Letteratura scientifica selezionata sul tema "Experimental pedology"

The distribution of soil organic carbon (SOC) in the landscape is governed by multiple factors and processes occurring at multiple scales. Thus, an understanding of landscape processes and pedology should aid in designing approaches to study SOC stock changes. Numerous factors affect distribution of SOC in the landscape at varying spatial and temporal scales. Each of these is summarized to set the stage for outlining a proposed approach to monitoring SOC in the agricultural landscape. Many tools are used to assess the variability of soil properties at varying spatial scales. Pedological knowledge and interpretation of landscape processes can be used to understand the spatial distribution of SOC in the landscape. I show that semi-variograms and the minimum detectable difference may be of limited value in deriving a universal approach to assess SOC change. Issues to be considered or resolved before initiating a monitoring system include depth of sampling and influence of management, compositing and sub-sampling, changes in bulk density, landscape effects and SOC dynamics. After considering these issues, I propose an approach to monitor SOC stock change in agroecosystems, acknowledging that any methodology likely cannot be strictly and universally applicable. The approach considers issues such as location, plot layout, and experimental and statistical design. Such an approach, derived from a landscape and pedology perspective, may make the measurement and verification of SOC at varying scales a less daunting task. Key words: Soil organic carbon change, landscape, pedology, experimental design

Held from 3 to 10 January this year. In Leningrad, the II All-Russian Congress on Pedology, Experimental Pedagogy and Psychoneurology or, better, more accurately and simply the Congress for the Study of a Healthy and Sick Personality undoubtedly has a great scientific and social significance.

Abstract. The article examines the problems of art education in the 1920s of Kyiv Art Institute in the context of interdisciplinary links and tasks of ideological education. The educational process in art educational institutions, such as Kyiv Art Institute, received its ideological and philosophical basis in the early Soviet period, according to which traditional approaches to art education were deconstructed, curricula were changed, new disciplines were introduced, etc. Understanding the essence of the educational process in this period is the key to understanding the artistic culture of the early USSR in general. In the course of this study, both general scientific methods, such as formal analysis, historical, biographical, typologically systematic, problem and logical, and empirical, as well as cultural and historical, which belongs to art history methods, were used. For the first time, this study highlights the origins and stages of formation of such disciplines as Anatomy, Social Pedology and Physiological Reflexology, which were taught at Kyiv Art Institute in the 1920s of the 20th century. The article makes up for an insufficiency in the data about the history of development and scientific and methodological approach in teaching these disciplines based on the autor’s processing of archival documentation kept in the funds of the Central State Archive Museum of Literature and Art of Ukraine. The aim of the article is to study the curriculum of the Kyiv Art Institute in the 1920s of the 20th century on the basis of primary sources, to analyze new approaches and interdisciplinary connections of the new curriculum, the place and significance of such disciplines as Anatomy, Social Pedology and Physiological Reflexology. The article is based on primary sources and archival data, such as abstracts of lectures on Ukrainian, Pedology, Anatomy, Philosophy, which were listened to by Professor O. K. Bohomazov, were found by the author of the article in the funds of the Central State Archive Museum of Literature and Art of Ukraine.

The subject of this article is the dynamics of water in a soil pedostructure sample whose internal environment is subjected to a potential gradient created by the departure of water through surface evaporation. This work refers entirely to the results and conclusions of a fundamental theoretical study focused on the molecular thermodynamic equilibrium of the two aqueous phases of the soil pedostructure. The new concepts and descriptive variables of the hydro-thermodynamic equilibrium state of the soil medium, which have been established at the molecular level of the fluid phases of the pedostructure (water and air) in a previous article, are recalled here in the systemic paradigm of hydrostructural pedology. They allow access to the molecular description of water migration in the soil and go beyond the classical mono-scale description of soil water dynamics. We obtain a hydro-thermodynamic description of the soil′s pedostructure at different hydro-functional scale levels including those relating to the water molecule and its atoms. The experimental results show a perfect agreement with the theory, at the same time validating the systemic approach that was the framework.

The subject of the study is the origin of the first experimental laboratories and their interaction with the pedagogical community. The emphasis is placed on the prerequisites and controversial points of this cooperation, which will become the basis for pedological experiments in the 20s, and the legal functioning of the new, at that time, research space is also taken into account. The object of the study is pedology as a new scientific direction. The author examines in detail such aspects of the topic as socio-economic prerequisites, formation and scientific potential of pedological experiments. Particular attention is paid to specific representatives, their professional activities, and the assessment of a new direction in the pre-revolutionary space of the Russian Empire. The main conclusions of the study are: identification of the "artificiality" of the new trend, generalization of the experience gained, analysis of the assessment of the first successes of the laboratories, the significance of the work of the first pedological laboratory of A. P. Nechaev in St. Petersburg, comparison of the general course of development of the experimental science of pedology with European analogues. A special contribution of the author to the study of the topic is the reconstruction of the mental space of interaction between teachers and leading specialists in the field of pedological experiments, involving archival documents of the Central State Administration of St. Petersburg regarding the history of the first pedological studio in St. Petersburg. The study attempts to trace the scientific path of the dissemination of pedagogical ideas of the new paradigm. The novelty of the study is to identify real changes in the pedagogical community of the early 20th century.

AbstractAn experimental pedology research project, based on a “process-system” pedogenetic model, was initiated to investigate the weathering of Phlegraean Yellow Tuff (PYT) – the yellow facies of the Campanian Ignimbrite with phillipsite > chabazite – as representative of the parent rock material as the soil-forming factor. PYT was weathered by water (W) and tannic acid solutions (TA) at concentrations ranging from 3 × 101to 3 × 104μmol l–1. The most concentrated TA solution (3 × 104μmol l–1) showed the greatest extracting efficiency. Na and K were continually solubilized by W; Al, Ca and Mg contributed to the ionic composition of all the TA supernatants. A significant dissolution of the amorphous component and an associated decrease of the zeolite content, especially phillipsite, were noted. The features of PYT weathered outcomes fitted the “process-system” model very well. PYT showed a pedogenic potential, in being prone to weathering, as well as in releasing elements of importance for plant settlement and development, such as K, Ca, Mg and Fe.

The article presents some issues related to Henryk Rowids scientific journey to Leipzig in 1913. The purpose of this journey was to participate in a psychological and pedagogical course for teachers and to get acquainted with modern methods of pedagogical work with children in schools. The article presents Rowids comments on the development of research on the child and childhood in Western Europe, and on the rapidly developing scientific literature on experimental child science. The knowledge provided by Rowid was innovative and complemented the current state of knowledge about psychological and pedagogical research conducted in Germany. It inspired further work and studies on child pedagogy. Today, Rowids relation from his scientific journey to Leipzig is an interesting basis to a deeper understanding of the Polish scientific movement in the field of pedology at the beginning of the 20th century. It is also an interesting source of knowledge about the development of the scientific movement among teachers.

Recently, geophysical methods have been widely used in many fields including pedology. Two of them, ground penetrating radar (GPR) and vertical electrical sounding (VES) were employed at the Dehtáře experimental site with the aim to evaluate their application in the Cambisol and Stagnosol soil types and crystalline bedrock survey in Czech conditions. These measurements were complemented by the classical soil survey using a gouge auger. As a result, interpreted soil and rock environment profiles were obtained, with the identification of boundaries of Bg, C, and R soil horizons and bedrock at various degrees of weathering. The interpretation of measurement records demonstrated suitability of the VES and GPR method application, using GPR for imaging the soil profile and the top of bedrock, while the VES method gave better results in imaging greater depths. The research demonstrated advantages of the geophysical methods such as instancy, continuous imaging, and no disturbance of the subsurface. In spite of needing classical survey data for interpretation of the results obtained by the geophysical methods, their usage can bring better quality to the soil profile imaging.

The work carried out a heuristic analysis of modern Ukrainian research on the influence of foreign reformal pedagogy on the development of Ukrainian education. On the basis of the analysis of dissertation, monographic, and article materials, the main tendencies, achievements, gaps and prospects of further studying of this problem were revealed.It is determined that Ukrainian education strengthens its scientific foundation by studying the development of the main trends and directions of foreign reformatory pedagogy. It is noted that modern national comparativism has undergone a difficult path to study reformal pedagogy and the theory of free education - from critical rethinking to a differentiated study of their individual components and comprehension of this problem at the level of scientific discourse.The influence of currents and directions of "pedagogy of reforms" on the development of the education system in Ukraine is being studied. The most thoroughly exposed influences of foreign ideas of free education, as well as pedology, experimental and pragmatic pedagogy, the significance of the postulates of social pedagogy and the labor school for the development of these educational and pedagogical processes in Ukraine is poorly understood.

L'artificialisation des sols, et les enjeux environnementaux associés (îlots de chaleur, inondation, dégradation de biodiversité), sont devenus une problématique majeure de l'aménagement et de la planification urbaine. L'objectif de cette thèse est de proposer une approche de caractérisation des sols urbains fondée sur l'analyse de leur trajectoire historique d'usage, en considérant que les successions d'usages et les pratiques humaines associées, déterminent les propriétés physico-chimiques des sols. Pour ce faire, une démarche scientifique s'appuyant sur trois approches complémentaires a été menée pour aboutir à une proposition méthodologique opérationnelle de cartographie prédictive des propriétés des sols urbains. La première approche est cartographique et documentaire, elle vise à mieux caractériser les trajectoires historiques des sols urbains et ainsi mieux appréhender l'ensemble des pratiques humaines que subit les sols au cours du temps. Il s'avère qu'une vingtaine de trajectoires historiques suffisent à décrire la majorité de la superficie d'une unité urbaine. Par ailleurs, les trajectoires historiques majoritaires représentent des successions d'usages composées au maximum d'un à deux usages montrant une faible dynamique des changements d'usages et pratiques au cours du temps. La seconde approche est une approche de terrain ayant pour objectif de caractériser l'impact de trois trajectoires historiques représentatives des sols urbains sur les propriétés physico-chimiques des sols. Elle met en évidence le lien existant entre la trajectoire historique d'un sol et ses propriétés physiques et chimiques. L'impact des pratiques humaines sur les propriétés du sol semble de plus, être dépendant de l'intensité des pratiques exercée sur le sol. Ces liens encore aujourd'hui peu développés, pourraient être mis en avant par le développement d'un nouvel concept : l' « anthroposéquence ». La dernière approche est une approche expérimentale aidant à la caractérisation des processus pédogénétiques impliqués au cours de ces trajectoires historiques et à décrire l'évolution des propriétés physico-chimiques au cours du temps. Il en ressort que les effets individuels des pratiques peuvent être contraire à l'effet résultant de l'ensemble de ces pratiques. De plus, les processus pédogénétiques mis an avant au cours de ces expériences reflètent la réalité du terrain, renforçant ainsi la méthode expérimentale proposée. Ainsi, ces trois approches méthodologiques ont finalement été discutées afin de retranscrire les résultats obtenus en règles « simples » permettant la prédiction cartographique des types des sols et de certains paramètres agronomiques en milieux urbains par la connaissance des trajectoires historique
Land take and the associated environmental issues (heat islands, flooding, biodiversity degradation) have become a major issue in urban planning and development. The objective of this thesis is to propose an approach to characterise urban soils based on the analysis of their historical trajectory of land use, considering that the land use successions and the associated human practices determine the physico-chemical properties of soils. To do this, a scientific approach based on three complementary approaches was carried out to achieve an operational methodological proposal for predictive mapping of urban soil properties. The first approach is cartographic and documentary, and aims to better characterise the historical trajectories of urban soils and thus to better understand all of the human practices that the soils have undergone over time. It turns out that twenty historical trajectories are sufficient to describe the majority of the surface area of an urban unit. Moreover, the majority of historical trajectories represent land use successions composed of a maximum of one or two land uses, showing a low dynamic of land use changes and practices over time. The second approach is a field approach aimed at characterising the impact of three historical trajectories representative of urban soils on the physico-chemical properties of soils. It highlights the link between the historical trajectory of a soil and its physical and chemical properties. The impact of human practices on soil properties also appears to be dependent on the intensity of the practices carried out on the soil. These links, which are still underdeveloped, could be highlighted by the development of a new concept: the "anthroposequence". The last approach is an experimental approach that helps to characterise the pedogenetic processes involved during these historical trajectories and to describe the evolution of physico-chemical properties over time. It shows that the individual effects of practices can be contrary to the effect resulting from the whole of these practices. Moreover, the pedogenetic processes put forward during these experiments reflect the reality of the field, thus reinforcing the proposed experimental method. Thus, these three methodological approaches were finally discussed in order to transcribe the results obtained into "simple" rules allowing the cartographic prediction of soil types and certain agronomic parameters in urban environments through the knowledge of historical trajectories

Experimentos em casa de vegetação, tendo como substrato solo de uma área de cerrado da região de Sorocaba-Itapetininga e como culturas soja e milho, procuraram estabelecer relações de produtividade comparando-se o efeito dos componentes termofosfato potássico fundido (TKF), superfosfato simples (SSP) e superfosfato triplo (TSP) como fontes unicamente de fósforo, em adição a potássio, nitrogênio e enxofre, como fontes de NPK. Esses fertilizantes foram adicionados em vasos com 2 Kg de solo, empregando-se 150Mg P/KG de solo em ambros os experimentos. No caso do NPK, o teor dos demais elementos guardava uma relação N:P2O5:K2O de 4:14:8. Além disso, foi feito também um segundo plantio das mesmas culturais nos vasos, porém, sem fertilização adicional. A produção de matéria seca mostrou que o TKF sem adições é equivalente aos fertilizantes solúveis em água, com importante efeito residual no segundo plantio para a soja. Para o milho, a produção com TKF foi superior à dos demais fertilizantes no primeiro plantio, aumentando no segundo. A adição de K,N e S aumentou ligeiramente a produção com TKF, obtendo-se melhores resultados com TSP e SSP no primeiro plantio em ambas culturas. No segundo plantio, a produção com os fertilizantes foi nivelada a valores baixos semelhantes aos da testemunha. Experimentos de lixiviação do mesmo solo, fertilizado com TKF, SSP e TSP em série fosfática e série NPK em gomo superior de coluna de Lixiviação aquosa, mostraram grande fixação de P proveniente das fontes solúveis,paralelamente ao K e Ca. O P do TKF quase não apresentou fixação. Experimentos semelhantes foram efetuados com \"solos artificiais\" constituídos por concentrado de caulinita, bauxita natural e concreção limonítica natural, e comparando-se duas fontes fosfatadas, TKF e SSP. Os resultados evidenciaram grande fixação de fosforo proveniente do SSP e pequena do TKF. Foi possível caracterizar uma fixação sob forma insolúvel em água e solúvel em acido cítrico sobretudo da fonte SSP. A fixação foi maior na limonita, seguindo-se a bauxita ferruginosa e, por último, a caulina. Dois plantios de milho foram realizados em latossolo Vermelho Amarelo com calagem com fertilização TKF (termofosfato magnesiano fundido) e SSP (série pura), e com adição de N e K (série NPK) somente no primeiro plantio. Os resultados não favoreceram o TKF em relação aos demais fertilizantes. Em área nova, sem calagem e fertilização fosfática, o TKF apresentou melhor produção de grãos de milho.
This thesis reports about the experiments carried out both in a green house and in the field, in order to compare the agronomic efficiency of conventional fertilizers (soluble in water). The first experiment took place in a green house, with pots containing savanna soil from the Sorocaba-Itapetinga region, under soy-bean and corn culture. Compared were the effects of the application of \"smelted potassium-thermo phosphate\" (TKF), simple super-phosphate (SSP), and triple super-phosphate (TSP), as sources of phosphate only, whereas to other pots potassium, nitrogen and sulphur was added as sources of NPK. To correlate the results, a reference standard was used (without any fertilizer). All fertilizers were added to pots containing 2 Kg soil, using 150mg P per Kg soil for all experiments. The relation between the elements N: P2O5:K2O in NPK was as 4:14:8. A second planting was carried out in the same pots, with the same crops, without additional fertilizer. Resulting, there was no change in the production of dry material, which shows that TKF without addition of NPK is equivalent to water-soluble fertilizer. The second soy-beans planting showed a significant residual effect. In the first corn plantation, the production with TKF was higher than the one with SSP and TSP. The second corn planting, because of the residual effect, showed an even higher production. The addition of K, N, and S slightly increased the production with TKF, and resulted in better results with TSP and SSP in the first planting under both cultures. In the second planting, the production with fertilizers was levelled to lower values similar to those of the reference standart. In the second experiment columns for leaching were used, with the same soil, fertilized with TKF,SSP and TSP in the phosphatic series and series of NPK in the upper section of the watery leach-column, showing a large fixation of P coming from the soluble sources, parallel to K and Ca. The P of the TKF did hardly show fixation. In a second phase similar experiments were carried out, using artificial soil of Kaolinite, ferruginous bauxite and ferruginous limonite concretions, and comparing two phosphate sources, TKF and SSP. The results demonstrated large fixation of phosphorus coming from the SSP and little from TKF. It was possible to characterize a certain fixation under the in water insoluble form and soluble in citric acid(adsorption and centering) and under the form of stable compost, insoluble in citric acid mainly from the SSP source. The fixation was larger in limonite, following bauxite and, lastly, kaolinite. The third experiment was carried out in the field. Two plantations of corn were realized in a reddish -yellow Latosol with setting (\"calagem\"), fertilized with TKF, TMgF (smelted thermo-phosphate manganese) and SSP (pure series). Only in the first plantation

The goal of this diploma work thesis was to form summary of school experiments and observing on the topic ?soil?, make experiments classification, rate for point of view time-consuming, difficulty and aid-consuming and recommendation for elementary or secondary school to create metodical help for teachers. Some experiments were tested on pupils at Gymnasium Dr. Aleše Hrdličky in Humpolec.

While the previous chapter focused on parents and the study of early childhood, this chapter looks at the rise of institutions and practices devoted to the scientific study of the schoolchild population in the imperial era. It analyses how complex interactions between different professional groups—teachers, psychologists, and doctors—shaped new kinds of expertise in school-based child development and socialization. The analysis opens with a discussion of the crisis of the professional identity of Russian teachers who were arguably the most important constituency on which the rise of child science as a movement, in Russia and elsewhere, depended. It then examines efforts (especially those of psychologists Aleksandr Nechaev and Aleksandr Lazurskii) to turn pedagogy into a ‘science’, leading to the creation of novel research setups, especially in the context of teacher training. Of critical importance here was the promotion of new, applied forms of experimental psychology that sought simultaneously to innovate psychology as a science and articulate new scientific underpinnings of pedagogy. This led to the formation of novel disciplinary frameworks, most notably ‘experimental pedagogy’ and ‘pedology’, which were situated, unstably and controversially, across established professional and disciplinary jurisdictions. The chapter ends with an examination of the contemporaneous efforts by medical professionals to impose their own, distinctly medical, models of child science on schools and pedagogy. Of particular interest here is the rise of school hygiene in Russia and the efforts to enhance the expertise and power of the school doctor.

Soil survey and mapping is one of the most fundamental and best-known applications of pedology. The preparation of soil maps began in the 19th century (Yaalon, 1997), but systematic county-based soil surveys began in the 20th century in the United States (Simonson, 1987, p. 3). The production of soil maps based on systematic soil surveys has been one of the primary driving forces in pedologic research in both academic and governmental settings in the United States and worldwide through much of the 20th century (Simonson, 1987, 1997; Yaalon and Berkowicz, 1997). For example, soil survey and mapping has been a primary function of the USDA since 1899 (Simonson, 1987, p. 3; Soil Survey Division Staff, 1993, p. 11). Soil maps have been prepared for a variety of uses at scales ranging from a few hectares to those of continental and global magnitude. Published soil surveys contain a wealth of data on landscapes as well as soils, but are generally an underused (and likely misunderstood) resource in geoarchaeology, probably because of their agricultural and land-use orientation. This chapter presents a discussion of what soil surveys are (and are not) and potential as well as realized applications in archaeology. Much of the discussion focuses on the county soil surveys published by the USDA because they are so widely available, although applications of other kinds and scales of soil maps that have been applied in archaeology or that have archaeological applications also are discussed. Many countries in the world have national soil surveys whose primary mission is the mapping and inventorying of the nation’s soil resource. In the United States, soil survey is a cooperative venture of federal agencies, state agencies (including the Agricultural Experiment Stations), and local agencies, coordinated by the National Cooperative Soil Survey (Soil Survey Division Staff, 1993, p. 11). The principal federal agency involved in soil survey is the National Resource Conservation Service (NRCS; formerly the Soil Conservation Service, SCS) of the USDA. The mapping of soils by the NRCS/USDA is probably the agency’s best-known activity. Its many published county soil surveys are its most widely known and widely used product.

A pedologia é a ciência que estuda o solo. Atualmente, os datasets oriundos de projetos pedológicos se encontram isolados em data lakes sob os mais variados formatos e classificações. O objetivo deste trabalho é apresentar uma abordagem e experimentos baseados em workflows ETLH capazes de serem acoplados à plataforma OpenSoils para carregar, limpar, transformar e harmonizar grandes massas de dados legados, agregando descritores de proveniência retrospectiva sobres operações e dados. O banco resultante amplia a acessibilidade, localização, compartilhamento e reúso de dados pedológicos harmonizados.