Bibliografie tematiche / Exchang bias

Letteratura scientifica selezionata sul tema "Exchang bias"

Autore: Grafiati
Pubblicato: 8 giugno 2024

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  2. Tesi
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  5. Atti di convegni
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Articoli di riviste sul tema "Exchang bias":

1

Nogués, J., e Ivan K. Schuller. "Exchange bias". Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials 192, n. 2 (febbraio 1999): 203–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0304-8853(98)00266-2.

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2

Candeloro, P., H. Schultheiß, H. T. Nembach, B. Hillebrands, S. Trellenkamp, C. Dautermann e S. Wolff. "Orthogonal exchange bias field directions in exchange bias microstructures". Applied Physics Letters 88, n. 19 (8 maggio 2006): 192510. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2202743.

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3

Miltényi, P., M. Gierlings, M. Bamming, U. May, G. Güntherodt, J. Nogués, M. Gruyters, C. Leighton e Ivan K. Schuller. "Tuning exchange bias". Applied Physics Letters 75, n. 15 (11 ottobre 1999): 2304–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.124998.

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4

Nordblad, Per. "Tuning exchange bias". Nature Materials 14, n. 7 (23 giugno 2015): 655–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nmat4331.

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5

Kiwi, Miguel. "Exchange bias theory". Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials 234, n. 3 (settembre 2001): 584–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0304-8853(01)00421-8.

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6

Kato, Takeshi, Yasuyuki Kudo, Hiroyuki Mizuno e Yoshinori Hiroi. "Regional Inequality Simulations Based on Asset Exchange Models with Exchange Range and Local Support Bias". Applied Economics and Finance 7, n. 5 (24 luglio 2020): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.11114/aef.v7i5.4945.

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Abstract (sommario):
To gain insights into the problem of regional inequality, we proposed new regional asset exchange models based on existing kinetic income-exchange models in economic physics. We did this by setting the spatial exchange range and adding bias to asset fraction probability in equivalent exchanges. Simulations of asset distribution and Gini coefficients showed that suppressing regional inequality requires, firstly an increase in the intra-regional economic circulation rate, and secondly the narrowing down of the exchange range (inter-regional economic zone). However, avoiding over-concentration of assets due to repeat exchanges requires adding a third measure; the local support bias (distribution norm). A comprehensive solution incorporating these three measures enabled shifting the asset distribution from over-concentration to exponential distribution and eventually approaching the normal distribution, reducing the Gini coefficient further. Going forward, we will expand these models by setting production capacity based on assets, path dependency on two-dimensional space, bias according to disparity, and verify measures to reduce regional inequality in actual communities.
7

Ahmadvand, Hossein, Hadi Salamati, Parviz Kameli, Asok Poddar, Mehmet Acet e Khalil Zakeri. "Exchange bias in LaFeO3nanoparticles". Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics 43, n. 24 (3 giugno 2010): 245002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0022-3727/43/24/245002.

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8

Torres, Felipe, Rafael Morales, Ivan K. Schuller e Miguel Kiwi. "Dipole-induced exchange bias". Nanoscale 9, n. 43 (2017): 17074–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7nr05491b.

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The discovery of dipole-induced exchange bias (EB), switching from negative to positive sign, is reported in systems where the antiferromagnet and the ferromagnet are separated by a paramagnetic spacer (AFM–PM–FM).
9

Kim, Joo-Von, e R. L. Stamps. "Defect-modified exchange bias". Applied Physics Letters 79, n. 17 (22 ottobre 2001): 2785–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1413731.

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10

Nowak, U., A. Misra e K. D. Usadel. "Modeling exchange bias microscopically". Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials 240, n. 1-3 (febbraio 2002): 243–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0304-8853(01)00813-7.

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Ti possono interessare anche gli elenchi estesi di opere sul tema "Exchang bias":
Articoli di riviste Tesi Libri

Tesi sul tema "Exchang bias":

1

Guo, Zongxia. "Electrical and optical manipulation of exchange bias". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lorraine, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023LORR0204.

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L'expansion rapide en termes d'échelle et de complexité des dispositifs électroniques pour les applications d'apprentissage automatique et d'intelligence artificielle actuelles engendre une demande considérable en nouvelles architectures. L'industrie est activement à la recherche de nouvelle génération de mémoires et de stockage capables d'offrir vitesse, densité, et une meilleure efficacité énergétique. Les mémoires non volatile magnétorésistive (MRAM), dont les états magnétiques permettent de stocker l'information suscitent un intérêt grandissant. Jusqu'à présent la direction d'aimantation de matériaux ferromagnétique définissaient l'état magnétique. Cependant, les matériaux antiferromagnétiques ne possédant quasiment pas d'aimantation sont intéressant puisqu'ils ne sont pas sensibles aux champs magnétiques externes. Cette caractéristique permet de minimiser l'influence d'interactions dipolaires entre des dispositifs adjacents, favorisant ainsi une intégration plus dense. De plus les matériaux antiferromagnétiques présentent une dynamique à haute fréquence allant jusqu'à la gamme des térahertz, ce qui ouvre théoriquement la possibilité de vitesses d'écriture plus élevées que les dispositifs ferromagnétiques. Toutefois, des dispositifs à aimantation nulle rendent la manipulation et la détection de l'état mémoire complexe par des méthodes classiques. Dans le cadre de cette thèse, nous avons démontré le renversement du couplage d'échange ou exchange bias dans des héterostructures ferromagnétique/antiferromagnétique au sein de jonctions magnétiques à tunnel à trois terminaux, parvenant ainsi à détecter électriquement une couche antiferromagnétique via une variation de magnétorésistance tunnel de 80 %, soit deux ordres de grandeur plus importantes que les résultats publiés précédemment. Ici, la configuration magnétique de la couche antiferromagnétique (IrMn) impacte la couche libre ferromagnétique de CoFeB. De plus, nous avons pu démontrer un retournement d'aimantation rapide dépendant de la polarité du courant, en 0,8 ns. Nous avons pu identifier deux mécanismes de basculement, à savoir le mode chauffage et le mode induit par le couple spin-orbite, en fonction de la largeur d'impulsion du courant. Le second cas est en accord avec des simulations numériques, suggérant que le couple spin-orbite généré par le Pt induit la précession de l'IrMn, tandis que le couplage d'échange à l'interface IrMn/CoFeB détermine la polarité de basculement de l'IrMn. De plus, dans des structures IrMn/CoGd, nous avons étudier le couplage d'échange perpendiculaire en variant les épaisseurs d'IrMn et les concentrations de CoGd. Nous avons pu démontrer dans une structure optimisée, le retournement du couplage d'échange avec une seule impulsion laser femtoseconde. Par ailleurs, nous avons analysé l'impact de la fluence laser et du nombre pulse laser sur l'évolution du couplage d'échange. Grace a des mesures pompe-sonde, nous avons pu démontrer le retournement du couplage d'échange en moins de 100 ps. Ces résultats ont pu être reproduit par des simulations atomistiques prenant en compte la structure des grains des films d'IrMn polycristallins et l'état amorphe des couches d'alliage de CoGd. L'IrMn montre une désaimantation plus rapide que les matériaux ferromagnétiques, chaque grain d'IrMn parvenant à se réaimanter en un état monodomaine en seulement 2 ps. En conclusion le couplage d'échange peut être manipuler grâce à un courant électrique ou une impulsion optique ultra brève sans champ magnétique appliqué et pour des dispositifs ayant une bonne stabilité thermique, ce qui en fait une solution intéressantes pour diverses applications
The rapid growth in scale and complexity of neural network architectures in today's machine learning and artificial intelligence applications is creating a significant demand for advanced hardware solutions. The semiconductor industry is actively seeking next-generation storage technologies that can offer improved speed, density, power consumption, and scalability. One such technology that shows great promise for high-performance data storage and processing is magnetoresistive random access memory (MRAM), which stores information in the magnetic state of materials. However, with the continuous requirement of high-density and ultrafast scenarios, antiferromagnet as the basic unit of MRAM shows obvious advantages. Antiferromagnetic materials have negligible macroscopic magnetism, making them highly robust to external magnetic fields. This property also allows for the absence of dipole interactions between adjacent bits, enabling higher-density integration. Additionally, antiferromagnetic materials exhibit high-frequency dynamics up to the terahertz range, theoretically enabling faster write speeds than ferromagnetic devices. However, such fully compensated magnetic moments make the magnetization state of the antiferromagnetic material difficult to manipulate and detect by traditional electrical methods. In this thesis, we demonstrate the antiferromagnetic exchange bias switching in three-terminal magnetic tunnel junctions and achieve electrical detection of antiferromagnetism by the tunnelling magnetoresistance with a ratio over 80%, which is two orders larger than previous methods. This is achieved by imprinting the state of antiferromagnet IrMn on the CoFeB free layer. We further realize current polarity-dependent switching, rather than current orientation-dependent switching of IrMn down to 0.8 ns. We identify two switching mechanisms, the heating mode and the spin-orbit torque driven mode, depending on the current pulse width. The latter case is supported by numerical simulations, which suggest that spin-orbit torque generated by Pt induces the precession of IrMn and exchange coupling at the IrMn/CoFeB interface determines the switching polarity of IrMn. Furthermore, to break the ferromagnetic and electrical write speed limit and further explore the antiferromagnetic switching speed, we experimentally realize exchange bias switching by a single femtosecond laser pulse. In the IrMn/CoGd structure, the perpendicular exchange bias is investigated for different IrMn thicknesses and CoGd concentrations. Using the optimized structure, the exchange bias was switched under a single femtosecond laser, and the dependence of the exchange bias variations with different laser fluence and pulse numbers was detailed investigated. The pump-probe time-resolved measurement is used to demonstrate the exchange bias switching time scale of less than 100 ps. The grain structure of polycrystalline IrMn films and the amorphous state of CoGd alloy layers are accurately described using atomistic simulations. The IrMn exhibits a faster demagnetization than ferromagnetic materials and each IrMn grain remagnetizing to a single-domain state in only 2 ps. In addition, the different grains of IrMn exhibit independent and stochastic probabilistic switching in the ultrafast time scale. The electrical and all-optical manipulation of exchange bias system allows ultrafast, field-free and energy-efficient control of antiferromagnet with high ordering temperature and thermal stability, making it highly suited to applications
2

Carpenter, Robert. "Exchange bias in nanostructures". Thesis, University of York, 2015. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/9080/.

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Abstract (sommario):
This study was concerned with two issues facing the technological application of exchange bias. The first is the ferromagnet (F)/antiferromagnet (AF) interface which was investigated via the effect of the IrMn (111) in-plane texture on the magnetisation reversal of IrMn/CoFe samples. The second is the change in the magnitude of the exchange bias (Hex) and the median blocking temperature (Tbmed)with element size in sub-500nm nanostructures. The evolution of the magnetisation reversal over the annealing/field cooling process in CoFe and CoFe/IrMn thin films was measured for samples deposited on Cu and NiCr seed layers. The samples deposited on the Cu seed layer were found to be polycrystalline but randomly oriented whilst those on a NiCr seed layer had a strong (111) in-plane texture. The training effect is the change in the first point to reversal (Hc1) between the first and second hysteresis loops measured after field cooling. This was found to vary drastically with texture where deltaHc1 was found to be (10+/-2.5)Oe and (60+/-2.5)Oe for the samples deposited on the NiCr and Cu seed layers respectively. This was hypothesised to be due to a distribution of orientation of the easy axis of the interfacial spin clusters. In the case of the sample deposited on the Cu seed layer there is a 3-D random distribution of easy axis orientations similar to that of Stoner-Wohlfarth entities whereas for the sample grown on the NiCr seed layer there is a 2-D random distribution of easy axis. It is the tensioning of the cluster-cluster interactions with the easy axis orientation that is thought to give rise to the training effect and other phenomena in exchange bias. The change in Hex and Tbmed with element size was measured in 4x4mm arrays of nanodots patterned through e-beam lithography and fabricated using the lift-off method. Following an initial decrease of 66% due to the patterning process, Hex decreased from (105+/-5)Oe to (40+/-5)Oe with element size from 425 to 80nm. However whilst an initial decrease in Tbmed from (448+/-5)K to ~405K occured due to the patterning process no significant change is seen with element size. This implies that the change in Hex is due to a modification of the interface i.e. non-planar deposition as a result of depositing the film through a mask.
3

Liu, Frank Ph D. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. "Exchange bias in patterned nanostructures". Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/103268.

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Abstract (sommario):
Thesis: Ph. D., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, 2016.
Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 119-127).
Exchange bias between a ferromagnet (FM) and antiferromagnet (AFM), which is utilized to pin the magnetization of a FM into a fixed direction in space, is essential in commonly used electronic components such as magnetic recording heads and magnetic memory cells, as well as novel magnetic logic and memory devices. However, the exchange bias effect has been optimized in materials and used in devices for decades without a good scientific understanding, both due to lack of nanoscale research and conflicted results from differences in fabrication and feature size. In this thesis, we present a special fabrication method that produces exchange bias reliably and consistently. We also show the results of both experimental and simulated investigation of the properties of exchange biased nanostructures such as domain formation, magnetostatic interactions, and response to field-driven switching. -A fabrication method for creating locally exchange biased nanostructures is first developed. By etching back a predeposited FM film, and regrowing a thin FM layer and then the AFM film, this hybrid method combines the benefits of a clean interface produced using subtractive methods and the scalability produced using additive methods. Its consistency is analyzed through vibrating sample magnetometry (VSM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Next, the fabrication method is applied to an array of nanodots with varying ion beam etch durations and dot diameters, demonstrating a reduced exchange bias for small diameters, and no significant change in exchange bias unless the ion beam etch duration exceeded 30s. Based on the consistency of this method, new device-like patterns were fabricated both experimentally and by modeling, in which a grating of AFM stripes was exchange biased with a continuous FM film. Competing magnetic interactions were found in the modeling, and produced extraordinary hysteresis loop shapes in the experimental samples. Next, a grating of AFM stripes was exchange biased with a 900 offset grating of FM stripes using the same fabrication method, which simulates an array of individual magnetic devices. A different set of competing magnetic interactions was found, and the feature sizes of the FM and AFM components were demonstrated to tune these interactions and thus the switching behavior of such devices. Exchange bias of materials with perpendicular magnetic anisotropy (PMA) was attempted by exchange coupling a PMA FM material with an in-plane FM material, which in turn exchange couples with the AFM material. However, the magnitude of the exchange bias was found to be negligible when compared to the coercivity of the PMA material.
by Frank Liu.
Ph. D.
4

Zheng, Rongkun. "Exchange bias in magnetic nanoparticles /". View abstract or full-text, 2004. http://library.ust.hk/cgi/db/thesis.pl?PHYS%202004%20ZHENGR.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, 2004.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 103-116). Also available in electronic version. Access restricted to campus users.
5

Rosa, Diego Saldanha da. "Estudo de exchange bias via magnetorresistência anisotrópica". Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 2013. http://repositorio.ufsm.br/handle/1/9237.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
Anisotropic magnetoresistance (AMR) corresponds to the change of R in an ferromagnetic material with the angle between electric current and magnetization. Sensors using this effect are suited to detect both angular and linear displacements. In this work, structural, magnetic and electric characterization were performed in order to study the exchange interaction between antiferromagnetic IrMn and ferromagnetic NiFe, in a bilayer and a multilayer. Simulations of the AMR measurements were performed and showed good agreement with the experimental data. Different anisotropy field values were observed. The difference between the anisotropy field and the exchange field values is responsible for the different AMR data sets extracted from each sample. The model takes into account the, anisotropy (uniaxial), Zeeman, and exchange-bias (unidirectional) energies was used to explain the observed behavior.
Magnetorresistência anisotrópica (AMR) consiste na variação da resistência de um material ferromagnético em função do ângulo entre a corrente elétrica e a magnetização do material, o que faz com que sensores que utilizam este efeito sejam promissores para medidas de posição tanto angulares quanto lineares. Neste trabalho, caracterização estrutural, magnética e elétrica foram realizadas para estudar a interação de troca entre camadas antiferromagnética de IrMn e ferromagnética de NiFe em uma bicamada e uma multicamada. Simulações das medidas de AMR foram realizadas e boa concordância entre os dados experimentais e os simulados foi obtida. Diferentes valores de campos de anisotropias foram observados. A diferença entre o campo de anisotropia unidirecional e o campo de exchange é responsável pela diferença entre as medidas de AMR obtidas. Um modelo que considera as energias de anisotropia (uniaxial), Zeeman e de exchangebias (unidirecional) foi usado para explicar o comportamento observado.
6

Aley, Nicholas Paul. "Structure and anisotrophy in exchange bias systems". Thesis, University of York, 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.533445.

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7

Polenciuc, Ioan. "A racetrack memory based on exchange bias". Thesis, University of York, 2016. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/17517/.

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This thesis describes preliminary studies for a new type of computer memory, racetrack memory. Racetrack memory was initially proposed by scientists at IBM. Data in racetrack memory is stored in domains within ferromagnetic nanowires which are separated by domain walls. The data is moved in the wires by moving the domain walls. Control over the movement of domain walls was initially attempted via use of notches cut into the wires, but these were not only expensive and difficult to fabricate but also proved to be unreliable. The method for pinning domain walls described in this thesis uses antiferromagnetic wires grown perpendicular to ferromagnetic wires so that exchange bias is induced at the crossing points. Exchange bias occurs when an antiferromagnet is in contact with a ferromagnet. When the structure is cooled in an applied field from near the Néel temperature of the antiferromagnet, the hysteresis loop shifts along the field axis resulting in pinning of the ferromagnetic layer. Multiple ferromagnetic materials were considered for the ferromagnetic layer. Initially unpinned ferromagnetic films were grown and characterised. Exchange biased films were then grown in configurations where the antiferromagnetic layer was either under or above the ferromagnetic layer but showed no major differences in the exchange bias. Ferromagnetic wires were patterned on Si substrates using e-beam and photolithography. Coercivity of the wires was measured along the length of the wires. Exchange biased wires in both top and bottom pin configurations were fabricated afterwards using the same methods and characterised using the same technique as the unbiased wires. The comparison between the biased and unbiased wires showed that domain walls can be pinned in nanowires using exchange bias. The top bias configuration showed a maximum value for pinning of about 55 Oe which is comparable to that initially reported in notched systems.
8

Guhr, Ildico. "Exchange-Bias-Effekt in magnetischen Filmen auf Partikelmonolagen". Aachen Shaker, 2008. http://d-nb.info/988801426/04.

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9

Lage, Enno [Verfasser]. "Magnetoelektrische Dünnschichtkomposite mit integriertem Exchange Bias / Enno Lage". Kiel : Universitätsbibliothek Kiel, 2014. http://d-nb.info/1049929101/34.

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Kaeswurm, Barbara. "Magnetic and electrical studies of exchange bias systems". Thesis, University of York, 2011. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.534929.

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Libri sul tema "Exchang bias":

1

Lyons, Richard K. Explaining forward exchange bias ... intraday. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, 1995.

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2

Lyons, Richard K. Explaining forward exchange bias ... intra-day. London: Centre for Economic Policy Research, 1994.

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3

Jean, Imbs, e National Bureau of Economic Research., a cura di. Aggregation bias does explain the PPP puzzle. Cambridge, Mass: National Bureau of Economic Research, 2005.

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Jean, Imbs, e National Bureau of Economic Research., a cura di. "Aggregation bias" does explain the PPP puzzle. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, 2005.

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5

Pesenti, Paolo A. Do nontraded goods explain the home bias puzzle? Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, 1996.

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6

Minarik, Jürgen. Existenz und Handelbarkeit eines Forward Interest Rate Bias. Wien: Facultas-wuv, 2007.

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7

Li, Qingming. Gu hai wu bian. 8a ed. Guangzhou: Hua cheng chu ban she, 2008.

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8

Miles, David K. A simple explanation for bias in the foreign exchange market. London: Birkbeck College, Dept.of Economics, 1990.

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9

Song, Yuanliang. Si da huo bi hui lü bian dong yan jiu. 8a ed. Xi'an Shi: bXi'an di tu chu ban she, 2003.

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Daweiwang. Zhuan bian quan qiu: Hua bi tou zi quan gong lüe. 8a ed. Taibei Shi: Huan yu chu ban gu fen you xian gong si, 2008.

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Capitoli di libri sul tema "Exchang bias":

1

Shrivastava, Navadeep, M. Singh Sarveena e S. K. Sharma. "The Basis of Nanomagnetism: An Overview of Exchange Bias and Spring Magnets". In Exchange Bias, 1–45. Boca Raton, FL : CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group, [2018] |: CRC Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781351228459-1.

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2

Wisniewski, A., I. Fita, R. Puzniak e V. Markovich. "Exchange-Bias Effect in Bulk Perovskite Manganites". In Exchange Bias, 275–99. Boca Raton, FL : CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group, [2018] |: CRC Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781351228459-10.

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3

Sharma, Jyoti, e K. G. Suresh. "Exchange Bias in Bulk Heusler Systems". In Exchange Bias, 301–30. Boca Raton, FL : CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group, [2018] |: CRC Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781351228459-11.

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4

Lavorato, Gabriel C., Elin L. Winkler, Enio Lima e Roberto D. Zysler. "Exchange-Coupled Bimagnetic Core–Shell Nanoparticles for Enhancing the Effective Magnetic Anisotropy". In Exchange Bias, 47–70. Boca Raton, FL : CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group, [2018] |: CRC Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781351228459-2.

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5

Nordblad, Per, Matthias Hudl e Roland Mathieu. "Exchange Bias in Dilute Magnetic Alloys". In Exchange Bias, 71–83. Boca Raton, FL : CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group, [2018] |: CRC Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781351228459-3.

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Lin, Xiao-Min, Quy Khac Ong e Alexander Wei. "Structural Complexity in Exchange-Coupled Core–Shell Nanoparticles". In Exchange Bias, 85–102. Boca Raton, FL : CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group, [2018] |: CRC Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781351228459-4.

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7

Wisniewski, A., I. Fita, R. Puzniak e V. Markovich. "Exchange-Bias Effect in Manganite Nanostructures". In Exchange Bias, 103–25. Boca Raton, FL : CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group, [2018] |: CRC Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781351228459-5.

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8

Vasilakaki, M., G. Margaris, E. Eftaxias e K. N. Trohidou. "Monte Carlo Study of the Exchange Bias Effects in Magnetic Nanoparticles with Core–Shell Morphology". In Exchange Bias, 127–62. Boca Raton, FL : CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group, [2018] |: CRC Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781351228459-6.

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9

Tong, Wen-Yi, e Chun-Gang Duan. "All-Electric Spintronics through Surface/Interface Effects". In Exchange Bias, 163–204. Boca Raton, FL : CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group, [2018] |: CRC Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781351228459-7.

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Pankratova, M., A. Kovalev e M. Žukovič. "Understanding of Exchange Bias in Ferromagnetic/Antiferromagnetic Bilayers". In Exchange Bias, 205–31. Boca Raton, FL : CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group, [2018] |: CRC Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781351228459-8.

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Atti di convegni sul tema "Exchang bias":

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Mohanty, Prachi, Sourav Marik e Ravi P. Singh. "Exchange bias effect in CoAl2O4". In DAE SOLID STATE PHYSICS SYMPOSIUM 2017. Author(s), 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.5029125.

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Zubov, Eduard. "Exchange Bias in Gadolinium Orthochromite". In 2021 IEEE 12th International Conference on Electronics and Information Technologies (ELIT). IEEE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/elit53502.2021.9501148.

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3

Chi, X., e Y. Hu. "Role of antiferromagnetic exchange coupling on exchange-bias propagation". In 2015 IEEE International Magnetics Conference (INTERMAG). IEEE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/intmag.2015.7156539.

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Huang, P., C. Lai, C. Yang, H. Huang, T. Chin, C. Chen, M. Lan, H. Huang e H. Bor. "Exchange bias between ZnCoO and IrMn". In INTERMAG 2006 - IEEE International Magnetics Conference. IEEE, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/intmag.2006.374987.

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Sort, J., K. Buchanan, M. Grimsditch, S. Chung, V. Novosad, A. Hoffmann, G. Salazar-Alvarez, M. Baro, B. Dieny e J. Nogues. "Controlling magnetic vortices through exchange bias". In INTERMAG 2006 - IEEE International Magnetics Conference. IEEE, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/intmag.2006.376477.

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Kim, J., L. Wee, R. L. Stamps e R. Street. "Exchange bias: imperfections and temperature dependence". In IEEE International Magnetics Conference. IEEE, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/intmag.1999.837428.

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Chun-Yeol You e S. D. Bader. "Bias-voltage-controlled interlayer exchange coupling". In IEEE International Magnetics Conference. IEEE, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/intmag.1999.837728.

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Li, X., Y. C. Chang, W. C. Yeh, K. W. Lin, R. D. Desautels, J. Van Lierop e P. W. T. Pong. "Exchange Bias in NiFe/CoO/Fe2O3 Trilayer". In 2016 International Conference of Asian Union of Magnetics Societies (ICAUMS). IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icaums.2016.8479839.

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Maity, T., e S. Roy. "Unconventional exchange-bias phenomenon in nanocomposite materials". In 2017 IEEE International Magnetics Conference (INTERMAG). IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/intmag.2017.8007555.

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van Dijken, S., M. Crofton e J. M. D. Coey. "Perpendicular exchange bias in nickel/antiferromagnetic bilayers". In INTERMAG Asia 2005: Digest of the IEEE International Magnetics Conference. IEEE, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/intmag.2005.1464462.

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Rapporti di organizzazioni sul tema "Exchang bias":

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Lyons, Richard, e Andrew Rose. Explaining Forward Exchange Bias..Intraday. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, gennaio 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w4982.

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Froot, Kenneth, e Jeffrey Frankel. Interpreting Tests of Forward Discount Bias Using Survey Data on Exchange Rate Expectations. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, giugno 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w1963.

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Michel, R. P., A. Chaiken, L. E. Johnson e Y. K. Kim. NiO exchange bias layers grown by direct ion beam sputtering of a nickel oxide target. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), marzo 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/251367.

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Rangan, Subramanian, e Robert Lawrence. Search and Deliberation in International Exchange: Learning from Multinational Trade About Lags, Distance Effects, and Home Bias. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, marzo 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w7012.

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Galetovic, Alexander, Eduardo Engel e Ronald Fischer. Revenue-Based Auctions and Unbundling Infrastructure Franchises. Inter-American Development Bank, dicembre 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0008875.

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Abstract (sommario):
This paper discusses privatization among investments in infrastructure. The goal of this paper is to present a new auction mechanism that solves many of the problems that have hindered the use of franchises. The first section of the paper discusses least present value of revenue (LPVR) auctions, where the regulator fixes user fees (according to some optimizing criterion) and asks for bids on the present value of revenue from user fees that franchise holders will accept in exchange for building, operating and maintaining the infrastructure. Section 2 of the paper classifies infrastructure projects according to their technological characteristics in order to establish conditions under which franchising is feasible and desirable. In Section 3, the authors discuss several conceptual issues that arise in franchising. Section 4 discusses the shortcomings of fixed-term mechanisms. Section 5 introduces and analyzes LPVR auctions. Section 6 discusses the unbundling of franchises. The authors' conclusions are presented in the final section.
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Becker, Chris, Anny Francis, Calebe de Roure e Brendan Wilson. Demand in the Repo Market: Indirect Perspectives from Open Market Operations from 2006 to 2020. Reserve Bank of Australia, maggio 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.47688/rdp2024-03.

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Abstract (sommario):
In Australia repurchase (repo) obligations are traded bilaterally 'over-the-counter' between parties, rather than on an exchange. As a result, it is difficult to obtain quotes of executable prices, trading volumes, and related data that are representative of the market. Market conditions are therefore not easy to assess and often dependent on anecdotal evidence. Over the years, the Reserve Bank of Australia has published data and analysis of the repo market by providing indirect perspectives using data from its own open market operations that are conducted using repos. This paper contributes to this work. The Reserve Bank conducts open market operations to manage liquidity in the interbank market, provide settlement balances for the smooth functioning of the payments system, and for the implementation of monetary policy. Repos are an integral part of these operations. The eligible private sector counterparties in these auctions have a variety of reasons for participating. We arrange their bids in an ascending order in a number of distinct phases so that they can be used to make inferences about the demand for repo and hence market operations. Several insights allow us to better understand the dynamics underpinning the repo market. The findings mainly relate to the period prior to the implementation of unconventional monetary policies in March 2020.
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Payment Systems Report - June of 2021. Banco de la República, febbraio 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.32468/rept-sist-pag.eng.2021.

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Abstract (sommario):
Banco de la República provides a comprehensive overview of Colombia’s finan¬cial infrastructure in its Payment Systems Report, which is an important product of the work it does to oversee that infrastructure. The figures published in this edition of the report are for the year 2020, a pandemic period in which the con¬tainment measures designed and adopted to alleviate the strain on the health system led to a sharp reduction in economic activity and consumption in Colom¬bia, as was the case in most countries. At the start of the pandemic, the Board of Directors of Banco de la República adopted decisions that were necessary to supply the market with ample liquid¬ity in pesos and US dollars to guarantee market stability, protect the payment system and preserve the supply of credit. The pronounced growth in mone¬tary aggregates reflected an increased preference for liquidity, which Banco de la República addressed at the right time. These decisions were implemented through operations that were cleared and settled via the financial infrastructure. The second section of this report, following the introduction, offers an analysis of how the various financial infrastructures in Colombia have evolved and per¬formed. One of the highlights is the large-value payment system (CUD), which registered more momentum in 2020 than during the previous year, mainly be¬cause of an increase in average daily remunerated deposits made with Banco de la República by the General Directorate of Public Credit and the National Treasury (DGCPTN), as well as more activity in the sell/buy-back market with sovereign debt. Consequently, with more activity in the CUD, the Central Securi¬ties Depository (DCV) experienced an added impetus sparked by an increase in the money market for bonds and securities placed on the primary market by the national government. The value of operations cleared and settled through the Colombian Central Counterparty (CRCC) continues to grow, propelled largely by peso/dollar non-deliverable forward (NDF) contracts. With respect to the CRCC, it is important to note this clearing house has been in charge of managing risks and clearing and settling operations in the peso/dollar spot market since the end of last year, following its merger with the Foreign Exchange Clearing House of Colombia (CCDC). Since the final quarter of 2020, the CRCC has also been re¬sponsible for clearing and settlement in the equities market, which was former¬ly done by the Colombian Stock Exchange (BVC). The third section of this report provides an all-inclusive view of payments in the market for goods and services; namely, transactions carried out by members of the public and non-financial institutions. During the pandemic, inter- and intra-bank electronic funds transfers, which originate mostly with companies, increased in both the number and value of transactions with respect to 2019. However, debit and credit card payments, which are made largely by private citizens, declined compared to 2019. The incidence of payment by check contin¬ue to drop, exhibiting quite a pronounced downward trend during the past last year. To supplement to the information on electronic funds transfers, section three includes a segment (Box 4) characterizing the population with savings and checking accounts, based on data from a survey by Banco de la República con-cerning the perception of the use of payment instruments in 2019. There also is segment (Box 2) on the growth in transactions with a mobile wallet provided by a company specialized in electronic deposits and payments (Sedpe). It shows the number of users and the value of their transactions have increased since the wallet was introduced in late 2017, particularly during the pandemic. In addition, there is a diagnosis of the effects of the pandemic on the payment patterns of the population, based on data related to the use of cash in circu¬lation, payments with electronic instruments, and consumption and consumer confidence. The conclusion is that the collapse in the consumer confidence in¬dex and the drop in private consumption led to changes in the public’s pay¬ment patterns. Credit and debit card purchases were down, while payments for goods and services through electronic funds transfers increased. These findings, coupled with the considerable increase in cash in circulation, might indicate a possible precautionary cash hoarding by individuals and more use of cash as a payment instrument. There is also a segment (in Focus 3) on the major changes introduced in regulations on the retail-value payment system in Colombia, as provided for in Decree 1692 of December 2020. The fourth section of this report refers to the important innovations and tech¬nological changes that have occurred in the retail-value payment system. Four themes are highlighted in this respect. The first is a key point in building the financial infrastructure for instant payments. It involves of the design and im¬plementation of overlay schemes, a technological development that allows the various participants in the payment chain to communicate openly. The result is a high degree of interoperability among the different payment service providers. The second topic explores developments in the international debate on central bank digital currency (CBDC). The purpose is to understand how it could impact the retail-value payment system and the use of cash if it were to be issued. The third topic is related to new forms of payment initiation, such as QR codes, bio¬metrics or near field communication (NFC) technology. These seemingly small changes can have a major impact on the user’s experience with the retail-value payment system. The fourth theme is the growth in payments via mobile tele¬phone and the internet. The report ends in section five with a review of two papers on applied research done at Banco de la República in 2020. The first analyzes the extent of the CRCC’s capital, acknowledging the relevant role this infrastructure has acquired in pro¬viding clearing and settlement services for various financial markets in Colom¬bia. The capital requirements defined for central counterparties in some jurisdic¬tions are explored, and the risks to be hedged are identified from the standpoint of the service these type of institutions offer to the market and those associated with their corporate activity. The CRCC’s capital levels are analyzed in light of what has been observed in the European Union’s regulations, and the conclusion is that the CRCC has a scheme of security rings very similar to those applied internationally and the extent of its capital exceeds what is stipulated in Colombian regulations, being sufficient to hedge other risks. The second study presents an algorithm used to identify and quantify the liquidity sources that CUD’s participants use under normal conditions to meet their daily obligations in the local financial market. This algorithm can be used as a tool to monitor intraday liquidity. Leonardo Villar Gómez Governor

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