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Wang, Yuchen, Jianxiao Ma, Yuhang Liu, Yingjia Bai e Le Xu. "Optimal exit choice during highway tunnel evacuations based on the fire locations". PLOS ONE 16, n. 8 (20 agosto 2021): e0256523. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0256523.
Abstract (sommario):
In the case of a fire, the choice of exit in the highway tunnel is strictly limited by fire location, which seriously affects the evacuation time. A spontaneous or disorderly exit choice might result in a decreased evacuation efficiency and utilization rate of exits. In this paper, we propose a strategy to obtain the optimal exit choice based on fire location during highway tunnel evacuations. In our strategy, first, the vehicle distributions and locations of evacuating occupants are determined in the traffic simulation program VISSIM. The evacuation simulation software BuildingEXODUS is employed to obtain the corresponding parameters of the evacuation process and analyze the impacts of different fire locations on the evacuation time. During the analysis, the optimal productivity statistics (OPS) is selected as the evaluation index. Then, the feature points of the crowding occupants are captured by the fuzzy c-means (FCM) cluster algorithm. Next, based on the feature points, the relationship between the location of the fire and boundary of the optimal exit choice under the optimal OPS is obtained through the polynomial regression model. It is found that the R-squared(R2) and sum of squares for error (SSE) of the polynomial regression model, reflecting the accuracy estimation, are 98.02% and 2.79×10−4, respectively. Moreover, different fire locations impact the evacuation time of tunnel entrance and evacuation passageway. This paper shows that the location of the fire and boundary of optimal exit choice have a negative linear correlation. Taking the fire 110 m away from the evacuation passageway as an example, the OPS of our strategy can be decreased by 35.6% when compared with no strategies. Our proposed strategy could be applied to determine the location of variable evacuation signs to help evacuating occupants make optimal exit choices.
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Lee, Dongkwan. "A Study on the Strategy for Responding to Large-Scale Complex Disasters". J-INSTITUTE 8 (31 agosto 2023): 46–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.22471/disaster.2023.8.46.
Abstract (sommario):
Purpose: A large-scale complex disaster refers to a disaster that develops on a huge scale outside the predictable range as natural disasters and social disasters occur serially or simultaneously. The local community must take into account the diversity of residents' situations and organize an evacuation cooperation system in advance in order to respond to such large-scale, complex disasters. The purpose of this paper is to present a direction for improving community response to disasters through a review of large-scale complex disasters.
Method: This study examines the large-scale flood damage evacuation plan in the 5th district of Koto, Tokyo, Japan, which established an evacuation plan led by the local community after the Great East Japan Earthquake. Evacuation was divided into vertical evacuation, evacuating within the community, and wide area evacuation, evacuating outside the community.
Results: The main features of these evacuation plans were that they encouraged local residents to make independent judgements, to implement the plans, and to proactively request and prepare for administrative support for the parts that were insufficient.
Conclusion: First of all, for efficient evacuation from large-scale-complex disasters, various stakeholders need to be recognized and systematically organize, and cooperation with relevant and upper-level administrative agencies is needed to solve problems that are beyond the capacity of local governments. It is also necessary for residents to recognize their own role in disaster response along with the proper implementation of disaster prevention administration, and for the administration to support factors that residents cannot do as much as possible, as the basic structure of the crisis.
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Pan, Gao, Mingxi Peng, Tiejun Zhou, Zhanzhi Wan e Zheng Liang. "Research on Safety Design Strategy of Evacuation Stairs in Deep Underground Station Based on Human Heart Rate and Ascending Evacuation Speed". Sustainability 15, n. 13 (6 luglio 2023): 10670. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su151310670.
Abstract (sommario):
An effective evacuation staircase safety design strategy is an important measure to ensure the safe evacuation of personnel in deep underground stations, and its design is influenced by human heart rate (HR) and ascending evacuation speed. This study clarifies the relationship between the ascending evacuation speed and human HR in deep underground stations by simulating an emergency situation in a deep underground station and observing individuals evacuating via stairs. A mathematical model of the ascending evacuation speed and HR at different heights is then established. Through the identification and prediction of intelligent safety systems, a safety design strategy for the rest area of evacuation stairs in deep underground stations was proposed. Rest areas of the stairs allow people in a state of fatigue to pause their ascent, preventing tired people from causing congestion and affecting the evacuation of less-tired people. This improves the overall evacuation speed and ensures the safety of life and property.
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Lewis, PhD, Carol Abel, Sandra Onyejekwe, MS, Garlin Wynn, MS e Brandon Mosley, MS. "Options for improving evacuation: Investigating an unconventional strategy and expanding route options using TRansportation ANalysis and SIMulation System". Journal of Emergency Management 13, n. 2 (1 marzo 2015): 173. http://dx.doi.org/10.5055/jem.2015.0229.
Abstract (sommario):
Various agencies including state departments of transportation, emergency management offices, a municipal works agency, or a highway patrol agency may prepare evacuation plans. Storm strength and landfall predictions determine procedures and strategies. Studies have been conducted that examined various methods considering evacuees’ behaviors, traffic control, safety, and preferential routing. The occasions when a hurricane is imminent require residents to make a choice between sheltering-in-place or evacuating. Tremendous growth is anticipated in many US coastal communities and that will place greater pressure on evacuation strategies in future years. Given the inevitability of future hurricane evacuations and the intensive growth projections for US coastal areas, this research examines evacuation options with a focus on the Houston-Galveston region. The research examines two scenarios using the TRansportation ANalysis and SIMulation System simulation model which relies on a GIS base. Study results showed that both scenarios perform well as alternative options for inclusion in regional planning. It is recommended that these two scenarios be included in the array of responses available for decision makers depending on the myriad of variables—citizen response, congestion levels on the roadways and location, and prediction of an impending storm. The options may be applied independently or in concert with other strategies.
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Sun, Hai, Lanling Hu, Wenchi Shou e Jun Wang. "Self-Organized Crowd Dynamics: Research on Earthquake Emergency Response Patterns of Drill-Trained Individuals Based on GIS and Multi-Agent Systems Methodology". Sensors 21, n. 4 (14 febbraio 2021): 1353. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21041353.
Abstract (sommario):
Predicting evacuation patterns is useful in emergency management situations such as an earthquake. To find out how pre-trained individuals interact with one another to achieve their own goal to reach the exit as fast as possible firstly, we investigated urban people’s evacuation behavior under earthquake disaster coditions, established crowd response rules in emergencies, and described the drill strategy and exit familiarity quantitatively through a cellular automata model. By setting different exit familiarity ratios, simulation experiments under different strategies were conducted to predict people’s reactions before an emergency. The corresponding simulation results indicated that the evacuees’ training level could affect a multi-exit zone’s evacuation pattern and clearance time. Their exit choice preferences may disrupt the exit options’ balance, leading to congestion in some of the exits. Secondly, due to people’s rejection of long distances, congestion, and unfamiliar exits, some people would hesitant about the evacuation direction during the evacuation process. This hesitation would also significantly reduce the overall evacuation efficiency. Finally, taking a community in Zhuhai City, China, as an example, put forward the best urban evacuation drill strategy. The quantitative relation between exit familiar level and evacuation efficiency was obtained. The final results showed that the optimized evacuation plan could improve evacuation’s overall efficiency through the self-organization effect. These studies may have some impact on predicting crowd behavior during evacuation and designing the evacuation plan.
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Lu, Shan, Wen Shuo Liu, Xun Weng e Fang Zhou Li. "Study on Evacuation Strategy in High-Rise Buildings Fire". Advanced Materials Research 472-475 (febbraio 2012): 3207–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.472-475.3207.
Abstract (sommario):
This paper first proves the practicability of evacuation using elevators in high-rise buildings fire. Analyzing characteristics of the evacuation by elevators, the paper put forward an improved evacuation strategy and the corresponded improved evacuation model. In order to further prove the improved evacuation strategy can shorten the evacuation time, taking a certain building for example, this paper design many projects of evacuation, which based on different evacuation strategies. Finally, the paper modeling and simulating these projects with simulation software, results showed by simulation models can prove the large superiority of improved evacuation strategy.
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Hua, Jingyi, Gang Ren, Yang Cheng e Bin Ran. "An Integrated Contraflow Strategy for Multimodal Evacuation". Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2014 (2014): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/159473.
Abstract (sommario):
To improve the efficiency of multimodal evacuation, a network aggregation method and an integrated contraflow strategy are proposed in this paper. The network aggregation method indicates the uncertain evacuation demand on the arterial subnetwork and balances accuracy and efficiency by refining the local road subnetworks. The integrated contraflow strategy contains three arterial configurations: noncontraflow to shorten the strategy setup time, full-lane contraflow to maximize the evacuation network capacity, and bus contraflow to realize the transit cycle operation. The application of this strategy takes two steps to provide transit priority during evacuation: solve the transit-based evacuation problem with a minimum-cost flow model, firstly, and then address the auto-based evacuation problem with a bilevel network flow model. The numerical results from optimizing an evacuation network for a super typhoon justify the validness and usefulness of the network aggregation method and the integrated contraflow strategy.
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AI –Dulaimi, Ibtisam Kareem. "Design of an Emergency System Based on Wireless Sensor Networks through Cloud Computing/A Proposed Model at the University of Mosul". April-May 2023, n. 33 (17 maggio 2023): 40–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.55529/jecnam.33.40.51.
Abstract (sommario):
Wireless sensor networks are frequently used during evacuations (WSN). Improved evacuation procedures can be achieved using modern means of communication, including the Internet, wireless networks, mobile phones, and more. To aid evacuees in avoiding danger, WSN enables target monitoring, hazard sensing, data collecting, and sharing. This research aims to find ways to reduce road congestion during evacuations. Its purpose is to evenly disperse persons who must evacuate across the available exits in a congested region (i.e., building, campus, zoo, etc.). The concept of wireless sensor networks is central to our strategy. Evacuation routes are expected to be adaptive, dynamic, and traffic-free.
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La Greca, Annette M., Kaitlyn E. Brodar, BreAnne A. Danzi, Naomi Tarlow, Karina Silva e Jonathan S. Comer. "Before the Storm: Stressors Associated with the Hurricane Irma Evacuation Process for Families". Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness 13, n. 1 (febbraio 2019): 63–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/dmp.2019.9.
Abstract (sommario):
ABSTRACTObjectiveParents and children are vulnerable populations following hurricanes, and evacuation is an important safety strategy. Yet, little is known about “before the storm” stressors, particularly the surrounding evacuation, affecting families. Thus, following Hurricane Irma, we evaluated both stressful and positive aspects of the evacuation process for families, and we compared perceived safety and stress before, during, and after the hurricane across evacuating and non-evacuating families.MethodsSouth Florida parents of children under age 18 years (N=554; 97% mothers) completed an online survey in the months following Hurricane Irma, assessing perceptions of stress, safety, and evacuation experiences. Quantitative data and open-ended responses were gathered.ResultsMost families (82%) residing in mandatory evacuation zones evacuated, although many not in mandatory zones (46%) also evacuated. Parents who evacuated felt significantly safer during the storm, but more stressed before and during the storm, than non-evacuees. Evacuation-related travel and multiple family issues were rated as most stressful, although some positive aspects of evacuation were offered.ConclusionFindings have implications for emergency planners (eg, pre-/post-storm traffic flow needs, emotional needs of parents arriving at shelters) and for families (eg, importance of developing family disaster plans, controlling media exposure) to reduce evacuation stress for future storms. (Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2019;13:63-73)
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Hamizan, S., S. Roselina, H. Habibollah, Y. Yusliza e M. Y. Lizawati. "Crowd Emergency Evacuation Simulation Time Analysis via Obstacle Optimization Strategy". Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2129, n. 1 (1 dicembre 2021): 012045. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2129/1/012045.
Abstract (sommario):
Abstract The crowd evacuation simulation is essential to provide important results for occupants, especially in the large capacity building compared to the human fire drill exercise. The strategy of evacuation such as the use of obstacles may need to be adapted by many organizations as an aid to help in visualizing and estimating the evacuation time during an emergency. During certain crowd events, they may consider the various setting of the object to ensure smoothness and effective crowd evacuation flow. In this paper, it aims to provide the simulation with 100-1000 agents and testing with obstacle using Anylogic tool and analysis of evacuation time validated using SPSS. The results show that the placement of obstacles near the exit way indeed can reduce the evacuation time and complies with the anti-arching phenomenon during evacuation.
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Isya, M., Azmeri Azmeri e Enny Irmawati Hasan. "Analisis Kelayakan Proses Evakuasi Vertikal pada Daerah Zona Merah di Kecamatan Kuta Alam". Jurnal Teknik Sipil 10, n. 1 (28 maggio 2021): 9–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.24815/jts.v10i1.18180.
Abstract (sommario):
Kuta Alam Subdistrict is one of the Districts which are prone to tsunami disaster, 5 Gampongs from 11 Gampongs in Kuta Alam Sub-district are Gampong in the red zone, namely Gampong Lampulo, Gampong Lamdingin, gampong Lambaro Skep, Gampong Mulia, and gampong Peunayong. Based on the level of vulnerability, the five Gampongs are included in the Village which has a very high risk of tsunami. The main strategy to reduce disaster risk is to reduce casualties, namely by evacuating residents in vulnerable areas before the tsunami wave arrives in the area. Vertical evacuation is an evacuation carried out by moving residents from exposed areas by utilizing tall buildings or hills around vulnerable areas as evacuation sites. The feasibility of evacuation can be seen from the feasibility of the route, the feasibility of alternative evacuation buildings, travel time, and the mode used. From the analysis, it was found there is 11 alternative evacuation buildings can be used as evacuation buildings, where all buildings are declared feasible, and 11 evacuation routes, where only 1 route is declared feasible to be taken by vertical evacuation, while the other 10 routes are not feasible to walk
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Kim, PhD, Karl, Brian Wolshon, PhD, Pradip Pant, PhD, Eric Yamashita, MURP e Jiwnath Ghimire, PhD. "Assessment of evacuation training needs: Targeting instruction to meet the requirements of local communities and agencies". Journal of Emergency Management 18, n. 6 (1 novembre 2020): 475–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.5055/jem.2020.0518.
Abstract (sommario):
As the need to prepare for, respond to, and recover from major disruptive events continues to become more critical, the use of evacuation as a protective action strategy when confronted with life-threatening disasters is a key component of community resilience planning. While the basic concepts of evacuations are straightforward and consistent across locations and hazard types, the details of planning and managing an evacuation are more varied and complex. To improve evacuation preparedness, the training of emergency managers, police, and transportation agencies becomes key. This study assesses the need for evacuation training among key governmental agencies. A national survey of evacuation planning training needs among emergency managers and those involved in transportation management and operations was undertaken in 2016. This paper summarizes key findings of this survey, which included 727 respondents across 136 cities and 48 states and 2 territories, to reveal the results of this training-needs self-assessment. Based on this analysis, training needs and other recommendations for the development and delivery of curriculum on evacuation planning are presented.
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Gao, Fei, Zhiqiang Du, Chenyu Fang, Lin Zhou e Martin Werner. "A Spatio-Temporal Cognitive Framework for Individual Route Choice in Outdoor Evacuation Scenarios". ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information 11, n. 12 (4 dicembre 2022): 605. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijgi11120605.
Abstract (sommario):
Route choice is a complex issue in simulating individual behaviors and reproducing collective phenomena during evacuations. A growing concern has been given to the individual cognitive mechanism to investigate how routing decisions are made in specific situations. However, the essential role of multiple spatio-temporal scales has not been completely considered in the current cognitive frameworks, which leads to the inaccuracy of cognition representation in evacuation decisions. This study proposes a novel spatio-temporal cognitive framework integrated with multiple spatio-temporal scales for individual route choice. First, a complete spatio-temporal cognitive mechanism is constructed to depict the individual evacuation cognition process. Second, a spatio-temporal route choice strategy that emerges from agent-based simulation and extends into the spatio-temporal potential field is designed to represent the overall time-varying cost along routes in individual subjective estimation. Finally, a spatio-temporal A* algorithm is developed for individual optimal route planning in complex outdoor evacuation scenarios. The experimental results show that the proposed framework outperformed the conventional potential field model in evacuation performance, in both objective crowd evacuation evaluation metrics and individual subjectively estimated evacuation cost in cognition, and may provide more insights on crowd evacuation management and guidance.
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Wang, Zhenfei, Chuchu Zhang, Junfeng Wang, Zhiyun Zheng e Lun Li. "Research on Path Planning Algorithm for Crowd Evacuation". Symmetry 13, n. 8 (24 luglio 2021): 1339. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym13081339.
Abstract (sommario):
In recent years, crowded stampede incidents have occurred frequently, resulting in more and more serious losses. The common cause of such incidents is that when large-scale populations gather in a limited area, the population is highly unstable. In emergency situations, only when the crowd reaches the safe exit as soon as possible within a limited evacuation time to complete evacuation can the loss and casualties be effectively reduced. Therefore, the safety evacuation management of people in public places in emergencies has become a hot topic in the field of public security. Based on the analysis of the factors affecting the crowd path selection, this paper proposes an improved path-planning algorithm based on BEME (Balanced Evacuation for Multiple Exits). And pedestrian evacuation simulation is carried out in multi-exit symmetrical facilities. First, this paper optimizes the update method of the GSDL list in the BEME algorithm as the basis for evacuating pedestrians to choose an exit. Second, the collision between pedestrians is solved by defining the movement rule and collision avoidance strategy. Finally, the algorithm is compared with BEME and traditional path-planning algorithms. The results show that the algorithm can further shorten the global evacuation distance of the symmetrical evacuation scene, effectively balance the number of pedestrians at each exit and reduce the evacuation time. In addition, this improved algorithm uses a collision avoidance strategy to solve the collision and congestion problems in path planning, which helps to maximize evacuation efficiency. Whether the setting of the scene or the setting of the exit, all studies are based on symmetric implementation. This is more in line with the crowd evacuation in the real scene, making the experimental results more meaningful.
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Xiong, Kang, Miaocheng Weng, Fang Liu e Yuhan Lu. "Numerical Study on Evacuation Evaluation and Strategy of Theater with Rotating Auditorium". Buildings 12, n. 8 (10 agosto 2022): 1202. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings12081202.
Abstract (sommario):
In recent years, more and more theaters with rotating mechanisms have been built and used, such as theaters with rotating auditoriums. The rotation mechanism in this type of building may lead to the uncertainty of evacuation distances and routes, which undoubtedly poses a higher challenge to performance-based fire protection design. Taking the revolving auditorium theater as an example, this paper proposes a systematic method to solve the problem of randomness in evacuation scenarios. The numerical simulations based on FDS and Pathfinder were carried out, and two improved evacuation strategies for theaters with rotating auditorium were proposed. The results show that the blockage of evacuation exits is an important factor affecting the success of evacuation and the evacuation time. In addition, the establishment of emergency evacuation stairs and rotating auditoriums can effectively reduce the evacuation time.
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Wang, Ze, Shi Yong Ma e Shi An. "A Dynamic Emergency Evacuation Network Optimization Problem with Crossing Elimination Strategy". Advanced Engineering Forum 5 (luglio 2012): 32–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/aef.5.32.
Abstract (sommario):
This paper presents a dynamic evacuation network optimization problem that incorporates crossing elimination strategy. Bottleneck problem at intersections during evacuation process is analyzed for the effective evacuation planning. The developed model is formulated as a system-optimum traffic assignment based on cell transmission model (CTM), which can effectively investigate the characteristics of randomness and dynamics of evacuation flow’s spatial and temporal distribution. The numerical results show that the model can provide crucial theoretical support for evacuation decision-making for traffic managers.
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Ternero, Rodrigo, Juan Sepúlveda, Miguel Alfaro, Guillermo Fuertes, Manuel Vargas, Juan Pedro Sepúlveda-Rojas e Lukas Soto-Jancidakis. "Analysis of Pedestrian Behavior for the Optimization of Evacuation Plans in Tall Buildings: Case Study Santiago, Chile". Buildings 13, n. 12 (22 novembre 2023): 2907. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings13122907.
Abstract (sommario):
Countries located in the Pacific Ring of Fire, such as Chile, require robust evacuation plans for tall buildings to manage the ongoing threat of natural disasters. This study presents a methodology for developing evacuation plans by conducting pedestrian movement simulations with agents that have a model of their surroundings. This approach allows us to assess different scenarios and choose the best option based on the specific characteristics of the site. The method combines simulation and data analysis, using the Monte Carlo method to improve emergency evacuations. Initially, Pathfinder software was employed to simulate the evacuation of a tall building. This involved modeling pedestrian movements using a multiagent system. These agents were programmed to behave like real pedestrians and make decisions during evacuation scenarios, providing valuable information. The effectiveness of two evacuation strategies was then evaluated using the simulation data. The proposed methodology was validated using a case study. The simulations showed that the best strategy depends on factors such as the distribution of people, the capacity of the exits, and the time available for evacuation. Finally, the model includes a training process that uses virtual reality technology to improve situational awareness.
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Xu, Hui, Cheng Tian e Yang Li. "Emergency Evacuation Simulation and Optimization for a Complex Rail Transit Station: A Perspective of Promoting Transportation Safety". Journal of Advanced Transportation 2020 (7 gennaio 2020): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/8791503.
Abstract (sommario):
Rail transit stations with multifloor structures have been built in many cities to intensively utilize land resources and facilitate lives of community. However, being overcrowded with passengers results in high risks during daily operation. In response, this study conducted an emergency evacuation simulation and optimization in the three-dimensional (3D) space of “complex rail transit stations” (CRTSs). The aim of the paper is to provide a methodology to determine effective emergency evacuation strategies for CRTSs. The Lianglukou Rail Transit Station in Chongqing, China, was used as a case study and the AnyLogic simulation platform employed for simulating emergency evacuations. An emergency evacuation theoretical framework was established. The emergency evacuation strategies, including evacuation routes and evacuation times, were determined based on the theoretical demonstration. Simulation and optimization of emergency evacuation in the Lianglukou station were conducted. Accordingly, four main simulation results were obtained: (1) Escalators/stairs and turnstiles are key facilities in the evacuation; (2) Effective guidance for the evacuation is necessary in the public space of the station; (3) Passenger aggregation nodes should be guided for balanced evacuation; (4) Removing metal barriers is a useful evacuation optimization measure. The proposed research method and framework can be used by other CRTSs in the establishment of emergency evacuation strategies and effective optimization strategies to promote safety of transportation system. The research findings are beneficial to passengers in helping them provide valuable emergency evacuation guidance.
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Hartama, Dedy, Herman Mawengkang, Muhammad Zarlis e Rahmad Widia Sembiring. "Model of emergence evacuation route planning with contra flow and zone scheduling in disaster evacuation". Computer Science and Information Technologies 2, n. 1 (1 marzo 2021): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/csit.v2i1.p1-10.
Abstract (sommario):
Evacuation is characterized by rapid movement of people in unsafe locations or disaster sites to safer locations. The traffic management strategy for commonly used evacuations is the use of Shoulder-Lane, contraflowing traffic and gradual evacuation. Contra-flow has been commonly used in traffic management by changing traffic lanes during peak hours. To implement the contra-flow operation, there are two main problems that must be decided, namely Optimal Contraflow Lane Configuration Problem (OCLCP) and Optimal Contraflow Scheduling. Within the OCSP there are two approaches that can be used: zone scheduling and flow scheduling. Problem of Contra Flow and Zone Scheduling Problem is basically an Emergence Evacuation Route Planning (EERP) issue. This research will discuss EERP with ContraFlow and Zone Scheduling which can guarantee the movement of people in disaster area to safe area in emergency situation.
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Dedy Hartama, Herman Mawengkang, Muhammad Zarlis e Rahmad Widia Sembiring. "Model of emergence evacuation route planning with contra flow and zone scheduling in disaster evacuation". Computer Science and Information Technologies 2, n. 1 (1 marzo 2021): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/csit.v2i1.pp1-10.
Abstract (sommario):
Evacuation is characterized by rapid movement of people in unsafe locations or disaster sites to safer locations. The traffic management strategy for commonly used evacuations is the use of Shoulder-Lane, contra flowing traffic and gradual evacuation. Contra flowhas been commonly used in traffic management by changing traffic lanes during peak hours. To implement the contra flowoperation, there are two main problems that must be decided, namely optimal contraflow lane configuration problem (OCLCP) and optimal contraflow scheduling. Within the OCSP there are two approaches that can be used: zone scheduling and flow scheduling. Problem of contra flow and zone scheduling problem is basically an emergence evacuation route planning (EERP) issue. This research will discuss EERP with contraflow and zone scheduling which can guarantee the movement of people in disaster area to safe area in emergency situation.
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Li, Zhenning, Hao Yu, Xiaofeng Chen, Guohui Zhang e David Ma. "Tsunami-induced traffic evacuation strategy optimization". Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment 77 (dicembre 2019): 535–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.2019.09.008.
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Zhu, Yuan, Kaan Ozbay, Kun Xie, Hong Yang e Ender Faruk Morgul. "Network Modeling of Hurricane Evacuation Using Data-Driven Demand and Incident-Induced Capacity Loss Models". Journal of Advanced Transportation 2021 (3 settembre 2021): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/6620254.
Abstract (sommario):
The development of a hurricane evacuation simulation model is a crucial task in emergency management and planning. Two major issues affect the reliability of an evacuation model: one is estimations of evacuation traffic based on socioeconomic characteristics, and the other is capacity change and its influence on evacuation outcome due to traffic incidents in the context of hurricanes. Both issues can impact the effectiveness of emergency planning in terms of evacuation order issuance, and evacuation route planning. The proposed research aims to investigate the demand and supply modeling in the context of hurricane evacuations. This methodology created three scenarios for the New York City (NYC) metropolitan area, including one base and two evacuation scenarios with different levels of traffic demand and capacity uncertainty. Observed volume data prior to Hurricane Sandy is collected to model the response curve of the model, and the empirical incident data under actual evacuation conditions are analyzed and modeled. Then, the modeled incidents are incorporated into the planning model modified for evacuation. Simulation results are sampled and compared with observed sensor-based travel times as well as O-D-based trip times of NYC taxi data. The results show that the introduction of incident frequency and duration models can significantly improve the performance of the evacuation model. The results of this approach imply the importance of traffic incident consideration for hurricane evacuation simulation.
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Wang, Yiyu, Jiaqi Ge e Alexis Comber. "A pedestrian ABM in complex evacuation environments based on Bayesian Nash Equilibrium". AGILE: GIScience Series 4 (6 giugno 2023): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/agile-giss-4-50-2023.
Abstract (sommario):
Abstract. This research proposed an improved pedestrian evacuation ABM incorporating Bayesian Nash equilibrium (BNE) to provide more realistic simulations of evacuating behaviours in complex environments. BNE theory was introduced to improve the rationality of model simulations by quantifying individual decision-making process. Latest research put forward that BNE pedestrians (agents) were capable of evacuating faster and displayed more intelligent and representative evacuating behaviours. To further evaluate the role of BNE played in agents’ navigations in complex scenarios, this paper extends the above work by introducing impassable barriers with changeable sizes to realise the simulations in a more complex evacuation space with several narrow corridors. In order to match the demands of efficiently avoiding congestions and impassable areas, the decision-making rule of BNE agents when one patch was occupied by over 10 agents was improved from 100% best strategy to a multi-strategy combination: with 50% optimal strategy, 40% suboptimal strategy and 10% choosing one of the remaining options. It was found that compared with the agents following the other two traditional models, BNE agents could change their original exiting route after considering possible movements of the neighbouring agents and may evacuate through the corridors relatively further from the exit. A detailed introduction of the improved ABM is provided in this paper. Potential research directions are also identified.
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Mao, Xinhua, Changwei Yuan, Jiahua Gan e Jibiao Zhou. "Optimal Evacuation Strategy for Parking Lots Considering the Dynamic Background Traffic Flows". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, n. 12 (21 giugno 2019): 2194. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16122194.
Abstract (sommario):
An optimal evacuation strategy for parking lots can shorten evacuation times and reduce casualties and economic loss. However, the impact of dynamic background traffic flows in a road network on the evacuation plan is rarely taken into account in existing approaches. This research develops an optimal evacuation model with total evacuation time minimization by dividing the evacuation process in a parking lot into two periods. In the first period, a queuing theory is used to estimate the queuing time, and in the second period, a traffic flow equilibrium model and an intersection delay model are employed to simulate vehicles’ route choice. To deal with these models, a modified ant colony algorithm is developed. The results of a numerical example prove that the proposed method has an advantage in improving evacuation efficiency. The results also show that background traffic flows affect not only vehicles’ average queuing time in parking lots but also optimal evacuation route choice. Additionally, a sensitivity analysis indicates that the minimum threshold of headway time that allows vehicles out of a parking lot to merge into the background traffic flows on the roads connecting the exits has a great impact on average queuing time, average travel time, and total evacuation time.
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Fragkos, Georgios, Pavlos Apostolopoulos e Eirini Tsiropoulou. "ESCAPE: Evacuation Strategy through Clustering and Autonomous Operation in Public Safety Systems". Future Internet 11, n. 1 (17 gennaio 2019): 20. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fi11010020.
Abstract (sommario):
Natural disasters and terrorist attacks pose a significant threat to human society, and have stressed an urgent need for the development of comprehensive and efficient evacuation strategies. In this paper, a novel evacuation-planning mechanism is introduced to support the distributed and autonomous evacuation process within the operation of a public safety system, where the evacuees exploit the capabilities of the proposed ESCAPE service, towards making the most beneficial actions for themselves. The ESCAPE service was developed based on the principles of reinforcement learning and game theory, and is executed at two decision-making layers. Initially, evacuees are modeled as stochastic learning automata that select an evacuation route that they want to go based on its physical characteristics and past decisions during the current evacuation. Consequently, a cluster of evacuees is created per evacuation route, and the evacuees decide if they will finally evacuate through the specific evacuation route at the current time slot or not. The evacuees’ competitive behavior is modeled as a non-co-operative minority game per each specific evacuation route. A distributed and low-complexity evacuation-planning algorithm (i.e., ESCAPE) is introduced to implement both the aforementioned evacuee decision-making layers. Finally, the proposed framework is evaluated through modeling and simulation under several scenarios, and its superiority and benefits are revealed and demonstrated.
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Bahaaldin, Karzan, Ryan Fries, Parth Bhavsar e Plaban Das. "A Case Study on the Impacts of Connected Vehicle Technology on No-Notice Evacuation Clearance Time". Journal of Advanced Transportation 2017 (2017): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/6357415.
Abstract (sommario):
No-notice evacuations of metropolitan areas can place significant demands on transportation infrastructure. Connected vehicle (CV) technology, with real-time vehicle to vehicle and vehicle to infrastructure communications, can help emergency managers to develop efficient and cost-effective traffic management plans for such events. The objectives of this research were to evaluate the impacts of CVs on no-notice evacuations using a case study of a downtown metropolitan area. The microsimulation software VISSIM was used to model the roadway network and the evacuation traffic. The model was built, calibrated, and validated for studying the performance of traffic during the evacuation. The researchers evaluated system performance with different CV penetration rates (from 0 to 30 percent CVs) and measured average speed, average delays, and total delays. The findings suggest significant reductions in total delays when CVs reached a penetration rate of 30 percent, albeit increases in delays during the beginning of the evacuation. Additionally, the benefits could be greater for evacuations that last longer and with higher proportions of CVs in the vehicle stream.
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Liu, Yang, Huajun Zhang, Yu Zhan, Kunxiang Deng e Liangzhi Dong. "Evacuation Strategy Considering Path Capacity and Risk Level for Cruise Ship". Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 10, n. 3 (10 marzo 2022): 398. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse10030398.
Abstract (sommario):
Cruise ships are large and complex, and it is difficult to manually make a plan to evacuate people to safe areas in a short time. Evacuation time and personnel safety are both important for emergency evacuation. This paper proposes an evacuation strategy that considers the path capacity and risk level to guide evacuees in fire; it not only ensures the safety of people on dangerous paths but also reduces road congestion to shorten evacuation time. High crowd density means slow moving speed, an exponential function including straight path and stairs speed characteristics is proposed to illustrate the relationship between crowd density and moving speed. Path capacity constraints are used to avoid the congestion caused by the evacuees in a panic. In order to evacuate the evacuees in the risk areas as soon as possible, this paper divides the path into three risk levels according to carbon monoxide concentration, visibility, and temperature along the paths. The people on the higher-risk paths are given higher priority to enter evacuation paths than those on lower risk. The priority strategy evacuates the people on risk paths to safe areas in less time. This paper models the evacuation network topology of a cruise ship and simulates the evacuation process of some situations that have different numbers of evacuees and path capacity constraints. The evacuation strategies and simulation results are guidelines for the crews to guide the people to evacuate to safe areas when there is a fire accident on the cruise ship.
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Salia, Traoré Mamadou, Camara Daouda, Sylla Yacouba, Sidibé Abdoulaye, Sima Mamadou, Ouologem Aly Daouda, Samaké Bintou et al. "Obstetric Evacuations Received At the "Major Moussa Diakite" Referral Health Centre in Kati, Republic of Mali". EAS Journal of Medicine and Surgery 6, n. 03 (14 marzo 2024): 92–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.36349/easjms.2024.v06i03.003.
Abstract (sommario):
The organisation of the evacuation referral system is an important strategy for reducing maternal and perinatal mortality in Mali. Objective: To study obstetric evacuations received in the gynaecology and obstetrics department of the "Major Moussa DIAKITE" referral health centre in Kati. Method: We conducted a cross-sectional, descriptive and analytical study. Data were collected retrospectively and prospectively over a 12-month period (from 1 January to 31 December 2020). Sampling was exhaustive and included all cases of obstetric evacuation received and managed on site during the study period. Results: Out of a total of 3050 deliveries, we received and managed 352 cases of obstetric evacuation, representing a frequency of 11.5%. The average age of the patients was 25 years, with extremes of 15 and 44 years, although the 20-34 age group was dominant, accounting for 73.6% of cases. The majority of evacuees were housewives (86.4%), married (92%), nulliparous and primiparous (52%). Dystocic labour was the most common reason for evacuation (51.1%), followed by ante-partum haemorrhage (13.4%). Nearly nine out of ten women evacuated came from Community Health Centres (89.8%) and the most common means of evacuation was by ambulance (52.1%). The average time from admission to the start of care was 26.5 minutes, with extremes of 3 and 50 minutes. Delivery by the vaginal route was carried out in almost eight out of ten cases (79%). Newborns were resuscitated alive (7.9%); stillbirths were fresh (3.7%) and stillbirths were macerated (06%). We recorded 2 cases of maternal death (0.6%) and the causes of maternal death were haemorrhage due to uterine rupture and eclampsia. Conclusion: The improved organisation of the evacuation referral system in our facility has improved the maternal and, above all, foetal prognosis of obstetric evacuations, but more needs to be done.
29
Zong, Xinlu, Chunzhi Wang, Jiayuan Du e Yingli Jiang. "Tree hierarchical directed evacuation network model based on artificial fish swarm algorithm". International Journal of Modern Physics C 30, n. 11 (novembre 2019): 1950097. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129183119500979.
Abstract (sommario):
With the increase of emergencies in large public places, emergency evacuation research has become an important and urgent issue. This paper first proposes a tree hierarchical evacuation network. According to the hierarchical path selection strategy, the evacuation routes are obtained and sorted by the length of route. This hierarchical path selection strategy is more realistic than using the straight line distance. An evacuation model based on hierarchical directed evacuation network is presented in this paper, and a hierarchical directed artificial fish swarm algorithm is proposed to solve the evacuation problem. The model simulates the movements of pedestrians by means of preying, swarming, following and waiting behaviors of artificial fish swarm algorithm. During the evacuation process, the effects of congestion, retrograde and blocking time on evacuation speed and route selection are considered. The simulation results show that the proposed model and algorithm can effectively improve the evacuation efficiency in a stadium, and provide scientific and reasonable path guidance.
30
Maria Sri Asih, Anna, Ekky Novia Rubbyarta e Bertha Maya Sopha. "Analysis of human behavioral attributes in improving disaster evacuation strategy of mount merapi". MATEC Web of Conferences 204 (2018): 01005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201820401005.
Abstract (sommario):
Mount Merapi is one of the active volcanoes in Indonesia. Physical conditions of the Merapi environment which is suitable for farming and tourism attract people to stay in the area although it tends to be more prone to be affected when the eruption disaster occurs. Different public perceptions of disasters when such events occur can influence their behavior and hence community decision-making during evacuation process. Thus, evaluation of the evacuation planning based on population behavior is important to be considered. This study aims to determine attributes that influence the behavior of the people around Mount Merapi during evacuation phase and the relationship between those attributes in order to improve the evacuation strategy. Literature review, survey and interview were conducted to obtain the attributes influencing the behavioral attributes, while Damster-Shafer and Bayesian Network were used to evaluate correlation among attributes. The results indicate that experience of disaster training has a strong correlation to evacuation behavior, followed by trust to community leader and perception of danger. Those three attributes are then considered in the improvement of evacuation strategy.
31
Bu, Lei, Feng Wang, Xuesong Zhou e Chuanzhong Yin. "Managed gating control strategy for emergency evacuation". Transportmetrica A: Transport Science 15, n. 2 (5 dicembre 2018): 963–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/23249935.2018.1552336.
32
Mao, Chao, Shou Chen e Peng Fei Yang. "Simulation of Traffic Flow in Hurricane Emergency Evacuation Use Dynamic Control Strategy". Applied Mechanics and Materials 742 (marzo 2015): 404–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.742.404.
Abstract (sommario):
Based on the hurricane evacuation process, the dynamic characteristics of hurricane disaster risk were analyzed. The degree of harm and endanger regional are the two aspects of dynamic characteristics of hurricane disaster risk and by use the hurricane center and hurricane levels, the risk measurement method for a given point was proposed. The new emergency evacuation strategy was based on the largest decline of unit risk which was also the main idea of vehicle steering decision function. By the hurricane evacuation examples, the case that traffic net with traffic bottlenecks was studied by simulation. The results show that the proposed hurricane emergency evacuation strategy of this paper is feasible and have practical implications.
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Zheng, Hong, Yi-Chang Chiu, Pitu B. Mirchandani e Mark Hickman. "Modeling of Evacuation and Background Traffic for Optimal Zone-Based Vehicle Evacuation Strategy". Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2196, n. 1 (gennaio 2010): 65–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/2196-07.
34
Nguyen, Manh Hung, Tuong Vinh Ho e Jean-Daniel Zucker. "Integration of Smoke Effect and Blind Evacuation Strategy (SEBES) within fire evacuation simulation". Simulation Modelling Practice and Theory 36 (agosto 2013): 44–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.simpat.2013.04.001.
35
Hu, Jun, Huijun Sun, Ge Gao, Juan Wei e Lei You. "The Group Evacuation Behavior Based on Fire Effect in the Complicated Three-Dimensional Space". Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2014 (2014): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/949280.
Abstract (sommario):
In order to effectively depict the group evacuation behavior in the complicated three-dimensional space, a novel pedestrian flow model is proposed with three-dimensional cellular automata. In this model the calculation methods of floor field and fire gain are elaborated at first, and the transition gain of target position at the next moment is defined. Then, in consideration of pedestrian intimacy and velocity change, the group evacuation strategy and evolution rules are given. Finally, the experiments were conducted with the simulation platform to study the relationships of evacuation time, pedestrian density, average system velocity, and smoke spreading velocity. The results had shown that large-scale group evacuation should be avoided, and in case of large pedestrian density, the shortest route of evacuation strategy would extend system evacuation time.
36
Chasanah, Faizul, e Hiroyuki Sakakibara. "Implication of Mutual Assistance Evacuation Model to Reduce the Volcanic Risk for Vulnerable Society: Insight from Mount Merapi, Indonesia". Sustainability 14, n. 13 (2 luglio 2022): 8110. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14138110.
Abstract (sommario):
The successful evacuation of vulnerable people during emergencies is a significant challenge. In the case of a Mount Merapi eruption, limited private vehicles in the community and a lack of evacuation transport and government volunteers led some people to walk to the meeting area. Consequently, low walking speeds by vulnerable persons may increase the risk and delay. Therefore, the mutual assistance strategy is proposed to support vulnerable people by evacuating them with young people. This grouping was simulated using an AnyLogic software with the agent-based model concept. Pedestrians and vehicles played the roles of significant agents in this experiment. Evacuation departure rate, actual walking speed, group size, route, and coordination were crucial agent parameters. Human behavior and agent distribution were investigated using stakeholders and local community interviews. We measured the walking speed directly to find the independent and group speed. Afterward, we developed three scenarios and models for the evacuation process. A traffic approach was used in the simulation. The results revealed that this mutual assistance model is effective for the rapid evacuation and risk reduction of vulnerable communities where successful evacuation rates have improved. The highest arrival rating was obtained by the Model 3, which was assembled and well-coordinated from home. These findings are a novelty in the volcano context and reflect all categories of vulnerable behavior involving the elderly, disabled, children, and pregnant mothers. The model will benefit disaster management studies and authorities’ policies for sustainable evacuation planning and aging population mitigation.
37
Deng, Kunxiang, Qingyong Zhang, Hang Zhang, Peng Xiao e Jiahua Chen. "Optimal Emergency Evacuation Route Planning Model Based on Fire Prediction Data". Mathematics 10, n. 17 (1 settembre 2022): 3146. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/math10173146.
Abstract (sommario):
For the emergency evacuation of cruise ships in case of sudden fire, this research proposes a dynamic route optimization method based on the improved A* algorithm for real-time information, in order to obtain the real-time optimal evacuation route. Initially, a basic network topology diagram is established according to the internal structure of the cruise ship. Before the occurrence of the accident, the A* algorithm can be applied to obtain an a priori evacuation network consisting of all the optimal routes from each node to the exit. At the time of the accident, the dynamic diffusion of fire can be simulated using Fire Dynamics Simulator (FDS) based on the preliminary information of the fire, so as to estimate the impact of the fire domain on each node of the network. Then, according to the fire dynamic diffusion data, the evacuation route planning is carried out by the improved A* algorithm applying the breadth-first search strategy, so as to determine the optimal route from the current node to the safety exit and to reduce the possibility of casualties due to the uncertainty of the fire during the evacuation. This model allows for both people’s safety and evacuation time to dynamically avoid fire-affected nodes and helps people to reach the safe area as soon as possible. Finally, the evacuation model is established according to the open-source cruise ship structure, and the evacuation process of people under the dynamic spread of cruise ship fire is simulated. The results show that the route planning method proposed in this research works out well in evacuating mass people, which can effectively reduce the evacuation time and improve the safety of the evacuation process.
38
Zhu, Kongjin, Yue Yang, Yi Niu, Zhijian Fu e Qin Shi. "Modeling pedestrian flow on multi-storey stairs considering turning behavior". International Journal of Modern Physics C 28, n. 03 (marzo 2017): 1750034. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129183117500346.
Abstract (sommario):
Pedestrian flow both in normal and emergency situations (i.e. evacuation) has been widely studied by means of experiments as well as modeling methods. In this paper, an extended lattice-gas model is proposed to reproduce the pedestrian flow on multi-storey stairs during evacuations. Two-stage turning strategy is incorporated into the proposed model to simulate the 180[Formula: see text] turning behaviors of pedestrians on staircase mid-landings, and some movement characteristics such as walking preference and the probabilistic feature of turning are also considered in the extended model. The effectiveness of the model is demonstrated on different evacuation scenarios with different basic parameters. The results show that turning behavior indeed influences the pedestrian flow under the emergency situation (i.e. the drift force in the lattice-gas model is large) while walking preference has a clear negative effect on the pedestrian flow at the normal situations (i.e. the drift force in the lattice-gas model is small). In addition, the results indicate that the entrance period has more effect on the flow performance when compared with the entrance rate. The study may be useful for understanding the flow phase of pedestrians on stairs and developing efficient strategy for crowd management during evacuations.
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Zhu, Yuan, Kaan Ozbay, Hong Yang, Fan Zuo e Di Sha. "Modeling and Simulation of Cascading Failures in Transportation Systems during Hurricane Evacuations". Journal of Advanced Transportation 2021 (22 aprile 2021): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/5599073.
Abstract (sommario):
Effective and timely evacuation is critical in alleviating the impact of hurricanes. As such, evacuation models are often sought to support the preparedness of evacuations. One important task in the modeling process is to evaluate exogenous factors that cause transportation system capacity loss during evacuation. Typical factors include direct damage to the roadway network due to storm surge and cascading impacts because of other facilities failures. For example, power outage can lead to signal failure and subway suspension. This paper aims to develop a macroscopic simulation-based approach to study the capacity loss of the roadway network in evacuation due to signal loss as a consequence of power outage. In particular, to simulate the case in which traffic signals lose power, a capacity-reduction model from signalized intersections to unsignalized (all-way stop control) intersections was developed and calibrated using microscopic model created in SUMO and Synchro. We used the downtown Manhattan as a case study area and created a hypothetical power-grid network in terms of neighborhoods. Six scenarios were built to simulate power loss of different neighborhoods. The simulation results give insights on how cascading failures of power network affect roadway network and evacuation process.
40
Han, Tianran, Jianming Zhao e Wenquan Li. "Smart-Guided Pedestrian Emergency Evacuation in Slender-Shape Infrastructure with Digital Twin Simulations". Sustainability 12, n. 22 (20 novembre 2020): 9701. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12229701.
Abstract (sommario):
Rapid exploitation of city underground space has led to the development of increasingly more underground slender-shape infrastructure like pedestrian tunnels, concourses, subway walkways, underground shopping streets, etc. Pedestrian evacuation in those public places in case of emergency can be disastrous if not properly guided. Therefore, it is important to understand how to enhance the evacuation efficiency through proper active guidance. In this study, we propose a digital twin based guiding system for pedestrian emergency evacuation inside a slender-shape infrastructure, aiming at enhancing the overall evacuation efficiency. Composition and calibration process of the guiding system are described, and a cellular automata based model is established to serve as the digital twin model. Two guidance strategies, namely traditional fixed guidance and smart guidance, are adopted by the digital twin to generate guidance instructions. A smart guidance strategy using a semi-empirical approach is proposed based on the understanding of the free movement and congested movement of pedestrian flow. Systems under different guiding strategies are compared and discussed over their effectiveness to promote excavation efficiency in different pedestrian population distribution settings. The simulation results show that a system under smart guidance tends to have shorter evacuation time (up to 23.8% time saving) and performs with more stability for pedestrian evacuations over the traditional fixed guided systems. The study provides insight for potential real applications of a similar kind.
41
Gerges, Michael, Peter Demian, Ahmed Khalafallah e Marek Salamak. "Occupants’ Perspectives of the Use of Smartphones during Fire Evacuation from High-Rise Residential Buildings". Applied Sciences 12, n. 11 (24 maggio 2022): 5298. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12115298.
Abstract (sommario):
Over the past few years there has been a significant change in fire safety design and management. As the possibility of safe escape is the most crucial aspect of a building’s fire safety features, the understanding of human behaviour under fire conditions is important for a successful evacuation. Previous research studies have developed models, prototypes, and serious games that help engineers/architects to design or firefighters to improve design so that the building facilitates a smooth evacuation process. Although these studies have looked into human behaviour, perceptions of important stakeholders (such as occupants, structural engineers, fire engineers, facility managers) are still not understood. These perceptions are important for the appropriate application of technology for evacuation. The broader research effort, of which this paper is part, stems from the premise that bespoke evacuation instructions can be sent directly to evacuees’ smartphones. Information from a BIM model with the aid of sensors can be used to customise these evacuation instructions. The prospect of information being delivered to occupants during a fire emergency is still at its premature phase and more research is needed. Twenty-three interviews were conducted with occupants who currently live in high-rise residential buildings in Egypt and the United Kingdom to understand their views of using smartphones to assist during fire evacuations. The sampling strategy targeted occupants who currently live in high-rise residential buildings but have not necessarily experienced a fire evacuation. The research clearly shows the importance of smartphones during evacuation and the role they can play in assisting occupants to find the fastest and safest egress route. The interview findings will assist in future research to develop an evacuation framework system that could be implemented for high-rise residential buildings.
42
Zhou, Di, Jun Hu, Xiaoling Gao, Zhongyu Li, Juan Wei, Mei Li, Bochuan Zhang e Zhengbin Hu. "Queueing behaviors at exit in cellular automaton model with S-queue". International Journal of Modern Physics B 33, n. 08 (30 marzo 2019): 1950064. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979219500644.
Abstract (sommario):
In order to effectively depict the queuing state of pedestrians at the exit of interior space, a new pedestrian evacuation model is proposed based on cellular automation and S-queue. This model firstly defines the calculation equation of the pedestrian movement probability based on the floor field and queue length, and derives the calculation equation of queue length according to the S-queue theory. Finally, pedestrians are organized for real evacuation in the interior space, and an experimental platform is constructed for simulation analysis according to the real environment, and the relationship between parameters, e.g., exit width, evacuation time, queue length, evacuation velocity and pedestrian density, etc. are studied in depth. The results show that the evacuation strategy that emphasizes the queuing effect helps to reduce the number of pedestrian in queue, especially when the crowd density is larger, such strategy can effectively reduce the evacuation time.
43
McCaffrey, Sarah, Alan Rhodes e Melanie Stidham. "Wildfire evacuation and its alternatives: perspectives from four United States’ communities". International Journal of Wildland Fire 24, n. 2 (2015): 170. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wf13050.
Abstract (sommario):
Recent years have seen growing interest within the United States fire management community in exploring alternatives to the standard approach of evacuating entire populations that are threatened by a wildfire. There has been particular interest in what can be learned from the Australian approach, whereby residents choose whether or not to evacuate under the ‘prepare, stay and defend or leave early’ approach, also called Stay or Go. Given these developments, it is useful to understand what elements are taken into consideration by those who would be most affected by a new approach when they think through the pros and cons of mass evacuation v. an alternative strategy should a wildfire occur. This paper reports on findings from interviews in four communities in the United States where some alternative to mass evacuation during a wildfire was being considered. In each community, emergency responders and community members were asked for their perspective on the pros and cons of evacuation and the alternative being considered. The results show that opinions were mixed on whether evacuation or an alternative approach was more appropriate. Individuals who were primarily thinking of improving safety and reducing uncertainty for emergency responders tended to think mass evacuation was the best approach, whereas those who were primarily thinking of increasing safety and reducing uncertainty for homeowners were more likely to think that alternative responses were a valid option. These findings demonstrate the complicated nature of developing evacuation strategies that are beneficial to all parties involved.
44
Sopha, Bertha Maya, Risqika Edni Doni Achsan e Anna Maria Sri Asih. "Mount Merapi eruption". Journal of Humanitarian Logistics and Supply Chain Management 9, n. 2 (1 novembre 2019): 292–322. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jhlscm-05-2018-0035.
Abstract (sommario):
Purpose Uneven distribution and mistarget beneficiaries are among problems encountered during post-disaster relief operations in 2010 Mount Merapi eruption. The purpose of this paper is to develop an empirically founded agent-based simulation model addressing the evacuation dynamics and to explore coordination mechanism and other promising strategies during last-mile relief delivery. Design/methodology/approach An agent-based model which was specified and parameterized by empirical research (interviews and survey) was developed to understand the mechanism of individual decision making underlying the evacuation dynamics. A set of model testing was conducted to evaluate confidence level of the model in representing the evacuation dynamics during post-disaster of 2010 Mount Merapi eruption. Three scenarios of last-mile relief delivery at both strategic and operational levels were examined to evaluate quantitatively the effectiveness of the coordination mechanism and to explore other promising strategies. Findings Results indicate that the empirically founded agent-based modeling was able to reproduce the general pattern of observable Internal Displaced Persons based on government records, both at micro and macro levels, with a statistically non-significant difference. Low hazard perception and leader-following behavior which refuses to evacuate are the two factors responsible for late evacuation. Unsurprisingly, coordination through information sharing results in better performance than without coordination. To deal with both uneven distribution and long-term demand fulfillment, coordination among volunteers during aid distribution (at downstream operation) is not sufficient. The downstream coordination should also be accompanied with coordination between aid centers at the upstream operation. Furthermore, the coordination which is combined with other operational strategies, such as clustering strategy, using small-sized trucks and pre-positioning strategy, seems to be promising. It appears that the combined strategy of coordination and clustering strategy performs best among other combined strategies. Practical implications The significant role of early evacuation and self-evacuation behavior toward efficient evacuation indicates that human factor (i.e. hazard perception and cultural factor) should be considered in designing evacuation plan. Early warning system through both technology and community empowerment is necessary to support early evacuation. The early warning system should also be accompanied with at least 69 percent of the population performing self-evacuation behavior for the effective evacuation. As information sharing through coordination is necessary to avoid redundant efforts, uneven distribution and eventually to reduce unmet demand, the government can act as a coordinating actor to authorize the operation and mobilize the resources. The combination of coordination and another strategy reducing lead time such as clustering analysis, thus increasing responsiveness, is seemly strategy for efficient and effective last-mile relief distribution. Originality/value Literature on coordination is dominated by qualitative approach, which is difficult to evaluate its effectiveness quantitatively. Providing realistic setting of the evacuation dynamics in the course of the 2010 Mount Merapi eruption, the empirically founded agent-based model can be used to understand the factors influencing the evacuation dynamics and subsequently to quantitatively examine coordination mechanisms and other potential strategies toward efficient and effective last-mile relief distribution.
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Adhikari, Iswar Mani. "Quickest Transshipment in the Prioritized Evacuation Network". Kaumodaki: Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies 3, n. 1 (10 febbraio 2023): 38–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/kdk.v3i1.52108.
Abstract (sommario):
Flow maximization, time minimization, and cost minimization are three main aspects of mathematical optimization problems. The evacuation planning problems are about flow maximization and/or time minimization problems in different dynamic evacuation networks. The quickest transshipment problem in such a network is to send exactly the right amount of flow out of each source and into each sink in the minimum overall time. In evacuation planning problems, the term flow stands for either the evacuees or the evacuees carrying vehicles. Here, we use the quickest transshipment strategy in a prioritized evacuation network. It consists of a collection and an assignment sub-network as the primary and secondary sub-networks, respectively. Pick-up locations are prioritized in the collection network. By treating such pick-up locations as sources, the available set of transit buses is assigned in the assignment sub-network to shift the evacuees to the sinks to achieve the quickest transshipment. Such an evacuation planning strategy is better suited for the simultaneous collection, assignment, and evacuation process in the prioritized evacuation network.
46
Zhao, Yang, e Yuanzhen Li. "Inertia effects on strategy updating in emergency evacuation from a room with multiple exits". International Journal of Modern Physics C 25, n. 09 (26 agosto 2014): 1450043. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129183114500430.
Abstract (sommario):
The inertia effects on strategy updating in emergency evacuation from a room with multiple exits is studied using the modified floor field model. Game theory is adopted to deal with conflict resolving process of evacuees and inertia effects are introduced in both exit choosing and conflict resolving process. From simulation results, the influences of inertia effects on the evacuation times and cooperation frequencies have been discussed. Interestingly, it can be found that inertia effects in exit choosing may lead more evacuation times, while inertia effects in conflict resolving may lead more evacuation times and higher cooperation frequencies. This study provides a new perspective to understand how the inertia of changing status quo acts on the strategy evolution in emergency circumstances.
47
Zia, Kashif, Umar Farooq, Muhammad Shafi e Alois Ferscha. "On the effectiveness of multi-feature evacuation systems: an agent-based exploratory simulation study". PeerJ Computer Science 7 (19 maggio 2021): e531. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj-cs.531.
Abstract (sommario):
Evacuation modeling and simulation are usually used to explore different possibilities for evacuation, however, it is a real challenge to integrate different categories of characteristics in unified modeling space. In this paper, we propose an agent-based model of an evacuating crowd so that a comparative analysis of a different sets of parameters categorized as individual, social and technological aspects, is made possible. In particular, we focus on the question of rationality vs. emotionalism of individuals in a localized social context. In addition to that, we propose and model the concept of extended social influence, thereby embedding technological influence within the social influence, and analyze its impact on the efficiency of evacuation. NetLogo is used for simulating different variations in environments, evacuation strategies, and agents demographics. Simulation results revealed that there is no substantial advantage of informational overload on people, as this might work only in those situations, where there are fewer chances of herding. In more serious situations, people should be left alone to decide. They, however, could be trained in drills, to avoid panicking in such situations and concentrate on making their decisions solely based on the dynamics of their surroundings. It was also learned that distant connectivity has no apparent advantage and can be ruled out while designing an evacuation strategy based on these recommendations.
48
Wei, Qi, Xuehou Tan, Bo Jiang e Lijuan Wang. "Evacuating from an Unknown Affected Area". International Journal of Pattern Recognition and Artificial Intelligence 30, n. 07 (25 maggio 2016): 1659022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218001416590229.
Abstract (sommario):
We consider the problem of evacuating some people from an unknown convex region. The people do neither have information about the region boundary nor their positions. We seek competitive strategy that achieves a competitive ratio of the evacuation path over the shortest path. In the scenario of general plane, we propose a strategy SOP for one group, and prove that its competitive ratio is 19.64. And we propose a 14.37-competitive strategy STP for two groups. Also, we present efficient strategies in the scenario of grid network. Furthermore, our strategies can be used for guiding the robot to search the boundary of an unknown region.
49
Egodage, Nishadi, Fathima Nishara Abdeen e Pournima Sridarran. "Fire emergency evacuation procedures for differently-abled community in high-rise buildings". Journal of Facilities Management 18, n. 5 (4 settembre 2020): 505–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jfm-07-2020-0043.
Abstract (sommario):
Purpose The incidence of disability is increasing globally over the past decades. Despite the increased proportion of disabled individuals, established fire emergency evacuation procedures for disabled in high-rise buildings are lacking attention. Hence, this paper aims to focus on investigating fire emergency evacuation procedures for differently-abled people in high-rise buildings. Design/methodology/approach To address the gap, the case study strategy under the qualitative research approach was deployed by focussing 10 high-rise buildings. Data collected through semi-structured interviews and document reviews were analysed using content analysis. Findings The study findings revealed that even though a fire disaster is a major area to be considered, there is a noticeable gap in legal requirements related to differently-abled fire evacuation in Sri Lanka compared to the global context. Moreover, it was identified that importance given to differently enabled fire evacuations procedures varied based on the type of high-rise facilities in which hospitals and hotels provided more importance compared to office buildings, apartments and shopping complexes. Further, the study has highlighted the main gaps in the evacuation procedures and improvements required. Lack of imposed regulations for disabled evacuation was identified as a major barrier hindering the development of effective fire evacuation procedures for disabled, which creates a cascading effect. Further, the consideration given to legal, organisational, individual and technological factors would assist in straightening the identified issues. Originality/value This research provides a clear insight into the necessity of focussing at disabled individuals when developing fire emergency procedures. Most importantly, this study had exposed the current gaps in fire emergency evacuation procedures for the disabled community. Understanding these gaps is of high value for industry practitioners to ensure disabled safety during a fire emergency.
50
Wang, Chao, e Jian Wang. "Risk-Field Based Modeling for Pedestrian Emergency Evacuation Combined with Alternative Route Strategy". Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2017 (2017): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/3405619.
Abstract (sommario):
For the past decades, with the frequent occurrence of emergencies, such as stampede, fire, and terrorist attack, the urgent requirements of developing realistic evacuation models to describe pedestrian and disaster dynamics are put forward. In this paper, an extended floor-field (FF) model combined with risk factors is presented for emergency evacuation. A novel dynamic rerouting mechanism is designed to elucidate the exit choice behavior of evacuees, and meanwhile, a recommended dynamic risk-field model is fully explored to deal with dynamical features of disaster. The proposed model is validated through numerical simulations with specific room structures. The effects of model parameters on evacuation efficiency and death toll are analyzed in detail. Simulation results show that the proposed model is effective and has a positive influence on evacuees’ exit choice behavior, and the death toll is closely related to the perceived information obtained by evacuee, such as the crowd density during the evacuation process.