Articoli di riviste: "Evaporation Indirecte"

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Cichoń, Aleksandra, Anna Pacak, Demis Pandelidis e Sergey Anisimov. "Reducing energy consumption of air-conditioning systems in moderate climates by applying indirect evaporative cooling". E3S Web of Conferences 44 (2018): 00019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20184400019.

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This paper investigates the potential of applying an indirect evaporative cooler for heat recovery in air conditioning systems in moderate climates. The counter-flow indirect evaporative heat and mass exchanger is compared with commonly used recuperation unit in terms of achieved energy. The performance analysis of the indirect evaporative exchanger is carried out with original ε-NTU-model considering condensation from treated air. It was found that the indirect evaporative exchanger employed as a heat recovery device, allows to obtain higher performance than conventional recuperator. Additional energy savings potential is related with utilizing the potential of water evaporation to pre-cool the outdoor air. It is also stated that there is a high potential of reusing condensate that forms in product channels of the indirect evaporative exchanger and in the vapour-compression unit and delivering it to the working part of the indirect evaporative exchanger.

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Asemi, Hamidreza, Rahim Zahedi e Sareh Daneshgar. "Theoretical analysis of the performance and optimization of indirect flat evaporative coolers". Future Energy 2, n. 1 (15 novembre 2022): 9–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.55670/fpll.fuen.2.1.2.

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External-cooling indirect evaporative coolers with different configurations and working air sources are incomprehensively analyzed and compared so far. This paper investigates the mechanism and theory of operation of indirect flat-panel evaporative coolers based on X-analysis. Then, based on the second law of thermodynamics analysis, the entropy production rate of the flat-plate heat exchanger of the cooler is calculated. As a result of this analysis, the optimal energy efficiency-evaporation efficiency and cooling capacity values are presented in terms of effective parameters in the design.

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Mishra, Sakshi. "Direct and Indirect Evaporative Cooling Strategies: An Analysis". Journal of Advanced Research in Mechanical Engineering and Technology 08, n. 01 (22 aprile 2021): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.24321/2454.8650.202101.

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Evaporative cooling can be understood as natural response of human body to effective climate control. It is the similar to the cooling principle that human body practices when moisture/ sweat vaporizes and cools off the skin. Needing less energy input, evaporative cooling is perfectly fit for uses in which decreasing high temperatures as well as energy consumption is the requisite. Evaporative cooling is an energy competent resolution for trades, where hot inside environments lead to low output, productivity and discontented employed workers. This could also upsurge the amount of faults and mishaps in the production lines. There are many technologies in place used in poultry, horticulture, swine and dairy industries such as in-duct direct evaporative cooling, exhaust air evaporative cooling, in-direct evaporative cooling and direct air evaporative cooling. In this paper, different evaporative cooling technologies have been discussed.

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Budagovskyi, Anatolij, e Viliam Novák. "THEORY OF EVAPOTRANSPIRATION: 2. Soil and intercepted water evaporation". Journal of Hydrology and Hydromechanics 59, n. 2 (1 giugno 2011): 73–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10098-011-0006-8.

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THEORY OF EVAPOTRANSPIRATION: 2. Soil and intercepted water evaporationEvaporation of water from the soil is described and quantified. Formation of the soil dry surface layer is quantitatively described, as a process resulting from the difference between the evaporation and upward soil water flux to the soil evaporating level. The results of evaporation analysis are generalized even for the case of water evaporation from the soil under canopy and interaction between evaporation rate and canopy transpiration is accounted for. Relationships describing evapotranspiration increase due to evaporation of the water intercepted by canopy are presented. Indirect methods of evapotranspiration estimation are discussed, based on the measured temperature profiles and of the air humidity, as well as of the net radiation and the soil heat fluxes.

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Pendhari, Asiya S. "Indirect Evaporative Cooling: An Efficient and Convenient Energy System". Journal of Advanced Research in Applied Mechanics and Computational Fluid Dynamics 07, n. 3&4 (6 novembre 2020): 26–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.24321/2349.7661.202006.

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Evaporative cooling is now an alternative method for the conventional air cooling method. This method does not only save energy but also protect the environment from global warming and hazardous gases. Thus this system is highly efficient and eco-friendly. Evaporative cooling system is further divided into two categories that are direct evaporative cooling system and an indirect evaporative cooling system. The direct evaporative cooling system is not much efficient due to high wet bulb temperature and moisture thus rather than using the direct evaporative cooling system the indirect evaporative cooling system is preferred. This paper discusses comparative studies of performance, working principles, material selection criteria’s and various methods. It also explains the performance under different weather conditions, hybrid structure to reduce the load on the further system. It summarises various aspects like wick attained aluminium sheet is the best material for IEC or counter-flow heat exchanger is effective than parallel-flow heat exchanger. It finally results that indirect evaporative cooling system is moisture free, very effective and environment savings. That can be used in various residential and commercial sectors effectively as an alternative for conventional energy-consuming system.

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Hashim, Rasha, Salman Hammdi e Adel Eidan. "Evaporative Cooling: A Review of its Types and Modeling". Basrah journal for engineering science 22, n. 1 (24 aprile 2022): 36–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.33971/bjes.22.1.5.

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Evaporative cooling is a widely used energy-saving and environmentally friendly cooling technology. Evaporative cooling can be defined as a mass and heat transfer process in which the air is cooled by the evaporation of water and as a result a large amount of heat is transferred from the air to the water and thus the air temperature decreases. Evaporative cooling is mainly used in many cooling technologies used in buildings, factories, agricultural in addition to it is used industrially in cooling towers, evaporative condensers, humidification, and humidity control applications. Evaporative cooling is divided into direct evaporative cooling and indirect evaporative cooling, as well as water evaporative cooling and air evaporative cooling. This paper reviews the most important developments and technologies in evaporative cooling that lead to lower energy consumption and provide suitable cooling comfort.

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Sun, Tiezhu, Xiaojun Huang, Caihang Liang, Riming Liu e Xiang Huang. "Prediction and Analysis of Dew Point Indirect Evaporative Cooler Performance by Artificial Neural Network Method". Energies 15, n. 13 (25 giugno 2022): 4673. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15134673.

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The artificial neural network method has been widely applied to the performance prediction of fillers and evaporative coolers, but its application to the dew point indirect evaporative coolers is rare. To fill this research gap, a novel performance prediction model for dew point indirect evaporative cooler based on back propagation neural network was established using Matlab2018. Simulation based on the test date in the moderately humid region of Yulin City (Shaanxi Province, China) finds that: the root mean square error of the evaporation efficiency of the back propagation model is 3.1367, and the r2 is 0.9659, which is within the acceptable error range. However, the relative error of individual data (sample 7) is a little bit large, which is close to 10%. In order to improve the accuracy of the back propagation model, an optimized model based on particle swarm optimization was established. The relative error of the optimized model is generally smaller than that of the BP neural network especially for sample 7. It is concluded that the optimized artificial neural network is more suitable for solving the performance prediction problem of dew point indirect evaporative cooling units.

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Kim, Nae-Hyun. "Modeling of Heat and Moisture Transfer in an Indirect Evaporative Cooler Made of Plastic Film/Paper". International Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration 23, n. 04 (dicembre 2015): 1550026. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2010132515500261.

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In this study, a thermal model of indirect evaporative cooler (IEC) was constructed. An IEC made of plastic film/paper composite was tested, and the results were compared with predictions of the model. In adddition, parametric study was conducted using the model. The model was based on [Formula: see text]-NTU analysis of wet surface heat and mass transfer. Especially, the model considered air leakage, nonuniform overall heat transfer coefficient and entrance region. Comparison of the predictions of the model with limited experimental data showed favorable results. Parametric study using the model showed that increase of the dry and wet channel inlet temperature resulted in increase of the indirect evaporation efficiency. The increase of the wet channel inlet humidity also increases the efficiency. The dry channel inlet humidity, however, was independent of the efficiency. The indirect evaporation efficiency and the pressure drop increased as the IEC size increased. However, they decreased as the channel height increased.

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Dalaf, Adham Ahmed, Maki Haj Zidan e Aadel A. Al-Kumait. "Improving the Behavior of Indirect Evaporative Cooler*". Journal of Advanced Sciences and Engineering Technologies 1, n. 3 (26 dicembre 2021): 11–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.32441/jaset.01.03.02.

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ndirect evaporative cooling is one of the technologies currently used to build highly efficient air conditioning systems and low power consumption. A computer program was created to predict the effectiveness of an indirect-evaporation cooling system which operates based on Maisotsenko cycle (M-cycle) to determine the environmental conditions and proper system design. Several variables that affect the performance of the system have been studied; the amount of volumetric flow of air ranged from (1050 cfm) to (1550 cfm) for the dry side, and changing from 700 cfm to 1200 cfm from the wet side. With respect to design variables, the length of the channel changed from 50 cm to 100 cm. For environmental variables, the effect of changes in dry and wet temperature on system performance had been studied. The experiment was conducted in mid-June over 24 hours. The results showed that the best air supply provided for the best performance of the system is (1050cfm) for the dry side, while the wet side was (900 cfm), when the length of the channel is 80 cm. The results showed the possibility of applying this system in (Tikrit) because it is characterized by its hot and dry climate in the summer, as evaporative cooling efficiency increases in hot, dry climates © 2018 JASET, International Scholars and Researchers Association

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Armstrong, Robert N., John W. Pomeroy e Lawrence W. Martz. "Spatial variability of mean daily estimates of actual evaporation from remotely sensed imagery and surface reference data". Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 23, n. 12 (29 novembre 2019): 4891–907. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-23-4891-2019.

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Abstract. Land surface evaporation has considerable spatial variability that is not captured by point-scale estimates calculated from meteorological data alone. Knowing how evaporation varies spatially remains an important issue for improving parameterisations of land surface schemes and hydrological models and various land management practices. Satellite-based and aerial remote sensing has been crucial for capturing moderate- to larger-scale surface variables to indirectly estimate evaporative fluxes. However, more recent advances for field research via unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) now allow for the acquisition of more highly detailed surface data. Integrating models that can estimate “actual” evaporation from higher-resolution imagery and surface reference data would be valuable to better examine potential impacts of local variations in evaporation on upscaled estimates. This study introduces a novel approach for computing a normalised ratiometric index from surface variables that can be used to obtain more-realistic distributed estimates of actual evaporation. For demonstration purposes the Granger–Gray evaporation model (Granger and Gray, 1989) was applied at a rolling prairie agricultural site in central Saskatchewan, Canada. Visible and thermal images and meteorological reference data required to parameterise the model were obtained at midday. Ratiometric indexes were computed for the key surface variables albedo and net radiation at midday. This allowed point observations of albedo and mean daily net radiation to be scaled across high-resolution images over a large study region. Albedo and net radiation estimates were within 5 %–10 % of measured values. A daily evaporation estimate for a grassed surface was 0.5 mm (23 %) larger than eddy covariance measurements. Spatial variations in key factors driving evaporation and their impacts on upscaled evaporation estimates are also discussed. The methods applied have two key advantages for estimating evaporation over previous remote-sensing approaches: (1) detailed daily estimates of actual evaporation can be directly obtained using a physically based evaporation model, and (2) analysis of more-detailed and more-reliable evaporation estimates may lead to improved methods for upscaling evaporative fluxes to larger areas.

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CHOWDHURY, A., H. P. DAS e S. D. GAIKWAD. "Determination of relative contribution of different meteorological elements on evaporation". MAUSAM 50, n. 4 (17 dicembre 2021): 365–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.54302/mausam.v50i4.1949.

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The present study deals with influence of radiation, maximum temperature, hours of bright sunshine, relative humidity and surface wind on evaporation at Calcutta, Pune and New Delhi. Daily data from 1991-94 of January, May, June, July and October have been utilized. Direct and indirect influence of the weather factors have been determined through "path analysis" and discussed. Multiple regression equations have also been developed with evaporation as the dependent variable and the above five weather parameters as independent variables. The results reveal that radiation and maximum temperature are the two most important parameters which enhance evaporation. Most of their effect is direct though in some cases their interaction with relative humidity or wind also contribute significantly to evaporation. Humidity and surface wind, generally, do not significantly contribute directly to evaporation; their effect is manifested through interaction with maximum temperature, indirectly.

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Li, Qingqing, Yuqing Wang e Yihong Duan. "Impacts of Evaporation of Rainwater on Tropical Cyclone Structure and Intensity—A Revisit". Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 72, n. 4 (31 marzo 2015): 1323–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jas-d-14-0224.1.

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Abstract The impact of evaporation of rainwater on tropical cyclone (TC) intensity and structure is revisited in this study. Evaporative cooling can result in strong downdrafts and produce low–equivalent potential temperature air in the inflow boundary layer, particularly in the region outside the eyewall, significantly suppressing eyewall convection and reducing the final intensity of a TC. Different from earlier findings, results from this study show that outer rainbands still form but are short lived in the absence of evaporation. Evaporation of rainwater is shown to facilitate the formation of outer rainbands indirectly by reducing the cooling due to melting of ice particles outside the inner core, not by the cold-pool dynamics, as previously believed. Only exclusion of evaporation in the eyewall region or the rapid filamentation zone has a very weak effect on the inner-core size change of a TC, whereas how evaporation in the outer core affects the inner-core size depends on how active the inner rainbands are. More (less) active inner rainbands may lead to an increase (a decrease) in the inner-core size.

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Rezaee, Vahid, e Arash Houshmand. "Feasibility Study Of Maisotsenko Indirect Evaporative Air Cooling Cycle In Iran". GeoScience Engineering 61, n. 2 (1 giugno 2015): 23–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/gse-2015-0015.

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Abstract This paper presents energy and exergy analysis of air cooling cycle based on novel Maisotsenko indirect evaporative cooling cycle. Maisotsenko cycle (M-cycle) provides desired cooling condition above the dew point and below the wet bulb temperature. In this study, based on average annual temperature, The Iran area is segmented into eleven climates. In energy analysis, wet-bulb and dew point effectiveness, cooling capacity rate and in exergy analysis, exergy input rate, exergy destruction rate, exergy loss, exergy efficiency, exergetic COP and entropy generation rate for Iran's weather conditions in the indicated climates are calculated. Moreover, a feasibility study based on water evaporation rate and Maisotsenko cycle was presented. Energy and exergy analysis results show that the fifth, sixth, seventh and eighth climates are quite compatible and Rasht, Sari, Ramsar and Ardabile cities are irreconcilable with the Maisotsenko cycle.

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Nowak, Bernard, e Zbigniew Kuczera. "Heat Power Determination of Dv-290 Refrigerator’s Evaporator on the Basis of Thermodynamic Parameters of Inlet Air / Określenie Mocy Cieplnej Parownika Chłodziarki Dv-290 Na Podstawie Parametrów Termodynamicznych Powietrza Wlotowego". Archives of Mining Sciences 57, n. 4 (1 dicembre 2012): 911–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10267-012-0060-z.

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Abstract The present paper introduces a method for calculating the thermal power of DV-290 mining air cooler’s evaporator. The power usually differs from the nominal power given by the manufacturer. The thermodynamic parameters of cooled air are not obtained as a result of in situ measurements, but in indirect manner that is by determining the evaporation and condensation’s pressure values of R407C refrigerant. The pressure dependencies formulated as a function of air enthalpy at the evaporator’s inlet were obtained using calculations of a computer program which solves the system of equations describing heat and mass transfer in the refrigerator’s compressor on the basis of previous measurements of air performed before and after its cooling. The obtained dependencies are demonstrated in a graphical (fig. 2 and fig. 3) and analytical (the regression equations (19) and (20)) manner, the values of correlation coefficients are also presented. For the known evaporation and condensation pressure values of the refrigerant, and thus for its basic physical parameters the complete thermal power of the evaporator was determined, that is its: air cooling overt power, dehumidification occult power, temperature, relative humidity and specific humidity of air after its cooling. In addition, using the mentioned method, the capacity of DV-290 refrigerator’s evaporator is provided for the given thermodynamic parameters of air before cooling, along with air thermodynamic parameters after cooling.

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Jayakody, Harith, Raya Al-Dadah e Saad Mahmoud. "Cryogenic Energy for Indirect Freeze Desalination—Numerical and Experimental Investigation". Processes 8, n. 1 (21 dicembre 2019): 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr8010019.

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Renewed interest in freeze desalination has emerged due to its advantages over other desalination technologies. A major advantage of the freeze desalination process over evaporative methods is its lower energy consumption (latent heat of freezing is 333.5 kJ/kg and latent heat of evaporation is 2256.7 kJ/kg). Cryogenic fluids like LN2/LAir are emerging as an effective energy storage medium to maximise utilisation of intermittent renewable energy sources. The recovery of this stored cold energy has the potential to be used for freeze desalination. Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) modelling was developed to simulate the evaporation of liquid nitrogen to simultaneously conduct freeze desalination to investigate the feasibility of using cryogenic energy for freeze desalination. This integrated CFD model was validated using experimental heat exchanger test facility constructed, to evaporate liquid nitrogen to supply the cooling required for freezing. Parametric study on the LN2 flow rate to observe the volume of ice obtained was also examined using CFD, where increasing the velocity of LN2 by 6 times, increased the volume of ice obtained by 4.3 times. A number of freezing stages were required in order to reduce the ice salinity from 1.5% down to 0.1% as regarded by the World Health Organisation (WHO) as safe to drink. In the cryogenic desalination test rig, approximately 1.35 L of liquid nitrogen was required to reduce the ice salinity from 1.5% to less than 0.1%. Furthermore, the above results illustrate the potential of using the cold energy of cryogenic fluids such as Liquified Natural Gas (LNG) and LN2/LAir for freeze desalination applications as most cold energy during LNG regasification has been unexploited today.

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Caruana, Roberta, Stefano De Antonellis, Luca Marocco e Manfredo Guilizzoni. "Modeling of Indirect Evaporative Cooling Systems: A Review". Fluids 8, n. 11 (18 novembre 2023): 303. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fluids8110303.

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Air-to-air indirect evaporative cooling (IEC) systems are particular heat exchangers that use the latent heat of evaporation of water to cool down an air stream, without increasing its specific humidity, thus guaranteeing adequate thermohygrometric conditions in the refrigerated environment with low energy consumption. Dew-point indirect evaporative cooling (DIEC) systems are based on the IEC technology, but they recirculate a part of the air taken from the room to be refrigerated, in order to possibly achieve a lower air temperature. IEC and DIEC systems are becoming increasingly common these years, as they can ensure a good efficiency, minimizing the environmental impact of the air-conditioning system. Consequently, it has been necessary to develop models, both analytical and numerical, to quickly and accurately design this type of system and to predict their performance. This paper presents a review of the analytical and numerical models developed specifically for IEC and DIEC systems, highlighting their method, main innovations and advantages, and possible limitations. From this analysis, it emerged that analytical models have been developed since the late 1990s and only few of them are suitable for DIEC heat exchangers, while numerical models for both IEC and DIEC systems are gaining popularity in recent years. Almost all the analyzed models have been validated by comparison with numerical and/or experimental data, showing a maximum discrepancy within 10% in the majority of the cases. However, the validations were performed for a few specific cases, so in real applications it might be difficult to associate the model boundary conditions and the heat exchangers operating conditions, such as nozzles orientations, plates materials, water flow rates, and configurations. Another common limitation concerns the modeling of some properties, as wettability factor and air density, which might affect the accuracy of the results.

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Xie, Xiaoyun, e Yi Jiang. "An indirect evaporative chiller". Frontiers of Energy and Power Engineering in China 4, n. 1 (28 gennaio 2010): 66–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11708-010-0021-1.

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Boukhanouf, R., A. Alharbi, O. Amer e H. G. Ibrahim. "Experimental and Numerical Study of a Heat Pipe Based Indirect Porous Ceramic Evaporative Cooler". International Journal of Environmental Science and Development 6, n. 2 (2015): 104–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.7763/ijesd.2015.v6.570.

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Ariani, Sri Retno Dwi, Endang Susilowati, Elfi Susanti VH e Setiyani Setiyani. "ACTIVITY TEST OF GUAVA (Psidium guajava L.) LEAF METHANOL EXTRACT AS CONTRACEPTION ANTIFERTILITY TO WHITE MICE (Rattus norvegicus)". Indonesian Journal of Chemistry 8, n. 2 (17 giugno 2010): 264–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/ijc.21632.

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The aim of this research is to know about if the guava (Psidium guajava L.) leaf methanol extract on 10.5 mg/mL and 21.0 mg/mL dossages indicate a positive test as contraception antifertility to white mice (Rattus norvegicus). The sample is guava leaf from Mungkid, Magelang Central of Java Indonesia. The animals experiment are the white mice on 140-300 g for female, 200-250 g for male and about 3 months of age in average. The steps of this research are : (1) preparing sample, i.e. washing, drying on to indirect sunlight and make the sample into powder, (2) isolation the guava leaf powder in soxhlet instrument with hexane, (3) evaporation the sample with rotary evaporator until guava leaf hexane extract produced, (4) maseration the sample with methanol, (5) evaporation the sample with rotary evaporator until guava leaf methanol extract produced, (6) conducting contraception antifertility activity test to guave leaf methanol extract on 10.5 mg/mL and 21.0 mg/mL dossages to mice white. The results of this research are guava leaf methanol extract on 10.5 mg/mL and 21.0 mg/mL dossages indicate a negative contraception antifertility test to white mice but in these dossages have indicated that an antiimplantation effect (the total natality of fetus is less than the total implantation site in mice white). Keywords: Guava leaf, contraseption antifertility, methanol extract, white mice, implantation

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Dinh, Khanh. "4827733 Indirect evaporative cooling system". Heat Recovery Systems and CHP 10, n. 1 (gennaio 1990): ix. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0890-4332(90)90286-s.

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Safe, Abdolah, Fatemeh Sabokkhiz, Mohamad Hosein Ramesht, Morteza Djamali e Abdolmajid Naderi Beni. "Study Clastic Sediments and Evaporite Deposits’ Changes in the Sedimentary Core Lake Maharlou, Iran". Modern Applied Science 10, n. 4 (13 febbraio 2016): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/mas.v10n4p1.

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The continental environments, lakes are proper for deposition locations of evaporites. Evaporite minerals are formed wherever the evaporation rate is more than incoming water to the basin. In this article the evaporate deposits (Calcite, Gypsum and Halite) are studied in a sedimentary core of Lake Maharlou, Zagros Mountains, South of Iran. The core sample treated for getting Magnetic Susceptibility values along with the core as well as basic sedimentological data including grain size, Total Organic Matter and carbonate contents. NaCl is determin ed by gravimetric analysis. Loss on Ignition is applied to measure and estimate the amount of (OC), (Ca) and (SO4) mineralogy of which is determined by SEM method. The exists a direct relation between evaporation deposit formation of lake water level reduction. Accordingly, the change in the sediment stratum indicating the level of evaporations. The results indicate a lower extant of gypsum than Ca and NaCl. The sequence of layers principle, changes in the shoreline (lake water level fluctuations) with respect to stratum zonation. Magnetic susceptibility level is directly related to the Silt layer thickness but also there is an indirect relation with the level of organically rich sediments’ occurrence and abundance.

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Rey Martı́nez, F. J., E. Velasco Gómez, R. Herrero Martı́n, J. Martı́nez Gutiérrez e F. Varela Diez. "Comparative study of two different evaporative systems: an indirect evaporative cooler and a semi-indirect ceramic evaporative cooler". Energy and Buildings 36, n. 7 (luglio 2004): 696–708. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2003.10.010.

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Pettijohn, J. Cory, e Guido D. Salvucci. "A New Two-Dimensional Physical Basis for the Complementary Relation between Terrestrial and Pan Evaporation". Journal of Hydrometeorology 10, n. 2 (1 aprile 2009): 565–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2008jhm1026.1.

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Abstract Archived global measurements of water loss from evaporation pans constitute an important indirect measure of evaporative flux. Historical data from evaporation pans shows a decreasing trend over the last half century, but the relationship between pan evaporation and moisture-limited terrestrial evaporation is complex, leading to ambiguities in the interpretation of these data. Under energy-limited conditions, pan evaporation Epan and moisture-limited terrestrial evaporation E increase or decrease together, whereas in moisture-limited conditions these fluxes form a complementary relation (CR) in which increases in one rate accompany decreases in the other rate. This has led to debate about the meaning of the observed trends in the context of changing climate. Here a two-dimensional numerical model of a wet pan in a drying landscape is used to demonstrate that, over a wide range of realistic atmospheric and surface conditions, the influence that changes in E have on Epan 1) are complementary and linear, 2) do not depend upon surface wind speed, and 3) are strikingly asymmetrical, in that a unit decrease in E causes approximately a fivefold increase in Epan, as found in a recent analysis by Kahler and Brutsaert of daily evaporation from U.S. grasslands. Previous attempts to explain the CR have been based on one-dimensional diffusion and energy balance arguments, leading to analytic solutions based on Penman-type bulk difference equations. However, without acknowledging the spatially complex humidity and temperature fields around the pan and, specifically, how these fields change as the contrast between the wet pan and the drying land surface increases, such integrated bulk difference equations are a priori incomplete (they ignore important divergence terms), and thus these explanations must be considered physically incomplete. Results of this study improve the theoretical foundation of the CR, thus increasing the reliability with which it can be applied to estimate water balance and to understand the pan evaporation record of climate change.

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Asfahan, Hafiz M., Uzair Sajjad, Muhammad Sultan, Imtiyaz Hussain, Khalid Hamid, Mubasher Ali, Chi-Chuan Wang, Redmond R. Shamshiri e Muhammad Usman Khan. "Artificial Intelligence for the Prediction of the Thermal Performance of Evaporative Cooling Systems". Energies 14, n. 13 (1 luglio 2021): 3946. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14133946.

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The present study reports the development of a deep learning artificial intelligence (AI) model for predicting the thermal performance of evaporative cooling systems, which are widely used for thermal comfort in different applications. The existing, conventional methods for the analysis of evaporation-assisted cooling systems rely on experimental, mathematical, and empirical approaches in order to determine their thermal performance, which limits their applications in diverse and ambient spatiotemporal conditions. The objective of this research was to predict the thermal performance of three evaporation-assisted air-conditioning systems—direct, indirect, and Maisotsenko evaporative cooling systems—by using an AI approach. For this purpose, a deep learning algorithm was developed and lumped hyperparameters were initially chosen. A correlation analysis was performed prior to the development of the AI model in order to identify the input features that could be the most influential for the prediction efficiency. The deep learning algorithm was then optimized to increase the learning rate and predictive accuracy with respect to experimental data by tuning the hyperparameters, such as by manipulating the activation functions, the number of hidden layers, and the neurons in each layer by incorporating optimizers, including Adam and RMsprop. The results confirmed the applicability of the method with an overall value of R2 = 0.987 between the input data and ground-truth data, showing that the most competent model could predict the designated output features (Toutdb, wout, and Eoutair). The suggested method is straightforward and was found to be practical in the evaluation of the thermal performance of deployed air conditioning systems under different conditions. The results supported the hypothesis that the proposed deep learning AI algorithm has the potential to explore the feasibility of the three evaporative cooling systems in dynamic ambient conditions for various agricultural and livestock applications.

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Taler, Jan, Bartosz Jagieła e Magdalena Jaremkiewicz. "Overview of the M-Cycle Technology for Air Conditioning and Cooling Applications". Energies 15, n. 5 (1 marzo 2022): 1814. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15051814.

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The indirect evaporative cooler (IEC) has excellent potential to replace or improve conventional vapor compression equipment in HVAC and refrigeration applications. This could be achieved by using the M-cycle (dew-point evaporative cooling technology). This thermodynamic concept makes it possible to derive a large amount of energy from the air stream (as latent heat released during water evaporation into the working air stream) and use it for another air stream (product). Its application has also spread to other sectors, such as water desalination and distillation, power plants, or NOx reduction. This paper provides an overview of the M-cycle mainly in air conditioning (MAC, D-MAC, H-MAC) and refrigeration (MCT, M-condenser). Various integrated solutions are described, showing improved effectiveness in terms of the wet-bulb temperature and the dew point. The design features of consolidated solutions are better In terms of the flow distribution, geometry, or volume. Most of the improvements confirm the great potential of the M-cycle to increase the unit or the system efficiency due to lower energy and water consumption.

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Ginzburg, Sivan, e Eliot Quataert. "Black widow evolution: magnetic braking by an ablated wind". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 495, n. 4 (11 maggio 2020): 3656–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/mnras/staa1304.

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ABSTRACT Black widows are close binary systems in which a millisecond pulsar is orbited by a companion, a few per cent the mass of the sun. It has been suggested that the pulsar’s rotationally powered γ-ray luminosity gradually evaporates the companion, eventually leaving behind an isolated millisecond pulsar. The evaporation efficiency is determined by the temperature Tch ∝ F2/3 to which the outflow is heated by the flux F on a dynamical time-scale. Evaporation is most efficient for companions that fill their Roche lobes. In this case, the outflow is dominated by a cap around the L1 point with an angle θg ∼ (Tch/Tg)1/2, and the evaporation time is tevap = 0.46(Tch/Tg)−2 Gyr, where Tg > Tch is the companion’s virial temperature. We apply our model to the observed black widow population, which has increased substantially over the last decade, considering each system’s orbital period, companion mass, and pulsar spin-down power. While the original black widow (PSR B1957+20) evaporates its companion on a few Gyr time-scale, direct evaporation on its own is too weak to explain the overall population. We propose instead that the evaporative wind couples to the companion’s magnetic field, removes angular momentum from the binary, and maintains stable Roche lobe overflow. While a stronger wind carries more mass, it also reduces the Alfvén radius, making this indirect magnetic braking mechanism less dependent on the flux $t_{\rm mag}\propto t_{\rm evap}^{1/3}$. This reduces the scatter in evolution times of observed systems, thus better explaining the combined black widow and isolated millisecond pulsar populations.

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Parashar, Vishal Kumar, e Aditya Singh. "INDIRECT EVAPORATIVE COOLING SYSTEMS – A REVIEW". International Journal of Technical Research & Science 04, n. 12 (15 dicembre 2019): 19–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.30780/ijtrs.v04.i12.004.

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Erens, P. J., e A. A. Dreyer. "Modelling of indirect evaporative air coolers". International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 36, n. 1 (gennaio 1993): 17–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0017-9310(93)80062-y.

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Wang, Yiping, Liliang Shen, Luying Wang, Qunwu Huang, Yanchao Jin, Yong Cui e Chunli Ni. "An indirect evaporative heat pump system". Applied Thermal Engineering 121 (luglio 2017): 791–801. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2017.04.116.

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Cichoñ, Aleksandra, Anna Pacak, Demis Pandelidis e Sergey Anisimov. "Application of the counter- and cross-flow indirect evaporative cooler for heat recovery under different climate conditions". E3S Web of Conferences 100 (2019): 00010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201910000010.

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This paper investigates the potential of applying an indirect evaporative cooler for heat recovery in air-conditioning system under various climate conditions. The counter- and cross-flow configurations of the indirect evaporative exchanger are addressed in this study in terms of their performance and applicability for different climate zones. Presented analyses are carried out with original ε-NTU model considering condensation from the product airflow and validated against experimental data. It was stated that both configurations of the indirect evaporative exchanger have a high application potential to be employed as a heat recovery device under most climatic parameters. Additionally for each climate zone considered in this paper, the air-conditioning system that consists of either the indirect evaporative exchanger and vapor-compression cooler or indirect evaporative exchanger and direct evaporative cooler is proposed.

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Shevnina, Elena, Miguel Potes, Timo Vihma, Tuomas Naakka, Pankaj Ramji Dhote e Praveen Kumar Thakur. "Evaporation over a glacial lake in Antarctica". Cryosphere 16, n. 8 (2 agosto 2022): 3101–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-3101-2022.

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Abstract. The study provides estimates of summertime evaporation over a glacial lake located in the Schirmacher oasis, Dronning Maud Land, East Antarctica. Lake Zub (alternately named Lake Priyadarshini and referred to throughout as Lake Zub/Priyadarshini) is the second-largest lake in the oasis, and its maximum depth is 6 m. The lake is also among the warmest glacial lakes in the oasis, and it is free of ice during almost 2 summer months. The summertime evaporation over the ice-free lake was measured using the eddy covariance method and estimated on the basis of five indirect methods (bulk-aerodynamic method and four combination equations). We used meteorological and hydrological measurements collected during a field experiment carried out in 2018. The eddy covariance method was considered the most accurate, and the evaporation was estimated to be 114 mm for the period from 1 January to 7 February 2018 (38 d) on the basis of this method. The average daily evaporation was 3.0 mm d−1 in January 2018. During the experiment period, the largest changes in daily evaporation were driven by synoptic-scale atmospheric processes rather than local katabatic winds. The bulk-aerodynamic method suggests the average daily evaporation is 2.0 mm d−1, which is 32 % less than the results based on the eddy covariance method. The bulk-aerodynamic method is much better in producing the day-to-day variations in evaporation compared to the combination equations. All selected combination equations underestimated the evaporation over the lake by 40 %–72 %. The scope of the uncertainties inherent in the indirect methods does not allow us to apply them to estimate the daily evaporation over Lake Zub/Priyadarshini. We suggested a new combination equation to evaluate the summertime evaporation over the lake's surface using meteorological observations from the nearest site. The performance of the new equation is better than the performance of the indirect methods considered. With this equation, the evaporation over the period of the experiment was 124 mm, which is only 9 % larger than the result according to the eddy covariance method.

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Singh, S. P., T. R. Tulsidasani, R. L. Sawhney e M. S. Sodha. "Recent research on an indirect evaporative cooler. Part VI: evolution of design pattern for indirect evaporative cooler". International Journal of Energy Research 23, n. 7 (10 giugno 1999): 557–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1099-114x(19990610)23:7<557::aid-er359>3.0.co;2-q.

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Zaidan, Maki, Fayadh Abed e Ali Farhad. "The Effect of Dry and Wet Bulb Temperature Variation on the Performance of the Indirect Evaporative Cooler". vol (26(, No. (4) 26, n. 4 (15 dicembre 2019): 8–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.25130/tjes.26.4.02.

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The research is about designing and building up an evaporative cooling system, working by two- stages evaporative cooling system using outer air (pure air). The system is founded by designing and making a heat exchanger of orthogonal flow from Aluminum sheets of (30*60*40) cm, which represents the first stage of the system (indirect stage). The second stage (direct stage) of the system is represented by making an equipment of air washing (cylindrical) with (45 height, 60 width, 3 thickness) cm. The cooling system pulls outer air by a Centrifugal fan. The air passes through the heat exchanger pipes to be cooled tangibly (without moistening). Then it goes over the equipment of air washing to be cooled and cools the specified space. Computer software was designed by FORTRAN Language (FORTRAN 90) to predict the evaporative air cooler performance to know the proper environmental and design conditions of the system. Some variables were made to study their effect on the thermal performance of the system. The studied variable is to change the volumetric flow rate of air from (750 cfm) to (2000 cfm) of the dry side, and from (750 cfm) to (2500 cfm) of the wet side. The pipe length was changed from (20 cm) to (45 cm), and its diameter from (0.5 cm) to (3 cm). Those were the design changes. On the environmental changes, we studied the effect of changing the temperature on the dry or wet bulb of the system. The study is taken place in Tikrit University (34. 35N; 43.37 E), to determine the suitability of the weather conditions of the region for the work of the system. It was taken place in the late August for two consecutive days, with readings of 24 hours. The results show that the best quantity of the air supplied, which represent the best performance of the system (750 cfm) and (1000 cfm) for the wet side when the diameter (1-1.5 cm) and length is (45 cm). The results show also the possibility of the work of this system for the region mentioned because it is characterized by its hot and dry climate in the summer, as the efficiency of evaporative evaporator increases the hot and dry environment by 80%.

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Winaya, I. Nyoman Suprapta, Hendra Wijaksana, Made Sucipta e Ainul Ghurri. "An Overview of Different Indirect and Semi-Indirect Evaporative Cooling System for Study Potency of Nanopore Skinless Bamboo as An Evaporative Cooling New Porous Material". Journal of Advanced Research in Fluid Mechanics and Thermal Sciences 79, n. 2 (15 gennaio 2021): 123–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.37934/arfmts.79.2.123130.

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The high energy consumption of compressor based cooling system has prompted the researchers to study and develop non-compressor based cooling system that less energy consumption, less environment damaging but still has high enough cooling performances. Indirect and semi indirect evaporative cooling system is the feasible non-compressor based cooling systems that can reach the cooling performance required. This two evaporative cooling system has some different in construction, porous material used, airflow scheme and secondary air cooling method used for various applications. This paper would report the cooling performances achieved by those two cooling system in terms of cooling efficiency, cooling capacity, wet bulb effectiveness, dew point effectiveness, and temperature drop. Porous material used in indirect and semi-indirect evaporative cooling would be highlighted in terms of their type, size, thickness and any other feature. The introduction of nanopore skinless bamboo potency as a new porous material for either indirect or semi-indirect evaporative cooling would be described. In the future study of nanopore skinless bamboo, a surface morphology and several hygrothermal test including sorption, water vapor transmission, thermal conductivity test would be applied, before it utilize as a new porous material for direct or semi indirect evaporative cooling.

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Wijaksana, Hendra, I. Nyoman Suprapta Winaya, Made Sucipta e Ainul Ghurri. "An Overview of Different Indirect and Semi-Indirect Evaporative Cooling System for Study Potency of Nanopore Skinless Bamboo as An Evaporative Cooling New Porous Material". Journal of Advanced Research in Fluid Mechanics and Thermal Sciences 76, n. 3 (29 ottobre 2020): 109–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.37934/arfmts.76.3.109116.

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The high energy consumption of compressor-based cooling system has prompted the researchers to study and develop non-compressor-based cooling system that less energy consumption, less environment damaging but still has high enough cooling performances. Indirect and semi indirect evaporative cooling system is the feasible non-compressor-based cooling systems that can reach the cooling performance required. These two evaporative cooling systems has some different in construction, porous material used, airflow scheme and secondary air-cooling method used for various applications. This paper would report the cooling performances achieved by those two-cooling systems in terms of cooling efficiency, cooling capacity, wet bulb effectiveness, dew point effectiveness, and temperature drop. Porous material used in indirect and semi-indirect evaporative cooling would be highlighted in terms of their type, size, thickness and any other feature. The introduction of nanopore skinless bamboo potency as a new porous material for either indirect or semi-indirect evaporative cooling would be described. In the future study of nanopore skinless bamboo, a surface morphology and several hygrothermal test including sorption, water vapor transmission, thermal conductivity test would be applied, before it utilizes as a new porous material for direct or semi indirect evaporative cooling.

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Chernyshev, B., L. Jean-Korotkova, Y. Gurov, T. Leonova, S. Lapushkin, R. Pritula e T. Shchurenkova. "Charged Particles Evaporation in the Stopped Pion Absorption Reactions". KnE Energy 3, n. 1 (9 aprile 2018): 41. http://dx.doi.org/10.18502/ken.v3i1.1720.

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In the present work we have analyzed evaporation spectra and yields of p,d,t formed in the reaction of stopped pion absorption. It is shown that the values of equilibrium temperature obtained through the usage of proposed model are in agreement with the values obtained in various other experiments. We also discuss the A-dependences of the evaporation yields and consider possible contributions of the “indirect” evaporation processes.

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Bhatkar, V. W. "EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF MULTISTAGE INDIRECT EVAPORATIVE COOLERS". JP Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 24, n. 1 (20 settembre 2021): 69–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.17654/hm024010069.

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José Alonso, J. F. San, F. J. Rey Martínez, E. Velasco Gómez e M. A. Alvarez-Guerra Plasencia. "Simulation model of an indirect evaporative cooler". Energy and Buildings 29, n. 1 (dicembre 1998): 23–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0378-7788(98)00014-0.

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Shahzad, Muhammad Wakil, Muhammad Burhan, Doskhan Ybyraiymkul, Seung Jin Oh e Kim Choon Ng. "An improved indirect evaporative cooler experimental investigation". Applied Energy 256 (dicembre 2019): 113934. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2019.113934.

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Herrero Martín, R. "Characterization of a semi-indirect evaporative cooler". Applied Thermal Engineering 29, n. 10 (luglio 2009): 2113–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2008.09.008.

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Porumb, Bogdan, Paula Ungureşan, Lucian Fechete Tutunaru, Alexandru Şerban e Mugur Bălan. "A Review of Indirect Evaporative Cooling Technology". Energy Procedia 85 (gennaio 2016): 461–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2015.12.228.

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Gorbachev, M., e V. Terekhov. "A comparative analysis of schemes of indirect evaporation type apparatuses". Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2057, n. 1 (1 ottobre 2021): 012130. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2057/1/012130.

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Abstract In this paper, a comparative analysis of schemes of heat and mass transfer devices of indirect evaporation type is carried out. These devices are a family of plane-parallel channels, in one of which the evaporation of water film takes place. Mathematical modeling of heat and mass transfer devices is based on solving a system of differential equations that represent the heat balance equations for each of the channels. Numerical studies are carried out in a wide range of input parameters: temperature t0 = 15÷50°C, relative air humidity ϕ0 = 20÷100%, and Reynolds number Re = 50÷1500. The assumed geometric dimensions of the channels are height H = 6 mm and length L 50H. The calculations are carried out at atmospheric pressure.

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Morselli, Nicolò, Michele Cossu e Alberto Muscio. "Replacing batteries with water by an innovative evaporative cooling process for vehicle air conditioning". IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1106, n. 1 (1 novembre 2022): 012020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1106/1/012020.

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Abstract In plug-in hybrid and battery electric vehicles, the air conditioning system can absorb a significant fraction of the energy stored onboard in the battery pack, thus causing a decrease of the range, or the need of additional battery capacity with its associated mass and cost. An alternative to standard air conditioning systems is provided by evaporative cooling. This was used at the dawn of the automotive industry in the form of direct evaporative cooling, however it did not take hold due to the high relative humidity induced in the vehicle cabin by the supply of almost saturated air, with the consequent risk of condensation and health issues. In recent times, Maisotsenko developed an innovative indirect evaporative cooling system, in which the air introduced in the conditioned compartment is not humidified and it can also be cooled down to dew point rather than to the wet bulb temperature thanks to the system architecture. Water consumption is relatively low, so the same cooling energy provided by a vapor compression system powered by a given mass fraction of the battery pack can be obtained by evaporating a comparable mass of water. The approach is investigated here by theoretical means, in order to explore its potential and identify possible critical issues.

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Havlík, Jan, Tomáš Dlouhý e Michel Sabatini. "THE EFFECT OF THE FILLING RATIO ON THE OPERATING CHARACTERISTICS OF AN INDIRECT DRUM DRYER". Acta Polytechnica 60, n. 1 (2 marzo 2020): 49–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.14311/ap.2020.60.0049.

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This article investigates the effect of the filling ratio of the indirect rotary dryers on their operating characteristics. For moist biomass drying before combustion, the use of indirect drum dryers heated by a low pressure steam has proven to be highly suitable. Regarding the design of new dryers, it is necessary to experimentally verify the operating characteristics for specific materials and drying conditions. For this purpose, a set of experiments on a steam heated rotary drum dryer were carried out with green wood chips containing 60 to 66 wt% of moisture. The following operational characteristics of the dryer were experimentally determined: drying curves describing the process, square and volumetric evaporation capacities and drying heat consumptions. Based on the experimental results, the effect of various drum filling by dried material on the mentioned operating characteristics was analysed. On the one hand, higher drum filling ratio increases the drying time, on the other hand, the evaporation capacity also increases, while the specific energy consumption does not significantly alter. The maximum value of the evaporation capacity was reached when the drum was filled to 20 wt%. When the filling ratio was increased to 25 wt%, the evaporation capacity experienced almost no change.

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Shean Ti Teen e Keng Wai Chan. "Design and Study of Domestic Cooling System through Roof Ventilation Assisted by Evaporative Cooling". Journal of Advanced Research in Fluid Mechanics and Thermal Sciences 98, n. 1 (19 settembre 2022): 82–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.37934/arfmts.98.1.8291.

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This study shows the evaluation of the indirect evaporative cooling system beneath the roof that aims to reduce the cooling load in buildings. As the energy demand for space cooling increases over the years, the evaporative cooler that has lower energy consumption can be a green technology for space cooling compared with air-conditioning systems. An example of an evaporative roof cooling method that is commonly used is a rooftop sprinkler system. This study emphasizes the evaluation of the performances of an indirect evaporative cooler and rooftop sprinkler system in terms of temperature reduction and cooling capacity. The modelling is done by using the sol-air temperature to estimate the solar heat gain. Then, the cooling power of each system is calculated, and finally, the indoor temperature for the respective system can be determined. The finding shows that the temperature drop for the indirect evaporative cooler is 9.2°C, whereas for the rooftop sprinkler system, it is only about 4.4°C. The simulated cooling load of the indirect evaporative cooler for this test house can go up to 49.2W.

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BATISHCHEVA, Ksenia A., Yuliya N. Vympina e Evgeniya G. ORLOVA. "The influence of laser treatment of aluminum-magnesium alloy surface on the ”self-assembly” of nanoparticles during the evaporation of colloidal solution". Tyumen State University Herald. Physical and Mathematical Modeling. Oil, Gas, Energy 7, n. 1 (2021): 26–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.21684/2411-7978-2021-7-1-26-43.

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Establishing the characteristics of the self-assembly of micron and sub-micron particles when colloidal solution droplets evaporate from solid surfaces is an urgent problem. This is explained by the possibility of using these structures obtained by droplet technologies to create and optimize the production of direct and indirect liquid cooling devices, electronic and sensor working boards, current-conducting coatings, optical crystals, and chemo sensors. The method used in this study for processing of metals and alloys by laser radiation is prospective for controlling the processes at the liquid/gas/solid interface. This article aims to analyze the effect of laser processing of the widely used in the industry aluminum-magnesium alloy on the formation of a layer of particles during the droplet evaporation of colloidal solutions. The samples’ surfaces were processed by two methods: polished by tumbling and nanosecond laser pulses. The geometric parameters of the droplets of colloidal solutions evaporating from the samples’ surfaces were determined by the shadow method. To process the obtained shadow images, the Young — Laplace method was used. Using a scanning electron microscope, the authors have received the images of the particles’ layers formed due to the droplet evaporation of colloidal solutions. The experimental studies reveal the effect of texture formed on aluminum-magnesium alloy sample on the morphology of the layer of polystyrene nanoparticles during the droplet evaporation of colloidal solutions. Due to the self-assembly of particles, solid ring-like sediments are formed, which are elongated under the action of the capillary force parallel to the motion vector of the laser beam (when creating the texture). When the solvent evaporated from the solution droplet on the textured surface, in addition to the rings, a homogeneous layer of polystyrene particles was formed. This refers to the droplet evaporation of the solution. The results show that with an increase in the concentration of particles in the solution, the sizes of radial cracks on the rings formed due to particle deposition increase. There were no cracks on the rings at a relatively low volume concentration of particles.

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Singh, S. P., T. R. Tulsidasani, R. L. Sawhney e M. S. Sodha. "Recent researches in indirect evaporative cooler V: relative thermal performance of buildings coupled to direct and indirect evaporative cooler". International Journal of Energy Research 21, n. 15 (dicembre 1997): 1413–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1099-114x(199712)21:15<1413::aid-er354>3.0.co;2-r.

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Tulsidasani, T. R., R. L. Sawhney, S. P. Singh e M. S. Sodha. "Recent researches in indirect evaporative cooler III: optimization of the cooling potential of a room-coupled indirect evaporative cooler". International Journal of Energy Research 22, n. 8 (25 giugno 1998): 741–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1099-114x(19980625)22:8<741::aid-er400>3.0.co;2-c.

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Pawłowski, Mateusz, Jerzy Gagan e Dariusz Butrymowicz. "Assessment of Efficiency of Heat Transportation in Indirect Propane Refrigeration System Equipped with Carbon Dioxide Circulation Loop". Sustainability 14, n. 16 (22 agosto 2022): 10422. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su141610422.

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Recent research on indirect cooling systems using natural refrigerants has become increasingly common. One such solution is the gravity-induced circulation loop. The paper provides model considerations of the configuration of an indirect propane refrigeration system equipped with a circulation loop using carbon dioxide as a heat transfer fluid. Close attention has been paid to the analytical modelling of the carbon dioxide circulation loop operation. The model was formulated to determine the optimum height of the liquid downcomer based on the determination of flow resistance and heat transfer rate in evaporation and condensation processes. A validation of the proposed analytical model against the available literature on two-phase flow structure predictions and thermal performance predictions was performed. The effect of the change in the refrigeration capacity of the system on the coefficient of performance COP of the entire indirect system was analysed for the first time. The analysis was performed for three different carbon dioxide evaporation temperatures for the system’s refrigeration capacity, ranging from 0.5 to 10 kW. It has been proven that the system efficiency increases by up to 23% with an increase in the refrigeration capacity of the system. An increase in evaporation temperature in the circulation loop from −20 °C to 0 °C improves the COP of the entire indirect refrigeration system by approximately 50%. The above findings indicate that indirect cooling systems using naturally circulated CO2 as a heat transfer fluid should be designed for operation at maximum refrigeration capacity.

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Asghar, Usama, Muzaffar Ali, Danyal Iqbal, Muhammad Ali e Muhammad Hassan Ameer. "Numerical Analysis of dew point Indirect Evaporative Cooler". MATEC Web of Conferences 381 (2023): 01007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/202338101007.

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An indirect evaporative cooler that uses a Maisotsenko (M) Cycle has the potential to be a green and sustainable solution for managing a building’s cooling demand since it can attain sub-wet bulb temperature without humidification. This study presents the design and simulation analysis of a crossflow indirect evaporative cooler using the COMSOL Multiphysics software for various ambient conditions. The cooler’s performance was evaluated by varying the inlet air temperatures. The analysis was conducted using numerical simulations, and the outcomes were compared with experimental data. The simulation results demonstrated that the cooler could achieve significant temperature reductions at a minor energy consumption as compared to traditional air conditioning systems. This study delivers that this system reduces the temperature of inlet air up to 22°C as well as cooling capacity and coefficient of performance values are 3.699 kW and 27.40. Overall, the results demonstrate the potential of crossflow indirect evaporative coolers as an energy-efficient alternative to conventional air conditioning systems.

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