrika meer suksesvol sal wees as Namibië, tensy 'n industrie gevestig kan word wat as hoeksteen van die ontwikkeling kan dien, wat om die beurt ander verwante industrieë kan lok en ontwikkel.

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13

Kavlak, Mehmet Emin. "Economic Impacts Of Free Zones In Turkey: A Questionnaire Study Conducted With Firms Operating In Turkish Free Zones Regarding The Perception Of The Firms On The Success Of Free Zones". Thesis, METU, 2012. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12614974/index.pdf.

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Abstract (sommario):

In Turkey, the trade regime has been liberalized to some extent after Resolutions of 24 January 1980, and Turkey started to implement export-led trade strategies. As a part of these policy instruments, the Free Zones Law was published in the Official Gazette in 1985. Following various amendments in the Law, objectives of free zones have been defined as &ldquo
promoting export-oriented investment and production, accelerating the entry of foreign investment and technology, directing enterprises to export and improving international trade&rdquo
. Within this context, the purpose of this study is to explore the economic impacts of free zones and analyze the free zone firms&rsquo
perceptions on the success of free zones by assessing to what extent the establishment objectives of the free zones in Turkey have been realized.

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14

Ferrufino, Carlos E. "Globalization and Urban Structure in Latin America: The Case of Export Processing Zones in El Salvador". Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/31953.

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Abstract (sommario):

This research explores the relationship between economic transformations, as part of the process of globalization of the economy in Latin America and the restructuring of urban space. The study reviews two main bodies of the literature. The first one, concerned with the economic evolution of the region in the last two decades especially the trend toward export promotion. The second is related to the changes in the urbanization process arising form globalization. Drawing from these sources, a new model for the Globalized Latin American City is introduced.

The empirical part of the research focuses on the Metropolitan Area of San Salvador (MASS), El Salvador, particularly in the relationship between the establishment of new Export Processing Zones (EPZs) and the emergence of new post suburban residential developments occurring nearby, thirty kilometers away from the city. A random sample household survey was conducted in two sites in order to get information about the processes of spatial movement of these populations and their hypothetical direct connection with the EPZs.

The results contrast with the theoretical assumptions of the model. There is no evidence of strong direct connections between the neighborhoods and the EPZs. However, there is significant evidence that these linkages occur at a regional level, since the corridors where export-oriented industries have tended to locate appear to be increasingly connected to the metropolitan dynamic, as suppliers of work force and potential areas for new development. Therefore, economic globalization appears to act as a catalyst of a new pattern of urbanization, with profound social, administrative, and environmental consequences.
Master of Urban and Regional Planning

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15

Emadi-Coffin, Barbara. "Towards a new theory of international organization : the multinational corporation, the state, and international regulation in the establishment of enterprise zones and export processing zones". Thesis, University of Sussex, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.320365.

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16

Ali, Md Akbar. "The impact of globalisation on workers' rights in export processing zones (EPZs) : the case of the trade union movement in Bangladesh". Thesis, University of Liverpool, 2011. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.569200.

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Abstract (sommario):

The research aimed to investigate the impact of globalisation on workers' rights in Export Processing Zones (EPZs) with reference to the trade union movement in Bangladesh. Trade unions were banned in Bangladesh's EPZs until 2004. Caught by international pressures such as the United States, the ILO and local grassroots mobilisation, the government of Bangladesh passed the 'EPZ Workers' Association and Industrial Relations Act 2004' in July. The Act permitted workers to form trade unions termed locally as "Sramik Sangha" in Bangladesh's EPZs. This research asks what role does "Sramik Sangha", as a trade union representing Bangladesh's EPZ workers; play in overcoming precarious employment conditions? Different types of participants, such as officials of the relevant state agencies, employers' associations, trade union federations, EPZ plant level union representatives, senior EPZ enterprise officials and workers, were involved in this research. These trade unions have helped to achieve some positive results in a number of key areas of workers' rights. For example the trade unions have been able to implement new minimum wage rates, sometimes as a result of labour disputes. However the disputes are in no way always successful and the trade unions are associated with various adversities, fears, risks, harassment and repression during the conflict stage. The research revealed that tight bureaucratic control of the state agents over the EPZ unions imposes some limitations on the independent democratic functions of the unions and presents particular challenges to their traditional organising model. The state agent Bangladesh Export Processing Zone Authority ( BEPZA) has the power to affect trade unions through cancellation of registration of a trade union on account of severe contravention of any of the provisions of the Act of 2004. Thus there is a call from workers and union leaders for complete waiving of bureaucratic control clauses from the "EPZ Workers' Association and Industrial relations Act 2004" and for recognition of full democratic power for the EPZ trade unions by the government. However, it seems a far reaching goal since employers do not normally want to see strong unions in their enterprise. The research reveals grounds for some optimism. Despite the enormous difficulties that still lie ahead, EPZ trade unions can transform into full democratic trade unions. The process of restructuring trade unions is by no means an easy job. The research concludes by arguing that advocacy from global economic, political, social and other supranational forces such as the International Labour Organisation, the World Trade Organisation, the Organisation of European Community Development, local NGOs and Trade Union Federations could be of vital importance. Future research work focusing upon global solidarity could also make a significant contribution to the field.

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17

Mare, Pieter Daniel. "Human resources managers' perceptions of training incentives as a motivation for companies to relocate to export processing zones in South Africa". Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/51791.

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Abstract (sommario):

Thesis (MBA)--Stellenbosch University, 2000.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The economic construct within South Africa has been in a state of flux during the last decade. The challenge of meeting the demands placed on this economy by the leading industrialised developed economies, whilst developing human capacity that would meet these demands, is of great importance. Developing human capacity through training is regarded as the key building block in this endeavour. Cost implications associated with training are considered a major stumbling block for many organisations where bottom line margins are under continuous threat. Traditionally, many institutions regarded training as an unnecessary evil and the tendency was to spend as little money as possible on this variable overhead. This short-sighted approach, operating within a political framework where the majority of the workers did not enjoy democratic institutions, compounded the training and skills dilemma facing South Africa. Since 1994 all South Africans have been afforded a new political dispensation. The newly elected government, in an attempt to redress past inadequacy, introduced various labour acts that would meet the development needs of that part of the population that was classified as previously disadvantaged. The Skills Development Act provides guidelines on training and development requirements within the various economic sectors, and is therefore of particular importance. This legislation, which implies that organisations spend a certain percentage of their payroll on training, places new financial demands and obligations on organisations, some of which cannot afford it. A positive alternative associated with training cost is the establishment of Export Processing Zones (EPZs). EPZs offer incentives to lure organisations into moving to a demarcated processing zone where relaxed labour practices are enjoyed, low taxes are paid and incentives for training their workforces are offered. In order to test the perception of employers regarding training incentives as a motivation to consider moving to EPZs, a questionnaire was sent to one hundred organisations. Quantitative and qualitative data was obtained by means of processing the responses to these questionnaires to establish the viability of and demand for the establishment of EPZs. Based on the findings of this study, it is recommended that the development of an EPZ should become a part of the strategic initiative of the South African Department of Trade and Industry whilst ensuring support from other key stakeholders such as the Department of Labour, workers' unions and industrialists.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die ekonomiese konstruk in Suid-Afrika was gedurende die afgelope dekade in 'n toestand van onsekerheid. Die uitdaging om aan die vereistes wat deur die toonaangewende ontwikkelde nywerheidsekonomieë afgedwing word te voldoen, terwyl die menslike kapasiteit terselfdertyd ontwikkel word om aan hierdie vereistes te voldoen, is uiters belangrik. Opleiding word beskou as 'n kern boublok in hierdie strewe om menslike kapasiteit te ontwikkel. Talle maatskappye beskou die koste implikasies wat met opleiding gepaard gaan as 'n reuse struikelblok. Baie instansies het opleiding in die verlede as 'n onnodige euwel beskou en daar was 'n neiging om so min as moontlik aan hierdie veranderlike oorhoofse koste te spandeer. Hierdie kortsigtige benadering het binne 'n politieke raamwerk fungeer waar die meerderheid werkers geen toegang tot demokratiese instellings gehad het nie. Dit het die opleidings- en vaardigheidsdilemma waarmee Suid-Afrika gekonfronteer word, vererger. Alle Suid-Afrikaners geniet egter sedert 1994 'n nuwe politieke bedeling. Ten einde te poog om vroeëre tekortkominge aan te spreek, het die nuut verkose regering verskeie arbeidswetgewings ingestel om aan die ontwikkelingsbehoeftes te voldoen van diegene wat geklassifiseer word as agtergeblewenes. Die Vaardigheidsontwikkelingswetgewing bied riglyne vir opleidings- en ontwikkelingsbehoeftes binne die verskeie ekonomiese sektore en is dus van besondere belang. Hierdie wetgewing bepaal dat 'n maatskappy 'n sekere persentasie van sy betaalrol moet spandeer aan opleiding. Dit plaas addisionele finansiële druk op maatskappye en sommige maatskappye kan dit net eenvoudig nie bekostig nie. Die daarstelling van 'n Uitvoer Verwerkingsone (UVS) is 'n positiewe alternatief wat met opleidingskoste geassosieer kan word. 'n UVS bied insentiewe aan maatskappye om hul te lok om na hierdie afgebakende gebied(e) te beweeg waar verslapte arbeidspraktyke geld, lae belastings betaal word en insentiewe aangebied word vir die opleiding van hul werkersmag. 'n Vraelys is aan een honderd maatskappye gestuur ten einde die persepsies van werkgewers ten opsigte van opleidingsintensiewe as motivering om na 'n UVS te beweeg te toets. Kwantitatiewe en kwalitatiewe data is bekom deur die verwerking van die antwoorde op die vraelys en daardeur die lewensvatbaarheid van en die behoefte aan die daarstelling van 'n UVS te bepaal. Gebaseer op die bevindinge van hierdie studie word daar aanbeveel dat die ontwikkeling van 'n UVS deel moet vorm van die strategiese inisiatief van die Suid-Afrikaanse Departement van Handel en Nywerheid terwyl die ondersteuning van ander sleutel belanghebbendes soos die Departement van Arbeid, werkersunies en nyweraars verseker word.

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18

Mwariri, Gladys Wanjiru. "The impact of international trade and investment policies on the labour rights of export processing zones' workers : the case of Kenya". Diss., University of Pretoria, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/5760.

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Abstract (sommario):

Investigates to what extent international trade and investment policies affect the labour rights of EPZ (Export Processing Zones) workers in Kenya. Audit the existing legal and policy framework for labour protection in Kenya and determines the extent to which the labour rights of EPZ workers in Kenya are protected. Also examines whether whether the EPZs are beneficial to Kenya and identify ways in which the labour rights of EPZ workers can be protected.
Thesis (LLM (Human Rights and Democratisation in Africa)) -- University of Pretoria, 2007.
A Dissertation submitted to the Faculty of Law University of Pretoria, in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree Masters of Law (LLM in Human Rights and Democratisation in Africa). Prepared under the supervision of Prof Hani Sayed of the American University in Cairo, Egypt.
http://www.chr.up.ac.za/
Centre for Human Rights
LLM

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19

Nankunda, Jackie. "The Impact of Trade and Investment Policies on the Labour Standards in the Mauritian and Namibian Export Processing Zones: Lessons for Rwanda". Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/4524.

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Abstract (sommario):

Export Processing Zones (EPZs) have become rather popular trade and investment policy instruments used by governments to promote trade and Foreign Direct Investment (FDI). The trend of establishing EPZs was started by the creation of the Shannon Free Zone in late 1950s in Ireland, a zone that now boosts over 100 international manufacturing companies. It was the success of this first zone that encouraged many countries to create their own EPZs in the hope that the incentives would encourage industrial development. The World Bank regards the increasing introduction of EPZs as a signal of a country's departure from import substitution towards an export-oriented economy.

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20

Chirwa, Watson Pajanji. "The regulation of subsidies and regional trade among developing countries in the multilateral trading system: the case of export processing zones in Malawi". Thesis, Rhodes University, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/62428.

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Abstract (sommario):

The paradigm shift engaged by countries in SADC and COMESA, such as Malawi, from the use of import substitution policies which were aimed at protecting their infant industries, to export led growth strategies, necessitated these developing countries to liberalise their economies. The liberalisation of these economies meant that, for them to attain development, they needed to trade more on the international market. However, with underdeveloped industries and a lack of local entrepreneurs who could provide export supplies to fill the void created by the liberalisation policies, developing countries had to look beyond their borders for investors. In pursuit of this objective, governments have been devising ways of attracting foreign direct investment which can stimulate export growth. One of the methods employed is the granting of investment incentives to would-be investors. Unlike developed countries who provide investment incentives in the form of financial incentives, developing countries grant fiscal incentives. These are incentives that reduce tax burdens of enterprises to induce them to invest in particular projects or sectors. One of the mediums of providing the incentives adopted by the developing countries is the use of EPZ schemes. EPZs provide incentives such as exemptions of direct and indirect taxes to companies that operate in the zones. However, being Members of the WTO and SADC and/or COMESA, these countries are bound by obligations regulating trade and investment as found in these Agreements. The expectation is that the fiscal incentives employed in the EPZs do not grant subsidies that are prohibited under the SCM Agreement and rules regulating subsidies in SADC and COMESA. In addition, even though the use of EPZs is not expressly proscribed under the SADC Protocol on Trade, it may be against the objectives of the Protocol - one of which is the pursuance of the inter-jurisdictional goal of cooperation in attainment of free trade among its members. Therefore, this study assesses whether the use of EPZs by some countries in the two RTAs (particularly Malawi) is in tandem with the subsidies regulation as found in the multilateral trading system and at regional level. It also assesses whether, if there is a breach of the same, it might be justified as part of the special and differential treatment accorded to developing countries by developed countries under the WTO. The study further assesses whether the use of EPZs might be against the spirit and objects of FTAs such as SADC.

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21

Falaise, Cynthia. "Les Zones franches d'exportation au carrefour entre les politiques d'exception et les cycles d'accumulation du capital". Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/32294.

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En érigeant un cadre théorique réunissant les concepts de fixation spatiale et d’état d’exception, la présente thèse vise à brosser un portrait des Zones franches d’exportation (ZF) à la lumière du cas salvadorien entre les années 1980 et 2000. L’objectif est de proposer des pistes de réflexion quant au caractère exceptionnel des ZF et leur insertion dans les cycles d’accumulation capitalistes. Sont ainsi abordés les discours légitimant la création des ZF et leur maintien, les moyens financiers, juridiques et logistiques déployés pour permettre leur construction, les relations de pouvoir exceptionnelles qui caractérisent les rapports intra et extra-ZF ainsi que les intérêts que les ZF servent. Cette thèse se veut donc une tentative de compréhension du processus général à l’oeuvre derrière les ZF, dans l’objectif de mieux cibler les possibilités de résistance. *** This thesis aims to analyse the emergence of export processing zones (EPZ) through a theoretical framework that combines the concepts of spatial fix and state of exception. Taking as an illustration the Salvadoran case in the 1980-2000 period, the objective is to suggest means for reflecting on the exceptional character of the EPZ and their insertion in cycles of capitalist accumulation. The thesis will also explore the discourses legitimizing the creation and the retention of EPZ, the logistical, juridical and financial means deployed to allow their construction, the exceptional power relations that characterize the intra and extra-EPZ relations and the interests served by EPZ. This thesis is thus an attempt to encompass the general process behind the EPZ, in order to identify the resistance possibilities.

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22

Heron, Tony. "Export processing zones and the regionalisation of the North American apparel production chain : a case study in the new political economy of the United States-Caribbean relations". Thesis, University of Sheffield, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.251472.

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23

Lindgren, Cortés Katarina. "The Obedient EPZ-Worker : A case study concerning female EPZ workers' barriers to empowerment in Sri Lanka". Thesis, Södertörns högskola, Institutionen för naturvetenskap, miljö och teknik, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:sh:diva-24229.

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Abstract (sommario):

This study analyzes and maps barriers preventing Sri Lankan female workers in Export Processing Zones (EPZs) from participating in awareness raising activities by NGOs. These barriers can furthermore be discussed as preventing them from an enhanced empowerment. The gathered data is mostly based on interviews conducted during a three-week long fieldtrip in Sri Lanka. By using both a literature analysis on the field of research together with group interviews with both female EPZ workers as well as with personnel from a women’s organization in Sri Lanka the study identifies five barriers hindering the women’s participation; time and distance; lack of motivation or interest; limited knowledge of the organization; someone opposing the choice; and fear of loosing the employment. The study derives the root-causes of the barriers to the current social norms and roles, which are internalized in the young women’s mind from their background as well as through the reproduction of them in their new environment, but also to EPZs as discouraging an improvement of the women’s situation.

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24

Protti, Alberto Teixeira 1976. "China : uma análise do papel das exportações e do investimento doméstico para o modelo de desenvolvimento econômico no período recente". [s.n.], 2015. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/286461.

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Orientador: Fernando Sarti
Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Economia
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Resumo: O principal objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a real contribuição das exportações e do investimento doméstico para o desenvolvimento econômico da China. Nossa análise mostrou que as exportações tiveram importância estratégica para a política econômica, especialmente ao evitar restrições ao crescimento por conta de déficits no balanço de pagamentos e ajudando a financiar o processo de industrialização. Além disso, seu impacto direto sobre o crescimento do PIB no período recente foi maior do que o normalmente encontrado em outros trabalhos sobre a economia chinesa. Entretanto, isso não significa que a China seja um exemplo de economia puxada pelas exportações devido a elevada contribuição dos componentes domésticos da demanda agregada para o crescimento, especialmente os investimentos públicos e privados sob coordenação do Estado
Abstract: The main aim of this work was to evaluate the real contribution of exports and domestic investment to economic development of China. We found that exports had strategic importance to economic policy, especially avoiding constraints on growth due to balance of payments deficits and financing the industrialization process. Besides that, its direct impact on GDP growth in recent years was higher than usually found in other studies of Chinese economy. However, that does not mean that China is a example of export-led economy because of high contribution of domestic components of aggregate demand to growth, especially public and private investment under state coordination
Doutorado
Teoria Economica
Doutor em Ciências Econômicas

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Vieira, Edmar Eduardo de Moura. "As zonas de processamento de exporta??o como instrumento de desenvolvimento e redu??o das desigualdades regionais". Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, 2013. http://repositorio.ufrn.br:8080/jspui/handle/123456789/13971.

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The existence of inequalities among the Brazilian regions is an indeed fact along the country s history. Before this reality the constitutional legislator inserted into the Federal Constitution of 1988, as a purpose of the Federative Republic of Brazil, the reduction of regional inequalities. The development has also been included as a purpose from the State, because there is an straight relation with the reduction of regional inequalities. In both situations is searched the improvement of people s living conditions. . In pursuit of this achievement, the State must implement public policy, and, for this to happen, it needs the ingress of income inside of the public coffers and support of economic agents, therefore the importance of constitucionalization of the economic policy. The 1988 s Constitution adopted a rational capitalism regime consentaneous with current legal and social conceptions, that s why it enabled the State s intervention into economy to correct the so-called market failures or to make the established objectives fulfilled. About this last one, the intervention may happen by induction through the adoption of regulatory Standards of incentive or disincentive of economic activity. Among the possible inductive ways there are the tax assessments that aim to stimulate the economic agents behavior in view of finding that the development doesn t occur with the same intensity in all of the country s regions. Inside this context there are the Export Processing Zones (EPZs) which are special areas with different customs regime by the granting of benefits to the companies that are installed there. The EPZs have been used, by several countries, in order to develop certain regions, and economic indicators show that they promoted economic and social changes in the places where they are installed, especially because, by attracting companies, they provide job creation, industrialization and increased exports. In Brazil, they can contribute decisively to overcome major obstacles or decrease the attraction of economic agents and economic development of the country. In the case of an instrument known to be effective to achieve the goals established by the Constitution, it is duty of the Executive to push for the law that governs this customs regime is effectively applied. If the Executive doesn t fulfill this duty, incurs into unjustifiable omission, correction likely by the Judiciary, whose mission is to prevent acts or omissions contrary to constitutional order
A exist?ncia de desigualdades entre as regi?es brasileiras ? um fato presente ao longo da hist?ria do pa?s. Diante dessa realidade, o legislador constituinte inseriu na Constitui??o Federal de 1988, como objetivo da Rep?blica Federativa do Brasil, a redu??o das desigualdades regionais. O desenvolvimento tamb?m foi inclu?do com objetivo do Estado, pois tem direta rela??o com a redu??o das desigualdades regionais. Em ambos os casos o que se pretende ? a melhoria das condi??es de vida das pessoas. Nessa busca, o Estado deve implementar pol?ticas p?blicas, e, para isso, necessita do ingresso de receitas em seus cofres e do aux?lio dos agentes econ?micos, da? a import?ncia da constitucionaliza??o da Ordem Econ?mica. A Constitui??o de 1988 adotou o regime do capitalismo racional, consent?neo com as atuais concep??es jur?dicas e sociais, por isso possibilitou a interven??o do Estado na economia para corrigir as chamadas falhas de mercado ou para que sejam cumpridos os objetivos estabelecidos. Nesse ?ltimo caso, a interven??o pode ser feita por indu??o, atrav?s da ado??o de normas regulat?rias de estimulo ou de desest?mulo da atividade econ?mica. Entre as medidas indutivas poss?veis, est?o os incentivos fiscais, que visam estimular comportamentos dos agentes econ?micos, tendo em vista a constata??o de que o desenvolvimento n?o ocorre com a mesma intensidade em todas as regi?es pa?s. Nesse contexto, est?o as Zonas de Processamento de Exporta??o (ZPE s), que s?o ?reas especiais com regime aduaneiro diferenciado pela concess?o de benef?cios as empresas nelas instaladas. As ZPE s t?m sido utilizadas por diversos pa?ses com o objetivo de desenvolver determinadas regi?es, e os indicadores econ?micos demonstram que elas promoveram mudan?as econ?micas e sociais nos lugares onde est?o instaladas, especialmente porque, com a atra??o de empresas, proporcionam a gera??o de empregos, a industrializa??o e o aumento das exporta??es. No Brasil, podem contribuir decisivamente para a supera??o ou diminui??o dos principais obst?culos a atra??o dos agentes econ?micos e ao desenvolvimento econ?mico do pa?s. Em se tratando de um instrumento reconhecidamente eficaz para o cumprimento dos objetivos estabelecidos pela Constitui??o, ? dever do Poder Executivo diligenciar para que a lei que disciplina esse regime aduaneiro seja efetivamente aplicada. Se n?o cumprir esse dever, incorre em omiss?o injustific?vel, pass?vel corre??o pelo Poder Judici?rio, que tem a miss?o de impedir a??es ou omiss?es contr?rias a Ordem constitucional
2020-01-01

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Homolka, Šimon. "Zvláštní ekonomické zóny v Indii a Číně". Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2012. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-162537.

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The diploma thesis deals with analysis of special economic zones in India and China. First, the general characteristics of special economic zones is given, the following section describes conditions of creation of special economic zones in China and India. Then the thesis focuses on the development of gross domestic product, foreign direct investments and exports in Chinese and Indian zones and relevant areas. The final chapter assesses the benefits of setting up special economic zones for India and China and compares the zones in both countries. The thesis finds out the development of special economic zones in China successful, while in India this policy did not reach satisfactory results. Fundamental roots of successful or unsuccessful functioning of Chinese and Indian zones are mentioned too.

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Oueslati-Porter, Claire Therese. "The Maghreb Maquiladora: Gender, Labor, and Socio-Economic Power in a Tunisian Export Processing Zone". Scholar Commons, 2011. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/3737.

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This study is about Tunisian women's work and lives in the present era of economic neoliberalism. The focus is women in the city of Bizerte, Tunisia, both those who work in Bizerte's export processing zone (EPZ), as well as those who work outside it. This study is a qualitative examination of formal and informal employment, set inside and outside of women's traditional political and economic domain, the home. Through ethnography of women's work and lives, this study's purpose is to contribute evidence against conflating women's "empowerment" with incorporation into global production. However, this study also lends itself to considerations of the possibilities for exertions of power, powers that women in Bizerte now seek that opened through the forces of globalization.

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Attanapola, Chamila Thushari. "Unravelling women’s stories of health : Female workers’ experiences of work, gender roles and empowerment relating to health in Katunyake export-processing zone, Sri Lanka". Doctoral thesis, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Social Sciences and Technology Management, 2005. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-669.

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The impact of globalization processes on women, such as the new economic division of labour and relocation of global production into Third World countries, is a frequently debated topic within the globalization and gender discourse. The opportunities for formal work for young women in export-processing industries and they have been able to earn an income and to contribute economically to the survival of their poor families are the main positive impacts of globalization. Further, they are able to experience economic and social independence and increased status within their families. Unfortunately, factory jobs do not only have the positive effect of enabling the women to enjoy the benefits. Research has also identified the negative socio-cultural and health impacts on women resulting from their employment in export-processing industrial work.

This thesis explores Sri Lankan female workers’ experiences of health relating to the work they do at EPZ factories and their gender roles, sense of place, self-identities, capabilities and empowerment. The principle objective of this thesis is to provide an indepth view of female export-processing workers’ experiences of health in Sri Lanka by using feminist research methodology. Sri Lanka entered into the globalization process through its adoption of economic liberalization policies in 1977. The country’s exportprocessing industries provide employment for c.400,000 people, of whom 80% are women. Fieldwork was conducted in the country’s largest export-processing zone located in Katunayake during the periods of January to May in 2002 and June to August in 2004. The study is primarily carried out using a qualitative approach. In-depth interviews with 25 female workers were conducted and women’s life histories and personal narratives were gathered. Further, key informant interviews with representatives from different stakeholders were conducted to identify their views of female export-processing workers’ health status. Furthermore, participant and non-participant observations and a questionnaire survey were carried to supplement the information gained through interviews.

The women identified Katunayake export-processing zone (KEPZ) area as an unhealthy place due to their experiences of health problems and various forms of harassment. Their narratives inform about five types of health problems, namely occupational health problems, mental health problems, reproductive related health problems, weight loss and malnutrition, and infectious diseases. The results of the research have made it possible to identify diversities among the female export-processing workers in terms of their experiences and perspectives of health, self-identities and coping strategies. There is also evidence that women who have fewer responsibilities with regard to their families in their home villages, increased status within the families, and who participate in organizational activities have a positive sense of places regarding home and the KEPZ area and also have positive self-identities. In particular, there is clear diversity between the women who participate and those who do not participate in nongovernmental organizational activities, in terms of their capabilities and empowerment relating to improving their health. Active participants’ choices and actions at different places demonstrate that they achieved individual, collective and organizational empowerment. Further, the women’s stories reveal that they have achieved several practical and strategic gender needs for promoting their health and well-being.

Institutions at local and national levels also play significant roles in women’s empowerment and capability building. The results of the study identify that many institutional strategies constrain women’s empowerment and capabilities by not providing the necessary information, knowledge, instruments, and social support that the women need, and subsequently the women are unable to live to their full potential.

The research concludes that female export-processing workers in Sri Lanka experience both positive and negative aspects of globalization. They have gained incomes for living independent lives while at the same time being helping their poor families. Some have even taken the initiative to secure their lives through improving their possibilities for self-employment. Meanwhile, they are exposed to various forms of health problems and harassment as a result of being EPZ workers. The successful stories of empowered women indicate that female EPZ workers have the ability to achieve better health status and to live successful lives as women with respect and dignity, but they need support from the socio-cultural, economic, legal, and political institutions in the Sri Lankan society to attain their goals.

Paper 1 and 4 reprinted with permission of Taylor & Francis, paper 3 reprinted with permission of Elsevier

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Sannassee, Raja Vinesh. "Analysing the presence and contribution of wholly owned subsidiaries and foreign joint ventures in the Mauritian export processing zone : a case study of the textile and wearing apparel sector". Thesis, University of Reading, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.252244.

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Tsai, Wan-Hua, e 蔡宛樺. "Export processing zones in Taiwan". Thesis, 2018. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/tx26hc.

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Tchiang, Tchen. "The export processing industry as a dynamic tool for economic development a comparative study of the export processing industry in Mexico and Taiwan /". 1991. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/26970011.html.

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Ge, Wei. "Export-processing zones, multinational firms, and economic system transformation". 1993. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/32913598.html.

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Tsai, Pei Fen, e 蔡佩芬. "The Comparison between Shenzhen Special Economic Zone and Taiwan''s Export Processing Zones". Thesis, 1994. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/30057713928681205635.

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Coppin, Addington Michael. "Multinational enterprise and export processing zones in small developing economies". 1988. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/23735464.html.

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Manoharan, V. M. "An evaluation of the working of the export processing zones in India-A case study with reference to the Cochin export processing zone". Thesis, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/2009/3689.

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Jr, Gilroy Middleton, e 米吉瑞. "Export Oriented Institutional Changes: The Function and Significance of Export Processing Zones in the Belizean Economy". Thesis, 2004. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/36474257624255653708.

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碩士
國立政治大學
國際經營管理碩士班
92
Export oriented institutional changes are increasingly being recognized as important factor in the economic development of countries. These changes have led to an increase in the global movement of Multi-national companies. Besides bringing capital to their host countries, these Multi-national companies facilitate the transfer of technology, organizational and managerial practices and skills as well as access to international markets. Economic diversification is also another result of the surge of export oriented institutional changes. The loss of the traditional preferential markets and decline in the global prices for exports in agricultural sector as a result of globalization threatens the once dominant agricultural sector of developing countries. More and more countries are striving to create a favourable and enabling climate to attract investment as a policy priority utilizing export oriented institutional changes. Liberalisation and deregulation are taking place in almost every corner of the world with the aim of allocating resources more efficiently in an environment which is favourable for free flow of resources seeking higher efficiencies. Technological progress further accelerates the rate of globalisation by making better means of production and transaction available. Today's dynamic environment imposes a very challenging task for policy makers in charge of policy formulation on trade and investment affairs. These policy makers need to quickly evaluate the current situation, new opportunities and threats, and re-direct the course of the future. It requires gathering of accurate and the most up-to-date information and constant reassessment of policies based on that information. While the efficacy of incentives as a determinant for economic development is often questioned, countries have increasingly resorted to such measures in recent years. In particular they have been offering tax incentives to influence the location decisions of investors. The theme is very appropriate for Belize at present. The country has undergone structural changes. It is essential to re-evaluate the efforts undertaken by Belize to learn from and build on these initiatives. Belize’s export oriented institutional changes include The Commercial Free Zone Act of 1994 (Revised Edition 2000), The Mines and Minerals Act of 1994 (Revised Edition 2000), The Export Processing Act of 1991 (Revised Edition 2004), The Fiscal Incentives Act of 1996 (Revised Edition 2000) This paper utilized quantitative and qualitative methodologies to carry out a descriptive analysis of Export Processing Zones. The analysis draws lessons from the accumulated experience in several regions and countries. The relationship between Belize’s export oriented institutional changes, particularly the Export Processing Zone program, and the Belizean economy has been determined to be closely linked. The program has developed since 1990 from being identified with the old labour intensive garment zones of the past to the new dynamic emerging zones active in Data-Processing, Agro-Processing and Manufacturing. Also the program keeps evolving by accordingly updating the regulations and the administration of the program. In terms of employment, while the program does not employ a high percentage of Belizean employees, only two point eight (2.8) percent annually from 1998 to 2003; it has been providing a constant level of employment. This employment forms a foundation upon which other sectors of the export oriented institutional changes may build upon. Also EPZ are characterized by high female employment, which in Belize makes up approximately one third of the employed labour force. Therefore the program may be providing significant employment in terms of the female employment sector. EPZ exports have accounted for a significant amount of Belize’s total annual export since 1998, approximately thirty two (32) percent. Comparatively the program has also accounted for ten (10) percent of Belize’s annual gross import. While the human resource development of the companies in the program are mostly task specific and geared toward enhancing productivity and efficiencies within the companies, the employees are exposed to new technology, entrepreneurial and organizational skills that are diffused into the economy. The EPZ program, as an integral part of the overall export oriented institutional changes in Belize, is creating a favourable environment for investment and economic development The sub regional, regional, and multilateral integration which has accompanied globalization challenges EPZ to readjusts its operations to adhere to the new world order. Several countries have had success in adjusting their EPZ programs to the global integration and other countries are currently in the planning and preparation stages. Therefore it is evident that the challenge can be met and overcome and the end result proposes to be on global market and economy where the ultimate aim of the welfare of all may be attained. It is essential that on a global level, EPZ policies and other export oriented institutional changes are upgraded to reflect the new paradigm shift.

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Watson, Noel Newton. "Evaluating the net economic benefits of free trade zones in theory and practice applied to the Kingston export free zone in Jamaica /". 1988. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/23194750.html.

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Nakamura, Miyako. "Women workers in export processing zones in Asia : a political economy perspective". Thesis, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/3085.

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An important characteristic of export processing zones (EPZs) in East, Southeast and South Asia is that 70% to 90% of the workforce is comprised of young, single women. In view of this, the success of EPZs as an industrialization strategy would not be adequately assessed without taking into account the physical and social impact on women workers. Most discussions of EPZs, however, have focused only on the economic advantages and benefits of this development strategy without any consideration of the effects on the women who work in them. This thesis investigates the social, political, economic and legal forces operative in the creation and maintenance of oppressive and exploitative conditions for women workers in EPZs. In the countries under review, the integration of young, single women into the paid workforce in EPZs was a new phenomenon. The selection of this particular group of workers is the result of corporate and state policies directed to the maintenance of a comparative advantage within the current structure of export-led industrialization. Patriarchal ideology reinforces both the selection and management of women workers. The state also plays an important role in creating and maintaining conditions favourable to investment through the selective enforcement of investment, tax, labour and environmental laws. The domestic legal protections that exist are, for the most part, for the benefit of corporations, rather than for the protection of women workers. Employment in EPZs, as a result, has some benefits but mostly costs for women. On the one hand, women workers gain a measure of economic independence and are thereby liberated from some of the patriarchal forces of their family structures. On the other hand, they are subject to health hazards and employment insecurity, and are provided little opportunity for advancement. Women also suffer public stigmatization as a result of their employment as factory workers. Even the familial patriarchal control they escape is replaced by patriarchal control by the corporation, local communities and the state. It is possible that international human rights law might be relied upon to address some of the problems faced by women who work in EPZs. In view of the low ratification rates of the countries under review, however, this does not seem likely. To this point, international conventions directed to improving work conditions have had little effect. Still, increased international attention, in particular, by non-governmental organizations (NGOs), might help to better the working environment of women in EPZs.

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"An economic comparison between the Shenzhen Special Economic Zone and the Export Processing Zones in Asia". Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1988. http://library.cuhk.edu.hk/record=b5885865.

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Wai, Man Wu. "China's Shenzhen special economic zone a social benefit-cost analysis /". 1990. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/29614752.html.

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Wu, Pei-Chung, e 吳佩娟. "A Study on the Sustainable Development at Export Processing Zones with an Ecological Footprint Approach". Thesis, 2012. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/74424881493950220187.

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碩士
國立中興大學
應用經濟學系所
100
The advancement of technology promotes economic development, but resulting in the serious destruction and depletion of natural sources. Taiwan has always focused on industries for economic development, and has also been facing the same problem. As a result, to achieve the goal of sustainable development is currently the urgent and concerned subject. This study attempts to measure sustainable level of development of the Export Processing Zone with an Ecological Footprint Approach, analyze and promotes the concept of ecological footprint to industrial areas after the transformation of government organizations. Firstly, this study reviews the indicators of sustainable development. Secondly, the study establishes the mode of ecological footprint analysis and basis information related the Export Processing Zone, which are 46 items of the survey under the 5 indexes, including food, the built-up land, energy resources, water and waste footprint. Finally, Export Processing Zones are analyzed ,which are Taichung Export Processing Zone（TEPZ） and Chungkang Export Processing Zone（ CEPZ）. Empirical results indicate the development of TEPZ and CEPZ is currently in a high ecological deficit with excessive consumption of natural resources, which is threatening the sustainable development of Export Processing Zone. The total ecological footprints of TEPZ and CEPZ are 52,775.31 and 35,262.36 gha respectively, which have exceeded the average availability of biocapacity . Also, according to the classification of consuming items, the energy footprints of TEPZ and CEPZ are the highest occupied land, which indicate that TEPZ and CEPZ are in the excessive use of electricity and fossil energy. Furthermore, the ecological deficits of TEPZ and CEPZ have an average Footprint of consumption of 4.1980 gha per person and 8.1124 gha per person respectively. The result shows that TEPZ and CEPZ should pay more attention to the balance between business and the ecological environment. The average person of Export Processing Zones in Taichung has the largest amount of ecological footprints, comparing with Science Parks, Asia and world, with the limits of the model and industry characteristics which are optics, electronics, panels and mechanical manufacturing. Similar to those in the neighboring countries, these indicators, however, suggest that in order to give an objective interpretation, the structures of related industries and their calculating basis should both be taken into account in measuring sustainable environment development using ecological footprint. This study suggests that the government should set up dedicated units to comprehensively examine each subject of ecological footprint every year, in order to obtain complete information which presents more actual ecological footprint of EPZs. In addition, the study also suggests that the government, aiming at industrial characteristics and structures of each industrial park, should reinforce and promote the importance of ecological footprint and sustainable environment development of all parks. With the implementation of energy saving and carbon reduction policies, parks that cluster most energy consuming industries should put more efforts on reducing greenhouse gas emissions. By examining the inventory of ecological footprint, the government should let companies understand the limitation of resources of the earth and energy consumption level of production processes. Accordingly the industries can be expected to carry out the practice in their business operations and therefore the goal of sustainable environment can be gradually achieved by means of reducing resource deficit.

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Ping, Ke-Chen, e 兵可貞. "The Woman on the Edge of the Memory--Female Worker's Labor Life Experience at Export Processing Zones". Thesis, 2015. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/h65xgr.

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碩士
國立雲林科技大學
文化資產維護系
103
Kaohsiung Export Processing Zone to set up once in the history of Taiwan's economic planning under a bright light, in addition to promote the economic and trade development and industrial takeoff outside, but also lay a good foundation for the future of the international OEM. The early types of export processing zones because industry factors, the vast majority of women workers, that is, after the 1960s is capable of exporting the results so remarkable, processing zone workers credit naturally goes without saying. Although with the changing industry, the composition ratio of the export processing zone workers today are no longer dominated by women, but this history has always been submerged under the patriarchal system in the main industrial development wings, but had originally the economic miracle of the unsung heroes actually like being suppressed like roses speechless. 　　Text and images are the most common memory of insurance and preservation methods, they do not because of recession or verbal barriers memories to fade among the time; however, it is also easy to save memory because of the development of history and are selectively retained , which was retained after a screen in time are often grown up to become the next generation of Volkswagen's collective memory when, as part of the history that is not favored to time were gradually forgotten. Just as workers in export processing zones, pour the rest of your youth and blood and tears to the huge plant, but remember that history has just been proud achievements in export processing zones. 　　 Based on the above, this paper attempts to workers in export processing zones studied to examine the faces of women living 1960-1990 between the image and the collected data were analyzed with the control. First, I will collect the EPZs workers related images, including old photographs, documents, newsreels, films and so on; Moreover, the lock several senior EPZ workers in-depth life history interviews with process also Profile photo will not be proposing a dialogue; The reason to use such a way, because when we sit before the screen after receiving information when artificial selection, but also the protagonist in the lens outside the theater and starred in their life, perhaps the outcome of the initiative He expressed the desire to present the perspective of the photographer, but the real shot standing outside workers, has become forced to wear a coat or a crown record views on some symbolic meaning, and the most authentic voice but actually silence a. 　　 After cross-analysis of oral history and image data, expect to be able to write a different from the past experience of women workers in the EPZs life record, when we looked at those who are separated Images to mainstream consciousness, is not there another When might the diaspora, he returned after being recorded page, and by looking Processing Zone workers experience the process of life, reflect Taiwan is currently working on preservation of cultural assets and use the old space, easy to overlook past labor memory space, and only to make room for the activation flow in appearance, but lost the last vitality in the collective memory of the workers. Keywords：Export Processing Zone, female workers, collective memory, labor, oral history

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Li, Hua-lee, e 李麗華. "Export Processing Zones: an assessment of underlyingfirm incentives, capabilities and performance-The Case of Kaohsiung Nantze EPZ". Thesis, 2009. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/97368393579357701324.

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Abstract (sommario):

碩士
國立高雄第一科技大學
行銷與流通管理所
97
Interfirm relationships and business networks have become a much discussed topic in academic circles and in business practice. Companies form network relationships in order to access necessary resources. The “Export Processing Zone” (EPZ) can be regarded as a specific type of business network. The goal of study is 1) to describe the major motivations of firms to settle in EPZs, 2) to measure the extent to which these goals are achieved, 3) to analyze whether goal achievement is dependent on the firm’s networking capability. The results of this study show that there are two significantly positively correlated relationships: 1) Companies with a high level of network competence are characterized by high goal achievement, and 2) companies with perceived resource-balance enjoy a higher level of goal achievement than fellow companies. Based on the empirical results, this study concludes with managerial suggestions for individual firms and policy makers.

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Kaul, Ta-zen, e 高大仁. "A Comparative Analysis of the development of Export- Processing Zones and Hsinchu Science-Base Industrial Park in Taiwan". Thesis, 1996. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/71186387432140465759.

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Peedoly, Aveeraj Sharma. "Is EPZ employment a stepping stone or a stumbling block for the empoerment of women? Evidence from Mauritius". Thesis, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/5026.

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This study critically assesses how far the Mauritian EPZ, which consists of a predominantly female workforce, is conducive to women’s empowerment, particularly in a context of rife global competition. Focus Group Discussions with actual female workers and semi-directive interviews of those who have been laid off reveal that there have effectively been some benefits which may be construed as empowerment. However, low wages and harsh treatment of workers at the workplace, compounded with rising costs of living and pervasive patriarchal values impede the extent of empowerment. Yet, when contrasted with the experiences of laid off women, the centrality of employment becomes more palpable. The experiences of job loss are in many cases destructive of not only the laid-off worker’s self-image and aspirations, but also on their ability to juggle with poverty and its associated outcomes. Despite being a relatively difficult sector to work in, its benefits outweigh its limitations.
Sociology
MA (Social Science)

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46

Chen, You-song, e 陳佑松. "The difference of existing environment and air pollution between two export processing zones in Taichung and their improvement strategies". Thesis, 2012. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/92139964601709930093.

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碩士
逢甲大學
環境工程與科學所
100
Because the awareness of improving surrounding environment quality of life and emphasis on health risks, therefore, the emissions fingerprint data of the manufacturers and the atmospheric volatile organic compounds of two processing export zones in Taichung City were carried out in the study. In addition, the chemical mass balance model (CMB) was used to estimate the contributions of ambient VOCs in the export processing zones. The differences in environment and air pollution were explored completely. Finally, these results were used to develop their improvement strategies. The analysis results of ambient VOCs in two export processing zones show that of the composition, concentration and distribution of VOCs during difference season will affect by prevailing wind direction and wind speed clearly. High percentages of alkanes, aromatics, aldehydes, and alcohols occurred in the ambient air of Tan-zi processing export zone; and high percentages of alkanes and aldehydes occurred in Chung-kang processing export zone. The relationship between the concentrations of VOCs with the positions of major emission sources was clearly. The simulation results by CMB shown that factories PM, BA, and CA and factories CI, JS, SP, and EL were major contributions for ambient VOCs in the Tan-zi processing export zone and in the Chung-kang processing export zone, respectively The difference of existing environment between two export processing zones mainly associated with factories density, road width, and wind speed strength.

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47

Wu, Wai Man. "China's Shenzhen special economic zone : a social benefit-cost analysis". Thesis, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/10125/9626.

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48

Adala, Jessie. "A case study of the performance of Export Processing Zones garment firms in Mauritius and Kenya in the Dawn of AGOA Phase IV". 2008. http://etd.lib.fsu.edu/theses/available/etd-01042008-201034/.

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Thesis (M.S.)--Florida State University, 2008.
Advisor: Pauline M. Sullivan, Florida State University, College of Human Sciences, Dept. of Textiles and Consumer Sciences. Title and description from dissertation home page (viewed June 18, 2008). Document formatted into pages; contains viii, 65 pages. Includes bibliographical references.

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49

"'n Beskouing van streekekonomiese ontwikkelingsbeleid in Suider-Afrika met verwysing na uitvoervervaardigingsgebiede". Thesis, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10210/10775.

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Ph.D. (Economics)
Until 1946 economists paid little attention to regional development. Economic development was mainly viewed in a national context. Even since the Second World War there remain important differences of opinion among economists on regional development theories. The aim of this study was first of all to make an analysis of the various theories. Secondly the instruments and results of decentralisation policies in Western Europe and Southern Africa during the period 1960 to 1980 were researched and discussed. The third aim was to discuss the term "Export Processing Zone".and to research the application thereof in various countries. Fourthly, the Gross Geographic Product and economically active popUlation of nine regions in Southern Africa were analised. Lastly the regional development strategies including the possible application of Export Processing Zones in Southern Africa were discussed in the light of the urgent need for employment creation - especially for Black workers. In the discussion of various regional development theories mention was made of the important role of technology, productivity, domestic and international price levels in addition to capital and labour for the optimum development of regions. Therefore the process of Cumulative Causation combined with export led development are important factors for a successful development strategy.

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50

Chan, Andrew André Chun-Kwan. "The roles and determinants of foreign investment in the development of special economic zones the case of Shenzhen /". 1991. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/29688869.html.

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