Letteratura scientifica selezionata sul tema "Europe – Unité – Sports"

Abstract New national and international societies that examine sports have been created and developed in Europe as well as on other continents. These societies, which examine the complex phenomena, issues, and questions concerning sports as seen from the different scientific points of view, are rooted in two main research directions: the natural sciences on the one hand, and the social sciences on the other.The authors of the paper point to the significant and ongoing development of the social sciences of sport. In particular, the authors discuss the development of the sociology of sport, philosophy of sport, psychology of sport, pedagogy of sport, history of physical culture, sports and Olympics, the organization and management of sport, social and cultural foundations of tourism and recreation, social relationships associated with sports training and tactics, as well as the humanistic theories of Eastern martial arts.The authors have listed several national, continental, and international scientific organizations that unite representatives of the aforementioned disciplines. However, the authors’ main focus is on theoretical and organizational assumptions of the International Society for the Social Sciences of Sport, an organization founded in 2009.The society’s main objectives are to unite the particular social sciences of sport in one organized and scientific body (while maintaining the existing differences between the sciences); to enable the annual debate and exchange of views on the substantive and methodological matters; as well as to provide joint scientific publications connected with common work of the group and with the journal Physical Culture and Sport. Studies and Research.The authors discuss the research and publishing activities of the Polish Society for Social Sciences of Sport, introducing the organization as an example of any future organization that could cooperate with the International Society for the Social Sciences of Sport.

The presented work is devoted to highlighting the processes of evolution of the EU sports law and policy, identifying facts and events that have contributed to the development of communitarian regulation in this area and establishing trends and directions significant for Ukraine in the European integration aspect. Integration processes, first purely economic and then increasingly multidirectional, could not but affect this vital sphere of social life on the European continent and internationally. Sport is an essential element of the self-realization of a human personality and a sphere of economic activity. It is also a form of international communication, cross-cultural communication, the assertion of authority, and a positive image of countries. Also, sports can be an instrument of political and diplomatic influence or even a means of responding to violations of international law and order. The evolution of EU sports policy and law has been a difficult and long way in the general context of European integration processes. Initially, the sport was not covered by Community law and the spheres of competence of the Communities. However, since the 60s of the last century, the foundations of the European sports model began to form. Implementing the Council of Europe’s standards in the Member States’ practice was essential in forming this model. The European sports model implies, on the one hand, the unity of values and sports traditions of Europe. On the other hand, it is based on considering the national characteristics of European countries, pluralism, and diversity of the organization of sports relations and activities of non-governmental sports organizations. To the main features of the European sports model, which have developed historically and are preserved to this day, the author refers voluntary participation in sports competitions, non-discrimination, democracy, solidarity, compliance with the rules of “fair play,” good governance, and prevention of corruption and abuse. The article characterizes the role of the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) in the creation of the EU acquis in the field of sport. CJEU developed the legal criteria system for extending communitarian rules and principles to the economic aspects of sports activities, including regulating relations with non-state actors such as national Olympic committees, sports federations, etc. Relevant CJEU decisions are analyzed in the study, approaches to the application of EU competition rules in sports, as well as to labor relations, freedom of movement of workers, and the provision of services, are revealed. Further integration and reform of the EU under the provisions of the Lisbon Treaty led to the emergence of a sector of the EU policy in the field of sports and several regulations and organizational measures aimed at realization of this policy. Implementation of the relevant standards in the national legislation, introduction of the best practices of governance in the field of sports in the state policy and activities of non-governmental sports organizations are important components of the implementation of Ukraine’s European integration aspirations, fulfillment of obligations under the Association Agreement and prospectively – the criteria for the EU membership.

This paper presents a comprehensive analysis of bike sales and customer demographics in Europe based on a dataset obtained from Kaggle.com. The dataset covers the period from 2011 to 2016 and includes information on customer age, gender, product categories, order quantities, unit costs, unit prices, profit, and revenue. The analysis utilizes data visualization techniques to identify key trends, including the top-selling products, customer purchasing power across different age groups and customer genders, and product profit margins. The findings suggest opportunities for retailers to target specific customer segments and product categories to maximize profits. Additionally, the report highlights the growing popularity of cycling as a sport and a healthy lifestyle choice, indicating a potential for increased demand in the bike retail market. Overall, the insights provided in this report aim to assist retailer chains in developing effective strategies to capitalize on the opportunities presented by the European bike sales market.

We explore regional and urban clusters and patterns in Europe by using satellite images of nighttime lights and by employing Exploratory Spatial Data Analysis. We map Defense Meteorological Satellite Program nighttime lights data onto the nomenclature of territorial units for statistics III, Local Administrative Units II and pixel (i.e. 1 km2 grid cell system of Europe) level and apply global and local statistics of spatial association. Under the assumption that nighttime light data are a good proxy for economic activity, the analysis at regional level shows that the regions of global cities and megacities and their surrounding areas are hot spots of high economic activity levels. The regional analysis also reveals the polycentric hierarchical structure of Europe. Using the case studies of the regions of London and Île -de -France, the analysis at the urban level reveals the different urban structure of these two global regions and identifies the functional urban areas of London and Paris.

The place of Sub-Sahara Africa in the Worldsportsystem The contemporary world sportsystem is developed through globalisation with its homogenisation and heterogenisation processes. The result of these opposite forces is the division of the world in 6 classes. Sub-Sahara Africa underwent, with the exception of South-Africa, Namibia and Zimbabwe, a total and passive acceptance of the western (British) modern sports. The place of that part of Africa is analogue to and correlates with its place in Wallerstein’s worldsystem periphery. The introduction of modern sports is associated with the spatial diffusion of the 19th century British hegemonic cultural imperialism. The purpose of this policy was a transformation of the traditional society into a modern functional world-culture and the incorporation of that part of the world in the world-system. The anti-western feelings after the independence resulted in a political Pan-Africanism. However, sport and more specific soccer, a typical product of the western domination, has not been rejected. On the contrary, local politicians used it to create a national identity. The strong link between soccer and soil resulted in a strong form of topophily. This connection was transformed into sportnationalism and created in the, through artificial borders developed, nations a unity and a national pride. The outcome of sport games was used to demonstrate the successes in politics and economics. The absence of any political platform on which the Third World had a strong voice brought about that the international sport scene, such as the FIFA, was used for the unification of the Third World against the former colonial powers. Nowadays, the globalisation processes result in an increasing labour migration of African football players to the rich core competitions in Europe. This form of migration can be classified as another form of “cash crop” or in this case “foot drain..” “As Roman imperialism laid the foundation of modern civilisation and led wild barbarians of these islands (Britain) along the path of progress, so in Africa today we are repaying the debt, and bringing to the dark places of the earth – the abode of barbarism and cruelty – the torch of culture and progress… we hold these countries because it is the genius of our race to colonise, to trade and to govern” (quote by the English educationist Sir Frederick Lugard (1858-1954) in Mandell, 1986: p.102).

ISCPES stands for International Society for Comparative Physical Education and Sports and it is going to celebrate its 40th anniversary in 2018. Since the beginning (Israel 1978) the main goals of the Society were established under a worldwide mind set considering five continents and no discrimination of any kind. The founders wanted to compare Physical Education and Sports across the world, searching for the best practices deserving consideration and applied on the purpose of improving citizen quality of life. The mission still stands for “Compare to learn and improve”.As all the organizations lasting for 39 years, ISCPES experienced several vicissitudes, usually correlated with world economic cycles, social and sports changes, which are in ISS journal articles - International Sport Studies.ISS journal is Scopus indexed, aiming to improve its quality (under evaluation) to reach more qualified students, experts, professionals and researchers; doing so it will raise its indexation, which we know it is nowadays a more difficult task. First, because there are more journals trying to compete on this academic fierce competitive market; secondly, because the basic requirements are getting more and more hard to gather in the publishing environment around Physical Education and Sports issues. However, we can promise this will be one of our main strategic goals.Another goal I would like to address on this Editorial is the language issue. We have this second strategic goal, which is to reach most of languages spoken in different continents; besides the English language, we will reach Chinese, Spanish and Portuguese speaking countries. For that reason, we already defined that all the abstracts in English will be translated into Chinese, Spanish and Portuguese words so people can find them on any search browser. That will expand the demand for our journal and articles, increasing the number of potential readers. Of course this opportunity, given by Motricidade, can be considered as a good example to multiply our scope.In June 2017 we organized a joint Conference in Borovets, Bulgaria, with our colleagues from the BCES – Bulgarian Society for Comparative Educational Studies. During those days, there was an election to appoint a new (Portuguese) president. This constitutes an important step for the Portuguese speaker countries, which, for a 4th year term, will have the opportunity to expand the influence of ISCPES Society diffusing the research results we have been achieving into a vast extended new public and inviting new research experts to innovative debates. This new president will be working with a wide geographical diverse team: the Vice President coming from a South American country (Venezuela), and the other several Executive Board members are coming from Brazil, China, Africa and North America. This constitutes a very favorable situation once, adding to this, we kept the previous editorial team from Australia and Europe. We are definitely committed to improve our influence through new incentives to organize several regional (continental) workshops, seminars and Conferences in the next future.The international research is crossing troubled times with exponential number of new indexed journals trying to get new influence and visibility. In order to do that, readers face new challenges because several studies present contradictory conclusions and outcome comparisons still lacking robust methodologies. Uncovering these issues is the focus of our Society.In the past, ISCPES started its activity collecting answers to the same questions asked to several experts in different countries and continents across the world. The starting studies developed some important insights on several issues concerning the way Physical Education professionals approached their challenges. In the very starting documents ISCPES activity focused in identifying certain games and indigenous activities that were not understood by people in other parts of the world, improving this international understanding and communication. This first attempt considered six groups of countries roughly comprehending 26 countries from all the continents.ISCPES has on its archives several seminal works, PhD proposals and program proposals, which constitutes the main theoretical framework considered in some textbooks printed at the end of the sixties in the XXth century.The methods used mostly sources’ country comparisons, historic development of comparative education systems, list of factors affecting those systems and a systematic analysis of case studies; additionally, international organizations for sports and physical education were also required to identify basic problems and unique features considered for the implementation of each own system. At the time, Lynn C. Vendien & John E. Nixon book “The World Today in Health, Physical Education and Recreation”, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, Inc. 1968, together with two monographies from William Johnson “Physical Education around the World”, 1966, 1968, Indianapolis, Phi Epsilon Kappa editions, were the main textbook references.The main landscapes of interest were to study sports compared or the sport role in Nationalisms, Political subsidization, Religion, Race and volunteering versus professionalism. The goal was to state the true place of sports in societies.In March 1970, Ben W. Miller from the University of California compiled an interesting Exhibit n.1 about the main conclusions of a breakfast meeting occurred during the American Association for Health, Physical Education and Recreation. There, they identified thirty-one individuals, which had separate courses in “Comparative and/or International Physical Education, Recreation and Sports”; one month later, they collected eighteen responses with the bibliographic references they used. On this same Exhibit n.1 there is detailed information on the title, catalogue description, date of initial course (1948, the first), credit units, eligibility, number of year offer, type of graduation (from major to doctorate and professional). Concluding, the end of the sixties can be the mark of a well-established body of literature in comparative education and sports studies published in several scientific journals.What about the XXIst century? Is it still important to compare sports and education throughout the world? Only with qualitative methods? Mixed methods?We think so. That is why, after a certain decline and fuzzy goal definition in research motivations within ISCPES we decided to innovate and reorganize people from physical education and sports around this important theme of comparative studies. Important because we observe an increasing concern on the contradictions across different results in publications under the same subject. How can we infer? What about good research questions which get no statistically significant results? New times are coming, and we want to be on that frontline of this move as said by Elsevier “With RMR (results masked review) articles, you don’t need to worry about what editors or reviewers might think about your results. As long as you have asked an important question and performed a rigorous study, your paper will be treated the same as any other. You do not need to have null results to submit an RMR article; there are many reasons why it can be helpful to have the results blinded at initial review”.https://www.elsevier.com/connect/reviewers-update/results-masked-review-peer-review-without-publication-bias.This is a very different and challenging time. Our future strategy will comprehend more cooperation between researchers, institutions and scientific societies as an instrument to leverage our understanding of physical activity and sports through different continents and countries and be useful for policy designs.Next 2018, on the occasion of the UE initiative Sofia – European Capital of Sport 2018 we - Bulgarian Comparative Education Society (BCES) & the International Society for Comparative Physical Education and Sport (ISCPES) - will jointly organize an International Conference on Sport Governance around the World.Sports and Physical Education are facing complex problems worldwide, which need to be solved. For health reasons, a vast number of organizations are popularizing the belief that physical education and sports are ‘a must’ in order to promote human activity and movement. However, several studies show that modern lifestyles are the main cause for people's inactivity and sedentary lifestyles.Extensive funded programs used to promote healthy lifestyles; sports media advertising several athletes, turning them into global heroes, influencers in a new emerging industry around sports organizations. Therefore, there is a rise in the number of unethical cases and corruption that influence the image of physical education and sports roles.We, the people emotional and physically involved with sports and physical activity must be aware of this, studying, discussing and comparing global facts and events around the world.This Conference aims to offer an incentive to colleagues from all continents to participate and present their latest results on four specific topics: 1. Sport Governance Systems; 2. Ethics and Corruption in Physical Education and Sports Policies; 3. Physical Education and Sport Development; 4. Training Physical Educators and Coaches. Please consider your selves invited to attend. Details in http://bcesconvention.com/

Chillón and Ruiz are with the Department of Physical Education and Sport, University of Granada, Spain. Chillón and Ward are with the Center for Health Promotion and Disease Prevention, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC, USA. Ortega, Ruiz and Sjöström are with the Unit for Preventive Nutrition, Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Sweden. Ortega and Castillo are with the Department of Medical Physiology, University of Granada, Spain. De Bourdeaudhuij is with the Department of Movement and Sport Sciences, Ghent University, Belgium. Martínez-Gómez is with the Immunonutrition Research Group, Department of Metabolism and Nutrition, ICTAN, Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Spain. Vicente-Rodríguez and Moreno are with Growth, Exercise, Nutrition and Development (GENUD) Research Group, Universidad de Zaragoza, Spain. Widhalm is with the Department of Paediatrics, Division of Clinical Nutrition, Medical University of Vienna, Austria. Molnar is with the Deprtment of Paediatrics, Clinical Center, University of Pécs, Hungary. Gottrand is with Inserm U995, University Lille2 and CIC-9301-CH&U-Inserm, University Hospital of Lille, France. González-Gross is with the Department of Health and Human Performance, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Spain.

Dear Readers,In this issue, the European Society of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery (ESPRAS) has dealt with the quality of continuing education in plastic surgery in Europe in the form of an “ESPRAS Survey”. An overview of the high quality criteria that are necessary in all countries in order to successfully complete specialist training in plastic and aesthetic surgery is summarised clearly and in detail. In Europe, as in Germany, specialist training generally includes training in all body regions, a training period of about 6 years, a rotation in intensive care units for the care of critically ill patients as well as surgical catalogues and specialist examinations.

As a result of the stadium construction wave recently observed in North America and Europe, the question of the cost-effective operation of these facilities entered the foreground. Formerly, researchers advocated that these sports facilities had no significant positive economic impact, and no considerable increasing effect can be observed in terms of workplaces, personal incomes, or local tax revenues. In recent years, however, many researchers attribute a serious economic impact to particular facilities, including the so-called multifunctional stadiums, which are used for purposes other than one particular sports activity. The aim of our study, after summarising the factors leading to the establishment of multifunctional stadiums and the most important characteristics of the completed facilities, is to demonstrate the various utilization possibilities through the case study of the Great Forest Stadium in Debrecen. As an outcome of the research, it may be concluded that the facility has all features (conference room, catering unit, own shop, etc.) that are typical for medium-sized stadiums. Besides, the services related to health sciences constitute unique elements that can be explained by the activities of the higher education institution of the city, the University of Debrecen, which considers the Third Mission activities as particularly important.

It has been studied that the reform of local self-government in the EU countries took place with different intensity and specific features, starting from the middle of the last century, so in the countries of Western Europe, this stage took place a long time ago, and in Central and Eastern Europe the reforms began much later. The scientific article explores the issue of forming the financial and economic potential in communities of European Union countries. The focus is on the main stages of local self-government reform in European Union countries, including the reform of the administrative-territorial structure, changes in budget and tax legislation, and the formation of organizational and functional powers. The purpose of the research is to analyze the peculiarities of forming the financial and economic potential of territorial communities in European Union countries during the reform of local self-government and the formation of capable territorial communities. It is established that the formation of administrative-territorial units of different levels in European Union countries was guided by the nomenclature of territorial units for statistics (NUTS), which defines five levels of territorial units. It is determined that the principal tax payments that flow into the budgets of local self-government bodies in European Union countries are income tax, property tax, and business tax. The research reveals that the primary responsibilities assigned to local self-government bodies in EU countries include services in the areas of land use and planning, culture, education, water supply and wastewater management, and public transportation. Other services are provided depending on the state. It is established that Ukraine has utilized best practices of European reforms, and the primary goal of each state is the quality provision of social services to residents, which in turn depends on the development of social infrastructure (water pipelines, sewage networks, schools, preschools, sports infrastructure), which requires the involvement of significant financial resources, both internal and external. Keywords: local self-government bodies, territorial communities, financial and economic potential, European Union, taxes, and fees.

La genèse de l’organisation ayant pour patronyme les Comités Olympiques Européens (COE) est un long processus traversé par des enjeux et des stratégies d’acteurs multiples. L’objectif de cette thèse est d’apporter de la clarté au processus d’institutionnalisation et de décrypter comment cette lente institutionnalisation traduit tout autant la nécessité que l’instabilité d’une démocratie du sport olympique à l’échelle de l’Europe. À bien des égards, la longue institutionnalisation de l’Association des Comités Nationaux Olympiques Européens qui s’étend des prémices, à la création à partir de 1965, puis en 1995 à l’appellation les Comités Olympiques Européens, ainsi que les opérations engagées par les acteurs pour mener cette institutionnalisation bousculent la stratégie de contrôle hégémonique du Comité International Olympique sur ses propres instances. Par certains aspects la création d’une organisation regroupant les Comités Nationaux Olympiques européens ébranle un principe fondateur du fonctionnement olympique édicté par le CIO selon lequel les membres du CIO sont les représentants du CIO dans leurs pays respectifs et non les délégués de leur pays au sein du CIO. Or les motifs qui président à la création de l’ACNOE puis des COE ne sont pas guidés pour installer une représentation du CIO dans les instances européennes. Au contraire, ils relèvent d’un désir de s’affranchir d’un état de dépendance au CIO, ou semblent nourrir des ambitions individuelles d’acteurs du Mouvement olympique, ou constituent une forme d’instrumentalisation à la cause de la construction européenne. Trois périodes rythment cette genèse avec une première partie de 1965-1975 qui concerne les prémices et l’utopie d’un projet olympique européen. Puis de 1975 à 1989, cette Europe olympique devient possible et pour terminer une dernière partie dans laquelle la communauté olympique européenne s’affirme de 1989 à 1995. Finalement après bien des errances, après la tentation œdipienne de se démarquer du CIO, l’ACNOE ne devient-elle pas le laboratoire et l’allié du CIO pour explorer d’autres voies conduisant vers l’universalité olympique ? Après des années de dialogue parfois houleux, ce groupement des CNO européens s’affirme comme le relais du CIO sur le continent en valorisant un Olympisme européen qui s’appuie également sur le concept de construction européenne. La méthodologie de la recherche repose sur un important travail de consultation et d’analyse d’archives, notamment les archives du Centre d’Études Olympiques du CIO à Lausanne, des archives de la Commission Européenne à Bruxelles ou encore des archives privées de certains acteurs et de certains CNO. Afin de permettre le point de vue bottom-up décryptant le fonctionnement, les ambitions, les opérations pensées ou mises en œuvre par les acteurs européens du sport, de l’Olympisme ou de l’Europe pour asseoir une quête d’affranchissement de leur dépendance au CIO, il a été procédé au recueil de 20 entretiens d’acteurs ou de proches (collaborateurs, descendants), ayant occupé des fonctions au sein des CNO ou de responsables politiques ayant été engagés dans des actions où s’entremêlent la dimension olympique européenne et des actions en faveur de la construction d’une Europe solidaire
The genesis of the organisation known as the European Olympic Committees (EOC) is a lengthy process marked by the issues and strategies of many different players. The aim of this thesis is to shed light on the process of institutionalisation and to decipher how this slow process of institutionalisation reflects both the need for and the instability of a democracy for Olympic sport on a European scale. In many respects, the long process of institutionalising the Association of European National Olympic Committees, from its beginnings in 1965 to its creation in 1995 under the name of the European Olympic Committees, as well as the operations undertaken by those involved to bring about this institutionalisation, upset the International Olympic Committee's strategy of hegemonic control over its own bodies. In certain respects, the creation of an organisation grouping together the European National Olympic Committees undermines a founding principle of the Olympic system laid down by the IOC, according to which IOC members are the IOC's representatives in their respective countries and not their country's delegates within the IOC. However, the motives behind the creation of AENOC and then the EOC were not to establish IOC representation in European bodies. On the contrary, they stem from a desire to free themselves from a state of dependence on the IOC, or seem to feed the individual ambitions of players in the Olympic Movement, or constitute a form of instrumentalisation in the cause of European integration. Three periods punctuate this genesis: the first, from 1965 to 1975, concerns the beginnings and utopia of a European Olympic project. Then, from 1975 to 1989, the European Olympic project became a reality, and finally, from 1989 to 1995, the European Olympic community came into being. Finally, after much wandering, after the Oedipal temptation to distance itself from the IOC, has AENOC not become the IOC's laboratory and ally for exploring other paths towards Olympic universality? After years of sometimes stormy dialogue, this grouping of European NOCs is asserting itself as the IOC's relay on the continent by promoting a European Olympism that is also based on the concept of European integration. The research methodology is based on extensive consultation and analysis of archives, in particular the archives of the IOC's Olympic Studies Centre in Lausanne, the archives of the European Commission in Brussels and the private archives of certain players and NOCs. In order to provide a bottom-up viewpoint that deciphers the workings, ambitions and operations devised or implemented by European players in sport, Olympism and Europe in their quest to free themselves from their dependence on the IOC, 20 interviews were conducted with people involved or close to them (employees, descendants), who had held positions within the NOCs or political leaders who had been involved in actions that intertwined the European Olympic dimension and actions to build a Europe of solidarity

La tesi sviluppa un confronto tra il modello di sport management statunitense e quello europeo, in particolare andando ad analizzare le differenze nella struttura e nella gestione delle rispettive leghe sportive più significative, quindi NFL, NBA, MLB ed NHL per gli Stati Uniti e Premier League inglese, Liga spagnola, Bundesliga tedesca, Serie A italiana ed infine Ligue 1 francese per il calcio europeo. L'elaborato tratta nella prima parte le differenze strutturali gestionali nei due modelli di sport management da un punto di vista teorico, successivamente viene analizzato empiricamente il competitive balance dei vari campionati per capire quali hanno più appeal mediatico. Questo perché l'equilibrio competitivo è riconosciuto come fondamentale perché un campionato susciti interesse negli spettatori. In seguito vengono analizzate nel dettaglio le situazioni economico-finanziarie di leghe e club dei due modelli, facendo riferimento in particolare al volume di business generato ed alla sostenibilità economica nel medio-lungo periodo, per capire quale dei due risulta più efficace ed efficiente grazie alle proprie regole gestionali ed alla struttura sviluppata.

IX n.s.
Le nuove generazioni, soprattutto quelle nate a cavallo tra la fine degli anni 80’ e gli inizi degli anni 90’ del secolo scorso, sono state formate in Italia all’interno di una tensione ideale, quella di dover contribuire alla costituzione di una nuova dimensione sociale e culturale nonché nazionale: l’Unione Europea. Tra gli adolescenti e i giovani italiani questo imperativo educativo è stato letto e tradotto in una percezione alquanto peculiare della storia recente: i “nonni”, ovvero i costituenti dell’Unione Europea, all’indomani della II guerra mondiale, erano quelli che guardavano all’Europa solo in termini di abbattimento di frontiere, creazione strutture economiche interdipendenti e di un corpus legislativo comune, in quanto elementi atti a garantire la pace in Europa e scongiurare per sempre gli orrori dei campi di battaglia, delle città bombardate, delle popolazioni deportate; i “padri”, alias l’establishment governativo che conduceva verso l’euro, la comune moneta europea, erano quelli che guardavano all’Europa solo in termini di possibilità di crescita economica all’interno di un comune spazio di libera circolazione delle merci. Di contro la cultura adolescenziale e giovanile, intesa come un insieme di valori, definizioni della realtà e codici di comportamento condivisi da persone che hanno in comune uno specifico modo di vita , era già europea. I nonni e i padri non dovevano, per creare una nuova identità comunitaria, che rincorrere! Nello specifico i membri delle nuove generazione, proiettati nell’orizzonte geografico europeo, si percepivano già come comunità sentendo di avere in comune, pur nelle diversità, stesse origini, una cultura condivisa, un canale di comunicazione linguistica comune, valori, costumi, forme di alimentazioni, forme letterarie e artistiche gruppali, adolescenti e giovani europei erano consapevoli di ascoltare la stessa musica, leggere gli stessi autori e le stesse riviste, guardare gli stessi programmi televisivi, avere stessi valori e modelli culturali di riferimento, bere, mangiare e vestire le stesse cose e, nelle rispettive forme linguistiche nazionali, parlare con strutture gergali similari. Nell’incontrarsi sul comune suolo europeo queste generazioni, le prime a muoversi con grande disinvoltura tra una capitale e l’altra, grazie anche al codice comunicativo inglese, scoprivano velocemente che ciò che accomunava era di gran lunga superiore a ciò che differenziava. I giovani europei sentivano d’agire già come un unico popolo, insistente su di uno spazio geografico omogeneo, e, in virtù di tale comunanza, gli adulti dovevano e potevano, nel rispetto del loro ruolo di garanti della trasmissione intergenerazionale, organizzarsi in stato sovrano. In realtà i costituenti dell’Unione Europea, nel creare i presupposti comunitari, avevano come obiettivo quello di costruire un quadro comune di valori universali ai quali ispirarsi per edificare una “casa comune” fatta non più di mattoni condivisi ma condivisibili. Nel loro ambito riflessivo i costituenti attribuivano al termine valori, come in una parabola discendente, un significato che andava da quello di orientamenti, a fatti sociali e a fatti propri. Nel primo caso, per essere chiari, i valori sono intesi come orientamenti dai quali discendono i fini delle azioni umane, fini trascendenti rispetto all’esistente ed indicanti, pertanto, un dover essere, una tensione verso uno stato di cose ritenuto ideale e desiderabile, ma che non è, o non ancora, realizzato; nel secondo i valori sono intesi come fatti sociali in quanto fatti di gruppi sociali i quali orientano in base ad essi il proprio agire, e quindi valori come motivazioni dei comportamenti; nel terzo i valori sono intesi come fatti propri, adottati da individui o gruppi mediante processi, più o meno consapevoli, di scelta . Quanto più, in una società, i valori slittano da fatti propri a fatti sociali e, infine, ad orientamenti, divenendo la tensione di cui sopra, tanto più essi cessano di essere particolari per assurgere ad universali, espressione non più di una forma mentis soggiacente ad un dato spazio e ad un dato tempo ma presupposto di una società giusta nella sua derivazione etimologica da ius (ossia il diritto e quindi patto). Secondo i costituenti la nascita dell’UE doveva avvenire non solo in riconoscimento dei profondi legami storici che accomunavano le sorti delle popolazioni europee a partire dal IV secolo d.c., non solo per i profondi legami culturali letterali, artistici, ecc., che si erano creati nel trascorrere dei tempi, per la comune religiosità, per lo spazio geografico e climatico alquanto omogeneo, ma quanto per la scelta effettuata dai popoli comunitari: valori universali, valori “ di tutti” cui aspirare, in cui riconoscersi e specchiarsi, presidi dei confini del vivere civile, base, irrinunciabile e imprescindibile, definente la natura del patto sociale. In tal senso i costituenti definirono la pace come valore per la nascente UE poiché ripudiarono l’idea dell’esaltazione, presente nella cultura europea dalla caduta dell’Impero Romano sino alla prima metà del Novecento, della guerra come valore sul quale misurare la virtù e la dignità e l’onore dei popoli. Accanto al valore della pace nei rapporti tra i popoli europei, posero il valore della reciprocità e del rispetto, della libertà, dell’eguaglianza e della dignità della persona umana. Riconobbero, altresì, proprio perché si era alla presenza di una collettività di cittadini che stavano scegliendo un insieme di diritti e doveri alla base della loro società ideale, che nella costituzione dell’Unione la formazione dello stato avrebbe preceduto quello di costituzione della nazione. Avvertirono subito anche il pericolo di un soffocamento della formazione di una coscienza europea, di un’area culturale europea che potesse chiamarsi nazione, da parte di un apparato eurostatale qualora non controbilanciato da processi di interazione e integrazione dei meccanismi degli stati membri. Una siffatta situazione agli italiani, così come alle genti germaniche, è nota, giacché rammenta la formazione di uno stato nazionale come unificazione di una pluralità di stati regionali sotto la spinta egemonica di uno di essi . Per ovviare a ciò, per superare gli egoismi dei vari stati membri, previdero un lungo periodo di incontro-confronto tra gli apparati nazionali grazie al quale ciascuno potesse analiticamente conoscere e ri-conoscere l’altro, avviare un processo di accettazione e giustificazione delle diversità e un processo orizzontale di acculturazione nel suo significato di cambiamento culturale e psicologico dovuto al contatto duraturo con persone appartenenti a culture differenti (Sam, D.L. 2006). In tal senso attribuirono grande importanza alle istituzioni scolastiche come mezzo attraverso cui creare, nella centralità della persona, una nuova cittadinanza, un nuovo umanesimo, un nuovo patrimonio culturale di ispirazione valoriale universale. Negli ultimi anni la materia legislativa comunitaria, per l’istruzione e la formazione, si è limitata però a delle direttive per aumentare il grado di competizione dei cittadini europei, la mobilità sociale e, quindi, la coesione sociale. Nulla o poco è stato fatto in termini di un confronto, politicamente programmato, sistematico e non occasionale, tra i diversi sistemi scolastici che ne evidenziassero le specificità, i punti di contatto, i punti di forza e debolezza, rispetto ad esempio alle competenze, come riflessione sul concetto di competenza, rapporto tra sapere e saperi, conoscenza conoscenze e competenze, ruolo delle competenze trasversali nel processo di apprendimento, rapporto tra saperi disciplinari e competenze, o piuttosto alle metodologie, come motivazione degli alunni, metodi per un apprendimento consapevole, organizzazione di tempi, luoghi, strumenti e modalità della didattica, come necessità di mettere in rete le scuole, o infine alle scelte valoriali. Eppure come è possibile pensare un processo di integrazione tra i sistemi formativi nazionali al fine di creare strutture comunitarie che diano, equamente, ad ogni cittadino dell’UE le stesse possibilità se non si parte dalla reciproca conoscenza? Stesse possibilità intese non solo come spendibilità competitiva ma come piena espressione del sé di ogni cittadino, delle individuali potenzialità all’interno di una cornice di reciprocità, di dignità umana e libertà e universalità valoriale come pensato dai costituenti. Il presente lavoro vuole, anche solo in parte, provare ad ovviare a ciò offrendo una comparazione tra sistemi scolastici nazionali dell’UE e quindi consentire una maggiore comprensione delle modalità di cura del fanciullo, vero specchio di una società, nei diversi luoghi comunitari. Le nazioni che sono state prese in esame, oltre all’Italia, sono state la Spagna, il Regno Unito e il Belgio. La scelta è innanzitutto ricaduta sulle nazioni non di recente adesione all’UE sia per motivazioni strettamente correlate alla reperibilità di fonti sia perché si tratta di paesi che, in una certa misura, hanno già avviato politiche di integrazione se non altro per ciò che concerne gli obiettivi competitivi formativi comunitari. La scelta è stata fatta poi tenendo conto che molteplici credenze e abitudini intellettuali concorrono a formare lo spazio culturale comunitario, che tale variabilità rappresentino, ad un tempo, un fattore critico ed un elemento di ricchezza e che esse si riflettono tutte nell’agenzia formativa per eccellenza: la scuola. Ad esempio, l’Italia, la Spagna e il Belgio sono paesi a prevalenza cattolica, il Regno Unito invece è prevalentemente rientrante in quell’ambito religioso che per semplicità definiamo protestante. Pur assistendo nelle società moderne ad un processo di secolarizzazione è indubbio che esista un’interazione tra aspetti religiosi ed ordine morale. Sebbene lo spazio geografico europeo sia improntato alla tradizione giudaico-cristiana, i paesi cattolici hanno, in termini di mentalità, una maggiore correlazione con la tradizione cristiana e, di contro, quelli protestanti con la tradizione giudaica. Ne consegue un atteggiamento diverso, come substrato culturale, nei confronti della ricchezza (e della povertà) che si riflette nei fini valoriali formativi. Ancora, tutti e quattro i paesi presi in esame devono confrontarsi al loro interno con istanze autonomistiche che trovano la loro massima espressione nelle aspirazioni via via sempre più separatiste della componente francofona e fiamminga belga. Al di là degli elementi di attualità è interessante vedere come il Belgio ha provato ha riflettere il riconoscimento dell’alterità e della dignità umana delle “minoranze” nelle strutture formative, banco di sfida delle future strutture comunitarie. L’esistenza di una componente non minoritaria belga fiamminga, ovvero olandese, ovvero del germanico ovest, rimanda, inoltre, in termini linguistici (e non solo) alla maggiore vicinanza tra l’inglese e l’olandese (nonché tedesco) rispetto alla componente francofona di derivazione latina come lo spagnolo e l’italiano. Le strutture linguistiche, che rimandano a ceppi diversi del tipo europide, riflettono, poiché è la parola che struttura il cervello, habitus mentali differenti, approcci alla conoscenza diversificati. La comparazione tra sistemi scolastici apre così interessanti spunti di riflessione non solo sul concetto di competenze ma su come la correlazione tra cultura e corporeità modifichino il concetto stesso di competenze nel quadro comune di riferimento europeo. Gli esempi fatti rimarcano come la comparazione tra i sistemi scolastici non abbia solo un valore di ontologica conoscenza ma possa offrire spunti interessanti di riflessione sulle diverse modalità di intendere l’apprendimento, gli obiettivi formativi, i fini valoriali, ma anche di risolvere la sfida del ventunesimo secolo ossia la multiculturalità. Tutti elementi da cui una scuola comunitaria non può prescindere. [a cura dell'autore]
2009 - 2010

Questo volume contiene 52 interviste a donne partecipanti ai consigli delle Federazioni Sportive Nazionali (National Sport Federations NSFs) di cinque paesi europei: Italia, Portogallo, Spagna, Turchia e Regno Unito. Queste interviste sono state videoregistrate e realizzate tra marzo 2019 e giugno 2022.Il volume un prodotto intellettualedel progetto ERASMUS+ “Corporate governance in sports organization: a gendered approach (GESPORT Project”, finanziato dalla Commissione Europea. L’obiettivo del volume è dare voce e visibilità alle donne presidenti, vicepresidenti e componenti dei consigli delle NSFs al fine di sensibilizzare l’opinione pubblica sulla necessit ell’uguaglianza di genere nei processi decisionali delle organizzazioni sportive. Con questo volume, il progetto GESPORT ha voluto condividere con un pubblico più ampio possibile le esperienze, i sentimenti e le opinioni di queste donne in merito al loro ruolo nei consigli federali, alla discriminazione e all’uguaglianza di genere, alle politiche e alle misure per promuovere l’inclusione di genere.

For a futuristic and revolutionary agenda in sports/leisure World trends, socio-economic and geopolitical, have revealed that the system of the functionality of capitalist societies is going through its worst crisis. To contribute to a critical-purposeful, academic, and professional debate in the field of education, political science, sociology, sport/leisure, and physical education, the future deserves to be thought of strategically. It is known that the speed of communication technologies as well as the willingness of social subjects the use and abuse digital tools has caused intense changes in labor relations and in the very way of being of the passivity with which we observe the new times, full of viruses, wars, catastrophes, etc. One could speculate on various ramifications of the current crisis by shielding oneself in a directionless critique or even create specific speculations restricted to local or regional microcosms. The proposal here is another: to reflect deeply on the next steps of the sensitive and human time of the workers in the perspective of seeking, in a fruitful way, intelligent trails for sport/leisure. This should provide diverse interests with a speculative and critical debate that can re-oxygenate the apathy with which we have faced political and emotional disorders. On the other hand, it must be said that revolutionizing sport/leisure will never be a non-neutral action. More than that: it is neither academic action in the traditional sense, nor is it a partisan political debate. Starting from Marxist and non-Marxist scientific bases, the debate will necessarily be critical, propositional, semi-utopian and, why not say, futuristic. In the movement of expansion of the new financialized and armed productive capital, capitalism has entered a new era, in which its new civilization will promote a historical break with the hitherto unknown evolution of this society. This is because, both in the US and Europe, right-wing politics and intellectuals have pushed the world towards an ultraliberalism of a fascist and strongly destructive character. In Brazil, after the parliamentary coup of 2016, the Trump-Bolsonaro unity branched out in the people with the damage and ideological falsehoods. The perversity of capitalism impacts ecological systems and hinders the recreation of value. With this destroys productivity and its effects and consequences are felt more by the Global South. Such processes add to the militarism and militarism reigning in these neo-fascist and denialist times to renew the opportunities for the manufacture and sale of arsenals, bombs, airplanes, weapons, hatred, etc. Is the end near? What do sports/leisure and workers' hours of suffocation have to say about it? In the set of contradictions is it still possible to think of a liberated society, at least partially from alienated labor? The resistance of the people and the consequent agenda of tomorrow will be composed of what strategic contents? Amid the pulsating crossfire of this debate, this text calls for truly free work, impossible in capitalism. Reform and revolution are sides of a coin that constantly jumps in advanced consciousnesses, after all, which or what are the paths to the first steps of change? The pertinence of new communication and information technologies helps us to architect working hours, emancipation, vacations, regulation, and free time in a renewed perspective. Cultural equipment and professional activities need to break through the frustrations of an alienated and perverse job that enslaves workers around the world. In the society of capital, sport/leisure serves interests that can make it an arm in favor of the masters, owners of gold. Could it be that much of what we have in the discourses cannot be active ammunition to dilute the toxicity of capitalism and the inherent contradictions of the order of capital? (Harvey, 2017)

Marsigli’s interest also extended to plants, as evidenced by his published scientific works and unpublished manuscripts, as well as by the museum he set up with the material he collected. For his observations, he used a microscope, meteorological measuring instruments and inventive tools of his own design. His attention focused both on crops and on vegetation, which is part of the system that forms the basic unit of the landscape in its relationship and interaction with the other constituent elements (man, soil, fauna, etc.). Marsili already recognised the spatial and temporal dynamism of vegetation along the Danube, the sequence of adjacent but different biotic communities. His method also incorporates historical and cultural aspects, which can also be expressed through cartography. In his partially bilingual study on coffee and its consumption, and in his great monograph on the Danube, he was assisted by the Bolognese botanist Professor Trionfetti Lelio in the precise botanical classification of the plants that form “floating islands” in some European lakes and the zonally distributed sublittoral vegetation. He wanted to clarify the origin of cryptogamous organisms, one of the main topics of the scientific interest of his era. In this connection, Marsili deals with fungi, mosses and lichens in a richly illustrated study and an even richer collection in manuscript form. Contradicting his Bolognese mentor, the famous Marcello Malpighi, he adopts the Aristotelian theory of spontaneous generation, in contrast to the theory of the reproduction of cryptogamous organisms, including fungi by spores. His contemporary Micheli Pietro Antonio dedicated the genus Marsilea, liverwort (1729) to him in recognition of his scientific merits. Linné retained the name but gave it to the water fern, Marsilea quadrifolia (1753).

The essence of the evolution of a language is characterized by the creation and permanent improvement of the means of expression. However, changes in the lexicon and, in general, language development are determined by the progress of objective reality. Thus, the language must use new lexical units to constantly enrich itself and to name realities that have recently appeared in various domains of public activity (politics, economy, sports, information technologies, fashion, music, cinematography, gastronomy, cosmetology and others). In the contemporary linguistic context, the innovative changes in the Romanian language occur mainly due to interference with the English language. The influence of English on our language constitutes a topical aspect in the development of the Romanian vocabulary. The new social realities have led to an opening of the domains, this fact favoring terminological migration. In the present study we approach the phenomenon of expanding the meaning of terms of English origin in different spheres of current interest and analyze the polysemy as a result of their circulation in various specialized domains.

The utilization of the European Union financial resources by territorial self-govenment units in Northern Poland fosters the process of reconstruction and management of cultural heritage assets and their adaptation to the realization of social and economic tasks and functions. The aim of the paper is to present the ways of spending EU financial resources earmarked for the purposes related to cultural assets in rural areas of Northern Poland against a background of the remaining spatial categories (the voivodship in its entirety, the metropolitan area of the voivodship, towns with district rights, counties) encompassing three voivodships: Zachodniopomorskie, Pomorskie and Kujawsko-Pomorskie. The survey was conducted over the period 2007-2015 using the SIMIK Database of the Ministry of Infrastructure and Development of the Republic of Poland. The analysis conducted in the paper allowed us to conclude that projects which were carried out in rural areas constituted approximately 20 % of the overall expenditure on ”cultural” projects in the region. Both in the voivodship as a whole as well as in rural areas, in all voivodships the chief purposes encompassed cultural objects and assets as well as sport and tourism infrastructure. On the other hand, tourism product, promotion and information were much less frequently co-financed from EU Fund in Northern Poland in the years 2007-2015.

Abstract This study aims to develop a 4D Vertical Seismic Profile (VSP) integration workflow to improve the prediction of subsurface stress changes. The selected study site is a 5-spot pattern within the ongoing CO2-EOR operations at the Farnsworth Field Unit FWU in Ochiltree County, Texas. The specific pattern has undergone extensive geological and geomechanical characterization through the acquisition of 3D seismic data, geophysical well logs, and core. This workflow constrains a numerical hydromechanical model by applying a penalty function formed between "modeled" versus "observed" time-lapse compressional and shear seismic velocity changes. Analyses of geophysical logs and ultra-sonic measurements on core exhibit measurable sensitivities to changes in both fluid saturation and mean effective stress. These data are used to develop a site-specific rock physics model and stress-velocity relationship, which inform the numerical models used to generate the "modeled" portion of the penalty function. The "observed" portion of the penalty function is provided by a novel elastic full-waveform inversion of the available 3D baseline and three monitor surveys to produce high-quality estimates of time-lapse compressional and shear seismic velocity changes. The modeling workflow accounts sequentially for fluid substitution and stress impacts. Hydrodynamic and geomechanical properties of the 3D coupled numerical model are estimated through geostatistical integration of well log and core data with 3D seismic inversion products. Changes in seismic velocities due to fluid substitution are computed using the Biot-Gassmann workflow and site-specific rock physics. Stress impacts on time-lapse seismic velocity changes are modeled from the effective stress output of the hydromechanical model and are initially based on the velocity versus effective stress relationship extracted from core mechanical testing. Based on the principle of superposition of seismic wavefields, seismic velocity changes attributed to fluid substitution and that due to changes in mean effective stress are treated as linearly additive. The modeled results are upscaled using Backus averaging to reconcile scale discrepancies between the modeled and measured datasets to formulate the penalty function. This manuscript presents the forward modeling process and concludes that for the base case, the seismic velocity changes due to mean effective stress dominates over the seismic velocity changes attributed to fluid substitution because of the extensive range of the pressure perturbations. Successful minimization of this penalty function calibrates the coupled hydrodynamic geomechanical numerical model and affirms the suitability of acoustic time-lapse measurements such as 4D-VSP for geomechanical calibration.