Letteratura scientifica selezionata sul tema "Evolutive ecology"
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Articoli di riviste sul tema "Evolutive ecology"
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Jousset, Alexandre. "Ecological and evolutive implications of bacterial defences against predators". Environmental Microbiology 14, n. 8 (31 ottobre 2011): 1830–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1462-2920.2011.02627.x.
Testo completo
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Cadena-Caballero, Cristian E., Nestor Munive-Argüelles, Lina M. Vera-Cala, Carlos Barrios-Hernandez, Ruben O. Duarte-Bernal, Viviana L. Ayus-Ortiz, Luis A. Pardo-Díaz et al. "APGW/AKH Precursor from Rotifer Brachionus plicatilis and the DNA Loss Model Explain Evolutionary Trends of the Neuropeptide LWamide, APGWamide, RPCH, AKH, ACP, CRZ, and GnRH Families". Journal of Molecular Evolution 91, n. 6 (dicembre 2023): 882–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00239-023-10146-9.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
AbstractIn the year 2002, DNA loss model (DNA-LM) postulated that neuropeptide genes to emerged through codons loss via the repair of damaged DNA from ancestral gene namely Neuropeptide Precursor Predictive (NPP), which organization correspond two or more neuropeptides precursors evolutive related. The DNA-LM was elaborated according to amino acids homology among LWamide, APGWamide, red pigment-concentrating hormone (RPCH), adipokinetic hormones (AKHs) and in silico APGW/RPCH NPPAPGW/AKH NPP were proposed. With the above principle, it was proposed the evolution of corazonin (CRZ), gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), AKH, and AKH/CRZ (ACP), but any NPP never was considered. However, the evolutive relation via DNA-LM among these neuropeptides precursors not has been established yet. Therefore, the transcriptomes from crabs Callinectes toxotes and Callinectes arcuatus were used to characterized ACP and partial CRZ precursors, respectively. BLAST alignment with APGW/RPCH NPP and APGW/AKH NPP allow identified similar NPP in the rotifer Brachionus plicatilis and other invertebrates. Moreover, three bioinformatics algorithms and manual verification were used to purify 13,778 sequences, generating a database with 719 neuropeptide precursors. Phylogenetic trees with the DNA-LM parameters showed that some ACP, CRZ, AKH2 and two NPP share nodes with GnRH from vertebrates and some of this neuropeptide had nodes in invertebrates. Whereas the phylogenetic tree with standard parameters do not showed previous node pattern. Robinson-Foulds metric corroborates the differences among phylogenetic trees. Homology relationship showed four putative orthogroups; AKH4, CRZ, and protostomes GnRH had individual group. This is the first demonstration of NPP in species and would explain the evolution neuropeptide families by the DNA-LM.
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Skarżyński, Dariusz. "Hypogastrura hargrovei sp. n., a new species of the family Hypogastruridae (Collembola) with highly modified mouthparts". Insect Systematics & Evolution 38, n. 2 (2007): 201–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/187631207794760985.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
AbstractHypogastrura hargrovei sp. n. from South Carolina, USA is described. The exceptional structure of the mouthparts (labrum, maxillae, mandibles, labial palp) place the new species in an isolated position within the trybomi group and in the whole genus. The most similar species Hypogastrura maxillosa Babenko, 1994 has modified head of maxilla, but differs in the typical structure of the labrum, the mandibles and the labial palp and rich chaetotaxy. Evolutive significance of mouthparts modifications in Hypogastruridae is discussed.
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Trisciuoglio, Marco. "Exaptation in Transitional Urban Morphologies: First Notes on the Dynamics of Urban Form Read through the Theories of Natural Evolution". Land 13, n. 1 (8 gennaio 2024): 74. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land13010074.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Studying the dynamics of urban form means questioning the processes of evolution of the form in general. The current discussion on the architecture of buildings and urban spaces has drawn the concept of adaptation from theories of natural evolution. These notes propose a reflection on the opposite and controverse concept of exaptation as it was proposed by the biologist and paleontologist Stephen Jay Gould in 1982. Through some examples (the different transformations of some Roman amphitheaters of the imperial age and the metamorphoses that occurred in the 20th century to some Chinese urban fabrics, originally made by courtyard houses), it is possible to extend to urban forms the idea of the casual co-optation for new uses of organs and anatomical parts developed for other reasons. This kind of reflection opens up innovative considerations on the potential of transitional urban analysis and its repercussions on evolutive urban transformation processes.
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Brandoni, Diego, Laureano González Ruiz e Joaquín Bucher. "Evolutive Implications of Megathericulus patagonicus (Xenarthra, Megatheriinae) from the Miocene of Patagonia Argentina". Journal of Mammalian Evolution 27, n. 3 (24 maggio 2019): 445–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10914-019-09469-6.
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Hoteit, I., G. Triantafyllou, G. Petihakis e J. I. Allen. "A singular evolutive extended Kalman filter to assimilate real in situ data in a 1-D marine ecosystem model". Annales Geophysicae 21, n. 1 (31 gennaio 2003): 389–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/angeo-21-389-2003.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Abstract. A singular evolutive extended Kalman (SEEK) filter is used to assimilate real in situ data in a water column marine ecosystem model. The biogeochemistry of the ecosystem is described by the European Regional Sea Ecosystem Model (ERSEM), while the physical forcing is described by the Princeton Ocean Model (POM). In the SEEK filter, the error statistics are parameterized by means of a suitable basis of empirical orthogonal functions (EOFs). The purpose of this contribution is to track the possibility of using data assimilation techniques for state estimation in marine ecosystem models. In the experiments, real oxygen and nitrate data are used and the results evaluated against independent chlorophyll data. These data were collected from an offshore station at three different depths for the needs of the MFSPP project. The assimilation results show a continuous decrease in the estimation error and a clear improvement in the model behavior. Key words. Oceanography: general (ocean prediction; numerical modelling) – Oceanography: biological and chemical (ecosystems and ecology)
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Penteriani, Vincenzo, e Robert Kenward. "Does a Simple Cope's Rule Mechanism Overlook Predators?" Research Letters in Ecology 2007 (2007): 1–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2007/92684.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The Cope’s rule predicts a tendency for species to evolve towards an increase in size. Recently, it has been suggested that such a tendency is due to the fact that large body sizes provide a general increase in individual fitness. Here we highlight evidence that predator species do not always fit the large-size = high-fitness mechanism for Cope’s rule. Given the specific requirements of predators and the complexity of prey-predator relationships, any analysis that does not take into account all animal groups may overlook a significant portion of evolutive trends. Generalisations may not be possible regardless of taxa.
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Fasani, Elisa, Mingai Li, Claudio Varotto, Antonella Furini e Giovanni DalCorso. "Metal Detoxification in Land Plants: From Bryophytes to Vascular Plants. STATE of the Art and Opportunities". Plants 11, n. 3 (18 gennaio 2022): 237. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants11030237.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Potentially toxic elements are a widespread concern due to their increasing diffusion into the environment. To counteract this problem, the relationship between plants and metal(loid)s has been investigated in the last 30 years. In this field, research has mainly dealt with angiosperms, whereas plant clades that are lower in the evolutive scale have been somewhat overlooked. However, recent studies have revealed the potential of bryophytes, pteridophytes and gymnosperms in environmental sciences, either as suitable indicators of habitat health and elemental pollution or as efficient tools for the reclamation of degraded soils and waters. In this review, we summarize recent research on the interaction between plants and potentially toxic elements, considering all land plant clades. The focus is on plant applicability in the identification and restoration of polluted environments, as well as on the characterization of molecular mechanisms with a potential outlet in the engineering of element tolerance and accumulation.
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Regenfuss, Von Hans. "Die Antennen-Putzeinrichtung der Adephaga (Coleoptera), parallele evolutive Vervollkommnung einer komplexen Struktur". Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research 13, n. 4 (27 aprile 2009): 278–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0469.1975.tb00510.x.
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Ouellet, Denis, e Richard Zarnovican. "Cultural treatment of young yellow birch (Betulaalleghaniensis Britton) stands: tree classification and stand structure". Canadian Journal of Forest Research 18, n. 12 (1 dicembre 1988): 1581–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x88-241.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The IUFRO classification criteria were applied to yellow birch stems in a lower pole stand located in the Saint-Zacharie experimental forest. Mensuration data were analyzed using the classification criteria. The results show that the stand in which yellow birch predominates has a relatively homogeneous diametrical and vertical structure. Social differentiation and some species hierarchy are evident even at this early stage. Mensuration data analyses reveal the discriminatory value of several IUFRO criteria (height class, development class, silvicultural class); other criteria (evolutive trend class, technological standard class) are more difficult to apply. The suggestion is made that two indices (ht/dbh ratio, crown clearance) would facilitate tree classification in young hardwood stands.
Tesi sul tema "Evolutive ecology"
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Ninni, Paola. "La fonction des caroténoïdes chez les hirondelles de cheminée (Hirundo rustica)". Phd thesis, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, 2003. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00003369.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
La fonction des caroténoïdes chez les hirondelles de cheminée (Hirundo rustica) Un signal, pour pouvoir évoluer et se répandre doit être honnête car son coût empêche l'apparition de tricheurs. Dans cette thèse, je m'intéresse aux signaux caroténoïde-dépendants qui influencent la valeur reproductive des hirondelles de cheminée. Les caroténoïdes sont des molécules colorées que les animaux doivent nécessairement ingérer avec la nourriture. Outre la reproduction, ils conditionnent de nombreuses activités physiologiques liées à la défense immunitaire et à la neutralisation des radicaux libres. Seuls les individus de meilleure qualité sont susceptibles d'accéder à une quantité suffisante de caroténoïdes pour l'investir dans des signaux sexuels, tout en conservant un bon état de santé. J'ai considéré tout d'abord la disponibilité des caroténoïdes dans la nourriture des hirondelles, pour vérifier s'il existe une variabilité dans la capacité des individus à obtenir ces pigments. Mon étude suggère que si les hirondelles ont accès aux caroténoïdes, certains individus ne se procurent ces pigment que de façon limité. Puis j'e me suis intéressée à deux activités qui semblent être particulièrement sensibles à la présence des caroténoïdes. La date d'arrivée au site de reproduction chez les hirondelles influence la valeur reproductive tout en étant assujettie au stress oxydatif dû aux radicaux libres. La concentration et la variation de caroténoïdes dans le sang des males semblent déterminer la variabilité observée dans la date d'arrivée. Les individus de moins bonne qualité ne peuvent pas avancer leur arrivée, à cause de besoins plus importants en caroténoïdes. Dans un troisième temps j'ai analysé la quantité et la variation des caroténoïdes dans le sang des femelles pendant la reproduction, considérant que les caroténoïdes représentent une ressource, importante pour le développement de l'embryon et le poussin à l'éclosion, mais aussi particulièrement nécessaire à la femelle pour conserver un bon état de santé pendant la reproduction. On observe une diminution de la concentration en caroténoïdes dans le sang pendant la production des œufs et une différence entre les sexes lors de la saison de reproduction qui témoignent d'une utilisation importante de ces pigments par les femelles. Je me suis intéressée enfin a l'éventuel dimorphisme sexuel dans la couleur des plumes rouges de la gorge, partiellement déterminée par les caroténoïdes. Les males développent une couleur plus intense que les femelles et investissent davantage en proportion de plumes pigmentées. Les males qui développent une couleur plus intense obtiennent d'ailleurs un bénéfice en terme de possibilité de trouver un partenaire pour se reproduire. En conclusion, je rapporte plusieurs résultats empiriques qui, dans leur ensemble, suggèrent un rôle des caroténoïdes dans l'évolution des signaux honnêtes.
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Fernández, Guerra Antonio. "Ecology and evolution of microbial nitrifiers / Ecología y evolución de los microorganismos nitrificantes". Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/108001.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Ammonia oxidation, the first and the rate-limiting step in nitrification, is one of the cornerstones of the cycle. Members from the bacterial and archaeal domains are key players in ammonia oxidation in many different environ- ments. Usually these organisms are found coexisting but the most recent studies suggests that archaeal ammonia oxidizers show an incredible ability to adapt and oxidize ammonia under different environmental conditions and have displaced their bacterial counterparts in terms of importance in the global biogeochemical cycle, providing an avalanche of AOA molecular data (16S rDNA and amoA gene sequences) from very diverse environments worldwide. As far as we don’t have enough genomic data to perform an holistic approach using population genomics and reverse ecology to unveil the ecological and evolutionary mechanisms driving the adaptation; we focused our experiments on the amoA gene sequence. Because ammonia monooxygenase is supposed to be the key enzyme in the ammonia oxidation, we applied a combination of community ecology and molecular evolution methods to understand the mechanisms of the diversification patterns observed in the amoA gene. Another unsolved question in the archaeal ammonia oxidation is the unusual biochemistry found in the genome sequences from cultured archaeal ammonia oxidizers. In archaea, all the elements of the bacterial ammonia oxidizing pathway are missing but the genes coding for the presumptive AMO. To unveil missing pathways in this process, we have developed a powerful approach based on graphical models to capture all the functional associations present in metagenomes based in their ecological co-ocurrence.
The results of the analyses revealed for the first time a global picture of the phylogenetic community structure of ammonia- oxidizing assemblages. Our study unveiled larger phylogenetic richness in AOA with more dissimilar communities and clear monophyletic groups for the different habitats. The rates of diversification in AOA were higher than in AOB and the archaeal diversification dynamics showed an unusual feature, with an initial diversification process followed by a long period of stasis and a final burst of diversification. The variations observed between AOB and AOA in terms of community structure, phylogenetic diversity, diversification patterns, and habitat dispersion were unexpected just a very few years ago, and the community phylogenetics approach has nicely captured these differences.
Understand the diversification processes observed in AOA and their successful performance under a myriad of different environmental conditions such as low pH, different ammonia concentrations, high hydrostatic pressures, high light exposure, low oxygen availability among others, needs however of a deeper insight adding the evolutionary processes. Individual changes at the level of nucleotides were translated to the global diversification patterns of archaeal ammonia oxidizers. Thus, this resulted in a step further from the results obtained after applying community phylogenetics methods providing precise evolutionary information behind the phylogenetic patterns observed within an ecological context. We will gain the full picture once the results can be integrated in a comparative genomics framework.
After applying methods of reverse engineering of regulatory the associations between the known and the unknown fraction were reconstructed offering a pioneering fresh view for microbial ecology. One especially relevant result obtained from this approach on AOA was the reconstruction of the association network of the different AMO subunits to the other proteins previously reported in the marine AOA Nitrosopumilus. The information recovered from metagenomics combined with available genomes fuels hypothesis for the particular and yet unknown biochemistry of ammonia oxidation in Archaea.La oxidación del amonio es una de las piezas clave del ciclo del Nitrógeno. Tanto las bacterias como las arqueas oxidadoras del amonio se pueden encontrar coexistiendo a lo largo de diferentes ambientes. Pero cuando la primera arquea oxidadora del amonio fue aislada, se puso en relevancia la importancia de estas en comparación con las bacterias en los ciclos biogeoquímicos globales. Desde entonces hemos sido inundados por una avalancha de secuencias génicas de estas arqueas, mostrando una gran capacidad de diversificación y adaptación a ambientes diferentes. Al no disponer de suficientes datos para realizar una aproximación holistica utilizando genómica de poblaciones y de ecología inversa para poder discernir los mecanismos ecológicos y evolutivos relacionados con la adaptación; nos hemos centrado en estudiar la secuencia del amoA. La amonio monooxigenasa es la enzima responsable de la oxidación del amonio, para su estudio hemos aplicado una combinación de técnicas de ecología de comunidades y de evolución molecular con el objetivo de entender los mecanismos de los patrones de diversificación observados. Por otra banda, otro de los misterios asociados a la oxidación del amonio por parte de las arqueas, es su inusual bioquímica para realizar la oxidación del amonio. En arqueas faltan todos los elementos necesarios para llevar a cabo la oxidación del amonio a excepción del AMO. Para poder aportar algo de luz a este misterio hemos desarrollado un potente método basado en modelos gráficos para capturar todas las asociaciones funcionales presentes en los metagenomas basado en sus co-ocurrencias ecológicas.
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Caraballo, López Tatiana. "The ecology of colonial phytoplankton = Ecología del fitoplancton colonial". Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/129683.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Phytoplankton embraces a large diversity of life forms, from pioneer oxygenic photosynthetic cyanobacteria to a broad spectrum of phylogenetically distant eukaryotic organisms. In many of the evolutionary branches, colonial organisms have appeared. The evolutionary reasons for the transition to larger sizes are not yet fully understood, but multicellularity is thought to be one of its consequences. Phytoplankton ecological success or failure, under certain conditions is the result of a balance between gains and losses. Unicellular and colonial organisms have to adapt their respective functional traits related to photosynthesis, resource acquisition, and predation, to changes in the environment. The advantages of a certain life-form (unicellular or colonial), could, hence, rely in the relevance of gain processes (light, nutrient related traits), or of losses as main drivers of phytoplankton evolution.
Despite coloniality could suppose an opportunity in finding new paths to succeed, previous knowledge pointed to larger phytoplankton cells as worse competitors for nutrients than smaller cells and hence, as the size of the colonies may start to become a constraint for nutrient uptake and utilization. However, other issues changing with size can become advantageous for colonial phytoplankton. For example, large flagellate colonies can move and hence cover a greater space of resources likely to be exploited than small unicellulars, and also can have a larger storage capacity. Large cells (and colonies in particular) can take more advantage of the production of external enzymes since colonial forms, specially mucilaginous ones, could maintain exoenzymes close to the cells in this external matrix. In summary, any strategy by which there is not a proportional increase in the need for nutrients as body size enlarges can be regarded as a competitive advantage for colonial organisms. Besides, a possible advantage for large unicellulars and colonies could be related to the top-down control of the systems by grazers, as smaller unicellulars are subject of grazing by both, small and large filter feeders, whereas large colonies can override the edible size spectrum of some. Also the aggregation of cells to form large colonies harder to gulp or filter by zooplankton is considered a relative widespread defense strategy. The ubiquitousness of colonial forms of phytoplankton and its endurance until today is the basis for believing that there has been a significant selection for it in the ancient unicellular world. Yet it is difficult to guess what the main drivers for coloniality have been,
Can we find out the selective forces favoring multicellular colonial forms in phytoplankton?
Understanding the ecological advantage that colonial forms could hold in phytoplankton was the main objective of this thesis.Los orígenes de los organismos que componen la comunidad fitoplanctónica se remontan a distintos eventos endosimbióticos; por ello, una de las principales características del fitoplancton es una enorme diversidad que atañe tanto en sus atributos morfológicos y fisiológicos como en sus formas de vida. A pesar de que la multicelularidad en algunas especies de fitoplancton podría suponer una estrategia para asegurar la conservación de la línea germinal, o para generar un medio interno estable que proteja a las células que forman la colonia del cambiante ambiente que la rodea, actualmente se desconoce el motivo que pudo haber favorecido la transición desde la unicelularidad a la colonialidad. Sin embargo, la existencia de organismos coloniales evolutivamente más avanzados en los que se observa una diferenciación celular y división de tareas, podrían empezar a definir una estrategia de vida compleja y jerarquizada más allá de la simple agregación celular. La gran variedad de formas, tamaños y configuraciones presentadas por las células y colonias, es una muestra de que no hay una estructura óptima, sino un gran abanico de posibilidades exitosas para afrontar los obstáculos a los que estos organismos se enfrentan durante su ciclo de vida. Por otro lado, el paso de una forma de vida unicelular a una colonial en los organismos fitoplanctónicos, implica un número de condicionantes ecológicos que determinan cuándo y cómo las formas coloniales pueden ser más viables. En cualquier caso, el hecho de que las formas unicelulares y coloniales sean ubicuas en el fitoplancton y hayan perdurado durante millones de años, nos da a entender que deben existir ciertas ventajas ecológicas conferidas por la colonialidad. Este trabajo se centra en investigar en qué modo los organismos coloniales han llegado a compensado las desventajas derivadas de la agregación para haberse convertido en una alternativa evolutivamente exitosa a la unicelularidad.
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Sayol, Altarriba Ferran. "Causes and consequences of brain size evolution: a global analysis on birds". Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/565697.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Per què alguns llinatges de vertebrats, incloent els humans, han evolucionat cervells grans és un dels grans trencaclosques de la biologia evolutiva. De les varies hipòtesis que s’han plantejat per intentar resoldre aquest misteri, la variació ambiental destaca com una de les principals causes de la variació en la mida relativa del cervell. Més formalment, la hipòtesis del cervell protector (CBH, de Cognitive buffer hypothesis”, en anglès) postula que els cervells relativament més grans han evolucionat per facilitar els ajustos de comportament per augmentar la supervivència en condicions canviants. Tot i que la CBH ha rebut suport empíric els darrers anys, alguns autors qüestionen la seva rellevància for explicar l’evolució del cervell argumentant que mantenir un cervell massa gran en períodes d’escassetat de recursos és massa costós, de manera que la variació ambiental hauria de limitar més que no pas afavorir l’evolució dels cervells grans. Aquesta tesi doctoral explora les causes i conseqüències de l’evolució de la mida del cervell, amb especial atenció en la CBH, validant les seves assumpcions, assajant les seves prediccions i avaluant les seves implicacions. La tesi treu profit d’una base de dades de mesures del cervell per més de 1900 espècies d’ocells en combinació amb els més recents mètodes filogenètics comparatius per tal de descobrir els orígens de la variació en la mida del cervell en la classe de vertebrats més diversa. Com a primer objectiu, aquesta tesi valida en quina mesura la mida relativa del cervell és una bona aproximació de la variació en estructures del cervell involucrades en la capacitat de construir respostes de comportament als nous reptes. El capítol 1 mostra que les àrees associatives del cervell, tradicionalment relacionades amb la intel·ligència general, són desproporcionadament més grans en espècies de cervell gran i poden predir de forma acurada la variació en el conjunt del cervell, de manera que es validi la seva utilització en anàlisis comparatives globals. Segons la CBH, les espècies que viuen en regions amb alta variabilitat ambiental haurien de ser seleccionades per cervells grans, a menys que tinguin adaptacions especialitzades per evadir les caigudes en la disponibilitat de recursos. El Capítol 2 mostra com els ocells que viuen en ambients més estacionals i impredictibles , com les regions de latituds altes, posseeixen cervells relativament més grans que els residents d’altres regions, recolzant la CBH en ocells. En el capítol 3 es mostra com els ocells que colonitzen illes oceàniques sembla que han evolucionat cervells relativament més grans que els seus parents continentals. Aquests canvis sembla que en part s’expliquen per un augment de la incertesa en la disponibilitat de recursos que caracteritza les illes, aportant una evidència addicional per la CBH. En el capítol 4 s’estudia el rol actiu del cervell en l’evolució. Tal com prediu la hipòtesi del behavioural drive (behavioural drive hypothesis en anglès), els ajustos de comportament més freqüents com a resposta als reptes ambientals hauria d’exposar els individus més sovint a nous conjunts de pressions selectives, tot afavorint la divergència evolutiva respecte els seus ancestres i finalment afavorint l’aparició de noves espècies. El capítol 4 mostra com els llinatges amb cervells relativament més grans han tingut majors taxes de diversificació taxonòmica. Aquesta troballa recolza així la idea que els animals no són agents passius de la selecció, però que poden modificar activament la seva relació amb l’ambient i influenciar el seu propi camí evolutiu. En resum, els resultats d’aquesta tesi aporten evidència empírica per la CBH, mostrant com els cervells relativament més grans funcionen, i per tant han evolucionat, per fer front als canvis ambientals, i que l’evolució de cervells grans pot a més influir en la diversificació evolutiva d’un llinatge.Why some vertebrate lineages, including humans, evolved large brains is one of the main puzzles in evolutionary biology. Of the many hypotheses that have been launched to try to resolve this puzzle, environmental variability stands out as a major cause of relative brain size variation. More formally, the cognitive buffer hypothesis (CBH) postulates that relatively large brains evolved to facilitate behavioural adjustments to enhance survival under changing conditions. The rationale of the CBH is that advanced cognition can increase fitness in varying environments by enhancing information gathering and learning, facilitating for instance shifts between different feeding sites or food types to alleviate periods of food scarcity. While the CBH has received ample empirical support in recent years, some authors have questioned its relevance to account for the evolution of enlarged brains on the grounds that maintaining the brain during periods of food scarcity may be excessively costly, so environmental variability should constrain rather than favour the evolution of large brains. The present PhD thesis explores the causes and consequences of the CBH, validating its assumptions, testing its predictions and assessing its evolutionary implications. It takes advantage of a large database on brain size comprising more than 1900 extant bird species in combination with recently developed phylogenetic comparative methods to elucidate the origins of brain size variation in the most diverse vertebrate class. As a first objective, the thesis validates the extent to which relative brain size is a good proxy of the brain structures involved in the capacity to construct behavioural responses to new challenges. Chapter 1 thus shows that the associative areas of the brain, classically related with general intelligence, are disproportionally larger in large brained species and accurately predict variation in the whole brain, therefore validating its use in broader comparative analyses. According to the CBH, species living in regions with higher environmental variation should be selected for larger brains, unless they have adaptive specialisations to avoid drops in resource availability. Chapter 2 shows that birds living in highly seasonal and unpredictable environments, like high-latitude regions, possess relatively large brains than residents from other regions, supporting the CBH in birds. Additional support for the hypothesis is found in Chapter 3, where birds colonizing oceanic islands seem to evolve relatively larger brains than their continental relatives. These changes seem to be in part caused by the increased uncertainty in resource availability that characterizes islands, which together with limited chances to disperse and a trend toward slower life-history strategies can facilitate the evolution of enlarged brains. Finally, Chapter 4 explores the active role of brain size on evolution. As predicted by the behavioral drive hypothesis, frequent behavioral changes as a response to environmental challenges should expose individuals to new sets of selective pressures, thereby favouring evolutionary divergence from the ancestors. Chapter 4 provides evidence for the behavioural drive hypothesis, showing that avian lineages with relatively large brained have experienced higher diversification rates than those with smaller brains. This finding is in line with the view that animals are not passive agents of selection, but by actively modifying its relationship with their environment also influence their own pace of evolution. Overall, the findings of the present thesis provide empirical support for the CBH, showing that a relatively large brain functions, and hence may have evolved, to cope with environmental changes, and that the evolution of enlarged brains may subsequently influence the evolutionary diversification of the lineage.
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Nichols, Phillip Brent. "Tardigrade evolution and ecology". [Tampa, Fla] : University of South Florida, 2005. http://purl.fcla.edu/usf/dc/et/SFE0001270.
Testo completo
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Taupenot, Antoine. "Implication de supergènes dans l'expression de traits complexes chez la fourmi socialement et morphologiquement polymorphe Myrmecina graminicola". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2024. https://accesdistant.sorbonne-universite.fr/login?url=https://theses-intra.sorbonne-universite.fr/2024SORUS201.pdf.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Les supergènes, des régions génétiques où des loci coadaptés sont transmis comme une seule unité mendélienne, jouent un rôle crucial dans la mise en place des polymorphismes complexes mais démêler la complexité de leur évolution et de leur maintien reste un défi de taille. Les fourmis offrent un contexte unique pour mettre en évidence de nouveau supergènes et étudier les principes généraux régissant leur mise en place et leur évolution puisqu'elles présentent de grandes variations inter et intra-espèces dans tous les aspects de leur organisation sociale et qu'un nombre inhabituellement élevé de supergènes a déjà été mis en évidence dans différentes espèces. Notamment, dans cinq lignées différentes un supergène en lien avec l'organisation sociale des colonies, c'est-à-dire le nombre de reines accouplées par colonie, a été mis en évidence. Cependant, son origine et son maintien restent à élucider clairement et de nouveaux modèles sont nécessaires. L'espèce de fourmi Myrmecina graminicola suscite un intérêt particulier pour l'étude des supergènes chez les insectes sociaux puisqu'elle présente à la fois un polymorphisme social (présence de colonies monogynes et de colonies polygynes) et un polymorphisme alaire (présences de reines ailées et de reines aptères).Dans cette thèse, nous avons exploré la présence de supergènes chez M. graminicola, en lien notamment avec ces deux polymorphismes. Dans le premier chapitre, à l'aide de données de reséquençage, nous avons mis en évidence la présence d'un supergène lié au polymorphisme social (~10 Mb) daté de ~1 Ma en déséquilibre de liaison avec un supergène lié au polymorphisme alaire (~110 kb) apparu plus récemment (~ 0,4 Ma). Dans le deuxième chapitre, nous avons étudié les liens entre les traits d'histoire de vie des deux principaux types de colonies retrouvés dans cette espèce, à savoir les colonies monogynes avec des reines ailées et les colonies polygynes avec des reines aptères. Nous avons montré que ces deux types de colonies ne différaient pas quant au nombre d'ouvrières et de larves au moment de l'échantillonnage. Une fois élevées en laboratoire, nous avons observé que ces deux types de colonies produisaient un nombre similaire de nymphes et d'adultes mais que les colonies polygynes produisaient plus d'œufs et de nouvelles larves que les colonies monogynes. Dans le troisième chapitre, nous avons exploré la possibilité qu'il existe dans cette espèce d'autres supergènes non liés directement à la socialité ou à la présence/absence d'ailes. Nous avons identifié un troisième supergène (~7 Mb) et démontré qu'il n'était pas associé au sex ratio des colonies. Dans l'ensemble, cette thèse révèle la présence de trois supergènes chez la fourmi M. graminicola, dont un lié au polymorphisme social, un autre au polymorphisme alaire, et propose des pistes sur les mécanismes contribuant au maintien de ces polymorphismesSupergenes, genetic regions where coadapted loci are inherited as a single Mendelian unit, play a crucial role in establishing complex polymorphisms. However, unraveling the complexity of their evolution and maintenance remains a significant challenge. Ants offer a unique context to identify new supergenes and study the general principles governing their establishment and evolution due to their extensive inter- and intra-species variations in all aspects of social organization. Notably, in five different lineages, a supergene related to colony social organization, specifically the number of mated queens per colony, has been identified. However, its origin and maintenance remain to be clearly elucidated, and new models are needed. The ant species Myrmecina graminicola is of particular interest for studying supergenes in social insects as it exhibits both social polymorphism (presence of monogynous and polygynous colonies) and wing polymorphism (presence of winged and apterous queens).In this thesis, we explored the presence of supergenes in M. graminicola, particularly in relation to these two polymorphisms. In the first chapter, using resequencing data, we identified a supergene associated with social polymorphism (~10 Mb) dating back to ~1 Mya, in linkage disequilibrium with a supergene linked to wing polymorphism (~110 kb) that appeared more recently (~0.4 Mya). In the second chapter, we examined the life history traits of the two main types of colonies found in this species, namely monogynous colonies with winged queens and polygynous colonies with apterous queens. We showed that these two colony types did not differ in the number of workers and larvae at the time of sampling. When reared in the laboratory, we observed that both types of colonies produced a similar number of nymphs and adults but that polygynous colonies produced more eggs and new larvae than monogynous colonies. In the third chapter, we explored the possibility of other supergenes in this species not directly linked to sociality or wing presence/absence. I identified a third supergene (~7 Mb) and demonstrated that it was not associated with colony sex ratio. Overall, this thesis reveals the presence of three supergenes in the ant M. graminicola, one linked to social polymorphism, another to wing polymorphism, and provides insights into the mechanisms contributing to the maintenance of these polymorphisms
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Alencar, Laura Rodrigues Vieira de. "Ecomorfologia em serpentes neotropicais: um estudo de caso com a tribo Pseudoboini". Universidade de São Paulo, 2010. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/41/41134/tde-23092010-175653/.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
As serpentes da tribo Pseudoboini apresentam grande diversidade quanto à sua ecologia, são consideradas um grupo monofilético e possuem uma filogenia conhecida. A partir disso, tornou-se possível a análise, sob um contexto evolutivo, das possíveis associações entre a morfologia e a ecologia neste grupo. Neste estudo, analisamos a dieta da tribo, bem como, testamos hipóteses de possíveis relações adaptativas entre a morfologia e a dieta e entre a morfologia e o uso do ambiente arborícola, e exploramos a evolução destes aspectos em serpentes da tribo. Nove espécies foram consideradas generalistas e 13, especialistas, sendo seis em lagartos, três em pequenos mamíferos, duas em serpentes, uma em ovos de lagarto e uma em ovos de ave. Um aumento no consumo de pequenos mamíferos, não esteve associado com um aumento da robustez e do volume da cabeça. Especializações em lagartos, pequenos mamíferos e serpentes surgiram independentemente em táxons terminais ao menos duas vezes durante a história evolutiva da tribo. A especialização em ovos de ave é uma autapomorfia de Rhachidelus brazili. A robustez decresceu no ancestral do gênero Siphlophis, e aumentou substancialmente em R. brazili. O tamanho da cabeça decresceu no ancestral do gênero Siphlophis e em Oxyrhopus petola e aumentou substancialmente em Phimophis guianensis, no ancestral de O. trigeminus e O. rhombifer e em R. brazili. Siphlophis cervinus, S. compressus, S. pulcher e D. anomalus foram consideradas espécies semi arborícolas. A reconstrução do hábito semi-arborícola indica que este surgiu independentemente pelo menos duas vezes durante a diversificação do grupo. Não foram encontrados indícios de efeito da freqüência do uso da vegetação sobre o tamanho do corpo, a robustez, o formato da cabeça e o número de vértebras por unidade corporal. Entretanto, o hábito arborícola parece ter levado a um aumento no tamanho da cauda. O tamanho corporal diminuiu substancialmente em P. guianensis e aumentou substancialmente em Clelia rustica e no ancestral de C. clelia e C. plumbea. Já o número de vértebras por unidade corporal diminuiu substancialmente em C. rustica, no ancestral de C. clelia e C. plumbea, e em Pseudoboa haasi; aumentou substancialmente no ancestral de O. trigeminus e O. rhombifer, e em O. melanogenys e P. guianensis. O tamanho da cauda diminuiu significativamente em C. rustica, Boiruna maculata e P. haasi e aumentou consideravelmente no ancestral do gênero Siphlophis, O. petola, D. anomalus, R. brazili e no ancestral do gênero Pseudoboa. A largura da cabeça diminuiu substancialmente em Pseudoboa neuwiedii e aumentou substancialmente em S. compressus, P. guianensis e em B. maculata. As ausências de relações possivelmente adaptativas podem estar ligadas a uma forte inércia filogenética e/ou ao efeito de outros agentes seletivos. Um ancestral morfologicamente adequado a uma dieta baseada em pequenos mamíferos e ao uso da vegetação também pode ter influenciado os resultados. O conhecimento do grupo externo da tribo Pseudoboini ajudaria a esclarecer ainda mais as relações entre morfologia e ecologia nestas serpentes.Snakes of the tribe Pseudoboini are ecological diversity, considered as a monophyletic group and have a known phylogeny. Thus, the analyses of possible associations between the morphology and the ecology of this group in an evolutionary framework became possible. In the present study, we analyze the diet of pseudoboine species, and we test hypotheses of possible adaptative relationships between morphology and diet, and between morphology and microhabitat use in pseudoboine snakes. We also explore how these traits evolved during the diversification of the tribe. Nine species were considered as diet generalists and 13, as diet specialists, being six lizard specialists, three small mammal specialists, two snake specialists, one a lizard egg specialist, and one a bird egg specialist. An increase in the consumption of small mammals was not associated with an increase in robustness and head volume. Lizard, small mammal and snake specializations occurred independently at least twice in terminal taxa during the diversification of the tribe. A specialization in bird eggs seems to be an autapomorphy of Rhachidelus brazili. Robustness decreased in the ancestor of Siphlophis species, and increased substantially in R. brazili. Head volume descreased in the ancestor ofSiphlophis species and in Oxyrhopus petola, and increased substantially in Phimophis guianensis, in the ancestor of O. trigeminus and O. rhombifer and in R. brazili. Siphlophis cervinus, S. compressus, S. pulcher and D. anomalus were considered as semi-arboreal. The semi-arboreal habit reconstruction indicates that this habit evolved independently at least twice during the diversification of the group. We did not find indications of the effect of vegetation use on body size, robustness, head shape and the number of ventral scales per body unit. However, vegetation use seems to have led to an increase in tail length. Body size substantially decreased in P. guianensis and substantially increased in Clelia rustica and in the ancestor of C. clelia and C. plumbea. The number of vertebrae per body unit decreased substantially in C. rustica, in the ancestor of C. clelia and C. plumbea, and in Pseudoboa haasi. It substantially increased in the ancestor of O. trigeminus and O. rhombifer, and in O. melanogenys and P. guianensis. Tail length significantly decreased in C. rustica, Boiruna maculata and P. haasi, and increased substantially in the ancestor of the genus Siphlophis, in O. petola, D. anomalu ,R. brazili and in the ancestor of Pseudoboa spp.. Head width decreased substantially in Pseudoboa neuwiedii and increased significantly in S. compressus, P. guianensis and in B.maculata. Strong influence of phylogenetic inertia and/or the effect of alternative selective agents could be related to the absences of these possible adaptative 69 relationships. An ancestor with a morphology adequate to a diet based on small mammals and to arboreality could also have influenced the results. Knowing the outgroup of the tribe Pseudoboini would help to further clarify the relationships between morphology and ecology of these snakes.
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Vargas, Ramirez Sergio. "Evolution and ecology of antarctic sponges". Diss., lmu, 2012. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:19-141266.
Testo completo
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Ishida, Yoichi. "Secret analogies mathematics, ecology, and evolution /". abstract and full text PDF (free order & download UNR users only), 2007. http://0-gateway.proquest.com.innopac.library.unr.edu/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:1442878.
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Veen, Franciscus Johannes Frank van. "Aphid hyperparasitoids : taxonomy, ecology and evolution". Thesis, Imperial College London, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.313144.
Testo completoLibri sul tema "Evolutive ecology"
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Eldredge, Niles. Dominion. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1997.
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Pianka, Eric R. Evolutionary ecology. 5a ed. New York: HarperCollins, 1994.
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Colinvaux, Paul A. Ecology 2. New York: J. Wiley, 1993.
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Leck, Mary Allessio, V. Thomas Parker e Robert L. Simpson, a cura di. Seedling Ecology and Evolution. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cbo9780511815133.
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Korb, Judith, e Jörgen Heinze, a cura di. Ecology of Social Evolution. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-75957-7.
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editor, Méric Guillaume, e Swansea University, a cura di. Campylobacter ecology and evolution. Norfolk, UK: Caister Academic Press, 2014.
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Korb, Judith, e Heinze Ju rgen. Ecology of social evolution. Berlin: Springer, 2010.
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Allessio, Leck Mary, Parker V. Thomas e Simpson Robert, a cura di. Seedling ecology and evolution. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008.
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Alden, Smith Eric, e Winterhalder Bruce, a cura di. Evolutionary ecology and human behavior. New York: Aldine de Gruyter, 1992.
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Danchin, Etienne. Behavioural ecology. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008.
Cerca il testo completoCapitoli di libri sul tema "Evolutive ecology"
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Herrmann-Pillath, Carsten, e Christian Hederer. "Evolution, ecology, economy". In A New Principles of Economics, 67–98. London: Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003094869-7.
Testo completo
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Filippov, Alexander E., e Stanislav N. Gorb. "Ecology and Evolution". In Biologically-Inspired Systems, 275–307. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-41528-0_9.
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Tribe, G. D., e B. V. Burger. "Olfactory Ecology". In Ecology and Evolution of Dung Beetles, 87–106. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781444342000.ch5.
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Cousens, Roger, e Mark Dale. "The evolution of ecology". In Effective Ecology, 13–31. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003314332-2.
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Chakravarthy, A. K., Vasudev Kammar e P. R. Shashank. "Arthropods: Evolution and Ecology". In Economic and Ecological Significance of Arthropods in Diversified Ecosystems, 1–16. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-1524-3_1.
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Roossinck, Marilyn J. "Virus Evolution and Ecology". In Handbook of Astrobiology, 677–82. Boca Raton, Florida : CRC Press, [2019]: CRC Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/b22230-44.
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Menna, Deborah Santos de Azevedo, Jasmin Graham, Karla Cirila Garcés-García e Gibbs Kuguru. "Elasmobranch ecology and evolution". In Minorities in Shark Sciences, 35–70. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003260370-2.
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Krueger, Konstanze. "Social Ecology of Horses". In Ecology of Social Evolution, 195–206. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-75957-7_9.
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Power, Alison G. "Community Ecology of Plant Viruses". In Plant Virus Evolution, 15–26. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-75763-4_2.
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Strier, Karen B. "Evolution and Sex". In Primate Behavioral Ecology, 139–77. 6a ed. London: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429274275-5.
Testo completoAtti di convegni sul tema "Evolutive ecology"
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Rossi, Anthony. "Ecology and evolution ofAsphondylia borrichiae". In 2016 International Congress of Entomology. Entomological Society of America, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1603/ice.2016.114491.
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Орвикку, К., K. Orvikku, Х. Тониссон e H. Tonisson. "SEA ICE AND ITS INFLUENCE TO COASTAL PROCESSES – BALTIC SEA, ESTONIA". In Sea Coasts – Evolution ecology, economy. Academus Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.31519/conferencearticle_5b5ce371f3f3a6.87362427.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The Baltic Sea region is characterized by variable winter weather conditions. Sea ice forms near the Estonian coast almost every winter and is characterized by large temporal and spatial variability [1, 2].
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Балабанов, И., I. Balabanov, Е. Манучарянц e E. Manucharyanc. "MODERN COASTAL ZONE LITHODYNAMICS OF THE INTERFLUVE AREA MZYMTA–PSOU". In Sea Coasts – Evolution ecology, economy. Academus Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.31519/conferencearticle_5b5ce372e2adf1.23870021.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
A need for the validated assessment of the existing Msymta-Psou interstream bank conditions has heightened because the Olympic facilities are planned to be located here. The analysis of multiyear stationary observations
(1975–2010) has resulted in a detailed assessment of the coastal area evolution, division of 11 lithodynamic areas, and issue of recommendations how to arrange and maintain lithology monitoring.
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Балабанов, И., I. Balabanov, С. Никифоров e S. Nikiforov. "PALEOGEOGRAPHIC PREREQUISITE FOR THE FORMATION OF THE GEOTECHNICAL CONDITIONS OF THE BLACK SEA HOLOCENE COASTAL TERRACE". In Sea Coasts – Evolution ecology, economy. Academus Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.31519/conferencearticle_5b5ce373c46027.13820544.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The results of summary integral studies and analyzed references allow describing the geologic structure and paleographic formation conditions of the Caucasus Black Sea coast’s Holocene terraces, and reconstructing the spatialtemporal development picture of hydro- and lithodynamics processes caused current coastal geotechnical conditions.
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Белова, Н., N. Belova, В. Соломатин e V. Solomatin. "THE ROLE OF MASSIVE ICE BEDS IN COASTAL DYNAMICS ON THE SOUTH-WESTERN COAST OF KARA SEA (BY EXAMBLE OF OYUYACHA RIVER MOUTH AND KHARASAVEY SETTLEMENT AREAS)". In Sea Coasts – Evolution ecology, economy. Academus Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.31519/conferencearticle_5b5ce3743bff50.50182884.
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Бобыкина, В., V. Bobykina, П. Жураховская e P. Zhurahovskaya. "SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL VARIABILITY OF GRANULOMETRIC COMPOSITION OF THE BALTIC (VISTULA) SPIT BEACHE SEDIMENTS". In Sea Coasts – Evolution ecology, economy. Academus Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.31519/conferencearticle_5b5ce374ed2651.42058449.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The beaches of the marine coast of the Baltic Spit are composed of medium size sand. granulometric differentiation of the beach sediment is observed around the perimeter from north to south. Changes in the composition suggest the existence of the flow of sediment from north to south. Comparison of changes in the fractional composition of sediments for the period 2004–2010 shows a trend of enlargement. This is due to the cessation of flow of anthropogenic deposits into the coastal zone.
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Ванкевич, Р., R. Vankevich, А. Исаев, A. Isaev, Е. Софьина e E. Sof'ina. "ESTIMATION AND FORECASTING OF THE FLOODING OF COASTAL AREAS AS A RESULT COMMISSIONING OF THE COMPLEX OF PROTECTION CONSTRUCTIONS (CPC) IN THE NEVA BAY". In Sea Coasts – Evolution ecology, economy. Academus Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.31519/conferencearticle_5b5ce375e40214.39233583.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Closing the water and navigation gates, preventing flooding on the coast of the Neva Bay in St. Petersburg, causes an additional increase in the level rise and flooding of coastal areas of the Gulf of Finland to the west from the complex of protection constructions (CPC). The magnitude of this flooding and its distribution along the coast have not been investigated. There is only a model for evaluating the likely level rise caused by CPC closing.
It should be noted also that sea level rise event to the west of the dam leads to a shift of the area undergoing active wave influence in the direction of the coast. The situation is complicated by the fact that ground in this area not previously exposed to hydrodynamic forces and therefore can be easily washed out. Also due to the fact that flooding is almost always accompanied by stormy waving in flooded areas we can expect a significant morphological transformation: coastal erosion, as well as change the contour of the shore. It is planned the implementation of operational three-dimensional hydrodynamic model of the coastal areas with a horizontal spatial resolution of about 100 m and variable eastern boundary, simulating the closure of the water and navigation gates, as well as built-in procedure that simulates the drying zone and flooding. As a result will be new knowledge on the effects of hydraulic constructions to the level variations during the flooding, the quantitative assessment of flooding potential areas and drying shores, GIS maps to visualize the results, developed a method for rapid prediction of flooding coasts.
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Айбулатов, Д., D. Aybulatov, Р. Казюлин e R. Kazyulin. "THE PECULIARITIES OF WATER RUNOFF AND SEDIMENT YEILD IN THE MOUTH OF THE RIVERS OF BOLSHOI SOCHI DISTRICT". In Sea Coasts – Evolution ecology, economy. Academus Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.31519/conferencearticle_5b5ce37a295261.75393256.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Estuaries of the rivers in Bolshoi Sochi district are the most densely populated areas of the Black Sea coastline area in Russian Federation. Study of water runoff and sediment yield in the mouth of the rivers has an important role in applied science, because the frequency of dangerous hydrological processes is very high. Floods and lateral rivers erosion can leads to catastrophic emergencies.
Analysis of hydrological data and physiographic properties of the region help to make several conclusions about water runoff and sediment yield of the region rivers: average annual water and sediment runoff tends to increase, maximum flood discharges increase too.
The mouths of the rivers in Bolshoi Sochi District were classified by natural and anthropogenic factors. In the estuaries district were calculated and ploted on topographic maps flooding areas. Also in the work considered
information of the anthropogenic intervention in the natural environment of the rivers mouths.
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Андрианова, О., e O. Andrianova. "THE REGULARITIES OF THE SEA LEVEL VARIATION OF THE BLACK AND AZOV SEAS IN THE LAST 100 YEARS". In Sea Coasts – Evolution ecology, economy. Academus Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.31519/conferencearticle_5b5ce37d78c2b9.86631815.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The trends in variability of the sea level on the coastal stations on the Black and Azov seas during the last 100 years were determined; their comparison from station to station was done with the trends in the levels for the last 10 years. The estimates were made by filtering of the monthly and annual data by the 5-year run ning average. The rate of the sea level rise was calculated from absolute extremes in the annual and filtered data and on the linear trend: the amplitude of level increased from the lowest values occurring on the Batumi (30 cm – for the annual and 23 cm – for the filtered) and Berdyansk (39 and 27 cm, respectively) to the biggest on the Odessa (respectively 67 and 44 cm), Sulina (65 and 40 cm) and Poti (54 and 49 cm). The explanation of the differences in the trend’s maximums based on the fact that stations Odessa and Poti are situated in tectonic areas (close to geological rifts), the stations Sulina and Primorskoe are located near the Danube delta, which has an impact also. The comparing of the trends in the sea level in periods 2000–2010 years and 2000–2009 years shows the global nature of the El Niño impact phenomenon (El Niño in the Pacific was observed during the winters of 2009– 2010 years).
The evaluation of periods and amplitudes in the oscillations of sea level shows that in the short-period terms there are 3–4 year waves and in long-period terms there are 10–14 year waves; the amplitudes of short and long waves are on average equal to 11–12 cm. The exceptions are the same stations, which differed in the sea level rise; the average amplitude of the wave oscillations at these stations is bigger in 1,5 times: Sulina (14,5 cm – for short and 11,8 cm – for long), Poti (16,9 and 16,2 cm, respectively) and Berdyansk station which located in the Azov Sea (13,1 and 10,8 cm, respectively); the periods are the same as at all other stations.
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Андрианова, О., O. Andrianova, А. Батырев, A. Batyrev, Р. Белевич e R. Belevich. "TRENDS OF THE INTERANNUAL FLUCTUATIONS IN THE WORLD OCEAN LEVEL DURING THE LAST CENTURY". In Sea Coasts – Evolution ecology, economy. Academus Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.31519/conferencearticle_5b5ce386bb7293.29087345.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The changes of the sea level in the Atlantic, Pacific, Indian Oceans and the whole World Ocean for the period from 1880 till 2010 years were examined. The estimates of the values of the sea level increasing for that time period in each of the oceans and on the west and east coasts of the Atlantic and Pacific oceans were made. For this purpose, the annual sea level data were averaged over years for 68 stations in the Atlantic Ocean, 71 stations – in the Pacific and 33 stations – the Indian. Analysis of the temporary distributions of the sea level shows that increasing of the Atlantic sea level during that period (131 years) is 24,2 cm. Sea levels of Pacific and Indian Oceans during the same period increased on smaller value, 14,5 and 12,4 cm respectively. The reason for difference between the Atlantic and the Pacific Ocean in values of sea level rising, as it seems, is significant rising of the land (raising of the East coast of the Asian continent), which was occurred in about half of the stations on the west coast of the Pacific. In the Indian Ocean the zero level of water posts was not correct for many stations, and in some cases there were low quality data. The highest maxima in the sea level in the generalized curves of the temporary distributions appear with about 10-year cycles on the sea level of all oceans that is in good correlation with El Niño years.
Rapporti di organizzazioni sul tema "Evolutive ecology"
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Price, Peter W., William J. Mattson e Yuri N. Baranchikov. The ecology and evolution of gall-forming insects. St. Paul, MN: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, North Central Forest Experiment Station, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.2737/nc-gtr-174.
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Muyle, Aline. Analysis of DNA Methylation. Instats Inc., 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.61700/6ayq8hff26qxn1470.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
This three-day workshop provides comprehensive training in the analysis of DNA methylation, a key epigenetic modification influencing gene expression and controlling the spread of transposable elements in genomes. Led by Dr Aline Muyle, participants will gain theoretical knowledge and practical skills in data preprocessing, statistical analysis, and visualization using RStudio and various bioinformatic software using Bash scripts. The workshop is suited for researchers in Biostatistics, Biology, Genetics, Ecology, Evolution, Bioinformatics, Molecular Biology, and Medical Research.
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Romanchuk, Viktoriya, e Oleh Romanchuk. Екологічні загрози і національна безпека України. Ivan Franko National University of Lviv, marzo 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.30970/vjo.2023.52-53.11722.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Today, we are more likely to speak and write about the more progressive destruction of land biosphere as a result of irrational economic activities of mankind – the replacement of traditional natural ecosystems by anthropogenic systems (techno-, urban- and agro-systems), discuss the harmonization of the interaction of society and nature, talk about growing socio-political tension and instability on the planet. However, it is not just about understanding the effects of environmental civilization, but also awareness of the psychological and socioeconomic consequences of the brutal destruction of the biosphere, finding ways and means of solving the tasks associated with the ecological crisis, which has already entered the geopolitical level – during the last years there is carried out an intensive research on the effects of the crisis in the biosphere on the system of national interests and state security. The war waged by the Russian Federation against Ukraine is causing serious environmental damage to the Ukrainian state. Combat operations spoil the air, pollute water bodies, destroy forests and unique ecosystems, destroy crops and, in the long run, can cause colossal damage to the ecosystem of the whole Eastern Europe, and shorten the lives of Ukrainians. Key words: biosphere, ecosystem, evolution, ecology, civilization, the Russian-Ukrainian war, safety, problem, ecology.
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Hunter, Martha S., e Einat Zchori-Fein. Rickettsia in the whitefly Bemisia tabaci: Phenotypic variants and fitness effects. United States Department of Agriculture, settembre 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2014.7594394.bard.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The sweet potato whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) is a major pest of vegetables, field crops, and ornamentals worldwide. This species harbors a diverse assembly of facultative, “secondary” bacterial symbionts, the roles of which are largely unknown. We documented a spectacular sweep of one of these, Rickettsia, in the Southwestern United States in the B biotype (=MEAM1) of B. tabaci, from 1% to 97% over 6 years, as well as a dramatic fitness benefit associated with it in Arizona but not in Israel. Because it is critical to understand the circumstances in which a symbiont invasion can cause such a large change in pest life history, the following objectives were set: 1) Determine the frequency of Rickettsia in B. tabaci in cotton across the United States and Israel. 2) Characterize Rickettsia and B. tabaci genotypes in order to test the hypothesis that genetic variation in either partner is responsible for differences in phenotypes seen in the two countries. 3) Determine the comparative fitness effects of Rickettsia phenotypes in B. tabaci in Israel and the United States. For Obj. 1, a survey of B. tabaci B samples revealed the distribution of Rickettsia across the cotton-growing regions of 13 sites from Israel and 22 sites from the USA. Across the USA, Rickettsia frequencies were heterogeneous among regions, but were generally at frequencies higher than 75% and close to fixation in some areas, whereas in Israel the infection rates were lower and declining. The distinct outcomes of Rickettsia infection in these two countries conform to previouslyreported phenotypic differences. Intermediate frequencies in some areas in both countries may indicate a cost to infection in certain environments or that the frequencies are in flux. This suggests underlying geographic differences in the interactions between bacterial symbionts and the pest. Obj. 2, Sequences of several Rickettsia genes in both locations, including a hypervariableintergenic spacer gene, suggested that the Rickettsia genotype is identical in both countries. Experiments in the US showed that differences in whitefly nuclear genotype had a strong influence on Rickettsia phenotype. Obj. 3. Experiments designed to test for possible horizontal transmission of Rickettsia, showed that these bacteria are transferred from B. tabaci to a plant, moved inside the phloem, and could be acquired by other whiteflies. Plants can serve as a reservoir for horizontal transmission of Rickettsia, a mechanism that may explain the occurrence of phylogenetically-similarsymbionts among unrelated phytophagous insect species. This plant-mediated transmission route may also exist in other insect-symbiont systems, and since symbionts may play a critical role in the ecology and evolution of their hosts, serve as an immediate and powerful tool for accelerated evolution. However, no such horizontal transmission of Rickettsia could be detected in the USA, underlining the difference between the interaction in both countries, or between B. tabaci and the banded wing whitefly on cotton in the USA (Trialeurodes sp. nr. abutiloneus) and the omnivorous bug Nesidiocoristenuis. Additionally, a series of experiments excluded the possibility that Rickettsia is frequently transmitted between B. tabaci and its parasitoid wasps Eretmocerusmundus and Encarsiapergandiella. Lastly, ecological studies on Rickettsia effects on free flight of whiteflies showed no significant influence of symbiont infection on flight. In contrast, a field study of the effects of Rickettsia on whitefly performance on caged cotton in the USA showed strong fitness benefits of infection, and rapid increases in Rickettsia frequency in competition population cages. This result confirmed the benefits to whiteflies of Rickettsia infection in a field setting.
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Anderson, Donald M., Lorraine C. Backer, Keith Bouma-Gregson, Holly A. Bowers, V. Monica Bricelj, Lesley D’Anglada, Jonathan Deeds et al. Harmful Algal Research & Response: A National Environmental Science Strategy (HARRNESS), 2024-2034. Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, luglio 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1575/1912/69773.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Harmful and toxic algal blooms (HABs) are a well-established and severe threat to human health, economies, and marine and freshwater ecosystems on all coasts of the United States and its inland waters. HABs can comprise microalgae, cyanobacteria, and macroalgae (seaweeds). Their impacts, intensity, and geographic range have increased over past decades due to both human-induced and natural changes. In this report, HABs refers to both marine algal and freshwater cyanobacterial events. This Harmful Algal Research and Response: A National Environmental Science Strategy (HARRNESS) 2024-2034 plan builds on major accomplishments from past efforts, provides a state of the science update since the previous decadal HARRNESS plan (2005-2015), identifies key information gaps, and presents forward-thinking solutions. Major achievements on many fronts since the last HARRNESS are detailed in this report. They include improved understanding of bloom dynamics of large-scale regional HABs such as those of Pseudo-nitzschia on the west coast, Alexandrium on the east coast, Karenia brevis on the west Florida shelf, and Microcystis in Lake Erie, and advances in HAB sensor technology, allowing deployment on fixed and mobile platforms for long-term, continuous, remote HAB cell and toxin observations. New HABs and impacts have emerged. Freshwater HABs now occur in many inland waterways and their public health impacts through drinking and recreational water contamination have been characterized and new monitoring efforts have been initiated. Freshwater HAB toxins are finding their way into marine environments and contaminating seafood with unknown consequences. Blooms of Dinophysis spp., which can cause diarrhetic shellfish poisoning, have appeared around the US coast, but the causes are not understood. Similarly, blooms of fish- and shellfish-killing HABs are occurring in many regions and are especially threatening to aquaculture. The science, management, and decision-making necessary to manage the threat of HABs continue to involve a multidisciplinary group of scientists, managers, and agencies at various levels. The initial HARRNESS framework and the resulting National HAB Committee (NHC) have proven effective means to coordinate the academic, management, and stakeholder communities interested in national HAB issues and provide these entities with a collective voice, in part through this updated HARRNESS report. Congress and the Executive Branch have supported most of the advances achieved under HARRNESS (2005-2015) and continue to make HABs a priority. Congress has reauthorized the Harmful Algal Bloom and Hypoxia Research and Control Act (HABHRCA) multiple times and continues to authorize the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) to fund and conduct HAB research and response, has given new roles to the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), and required an Interagency Working Group on HABHRCA (IWG HABHRCA). These efforts have been instrumental in coordinating HAB responses by federal and state agencies. Initial appropriations for NOAA HAB research and response decreased after 2005, but have increased substantially in the last few years, leading to many advances in HAB management in marine coastal and Great Lakes regions. With no specific funding for HABs, the US EPA has provided funding to states through existing laws, such as the Clean Water Act, Safe Drinking Water Act, and to members of the Great Lakes Interagency Task Force through the Great Lakes Restoration Initiative, to assist states and tribes in addressing issues related to HAB toxins and hypoxia. The US EPA has also worked towards fulfilling its mandate by providing tools and resources to states, territories, and local governments to help manage HABs and cyanotoxins, to effectively communicate the risks of cyanotoxins and to assist public water systems and water managers to manage HABs. These tools and resources include documents to assist with adopting recommended recreational criteria and/or swimming advisories, recommendations for public water systems to choose to apply health advisories for cyanotoxins, risk communication templates, videos and toolkits, monitoring guidance, and drinking water treatment optimization documents. Beginning in 2018, Congress has directed the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) to develop a HAB research initiative to deliver scalable HAB prevention, detection, and management technologies intended to reduce the frequency and severity of HAB impacts to our Nation’s freshwater resources. Since the initial HARRNESS report, other federal agencies have become increasingly engaged in addressing HABs, a trend likely to continue given the evolution of regulations(e.g., US EPA drinking water health advisories and recreational water quality criteria for two cyanotoxins), and new understanding of risks associated with freshwater HABs. The NSF/NIEHS Oceans and Human Health Program has contributed substantially to our understanding of HABs. The US Geological Survey, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and the National Aeronautics Space Administration also contribute to HAB-related activities. In the preparation of this report, input was sought early on from a wide range of stakeholders, including participants from academia, industry, and government. The aim of this interdisciplinary effort is to provide summary information that will guide future research and management of HABs and inform policy development at the agency and congressional levels. As a result of this information gathering effort, four major HAB focus/programmatic areas were identified: 1) Observing systems, modeling, and forecasting; 2) Detection and ecological impacts, including genetics and bloom ecology; 3) HAB management including prevention, control, and mitigation, and 4) Human dimensions, including public health, socio-economics, outreach, and education. Focus groups were tasked with addressing a) our current understanding based on advances since HARRNESS 2005-2015, b) identification of critical information gaps and opportunities, and c) proposed recommendations for the future. The vision statement for HARRNESS 2024-2034 has been updated, as follows: “Over the next decade, in the context of global climate change projections, HARRNESS will define the magnitude, scope, and diversity of the HAB problem in US marine, brackish and freshwaters; strengthen coordination among agencies, stakeholders, and partners; advance the development of effective research and management solutions; and build resilience to address the broad range of US HAB problems impacting vulnerable communities and ecosystems.” This will guide federal, state, local and tribal agencies and nations, researchers, industry, and other organizations over the next decade to collectively work to address HAB problems in the United States.
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Microbial Evolution: This report is based on a colloquium convened by the American Academy of Microbiology on August 28-30, 2009, in San Cristobal, Ecuador. American Society for Microbiology, agosto 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aamcol.28aug.2009.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The year 2009 marked both the 200th anniversary of Darwin's birth and the 150th anniversary of the publication of his landmark book, On the Origin of Species. In August 2009, to celebrate these milestones, the American Academy of Microbiology convened a colloquium in the Galapagos Islands, where Darwin made some of his most crucial observations, to consider a new question: what would Darwin have made of the microbial world? The ability to sail to remote sites like the Galapagos, and access to specimens collected by himself and other avid naturalists, gave Darwin the information he needed to develop a conceptual framework for understanding life's visible diversity. Today, new discoveries and technical capabilities in microbiology are providing information that for the first time makes it possible to develop a conceptual framework for deepening our understanding of the diversity of the microbial world. Darwin focused his attention on visible life forms, which actually make up only a small fraction of the living world—the invisible world of microorganisms was as yet largely unexplored in his time. Yet Darwin's theory has proven remarkably robust; despite some fundamental differences between microorganisms and the rest of the living world, the two lynchpins of Darwin's theory—descent with modification and natural selection—have proven as powerful in explaining microbial evolution as they have in explaining macrobial evolution. Since Darwin, the advent of Mendelian Genetics and the Modern Synthesis have provided a wealth of new tools to evolutionists; these tools are also of fundamental importance in the modern study of microbiology. The scientists gathered at the colloquium considered two fundamental questions: ▪ Is the balance of evolutionary mechanisms, for example natural selection or drift, or individual and group selection, consistent among microbes and similar between microbes and macrobes? ▪ How are the mode and tempo of microbial evolution influenced by Earth's diversity of environments, and the changing global environment, and how are microbes themselves driving these changes? The colloquium provided an opportunity for individuals with expertise in evolutionary biology, genetic engineering, mycology, virology, microbial ecology, and other fields to discuss these issues and review the areas in which research is needed to fill gaps in our understanding.
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Microbiology in the 21st Century: Where Are We and Where Are We Going? American Society for Microbiology, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aamcol.5sept.2003.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The American Academy of Microbiology convened a colloquium September 5–7, 2003, in Charleston, South Carolina to discuss the central importance of microbes to life on earth, directions microbiology research will take in the 21st century, and ways to foster public literacy in this important field. Discussions centered on: the impact of microbes on the health of the planet and its inhabitants; the fundamental significance of microbiology to the study of all life forms; research challenges faced by microbiologists and the barriers to meeting those challenges; the need to integrate microbiology into school and university curricula; and public microbial literacy. This is an exciting time for microbiology. We are becoming increasingly aware that microbes are the basis of the biosphere. They are the ancestors of all living things and the support system for all other forms of life. Paradoxically, certain microbes pose a threat to human health and to the health of plants and animals. As the foundation of the biosphere and major determinants of human health, microbes claim a primary, fundamental role in life on earth. Hence, the study of microbes is pivotal to the study of all living things, and microbiology is essential for the study and understanding of all life on this planet. Microbiology research is changing rapidly. The field has been impacted by events that shape public perceptions of microbes, such as the emergence of globally significant diseases, threats of bioterrorism, increasing failure of formerly effective antibiotics and therapies to treat microbial diseases, and events that contaminate food on a large scale. Microbial research is taking advantage of the technological advancements that have opened new fields of inquiry, particularly in genomics. Basic areas of biological complexity, such as infectious diseases and the engineering of designer microbes for the benefit of society, are especially ripe areas for significant advancement. Overall, emphasis has increased in recent years on the evolution and ecology of microorganisms. Studies are focusing on the linkages between microbes and their phylogenetic origins and between microbes and their habitats. Increasingly, researchers are striving to join together the results of their work, moving to an integration of biological phenomena at all levels. While many areas of the microbiological sciences are ripe for exploration, microbiology must overcome a number of technological hurdles before it can fully accomplish its potential. We are at a unique time when the confluence of technological advances and the explosion of knowledge of microbial diversity will enable significant advances in microbiology, and in biology in general, over the next decade. To make the best progress, microbiology must reach across traditional departmental boundaries and integrate the expertise of scientists in other disciplines. Microbiologists are becoming increasingly aware of the need to harness the vast computing power available and apply it to better advantage in research. Current methods for curating research materials and data should be rethought and revamped. Finally, new facilities should be developed to house powerful research equipment and make it available, on a regional basis, to scientists who might otherwise lack access to the expensive tools of modern biology. It is not enough to accomplish cutting-edge research. We must also educate the children and college students of today, as they will be the researchers of tomorrow. Since microbiology provides exceptional teaching tools and is of pivotal importance to understanding biology, science education in schools should be refocused to include microbiology lessons and lab exercises. At the undergraduate level, a thorough knowledge of microbiology should be made a part of the core curriculum for life science majors. Since issues that deal with microbes have a direct bearing on the human condition, it is critical that the public-at-large become better grounded in the basics of microbiology. Public literacy campaigns must identify the issues to be conveyed and the best avenues for communicating those messages. Decision-makers at federal, state, local, and community levels should be made more aware of the ways that microbiology impacts human life and the ways school curricula could be improved to include valuable lessons in microbial science.