Tesi sul tema "Europe du Nord – 16e siècle"
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Salvadori, Pierre. "Des cartes, des humains et des glaces. Savoirs, empires et mondes sous les latitudes d'un Nord global (vers 1530-vers 1610)". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024SORUL137.
Testo completoThis dissertation examines the role of the globe's highest latitudes in European imperial and knowledge manoeuvres throughout a long 16th century. Far from being a peripheral space, these regions emerged both as an imperial stake and as an object - indeed, a field - of knowledge. In these spaces unknown to the ‘Ancients', whose boundaries had not been significantly pushed back except northward and around Scandinavia, there was room for experimentation. European powers excluded from the Iberian partition of the colonial globe (France, England, Denmark, Sweden, then the Netherlands) sought new worlds and empires by wagering on high latitudes against their rivals' cartographic reasoning of a longitudinal ‘englobing of the world', as the latter had circumnavigated the globe and unfolded it along an East-West axis. In Spain, Portugal, or Antwerp, efforts were made to address these challenges, or to anticipate the problem posed by these latitudes that punctured the Iberian globe, whose magnitudes had yet been experienced elsewhere as a homogeneous and connectable space. Using a double questionnaire in both imperial history and history of knowledge, together with reflections on material history and historical anthropology, this dissertation examines a series of operations involving both the spaces and environments of the high latitudes and the globe itself. It recovers the problematizations of these troubled spaces of ‘world englobement' (A. Romano), from two vantage points: learned Europe and European empires on the one hand, and the Swedish worlds of knowledge and the Vasas' early imperialism on the other. By capturing the North, empire, and knowledge in the making, across various sites (particularly Antwerp, Stockholm, Venice, Paris, London, and Amsterdam), but also in the field (whether that of Roman missionaries in the North or that of knowledge espionage far from home), this work aims to reconstruct the original world-making processes enabled by the globe's northern mediations. It also reveals particular politics of knowledge that only relatively separate different domains of learning, blending geography (sacred of profane), history (idem), natural philosophy, the art of navigation, law, as well as astrology or etymology. As an epistemological testing ground for both nature and empire, the global North affords a glimpse of both the hiccups of ‘world englobement' and the techniques of learned and imperial anxiety-relief. While the first part seeks to demonstrate what the dialectic between the Arctic passage and the great transatlantic land bridge stands for, the second part sets the construction of northern knowledge and empires against the backdrop of ice scholarly acclimatization, questioning whether ice, though absent from maps at first glance, might actually be present as a neglected resource for globe-makings. Building upon the logics observed in the earlier sections, while observing them in a Swedish context, this work ultimately re-examines, through the lens of a social and cultural history of knowledge, the first Swedish imperial projection in the 1560s-1570s. Using a peculiar terrestrial globe and the extensive lists inscribed by Erik XIV (r. 1560-1568) in the margins of his prison books after his deposition by his brothers, one can paradoxically observe the Swedish empire in the making. Pushing the dynamics of his reign further, the body of the Swedish king took a global turn, harnessing geographical knowledge as agents of his ‘recharge sacrale', thereby coming into conflict with the nobility's ‘aristocratic constitutionalism'. Thus the Swedish empire would start with a stumble, as Erik XIV was deposed in 1568, after attempting to make his political body coextensive with the new magnitudes of the earth—a deviation from established practices that would set a precedent in subsequent imperial pursuits
Pourchasse, Pierrick. "La France et le commerce de l'Europe du nord au XVIIIe siècle". Lorient, 2003. http://books.openedition.org/pur/21511.
Testo completoMaritime exchanges between the North and Western Europe have played a major role in the whole of European trade since year 1000 until early modern times. France had a great advantage when organising trade to Nordic countries as she had potential shipments to export as well as to import. Although such exchanges were developing, France did not take part in the trade with the North, it’s flag was rarely seen in the Baltic and most of the transactions were carried out by foreign middlemen. During the XVIIIth century, the attitude and lake of ambition of both the traders and the State took over from a real policy aimed at conquering the market. The presence of French ships in the Baltic was very limited until the end of the Ancien Régime. Explanations for the French absence in the North have not changed since the XVIIIth century. This work endeavours ton bring some new answers to the problem
Schnakenbourg, Éric. "Pars Septentrionalis : la place du Nord dans la politique étrangère de la France au début du XVIIIè siècle (1700-1721)". Paris 7, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004PA070063.
Testo completoThe objective of this work is the study of the northern dimension of french foreign policy at the end of louis xiv's reign and during the regence. During this period the north is the scene of a war between sweden and the other baltic's powers. The french northern policy depends on priorities which are not linked to the baltic area. During the war of spanish succession, louis xiv tries to use the northern belligerents, especially charles xii, king of sweden, to create a diversion in germany. During the regence, the northern policy is widely influenced by the alliance with great britain, whose king is one of the sweden's enemies. However, at the end of the northern war, the french succeed in imposing their conception of the baltic's powers organisation by getting the recovering of pomerania to the swedes, despite their english allie's opposition. Beyond the analysis of a precise foreign policy, i wanted to propose a cultural approach in international relations study. I worked on the process of the diplomatic activity, diplomat's work condition, their conception of their mission and of the interest of france. Then, i have tried to determine the influence of commercial questions in the relation between france and northern powers. I also wanted to shed light on the role of image in the making of foreign policy through the conception of the russian power which becomes in favor of the northern war a major factor of european political life
Villaret, Sylvain. "L'évolution du naturisme et de l'éducation physique : les influences réciproques (XIXe siècle-milieu du XXe siècle)". Lyon 1, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001LYO10227.
Testo completoDesideri, Gabriella. "La "politica dei trattati" del regno di Napoli con i paesi del Nord e il caso olandese (1739-1789)". Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2020. http://theses.univ-amu.fr.lama.univ-amu.fr/200324_DESIDERI_854cigntw560e688fgsho61dyaxib_TH.pdf.
Testo completoThis thesis has two purposes: 1) to highlight the importance of the trade agreements stipulated with Sweden (1742), with Denmark (1748) and with the Republic of United Provinces (1753) and, particularly, of the Dutch one, in the Neapolitan “politica dei trattati” 2) to show the impact of the Dutch treaty on political and economic relationships between Naples and United Provinces in XVIIIth century. I focus attention on the negotiations leading to the conclusion of these agreements, in view of the internal policy of each State as well as international dynamics. I develop this analysis through theoretical tools of New Diplomatic History. Comparing diplomatic and consular sources kept at the Archivio di Stato di Napoli and those found at the Riksarkivet (Stockholm), at the Rigsarkivet (Copenaghen), and at the Nationaal Archief (The Hague), the study traces the path from the creation to the application of the Dutch treaty (realizing a quantitative analysis of Dutch trades in Southern Italy and analyzing the commercial interactions between Dutch people and Neapolitan institutions in the second half of XVIIIth century). In this way, this analysis allows to identify the key points of political and economic relations between Sicilies and the Republic, improving the understanding of relations between Southern Italy and Northern Europe in XVIIIth century
Martin, Nicolas. "De la Chambre de commerce de La Rochelle aux bureaux de Versailles, les relations commerciales entre droit romain et Europe du Nord au XVIIIe siècle : la voile rochelaise dans l'ombre de la Hanse". Thesis, La Rochelle, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013LAROD035.
Testo completoCreated in 1719 to launch a new representation of the "trade” sphere within the general population, the La Rochelle Chamber of Commerce, the central point of a complex institutional organization, participates actively in the political and economic life of the kingdom. In spite of the organic rivalry which weakens it, this ninth Chamber succeeds finally in becoming the privileged representative of the trader and its most fervent supporter. As the middleman between the wheels of power and the trading companies, it becomes not only the mainstay of popular trade, but also its recorder, by collecting numerous items of correspondence and papers relating to trade. In a policy of both participation and dispute, its defense of local interests within the vast national interest is especially to be found in business relations with Northern Europe. Admittedly, the main trade concerns are elsewhere, as this maritime circuit could never compete in importance with colonial traffic and the slave trade. For all that, the Rochelais traders do not intend to give up - which is shown in the route to the North: colonial commodities and French products, strongly desired by the North, but transported almost exclusively under a foreign flag. Famous for being "big debaters and memory makers", the Rochelais do not fail to analyze the root causes of the direct business crisis between Northern Europe and the kingdom. They denounce not only the almost hegemonic control that both the English and the Dutch have over these trade routes, but also the measures adopted by the Versailles offices which they consider too timid. This reality, explained until then, by economic, political and cultural considerations, looks completely different if we consider the legal rule. Analyzed on several levels and in several dimensions, the latter reveals an obvious disparity of treatment between French and foreign traders. Diplomatic agreements, international treaties, customs legislation, institutional framework, all the components of legal rule, play an important role in the functioning of this maritime circuit. However, the correlation between legal rule and trade with the North could not be explained merely by the observance of trade exchanges with the port of La Rochelle. The northern institutional and customs models must also be examined. And yet these models confirm that the specificity of legal rule in some Northern States constitutes a determining element of this maritime chart. Furthermore, the careful analysis of one of the oldest monuments of medieval maritime law, at the origin of the Hanseatic league, leads to a singular discovery: this text, known by the name of "Lois de Visby" shows clearly, in the cradle of Northern Europe, a very clear Roman influence
Junot, Yves. "La société valenciennoise de Charles Quint aux archiducs (début du XVIe siècle-années 1620) : bourgeoisie et dynamique sociale dans une "bonne ville" marchande des Pays-Bas méridionaux". Lille 3, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002LIL30022.
Testo completoZyssman, Elisabeth. "De l'ordre politique au XVIe siècle : l'humanisme chrétien à l'épreuve de la Réforme". Paris 10, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002PA100143.
Testo completo[Texte en anglais] the purpose of this work is to examine the way in which XVIth century thinkers with various backgrounds have come to reflect on political order and to define it. Through a review of nine great figures of the period - Machiavelli, Erasmus, More, Luther, Müntzer, Calvin, La Boétie, Bodin and Montaigne -, the object is to set out and analyse the stakes, the operating conditions and the main characteristics of the political order (inside the state, not international), which was conceived at the dawn of modern times, before the Reform, by the Reform and by thinkers confronted with the Reform. Did they, in the XVIth century, dream of setting up a radically new order, improving the established order, or just keeping it, if not restoring it ? Who was supposed to be responsible for the disorders recorded, and who was expected to restore order ? Statesmen ? the elite ? the people ? Did order depend on the reform of institutions, military and police dispositions, or the regeneration of men? In the century of Humanism, what was the placegiven to the representations and the passions of men (the governors and the governed alike), when reflecting on the causes of disorder and on the ways of preventing it or coping with it. . .
Alvarez, Salvador. "La grande frontière asiatique du Nord de la Nouvelle-Espagne : l'expansion espagnole dans le Septentrion au XVIème siècle". Paris, EHESS, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002EHES0083.
Testo completoThe surrender and destruction of the Aztec capital and the conquest of rich American societies by the Castilian Crown are indeed major events but the Spaniards expected much more from their destiny in the New World. It is nethertheless a phenomenon that is not understandable without taking into account the geographical notions related to Ptolome's cosmographic model. As the northwestern portion of the American continent was represented as an extension of Asia or a region closed to it, the pacific coast became the most important borderland for the conquistadores established in New Spain, during half a century. The great expeditions in quest of lost kingdoms situated in the North stimulated the colonization of new territories. Despite the conquistadors'bad luck in their search of the Asian northwestern kingdoms, a second large frontier appeared during the second half of the sixteenth century, it was the tierra adentro that is to be related with the big septentrional terra incognita, situated between the North of New Spain and continental Asia, the conquest of which remained the main origin of Spanish expansion. Finally, when the quest of northern New Mexico was over, Spanish explorations declined suddenly and began at the same time a new process characterized by a slow and gradual occupation of new territories
Micallef, Fabrice. "L' Europe des possibles : crises et compétitions politiques pendant les "Affaires de Provence" (vers 1580-1610)". Paris 1, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA010574.
Testo completoAlazard, Florence. "Art vocal, art de gouverner : la musique, le prince et la cité en Italie du Nord, 1560-1610". Tours, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000TOUR2005.
Testo completoLoewen, Brad. "Les barriques de Red Bay et l'espace Atlantique septentrional, vers 1565". Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape9/PQDD_0001/NQ43086.pdf.
Testo completoPriotti, Jean-Philippe. "Bilbao et le commerce européen au XVIe siècle". Toulouse 2, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997TOU20032.
Testo completoPIERRE CHAUNU'S WORK SEVILLE ET L'ATLANTIQUE, PUBLISHED IN THE YEARS 1955-1960, LED TO A LARGE BODY OF HISTORICAL LITERATURE IN WHICH SEVILLE IS PRESENTED AS THE ONLY IMPORTANT TRADE CENTRE IN THE SPANISH KINGDOMS. THE IMPACT OF THESE STUDIES ON THE ACADEMIC COMMUNITY IS SUCH THAT SCHOLARS HAVE PAID RELATIVELY LITTLE ATTENTION TO BASQUE TRADE IN THE SIXTEENTH CENTURY. THE FIRST CHAPTER IS DEDICATED TO THE ORIGINS OF PORT ECONOMIC RISE AND TO THE ANALYSIS OF ITS DEVELOPMENT. THE HISTORY OF TRADE RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN BILBAO AND EUROPE, AN ATTEMPT TO QUANTIFY BILBAO'S PORT ACTIVITIES, CONSTITUTE THE FIRST PART. IN FACT, UNTIL THE YEARS 1560-1570 BILBAO PLAYED A ROLE AS IMPORTANT AS SEVILLE FOR SPANISH TRADE. THE SECOND PART DEALS WITH TRADE ACTORS. BASQUE PEOPLE ARE NOT ONLY TUNED INTO SHIPPING AS IT USUALLY HAS BEEN SAID. THEY SETTLED IN AMERICA AND IN THE MAIN EUROPEAN TRADE CENTRES. THEY ACTED LIKE REAL BUSINESSMEN IN RELATION WITH THEIR PARENTS LIVING IN THE BASQUE COUNTRY OR IN ANDALUSY. COOPERATING WITH THE BURGOS MERCHANTS, THEY WERE ONE OF THE MAIN ELEMENTS OF THE EUROPEAN TRADE ENVIRONMENT. THE THIRD PART ANALYSES TRADE AND FINANCIAL MECHANISMS. BANKING AND FINANCIAL LINKS THAT BASQUE PEOPLE HAD WITH STATE, NOBILITY AND PEOPLE FROM THE HINTERLAND ARE THE POINT. THE BASQUE COUNTRY'S TRADE, SHIPPING AND INDUSTRIAL DYNAMISM, THE strengthENESS AND FLEXIBILITY OF BASQUE INTERNATIONAL NETWORK, SUMMURISE, AS WELL THE BASQUE CONTRIBUTION TO MODERN SPAIN, AS THEIR PARTICIPATION INTO THE WORLD ECONOMIC DOMINATION OF EUROPE IN ITS INITIAL STEP
Duquenne, Frédéric. "Un tout petit monde : les notables de la ville de Douai du règne de Philippe II à la conquête française (milieu du XVIe siècle-1667) : pouvoir, réseaux et reproduction sociale". Lille 3, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011LIL30023.
Testo completoIn 1562, Philippe II decided to found a new university in Douai. This foundation registered in the wake of the Counter-Reformation. It durably transformed the town, which had trouble occupying its large fortified area. The political and religious conflict of the 16th century didn't really affect Douai, which appeared as a city faithful to the Catholic Church and to the king of Spain until the French conquest (1667). The Magistrate who manged the city was a large échevinage typical of the Low Countries. Its originality lied in its appointment that mixed cooptation and election and didn't give full influence to the sovereign on the local elites. The analysis of its composition and the reconstruction of the networks of kinship showed that the men running the city formed a small world of notables who were well connected. But, in a city in which the population fluctuated between ten and fifteen thousand inhabitants, the upper class of the society wasn't numerous enough to take up all the places of the magistrate and had to open up to shoopkeepers and craftsmen. Conflicts within the elite regularly broke out, but they rarely sank into violence. During ther Dutch revolt, as Douai was going through its greatest political crisis, the confrontation was contained thanks to a sense of solidarity within the elite
Renaud, Roger. "Les Tribus et les errants : contacts entre indiens et européens, au 16e siècle en Amérique du Nord". Paris 7, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987PA070169.
Testo completoThe common failure of colonial attempts, during the 16th century in north america is usually ascribed to essentially unfavourable or adverse native conditions. A critical study of original documents contradict this tradition. Against the numerous opportunities available to them, the europeans cling stubbornly to the chimerical project of finding locally an equivalent of mexico or peru and abstain, till to starvation, from any kind of economic pursuit. Against the offer of cultural relationship, addressed to them by hospitable, populous and prosperous indian communities, they take refuge in a fanciful dream of superiority, which at that time can only be signified soon or late by violence, a violence then always victorious, but gratuitous, useless and without any bebefit for them. Thus their failure is due to a systematic and irrational refusal of the indigenous reality. And this refusal has its source in a deep feeling of insecurity, in a crisis of identity, resulting for them from the contact with a different world and different peoples
Salvan-Guillotin, Marc. "La piété en images : entre Comminges et Aragon du Nord, ateliers de peintres décorateurs d'églises de 1589 à 1607". Toulouse 2, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000TOU20061.
Testo completoBruyne-Vilain, Ambre de. "Imago urbis : les représentations architecturales sur les sceaux de villes en Europe septentrionale (fin XIIe-fin XVe siècle)". Lille 3, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011LIL30022.
Testo completoDuring the late 12th century, when cities from Northern Europe started creating seals showing their new legal capacity, they found themselves confronted to the difficulty to define their identity through an image. Unlike most social groups, they were not submitted to the principle of the seals based on the representation of a typical image for example a horseman represented as a knight or a cleric dressed in ceremonial clothes associated to a group of peole praying. Among the numerous images of the cities used to reproduce, the architecture palyed a major part. These particular type of "architectural" seals is the main topic of this PhD which have been first studied in the History of Arts through the iconography and style. If it appears that in the evry beginning of the practice cities use a formal vocabulary, sometimes dating back to antiquity, an antiquity through the filter of Carolingian art, in some cases the engravers are able to develop singular image responding effectively to a program. The latter uses image more or less complex concepts such as collective identity, relations of authority or even the freedom of action, themes developped in the second part
Echard, Jean-Philippe. "Etude physico-chimique des vernis d'un corpus d'instruments de musique européens du 15e au 18e siècle : approche historique et perspectives de conservation". Paris, Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010MNHN0033.
Testo completoVarious, and often contradictory, hypotheses have been raised for more than a century concerning the composition of ancient varnishes of musical instruments, in particular those made by Antonio Stradivari. Neither these hypotheses, nor the rare experimental results, allow grasping correctly the varnishing processes used by European instrument-makers until the end of the 18th century. The aim of this PhD work is to confront information collected in historical sources with the analysis of a group of instruments varnishes using a specific analytical methodology. First, the study of written and iconographical documents shows that a general and coherent understanding of this topic is not achievable on the basis of these sole elements. Then, a methodology organizing and optimizing chemical analytical methods is elaborated to characterize ancient varnishes of musical instruments. It prioritizes in situ and non destructive analyses, and, when micro-sampling is possible, its analysis is optimized. Thus, techniques as spectroscopies (EDXRF, fluorimetry), micro-spectrometries (FTIR/synchrotron, Raman), separative analyses (GC/MS, Py-GC/MS) and imaging techniques (SEM/EDX, OCT) have been applied to varnishes of a corpus of seventy instruments from European collections, mainly the one in Musée de la musique, Paris. Results deal both with the stratigraphy and the chemical –organic and inorganic– composition of each of the identified strata. These results bring novel insights to the history of varnishing techniques and suggest new approaches to the conservation of these varnished musical instruments and of all their values
Reiplinger, Charles. "Naissance de la constitution écrite : la constitution des corps politiques en Angleterre et en Amérique du Nord aux seizième et dix-septième siècles". Paris 2, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004PA020074.
Testo completoThis study is dedicated to the birth of the idea of a written constitution, in England and North America, during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. Taking as starting point Reformation in England, it shows that congregationalist theology, a branch of english calvinism, by developping the idea that the church is a body politic created by a covenant and given a constitution, is a direct source of the idea of a written fundamental law. This idea is joined in New England by the english law, specificly corporate law, which makes the colonies bodies politic, based upon and ruled by a charter of incorporation. These influences lead to the Mayflower Compact, a social contract by which New Plymouth is founded in 1620. The Fundamental Orders of Connecticut in 1639 add to the social contract the idea of a written fundamental law, meant to establish and limit the powers of political authority. This idea is extended in 1643 by the adoption of the Articles of Confederation of the United Colonies of New England
Fonbaustier, Laurent. "Modèles ecclésiologiques et droit constitutionnel : l'institution de la responsabilité des gouvernants". Paris 2, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998PA020052.
Testo completoAbdeltif, Marroun. "L'affrontement entre européens et musulmans au sud de la Méditerranée occidentale aux XVe et XVIe siècle : l'échec de l'action ibérique au Maghreb". Lyon 3, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993LYO3A001.
Testo completoNougaret, Sarah. "LA CÉRAMIQUE LALONDE HIGH COLLAR Comme outil de recherche pour l'étude des échanges dans le Nord-Est de l'Amérique du Nord (1450-1550 A.D.)". Thesis, Université Laval, 2012. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2012/29706/29706.pdf.
Testo completoRichard-Jamet, Céline Catherine Jeanne. "Les galeries de "femmes fortes" dans les arts en Europe au XVIe et au XVIIe siécles : une étude iconographique comparative". Bordeaux 3, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003BOR30061.
Testo completoOriginating from the Nine Worthies theme, from them they sometimes adopt the distribution, the Strong Women series blossom as early as the 15th century in Italy, then spread to France and the rest of Europe in 16th and 17th century. These series or galleries, constituted by heroines embodying precise virtues, are inspired by feminine qualities as praised by Salomon in "La femme de Caractère", extracted from his book "Proverbes". They are created only after the "hommes illustres" series, as counterparts, and later acquire their own autonomy. These cycles cover diverse functions depending on the country, the time period : in Italy, the first series serve the function of memory, they are commemorative, then they become edifying, through the cassoni who educate young wives ; in France, they allow to legitimate a regent accession to the throne and to support her power, process who was copied by the Dutch, the Florentine and Viennese court. Spain focuses on women from the Bible and fills its churches of cycles sculpted or painted on mirrors, destined to edifying the faithful ; the Belgium series educate the monks ; the Dutch engraved cycles praise women at home, whereas England seems to be apart. Queens, women from the Bible and amazons appear recurrently in series, to the detriment of vestals and saints. The most irreproachable heroines are disgracied, the most barbaric acts are justified
Malbos, Lucie. "Les relations entre les emporia et leurs hinterlands en Europe du Nord-Ouest du VIIe au Xe siècle". Thesis, Paris 1, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA010668.
Testo completoThe emporia, trading-stations with manufacturing activities, appear during the 7th and 8th centuries on the North Sea, Baltic and Channel shores, when the economic axis moved from the Mediterranean Sea towards the North, when the exchanges become more important and the political powers are remodeled. On the periphery of kingdoms being set up and at the heart of exchange networks, they are meeting places, with economic, political and cultural aspects and where Anglo-Saxon, Frankish, Frisian, Scandinavian and Slav traders mingle with each other. They are also consumption centers and producing sites where exchanges, storage and transit can take place. Thanks to their common characteristics we can compare Scandinavian sites (Birka, Kaupang, Hedeby, Ribe), Anglo-Saxon site (Hamwic) and Frankish sites (Quentovic and Dorestad), in a context of political, economic and social changes during the 7th-10th centuries. To this end, this study rests on both written and archaeological sources, in an interdisciplinary approach using archaeology, geography, anthropology. We will wonder how the emporia and their hinterlands interact, as regards supply issues, coinage, importations and craft productions circulation. We will also examine the relationships between the emporia and various authorities, and elaborate on the fiscal, administrative, juridical and even religious functions of these trading ports, to outline social networks, on different scales (from local insertion to integration in the long-distance trade networks), while examining the links between the different emporia in Northwestern Europe and even beyond
Auger, Barbara. "La représentation des bateaux en Europe entre le VIIIè et le XIIIè siècle". Phd thesis, Université de Grenoble, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00665915.
Testo completoVignaud, Laurent-Henri. "Les "merveilles de la nature" : histoire naturelle et érudition à l'âge baroque, vers 1560-vers 1660". Versailles-St Quentin en Yvelines, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005VERS015S.
Testo completoPeople of 16th and 17th centuries were obsessed by the “wonders of Nature”: they observed, studied, described, collected and exchanged them passionately. Wonders of Nature were not only an intellectual category or a learned notion partly bequeathed by Ancient and Medieval thought, but also a body of pictures (drawings or engravings) easily reproducible and distributable, a series of natural phenomena which can be attested by letters and a set of objects on display in cabinets of curiosities. This works follows three directive patterns: 1) articulation between science and philological scholarship; 2) function of prodigies during French 16th century civil wars, and 3) appraisal processes used in giving account of strange natural objects. The first part of the study is devoted to the legacy, in other word to the notion of “wonders of Nature” as an inherited intellectual category, and is focused on the years 1560-1610. In the second part, the specific case of the prodigies is considered, mostly between 1580 and 1620, and through French historiography of the civil wars. Third part confronts the “science” of the wonders of Nature with the new experimental practice which, between 1610 and 1660, makes the wonder a pattern of “scientific fact”
Carette, Frédéric. "Souterrains et paysans : apparences et réalités d'un fait d'histoire sociale, en Artois, Picardie et Cambrésis (XVIe et XVIIe siècles)". Paris, EHESS, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003EHES0100.
Testo completoStrating from the study of the underground passages, this piece of research aims to highlight the construction process and the use of these works, in the contexte of the rural communities. Taking into consideration the periods of conflict which seem to have brought about their creation, our study has several aims : firstly, understanding on a material level how the transition between the surface buildings and the dug out structures was organised, secondly grasping what links existed between the social organisation "above ground" which was characterised by a reference to a group with an established hierarchy and the "below ground" one which was divided into living quarters, animal housing and storage areas. Beyond all these considerations, questions are asked about the involvement of farming people and landowners for on the other hand, the construction process itself may have involved people who did not live in the same villages but had vested interests there
Detalle, Michel-Pierre. "La piraterie sur les confins "océaniques" du Ier au Ve siècle : enquête préliminaire". Paris 4, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000PA040067.
Testo completoMartinez, Carolina. ""Mondes parfaits et étrangers dans les confins de l'orbis terrarum : utopie, expansion transocéanique et altérité (XVIe-XVIIIe siècles")". Paris 7, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA070097.
Testo completoThe present doctoral thesis aims to understand the developement of the utopian genre in early modern Europe by making special emphasis on its relationship with the process of overseas expansion (that begins in the XVIth century but develops further in the following century), the outbreak of the Reformation and progressive radicalization of religious dissidence, as well as with the transformations in terms of knowledge that gave birth to unprecedented manifestations in european thought. To this end, a set of utopian travel accounts published in French, both in France and in the United Provinces, which circulated in Europe from the early seventeenth century to the early eighteenth century, have been analyzed in terms of three major themes: the religious question, the question of the "other" and the question of space (or the horizon of overseas expansion). Given these three issues, we propose as a general hypothesis that the features acquired by the utopian genre published in French in the seventeenth century, account for the political-religious situation experienced by France in this period, as well as for the place occupied by the French monarchy and the United Provinces in the overseas competition developed around the same time. The expansionist ambitions of the former and the commercial and intellectual prevalence of the latter can be traced in utopian travel accounts, which were written in the centers of culture and trade but were located in the margins of the known world
Duong, Sophie. "Les "hermaphrodites", des phénomènes au carrefour des savoirs et des conceptions scientifiques et philosophiques : une étude sur l'"objectivation" scientifique et médicale des hermaphrodites de la Renaissance au début du XVIIe siècle". Paris 7, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA070025.
Testo completoThis work aims to propose a conceptual history of hermaphrodism during the 16th and the early 17th centuries, through the study of the scientific and philosophical concepts linked to the existence of human hermaphrodites, in the conceptual evolution of the idea/the notion of « monsters », of generation, of differentiation of sexes and of the organization of genitalia. On the one hand, this study intends to show that during the Renaissance in Europe (Germany, Italy, Spain, France), the ancient and medieval heritage of scholarships and conceptions linked to hermaphrodites and monsters was the subject of scholars' questions and research and was renewed and enriched through the re-discovery of anatomy, in particular for hermaphrodites. On the other hand, its purpose is to demonstrate that an impulse, itself renewed, tried to restore hermaphrodites and monsters only In the domain of natural sciences, excluding them from the domain of divination from the second-naïf of the 16th century onwards, or even attempted to consider hermaphrodites only as human beings certainly presenting an anomaly, but a minor anomaly which nevertheless calls into question one's belonging to one or the other gender. Far from proposing a linear conceptual history, but considering the possible influences of these concepts on the conditions and social status of hermaphrodites, this study highlights two « traditions >; in the interpretation and presentation of hermaphrodites, which coexisted during the 16th century and raised questions still debated during the next centuries, such as the existence of the « perfect » hermaphrodite
Dewavrin-Masurel, Aude. "Hubert Cailleau, enlumineur de Valenciennes, 1526-1579 : les livres liturgiques enluminés au XVIème siècle, conservés dans les Bibliothèques Municipales du Nord de la France". Lille 3, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998LIL30017.
Testo completoRenaudin, Hélène. "Les logis nobles maçonnés bâtis dans le nord-est du Maine (XIVe- XVIe siècle)". Thesis, Le Mans, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LEMA3003/document.
Testo completoNowadays, Maine’s countryside still keeps a lot of noble houses which were built by stonework. These houses differentiate themselves easily from peasantry habitat and were essentially built between the 14thand the 16thcenturies. Based from that information, a study based on an inventory (the much complete as possible) of these houses seemed to be the best working way to know about the Lord’s lifestyles, through their habitats, during this period. A corpus was realized and has bring more than 215 sites together, which are still visible today, in the actual arrondissement de Mamers (cantons de Beaumont-sur-Sarthe, Bonnétable, Bouloire, Conlie, La Ferté-Bernard, Fresnay-sur-Sarthe, La Fresnaye-sur-Chedouet, Mamers, Marolles-le-Braults, Montfort-le-Gesnois, Montmirail, Saint-Calais, Saint-Paterne, Sillé-le-Guillaume, Tuffé and Vibraye). Architectural study shows characteristics and particularities of these sites. They are generally built in accordance with a rectangular plan and these methods of construction seemed to be similar from an edifice to another: the characteristics of these houses easily helped to recognize them. The internal organization gives evidence of the house’s evolution between the 14thand 16thcenturies. Some sites contain functional facilities which show a comfort research. Some of them are more symbolic as the staircases and fireplaces which show the holder’s ambitions with sometimes the presence of shields. Decorative elements show the owner’s taste and their financial resources. If some of the home’s studies present a decorative repertory from Gothic taste or Renaissance taste, some of them present hybrid ornaments between the two styles. This fact testify that houses built or restored after the Hundred Years War were elaborate in accordance with an architectural model of transition between Middle Age and Renaissance
Fernandez, Laure. "Cadre et écarts : un théâtre hors du théâtre (de la théâtralité dans les arts visuels) : 1960-2010". Thesis, Paris 3, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA030136.
Testo completoThe idea of theatricality appeared in the context of avant-garde theater at the beginning of the XXth century, was theorised in the 1960s, and has recently been a subject of renewed interest for numerous contemporary artists. The notion was originally created by theater practitioners and theorists to distinguish it as an autonomous art form, different from literature or film. Currently, it is in the field of visual art that theatricality is most vital, explored either as a positive reference to theater or a more negative "theatrophobic" stance. These allusions, whether thematic or structural, illustrate that theatricality can no longer be strictly confined to the field of theater. Taking into account the notion's historical applications and elaborating a panorama of its manifestations, this study examines how several non-theatrical contemporary art practices have become another stage for the theater. It is as if certain artists found in this archaic and unique "non-art" a paradigm or an anti-paradigm, stimulating new approaches vis à vis their own mediums, representational modalities and the spectator's position. This study challenges discourses that ignore each art's defining characteristics and that claim the (incessant) death of theater by illustrating the continual appearance of the later in other artistic domains. Pure theatrical form is not necessarily questioned in these works; however, theater provides a solid model. This "famous" theatricality is as mutational as it is fundamental and establishes - through an interesting play between the different practices that engage it - a key field for reflecting the contemporaneity of theater
Drisdelle, Julie Lynne. "Female Self-Portraiture and the Construction of the Self". Thesis, Université Laval, 2006. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2006/23669/23669.pdf.
Testo completoVuillez, Alexis. "Entre la Couronne et L’Évangile : les diplomates protestants au service du roi de France (ca. 1530 – ca. 1630)". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023UBFCC041.
Testo completoDuring the early modern period, when Europe was gradually marked by the phenomenon of confessionalisation and religious bipolarisation, the Kingdom of France took on a very special character due to the presence of a large Huguenot minority. Although the Edict of Nantes legalised the existence of the Reformed and their access to public office from 1598 onwards, their influence nevertheless met with varying degrees of opposition from the Crown.However, from the 1530s until the ministry of Richelieu, the successive kings of France continued to employ agents of the Reformed faith. Among the diplomats employed by the monarchy between the start of the religious tensions and the complete re-Catholicisation of the state apparatus were more than thirty ambassadors.The aim of this thesis is to examine the relationship between the Reformed faith of these diplomats and the service of a Catholic king, and also to identify the interest that the monarch may have had in maintaining a resident ordinary ambassador or sending a Protestant ambassador extraordinary to a foreign prince. Finally, this work aims to study the impact of the diplomats’ religion on the way they negotiated and on the results obtained, as well as the way in which their religious interests may have interfered with the mission entrusted to them by the sovereign
Neverova, Natalia. "Le monde des diplomates européens à Prague et à Strasbourg (années 1590 - années 1610)". Thesis, Limoges, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LIMO0096.
Testo completoAt the end of the 16th century the diplomatic service is changing to be more structured and professional and it is witnessing an increasing number of resident ambassadors. The standards and regulations of this service originate from its practical application, but also are due to the theoretical speculations of the century. Though the reality of it is still quite far from its ideal introduced by the works poring over this subject. Turning to the case study of Prague this research attempts to explore that special zone of a shared existence where the encounters among the diplomatic agents from different states take place. Our analysis focuses on the actions of the ambassadors during their missions and aims to uncover the similarities in their duties as well as to define the strategies and instruments used to achieve their goals. A few selected examples enable us to examine some features and qualities that are common among the ambassadors and to determine if they could be perceived as the key factors defining the diplomatic trade. Given the multicultural character of Prague as a capital it is the case of Strasbourg that allows us to introduce the notion of « small » diplomacy, the one that attracts less attention than the affairs that are dealt with in the capital of the Holy Roman Empire and to better define the roles of the ambassadors who are involved
Guénolé, Agnès. "Les peuples païens et l'expansion des états chrétiens au nord-est de l'Europe : discours et politique (fin Xe - début XIVe siècle)". Poitiers, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011POIT5029.
Testo completoThe movements of German and Scandinavian expansion in the East of Europe are studied with a corpus of chronicles and histories, as well as hagiographic, liturgical and diplomatic texts between the end of 10th. Century and the beginning of 14th. C. The aim of the conversion of pagans often determined the dominion of natives and the control of new territories. The study is confined in particular to Slavic regions (Mecklenburg, Pomerania), to the territory of the Finn (Finland), and to Prussia and Lithuania. The progression of the Christian West took various forms and involved a competition in the general movement itself. We explain the part playing by the Empire and the German Order as well as by the Christian kingdoms of Denmark and Sweden. The ideological context of crusades in Latin East influenced the actors of the offensive in the Baltic region; these, but only some of them, developed an ideology which was drawing from the holy war, a war which was sanctifying men. These protagonists strengthened, in particular cases of the expansion, the theory of the Defense of the faith for which the threat of pagans was amplified. We wonder about the understanding of this military history, and about the place of heathen and neophyte peoples in Christian thought. The confrontation had a cultural dimension too. The coexistence in Baltic space of the very heterogeneous peoples in a long time had left its imprint. The writing of Christian history was changed. Henceforth, the narrative about pagans, when these were becoming definitively converts, the narrative of the end of a world, was integrated as well in History
Eudes, Émeline. "Vers une poétique d'un langage plastique dans l'art contemporain finlandais, islandais et norvégien". Paris 8, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PA083684.
Testo completoFor historical and geographical reasons (independence settled in the 20th century, isolated position at the edge of Europe, ever-present weather conditions and natural environment. . . ), the act of language has become in Finland, Iceland and Norway a decisive moment for self-representation and the exploration of one owns environment. From this state of things, the research work has a close look at the on-going of this notion of language through the arts of each of these countries, making over-cross historical, cultural and artistic concerns. With such an aim as to go beyond the simple constitution of a Nordic art iconography, this essay consists into considering from an aesthetical point of view the artistic act in a particular context. While witnessing of the rising up of a certain type of creation, the relations between image and language, making and perceiving, imagination and sociologic imaginary are being investigated under a new perspective. The first part is devoted to the practice of drawing in Finland. The works of about ten artists enable to overview the status given to the graphic mark in the creation of a phatic link, first step prefiguring the word. The second part is about the tradition of writing and narrative among Icelandic artists. With as cultural background the medieval Sagas, the practice of the artist book and of the sung narration are the study place of the words not only as a literacy matter but a fine art one as well. The last part deals with motion and performance in Norway. Through the presence of bodies and their movements, the indexicality appears to become a fundamental pattern for local artistic practices. Eventually, the notion of landscape is a useful leitmotiv, which helps into making understandable the links between the experience of their environment by the artists and the spectators, and the art works
Fauvelle, François-Xavier. "Le Hottentot, ou l'homme-limite : généalogie de la représentation des Khoi͏̈san en Occident, XVe-XIXe siècle". Paris 1, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999PA010532.
Testo completoThe Khoi-Khoi, a southern African population belonging to the khoisan cultural group (like the "Bushmen") were among the peoples the more often described by the travelers going to east Indies by the cap of Good Hope. The Portuguese, at the end of the XVth century, were the first to meet them. Through calls and clashes, a picture was drawn that was transmitted to the other European nations. At the dawn of the XVIth century, the portrait was fixed, drawing on a "catalog" that borrowed its motifs to the register of orality. To the disgust that these "savages" inspired to travelers the feeling of their physical and moral queerness was soon added. A feeling nourished by rumors born among the Europeans in the dutch colony (founded in 1652) and by the increasingly degraded situation of the Africans. In Europe at the end of the XVIIth and especially at the end of the XVIIIth century, with the extinction of the Khoi-Khoi in the region of the cap and the silence of the travelers, the figure of the "Hottentot" laid itself open to many scholarly, literary and philosophical utilizations that made it a noble and monstrous savage at the same time. It was this intermediate human being that naturalists and anthropologists seized, during the XIXth century, in order to test their classificatory theories
Boestad, Tobias. "« Pour le profit du commun marchand » : la genèse de la Hanse (XIIe siècle-milieu du XIVe siècle)". Thesis, Sorbonne université, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020SORUL078.
Testo completoAlthough the commercial organisation known as the Hanse did not emerge until the second half of the 14th century, merchants from the Holy Roman Empire did not wait until then to join forces on the various marketplaces they frequented in Northern Europe. On the contrary, some of their associations could already be found in England and in the Baltic Rim at the end of the 12th century. Over time, such groupings developed into more complex organisations. Their political influence increased as they came to represent the commercial interests of all Low German cities, whereas the reference to “the common merchant’s profit” spread within them and paved the way to lasting cooperation. This study seeks to shed light on the political motives of solidarity between German merchants and cities, with particular attention to the discourses produced about it and their normative value. Its aim is to turn around the constitutionalist perspective which has characterised legal studies on the Hanse for a long time, and to highlight the legal mechanisms by which the political experiences of the 13th and early 14th centuries were able to produce an inter-municipal decision-making regime, abiding by specific rules and by its own system of principles and values. After having presented the main steps and chronological milestones in the genesis of the Hanse, this work considers the foundations of the Hanseatic community and finally the way in which some of its actors, in particular the city of Lubeck, were able to turn a political and economic cooperation into a legal principle
Arcand, Guy. "Étude du rôle de la culture nationale dans la relation entre les pratiques de GRH et de la performance organisationnelle : le cas des banques de vingt-deux pays d'Amérique du Nord, d'Europe et d'Asie". Metz, 2006. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/UPV-M/Theses/2006/Arcand.Guy.LMZ0618.pdf.
Testo completoThe trend toward globalization seems to be stronger than event for the business community nowadays. Businesses set up new activities in foreign countries in order to gain access to new markets and to increase their sales. Although globalization is gaining in importance, many factors must be taken into account if one aspires to succeed abroad. One of those factors is national culture. National culture is the topic of this dissertation. The goal is to investigate how national culture can impact the relationship between human resources practices and organizational performances of banks in twenty-two countries of North-America, Europe and Asia. Our study looks more closely at the influence of eight dimensions linked to human resources (HR) practices (incentive income, training, recruiting, selection, employee’s performance appraisal, work organization, communication, and job security) on organizational performances (social performances, economic performances, financial performances). We were able to establish that HR practices lead to different outcomes in different countries. For instance, some HR practices can have a positive influence in France but a negative influence in Japan because of the existence of a distinct culture. In order to measure national culture, we have used Geert Hofstede (1991) framework, which identifies national culture with four dimensions, power distance, individualism, uncertainty avoidance, and masculinity, in each country
Savalle, Caroline. "Premiers contacts entre britanniques et indiens d'Amérique du Nord et conséquences sur leurs modes de vie respectifs". Thesis, Tours, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013TOUR2017/document.
Testo completoThis study investigates the consequences that contacts between British people and Native American populations had on their respective ways of life. There is a widespread cliché in people’s minds according to which only British people would have had (heavily) left their marks on the North American ground and peoples that they encountered. Nevertheless, and contrarily to this idea, we shall tackle here their reciprocal influence, that is the way in which Native tribes also deeply impacted British colonists’ everyday life in the New World. We were able to witness such an influence thanks to archaeological, historical and ethnohistorical evidence. Various angles of study were chosen for this paper: the cultural habits and behaviors directly or indirectly linked to food (how did people have access to food supplies? How were foodstuffs prepared or cooked? Were food and/or meals shared? Which social links and practices -if any- derived from such habits?...). We shall also have to present to the audience what Native people’s connections and attitudes towards other tribes, or colonists from different European nations, were. And these could have been friendly, diplomatic, economical or even hostile relationships, implying political management and thinking ahead of taking actions, which was commonly omitted in the past
Lavéant, Katell. "Théâtre et culture dramatique d'expression française dans les villes des Pays-Bas méridionaux (XVe-XVIe siècles)". Rennes 2, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007REN20014.
Testo completoThis PhD-research centers on drama and the dramatic culture in the French-speaking cities of southern Low Countries (regions of Artois, Picardie, Flanders and Hainaut) at the end of the Middle Ages (15th and 16th centuries). Archive documents of various nature as well as literary texts (both manuscript and printed) have been studied, thanks to an interdisciplinary approach combining a study of cultural history with a literary focus on some theatre plays. First, the different theatrical groups and the structures of this dramatic culture are presented, which allows to show the specificities of this culture, such as the importance of the joyful companies, the question of the professional practices of the actors, the existence of a specific festive calendar and of interesting links with the Dutch dramatic culture of the time. A second part studies the relations between drama and power. In this culture of symbolic exchange, drama has a political meaning for the cities as well as for the religious, royal and Burgundian/imperial powers. The role of drama in propaganda (during the 16th century especially) is also investigated, through several instances of plays staged by the supporters of the Reformation in order to spread their ideas despite censorship. Finally, the study focuses on the dramatic production of the region, presenting not only the texts that are still available today, but also archival evidences that allow us to extend our knowledge about plays that have been staged but not kept. This allow us to question the traditional classification of theatrical texts according to dramatic genres, as well as the limits of the actual corpus of preserved texts
Humbert, Jean-Marcel. "L'égyptomanie : sources, thèmes et symboles : étude de la réutilisation des thèmes décoratifs empruntés à l'Egypte ancienne dans l'art occidental du XVIe siècle à nos jours". Paris 4, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987PA040295.
Testo completoThe catalogue of this thesis has been taken from a data base specially created. Its 1370 notices give thousands of references; the notices are classified according to themes in the course of six chronological periods. Thanks to these selected objects, it has been possible to study the sources and the constituent parts of the Egyptian revival according to periods and countries, to index the Egyptian themes more often used, to measure their degree of adaptation, and to identify the symbols contained in the different creations. The sources of egyptomania are taken from archeological items, travel accounts, exceptional events and former egyptianizing creations; but the evolution of the fidelity of the interpretations doesn’t follow necessarily the increasing of the knowledge of ancient Egypt. The chronological study points out several evolutions: egyptomania, created at the beginning for esthetes’' pleasure, soon becomes democratized; the archeological discovering and publications give new possibilities to it; it can use many new means of expression (movies, cartoons, comic-strips and adverting) and thus increased its audience. The thematic study of the egyptianizing objects and creations shows how easily egyptomania adapts itself and mixes with the style of the period. A repertory of the themes taken from ancient Egypt shows which ones are used most. Egyptianizing items carry lots of symbols from ancient Egypt and from the time of their making; using numerous concepts (dream, fear, laugh), egyptomania, as well as Egypt, has a strong impact on people. The Egyptian revival is more than part of exotism and anticomania; it is an independent current more alive and fascinating to-day than ever
Beaubien, Marie-Michelle. "L'utilisation de la violence à travers la littérature pamphlétaire du début de la Réforme de l'aire française : les écrits de polémique religieuse de Pierre de Vingle (1533-1535)". Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/18124.
Testo completoGauthier, Chantal. "Activité missionnaire en frontière de catholicité : l'exemple du Valais et de l'ancienne Rhétie (1550-1650)". Clermont-Ferrand 2, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002CLF20022.
Testo completoBlanc, Philippe. "La Grande-Bretagne, le Nord et la Baltique du milieu du XIXe siècle jusqu'à la Première Guerre mondiale : des relations et un regard en évolution". Thesis, Strasbourg, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016STRAG037.
Testo completoBy the middle of the 19th century, the Baltic area is regarded by the British as a far-off, underdeveloped periphery, although there exist privileged relationships linked to the romantic attraction of Scandinavia, the economic importance of the region as supplier of essential raw materials and its geographical location in the vicinity of the Russian rival of the Great Game. Considering this special link, the socio-economic potential of the Nordic countries, and the necessity to multiply Britain’s commercial outlets, the various British actors hope, after the advent of liberalism, to participate in the region’s development, and even benefit from it at economic level. Yet, if, during the second half of the nineteenth century, many British merchants, entrepreneurs, capitalists or engineers do take an active part in the takeoff and modernisation of the Baltic regions, diplomatic and economic developments, whose main features are a rising Germany, more stable relations with Russia, and a stubbornly negative trade balance, lead Britain to continually reconsider its regional role until the international tensions of the early twentieth century
Mahjoub, Rami. "De Constantinople à Istanbul : la représentation nuancée des Ottomans par des voyageurs européens aux XVe et XVIe siècles". Thesis, Université Côte d'Azur (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017AZUR2028/document.
Testo completoAfter Constantinople’s conquest in 1453, the need to gather updated information on the city under its new rulers became a necessity. Not only the available documentation on the Turks was obsolete, the Ottomans themselves were different from the Seljuk dynasty encountered during the Crusades. Both Asian and European, Muslim and Christian, Turks and Greeks, defining the Ottoman society was a hard task that needed a journey and a shrewd observer. The Ottomans were involved in almost all the European and Mediterranean affairs whether through forming alliances, waging wars, creating puppet states or establishing trade routes. The Holy Roman Empire, France and the Italian city states were among the first to send emissaries to Constantinople. The reports gathered by the travelers offer a variety of first-hand eye witnesses of how the capital of the Ottoman Empire is ruled from daily life activities to the political vision of the sultan. The identity of the traveler plays a great role in determining the content of his report. An ambassador, a spy see things differently from a merchant or a monk. The perception of the Ottoman reality itself evolves from the beginning of the journey to its end. The representation of the average Turk, the sultan, the Greeks and other minorities in Constantinople gives a great insight about the social and political representation of self and others in Europe during the Renaissance. The frequent comparisons with the Roman Empire shows that, surprisingly, the Ottomans are inheriting some characteristics that explain their golden age with Mehmed the Conqueror and Suleiman the Magnificent. The result of crossing the traveler’s accounts leads to the unexpected conclusion that not only Constantinople is becoming Istanbul, it is reclaiming its Roman roots
Benzoni, Maria Matilde. "« L'apertura del Mondo » : Pierre Martyr d'Anghiera et les réseaux d'information sur le Mexique, l'Amérique Espagnole et le Monde dans l'Italie du XVIe siècle". Paris, EHESS, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006EHES0076.
Testo completoThis research aims at contributing in the study of the attitudes of the Italian political and intellectual élite in relation to the " widening of the world " between XV and XVI centuries. The thesis studies Peter Martyr d'Anghiera and the influence exerted by the Italian humanist and the corpus of his writings - Opus Epistolarum, Legatio Babylonica, Decades de Orbo Novo - on the XVI century Italian net-works on Mexico, Spanish America and the World. Contrary to the prevalent habit of the studies on Peter Martyr to focus on specific aspects of his figure and works, the I chapter tryies to consider Peter Martyr within the " International " of the Italian humanists. The II and III chapters are devoted to the analysis of the corpus of his writings, with a specific attention toward Peter Martyr's vision of international relations and of the Novus Orbis. The IV chapter studies the influence exerted by his intellectual legacy on G. Ramusio, G. Botero and the XVI Century Italian and European cultures
Favalli, Alessandra. "Le rang et la dynastie : les Este à la recherche d'un équilibre politique dans l'espace italien et européen à l'époque des guerres de religion françaises (1559-1580)". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Paris sciences et lettres, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021UPSLN005.
Testo completoThe aim of this doctoral thesis is to study the quality and evolution of the relations between the Duke of Ferrara, Alfonso II d'Este, and the French crown, from the restoration of peace in 1559 between the Valois and the Habsburgs with the Treaty of Cateau-Cambrésis (2-3 April 1559) and during the following twenty years, until 1580. However, this is not an analysis aimed at deepening the relations between the ducal power of Ferrara and the French monarchy from a strictly diplomatic point of view. I have preferred to study the links between the Duke of Ferrara and the Valois kingdom through the family network that the former had on the other side of the Alps, thanks to the matrimonial alliance signed between the Este and the Guise in 1548, and which in 1559 still existed and was fully functional. From the European framework of the Treaty of Cateau-Cambrésis, we would like to shed light on the hopes, the level of autonomy, the oscillations, and the modes of action that the House of Este implemented in the face of Spanish preponderance through its links with the Kingdom of France. In addition to an international approach, we study the effects on the system of equilibrium and competition between the Italian courts through the red thread of the dispute for precedence between Este and Medici. Through the relations of the Este with the French Crown, we try to analyse not only the relationship between these two entities and the real contractual power of the Duke of Ferrara, but also the balances and influences of other Italian dynasties, such as the Savoy and the Medici, in the same context. This is also reflected in the sources that constitute the documentary framework of my thesis, i.e. the correspondence of the Este agents in the kingdom of France in the first place, which has been cross-referenced with that of the Savoy and Medici envoys, and of the ambassadors of the Republic of Venice and the apostolic nuncios, as well as with the family correspondences. Finally, it is a question of determining the negotiating power and the margins of initiative of the Este lineage, a ducal house at the head of an independent Italian state but linked by feudal ties to the Empire and the Papacy, in the face of the indirect tutelage of Spain and the geopolitical disorder produced by the French Wars of Religion
L’obiettivo di questa tesi di dottorato è quello di studiare la qualità e l’evoluzione delle relazioni che intercorsero tra il duca di Ferrara, Alfonso II d’Este, e la corona di Francia a partire dal ripristino della pace tra Valois e Asburgo con il trattato di Cateau-Cambrésis (2-3 aprile 1559) e nel corso dei vent’anni successivi, fino al 1580. Non si tratta, però, di un’analisi mirante ad approfondire le relazioni tra il ducato di Ferrara e la monarchia francese da un punto di vista strettamente diplomatico. Ho preferito, piuttosto, studiare i legami intercorrenti tra il duca di Ferrara e il regno dei Valois attraverso la rete familiare di cui il primo poteva disporre Oltralpe, grazie all’alleanza matrimoniale stretta tra gli Este e i Guise nel 1548, e che nel 1559 non solo esisteva ancora, ma era pienamente operativa. A partire dal quadro europeo sancito dal trattato di Cateau-Cambrésis, si sono tentante di chiarire le aspirazioni, il livello di autonomia, le oscillazioni e le modalità d’azione che caratterizzarono l’operato della casata degli Este alla luce dei suoi legami con il regno di Francia e dinanzi all’avanzare della preponderanza spagnola. A un approccio su scala internazionale, è stato incrociato uno studio degli effetti sul sistema di equilibrio e competizione esistente tra le corti principesche della penisola italiana, di cui la disputa per la precedenza tra Este e Medici, consumatasi anche alla corte dei Valois, fu uno dei più vividi esempi. Attraverso le relazioni degli Este con la corona di Francia, si è analizzata non solo le connessioni tra queste due entità e la consistenza del potere contrattuale reale del duca di Ferrara, ma anche gli equilibri e le influenze di altre dinastie italiane, come i Savoia e i Medici, nel medesimo conteso. Questo approccio si riflette anche sul corpus documentario su cui si è costruita la tesi, formato prevalentemente dalle corrispondenze degli agenti estensi nel regno di Francia, che sono state incrociate non solo con quelle degli ambasciatori sabaudi, medicei, veneziani e dei nunzi apostolici, ma anche con i carteggi familiari di origine estense e guisarda. Infine, si è trattato di determinare il potere di negoziazione e i margini di iniziativa della casata degli Este, lignaggio alla testa di uno Stato italiano indipendente ma legato da vincoli feudali tanto all’Impero quanto al Papato, dinanzi alla tutela indiretta esercitata dal regno di Spagna sulla penisola italiana e al disordine geopolitico prodotto dalle guerre di religione in Francia