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1
Forshaw, Mark John. Expertise and ageing: The crossword-puzzle paradigm. Manchester: University of Manchester, 1994.
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Shapiro, Francine, a cura di. EMDR as an integrative psychotherapy approach: Experts of diverse orientations explore the paradigm prism. Washington: American Psychological Association, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/10512-000.
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name, No. EMDR as an integrative psychotherapy approach: Experts of diverse orientations explore the paradigm prism. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association, 2003.
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Bliss, Catherine. A Sociogenomic World. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190465285.003.0006.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
This chapter discusses a paradigm shift in the genomic sciences wherein scientists have gone from ignoring race to studying it. It argues that the field has adopted a sociogenomic approach to race, in which scientists understand race as a muddled mix of genetic and social factors. Scientists responsible for seminal genome projects, who have faced pressure from the US public health establishment and an array of experts on race, now prioritize race-targeted research, minority recruitment, and analysis of genomic health disparities. As a result large-scale sequencing projects, pharmaceuticals, and postgenomic research have become ever more racialized, while race has taken on an irrevocably genomic imprimatur. This paradigm shift has occurred because of changes across a number of powerful social domains of expertise within science, medicine, and policy. This chapter thus draws upon events taking place in a variety of institutional, regulatory, and normative contexts.
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Jobe-Shields, Lisa, Amanda Costello, Carrie Jackson e Rochelle F. Hanson. Evaluating Treatments and Interventions. A cura di Sara Maltzman. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199739134.013.24.
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This chapter provides an overview of the evidence-based treatment (EBT) paradigm, beginning with definitional issues, followed by a discussion on use of the iterative process and the importance of strong academic–practice partnerships to inform the development, selection, and implementation of EBTs. The discussion then turns to the importance of attaining, measuring, and sustaining fidelity to the treatment models; and identifying common barriers to sustained EBT use. Drawing from our expertise related to interventions for children and adolescents, a few dissemination/implementation models are highlighted as examples of current efforts to achieve sustained use of EBTs among practitioners, within agencies, and across communities. This involves keeping up to date with the research and integrating the available evidence base with clinical expertise and patient characteristics, including cultural considerations and client preferences for treatment. The chapter concludes with directions for the future, including considerations for practitioners, referring agents, and agency senior leaders to promote, support, and sustain EBTs.
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de Melo-Martín, Inmaculada, e Kristen Intemann. Failing to Play by the Rules. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190869229.003.0004.
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This chapter assesses whether focusing on rules of engagement for fruitful discussions about competing scientific views provides a good strategy for reliably identifying normatively inappropriate dissent (NID). It discusses some of the rules for effective criticism dominant in the philosophy of science literature: shared standards, uptake, and expertise. It shows that although all these criteria appear eminently reasonable as requirements for transformative criticism, what they actually involve is not straightforward. Some of the interpretations of these criteria are likely to identify as inappropriate dissent that is actually epistemically valuable, while other interpretations of these criteria would fail to pinpoint the very cases of dissent that some consider paradigm cases of NID.
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Clark, Robin D., e Cynthia J. Curry. Genetic Consultations in the Newborn. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199990993.001.0001.
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This book was written to assist clinicians who care for newborns with congenital abnormalities in their diagnosis, genomic testing, and management. The goal was to make the evaluation of common neonatal anomalies and genetic syndromes accessible and understandable. In addition, the book may serve as an initial guide for practitioners in areas in which clinical genetic expertise is not readily available. As the book was being written, the testing paradigm shifted to a genomic approach: Chromosome analysis gave way to microarrays, and single gene testing was largely replaced by gene panels and exome sequencing. Thus, this book, which was initially intended as a clinical primer, of necessity became a resource for gene-based information as well.
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Nadler, Anthony M. The Problem of Making News Popular. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252040146.003.0001.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
This introductory chapter examines various models for popularizing and democratizing news that have been influential in the United States over the past several decades. It argues that the U.S. news industry has undergone a philosophical paradigm shift, moving away from an ideal of professional autonomy and into a “postprofessional” period characterized by an affirmation that consumers' preferences should drive news production. The chapter also describes several attempts made by key groups of news producers to shift control over the news agenda away from professional expertise and put it in the hands of ordinary news consumers: the market-centered newspaper movement epitomized by Gannett's USA Today, the creation of a genre of news amid competition among the major U.S. cable news channels, and the growth of online social news sites tapping into collaborative filtering as a mechanism for democratizing the news agenda.
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Vout, Caroline. The Error of Roman Aesthetics. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198803034.003.0002.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Today, discussions of ancient art criticism privilege technical terms (akribeia [“accuracy”], aletheia [“truth”], decor [“fittingness”], symmetria [“symmetry”]). Discussions of Rome’s reception of Greek art, as revealed, for example, in Pliny the Elder, stress the need for elites to perform their artistic expertise, with Petronius’ Satyrica providing an elegant caricature. Yet this emphasis represents but one way of telling the story of Greek art’s naturalism and appropriation. In light of ancient accounts of famous artists, Gombrich’s language of “making and matching” can be rethought as “trial and error,” a formula that casts the problems of producing art that is similis veritati (“like to the truth”) in a new light. Indeed Rome’s entire appreciation of Greek art could be described as “one big error” and the Roman reception of Greek art taken as the paradigm for how art must be received. Seen like this, recent scholarship is radically reductive. Why privilege reason?
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Francine, Shapiro, a cura di. EMDR as an integrative psychotherapy approach: Experts of diverse orientations explore the paradigm prism. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association, 2002.
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Shapiro, Francine. EMDR as an Integrative Psychotherapy Approach: Experts of Diverse Orientations Explore the Paradigm Prism. American Psychological Association (APA), 2002.
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Zachar, Peter. Epistemic iteration or paradigm shift: The case of personality disorder. A cura di Kenneth S. Kendler e Josef Parnas. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198796022.003.0035.
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This chapter explores the concept of scientific progress by contrasting a gradual epistemic iteration approach to the classification of personality disorder with a revolutionary paradigm-shifting approach. Commitment to one or the other approach partly fueled disagreements about whether to adopt a dimensional model for personality disorder in DSM-5. One of the Scientific Review Committee’s concerns was that over-reliance on the preferences of small groups of experts will not support cumulative progress, rather; the trajectory will either resemble a random walk or it will “wobble” based on shifting conceptual preferences.Work group members who wanted to transition to a more dimensional model believed that the DSM-IV model was a classificatory dead end, and a gradual iteration strategy could not support progress. For both groups progress was construed as an increasingly accurate approximation of psychiatric reality. The chapter offers an alternative account of scientific progress based on coherentist and pragmatist perspectives.
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Koch, Susanne, e Peter Weingart. The Delusion of Knowledge Transfer: The Impact of Foreign Aid Experts on Policy-making in South Africa and Tanzania. African Minds, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.47622/9781928331391.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
With the rise of the knowledge for development paradigm, expert advice has become a prime instrument of foreign aid. At the same time, it has been object of repeated criticism: the chronic failure of technical assistance a notion under which advice is commonly subsumed has been documented in a host of studies. Nonetheless, international organisations continue to send advisors, promising to increase the effectiveness of expert support if their technocratic recommendations are taken up. This book reveals fundamental problems of expert advice in the context of aid that concern issues of power and legitimacy rather than merely flaws of implementation. Based on empirical evidence from South Africa and Tanzania, the authors show that aid-related advisory processes are inevitably obstructed by colliding interests, political pressures and hierarchical relations that impede knowledge transfer and mutual learning. As a result, recipient governments find themselves caught in a perpetual cycle of dependency, continuously advised by experts who convey the shifting paradigms and agendas of their respective donor governments. For young democracies, the persistent presence of external actors is hazardous: ultimately, it poses a threat to the legitimacy of their governments if their policy-making becomes more responsive to foreign demands than to the preferences and needs of their citizens.
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Zakhatsev, S. I., D. V. Maslennikov e V. P. Salnikov. The Logos of law: Parmenides - Hegel - Dostoevsky. On the Speculative and Logical Foundations of the Metaphysics of Law. Europe books, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.17513/np.490.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The monograph studies the relation between the "first philosophy" as the doctrine about the unity of thinking and existence, on one hand, and the philosophy of law as a specialised philosophical science, on the other. This paper explores the methodological and general theoretical foundations for the interpreting of the classical philosophy of law, the problems of monism and dualism in the justification of the theory of law, the relations between law and morality, law and religion, and the Absolute in law. The notion of absolute freedom as a paradigm of the classical German philosophical and legal school of thought is considered herein. It is demonstrated that in the classical philosophy of law as presented by Kant, Fichte and Hegel, this foundation is used to overcome both the paradigm of substantive natural law and the paradigm of the social contract, which remains dominant to this day. The target audience of this monograph includes researchers specialising in the history of philosophy and theory of law, legal experts, instructors, postgraduate students as well as anyone who is interested in the philosophy of law.
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Metzler, Irina. Intellectual Disability in the European Middle Ages. A cura di Michael Rembis, Catherine Kudlick e Kim E. Nielsen. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190234959.013.4.
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This investigation of intellectual disability in the Middle Ages uncovers narratives of this perceived condition in the historical sources. Authors of normative texts, for instance, medical, legal, and natural-philosophical authorities, were the medieval equivalent of modern scientific experts with regard to defining, assessing, and controlling notions of intellectual disability. This new and specific discussion seeks to reframe the paradigm of what constituted intellectual disability at different periods in both medieval and modern times. Philosophically, and subsequently judicially, medieval intellectual disability was considered the absence of reason, representing the irrational, which contrasted the mentally disabled with the Aristotelian concept of the human being as the rational animal. Medieval terminology employed a fluidity of definitions, which highlights the constructedness of terms revolving around intellectual disability. Analyses of the culturally specific constructions of intellectual disability enhance our knowledge of the intellectual heritage underpinning current concepts of cognitive and mental pathologies.
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Pahuja, Meera, Jessica S. Merlin e Peter A. Selwyn. HIV/AIDS. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199656097.003.0151.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
In less than two decades, AIDS has been transformed from a rapidly fatal, untreatable illness to a manageable chronic disease. Early in the AIDS epidemic, HIV care and palliative care were inseparable; over time, these two treatment paradigms diverged. In the developed world, and to a lesser but increasing extent in the developing world, decreasing mortality rates have resulted in growing numbers of HIV-infected patients living with the disease for many years. As this long-surviving population increases, the challenges of chronic disease management, an expanding range of co-morbidities, and a process that has been described as ‘accelerated ageing’, have all emerged to present new needs and opportunities for palliative care expertise. Earlier in the epidemic, palliative care for AIDS focused primarily on end-of-life care and pain and symptom management related to the manifestations of AIDS-specific opportunistic infections and malignancies. Currently, pain and symptoms may be related to these as well as other co-morbid chronic diseases which commonly occur in HIV-infected patients, including cardiovascular, pulmonary, renal, hepatic, metabolic, and neurocognitive complications. Attention to these symptoms, quality of life issues, and psychosocial problems in long-surviving patients over many years will be increasingly important to support engagement with care and effective adherence with antiretroviral therapy over time. End-of-life care, while less frequent, also remains important, as patients may still die from AIDS, or even more commonly, from end-organ failure, non-AIDS defining malignancies, and/or other complications of ageing and chronic co-morbid disease. All these converging factors have now resulted in a new need for the re-integration of HIV care and palliative care, both to help HIV-infected patients live better and longer, as well as manage late-stage and end-of-life issues when they emerge.
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Eyre, Harris A., Michael Berk, Helen Lavretsky e Charles Reynolds, a cura di. Convergence Mental Health. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780197506271.001.0001.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The world is in the throes of a global health, economic, and mental health crisis with severe physical, societal, and economic ramifications. Modern mental health problems are characterized by their complexity, multisystemic nature, and broad societal impact, making them poorly suited to siloed approaches of thinking and innovation. To solve the unprecedented complexities and challenges associated with the current global crisis, a paradigm shift is needed. Convergence science integrates knowledge, tools, and thought strategies from various fields and is the focal point where novel insights arise. In the context of mental health, convergence involves integration of scientists, clinicians, bioinformaticists, global health experts, engineers, technology entrepreneurs, medical educators, caregivers, and patients; synergy between government, academia, and industry is also vital. A convergence mental health approach will lead to improved outcomes for patients and healthcare systems. Predicate examples of convergence science in adjacent fields to mental health provide a model for the path forward. Further, within the field of mental health, there are examples of convergence science currently in action that include early-stage companies, neuroscience initiatives, public health projects, and unconventional funding mechanisms. The world has a historic opportunity to leverage convergence science to lead to a new era of innovation and progress in global mental health. Contributions for this book come from authors affiliated with the Milken Institute, Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation, Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development, the National Academies of Science, Medicine and Engineering, Stanford University, and Harvard University. This book is written for practitioners and leaders in mental health innovation, including clinicians, researchers, policymakers, investors, entrepreneurs, and philanthropists.
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Peppin, John, Joseph V. Pergolizzi, Robert B. Raffa e Steven L. Wright, a cura di. The Benzodiazepines Crisis. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780197517277.001.0001.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
When properly prescribed, benzodiazepines and related “Z” drugs, are usually safe and effective. However, some patients experience lack of efficacy, severe adverse effects, and/or protracted withdrawal symptoms. Unfortunately, there is no reliable way to predict outcome prior to treatment. Use has dramatically expanded, to the point where some experts suggest a disconnect with actual medical need. With increased and longer prescribing there has been a corresponding increase in the “down-side” of these drugs. Benzodiazepines, as all drugs, produce some degree of normal physiologic tolerance and physical dependence. But for some patients withdrawal can result in a bewildering array of symptoms, that can persist for protracted time periods, difficult to understand and live with. Although there is currently no clear mechanistic explanation, some potentials include alterations of receptor number, promoters of receptor protein synthesis or degradation, absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination, GABAA-receptor function or subtype-distribution, or involvement of peripheral benzodiazepine binding/receptor sites. This book attempts to bring benzodiazepine use under a more rational paradigm and reduce the incidence of side-effects and drug–drug interactions (DDI). It is the first devoted to take on this responsibility. Use, overuse/misuse, side-effects, DDI, physiology, and withdrawal are reviewed by expert clinicians and basic scientists in-depth. The book challenges the medical community to take seriously the use of this class of drug and to ameliorate prescribing behavior. The case is made for limiting initiation and duration (2–4 weeks) of use, and careful, supported discontinuation. We laud and suggest increased research into this class of drug and it’s “down-side.”