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1
Benelli, Enrico. "Formazione delle scritture alfabetiche in Italia centrale. Riflessioni sul caso dell'etrusco e alfabetti conessi". Palaeohispanica. Revista sobre lenguas y culturas de la Hispania Antigua, n. 20 (1 maggio 2020): 103–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.36707/palaeohispanica.v0i20.391.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Il processo di formazione dell’alfabeto etrusco segue principi molto diversi rispetto a processi analoghi che hanno portato alla nascita delle altre scritture alfabetiche di area mediterranea. La ricerca passata ha spesso mancato di cogliere questa anomalia, o ha tentato di spiegarla attraverso modelli teorici non sempre soddisfacenti. Partendo dalla constatazione che le città etrusco-meridionali, al momento della formazione della scrittura alfabetica, comprendevano componenti alloglotte, evidenti soprattutto ai livelli sociali più alti, e introducendo confronti con situazioni analoghe riscontrabili in vari sistemi scrittori del mondo, l’articolo propone di spiegare il singolare processo formativo dell’alfabeto etrusco come il risultato di un tentativo di creare una scrittura che potesse servire a rendere più lingue diverse.
2
Nowlin, Jessica. "Etruscan Orientalization". Brill Research Perspectives in Ancient History 3, n. 2 (5 agosto 2021): 1–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/25425374-12340008.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Abstract The terms ‘orientalizing’ and ‘orientalization’ have been employed to describe an art historical style, historical period, and process of cultural interaction between East and West within the early first-millennium BCE Mediterranean. With particular focus on Etruria and Italy, this historiography explores the Orientalist framework at the heart of ‘orientalizing’ terms while outlining how modern political movements and ideologies of nationalism and colonialism have influenced interpretations of ‘orientalizing.’ By showing the political viewpoints underlying the origins of the term and the ways in which these positions have continued to shape modern interpretations of the effects of eastern imported objects, ideas, and practices in Etruria, this work argues that the term ‘orientalizing’ should no longer be used. Instead, the period should be fit into existing chronological periodizations, and the process of cultural change should be interrogated outside of an Orientalist discourse.
3
Barbieri, Gabriella. "Materiali inediti da Sovana. Alcuni corredi funerari dalla necropoli di San Sebastiano". Opuscula. Annual of the Swedish Institutes at Athens and Rome 1 (novembre 2008): 105–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.30549/opathrom-01-08.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Hellenistic pottery, found in four Etruscan chamber tombs in Sovana, is presented here. The most interesting vessels are some jugs, decorated with a floral pattern, that were produced locally in the third century B.C. A black-glazed plate contains an inscription that is the oldest Latin epigraphic document of Sovana and it shows the slow process of Romanization of an Etruscan town in the first century B.C. This funeral complex is interesting because of the lack of documentation at Sovana, that is perfectly preserved.
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Ніколіна, Інна, Ірина Ніколіна e Володимир Очеретяний. "Socio-political system and economic development of Etruria in the 8th–3rd centuries BC". Scientific Papers of the Vinnytsia Mykhailo Kotsyiubynskyi State Pedagogical University Series History, n. 48 (18 giugno 2024): 103–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.31652/2411-2143-2024-48-103-113.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The purpose of the article is to highlight key issues of the socio-political system and economy of Etruscan civilization as factors influencing both its rise and decline. The research methodology is based on the use of general scientific principles: historicism, objectivity, and a systemic approach in analyzing historical processes considered in this article. Special historical methods such as descriptive, problem-chronological, historical-systemic, and comparative-historical have proven to be effective. The scientific novelty of the research is determined by the authors' attempt to comprehensively reveal the topic of the socio-political system and economy of the Etruscans in the 8th–3rd centuries BC by utilizing the achievements of foreign and domestic researchers. Conclusions. The key factors determining the might of the Etruscans were the fertility of the land and the richness of the region's natural resources. However, their socio-political structure undermined this potential as Etruscan cities existed independently from each other and did not strive to unite into a centralized state, further weakening themselves with constant internal conflicts and internecine wars. The lack of unity and the Roman military superiority ultimately led to the loss of independence for the cities, and eventually, to the complete disappearance of the Etruscan ethnic group. The rapid growth of the Etruscan economy through international trade did not contribute to the unification of Etruria into a single centralized state due to the incomplete process of dissolution of tribal relations and the Etruscans' orientation towards the Greeks, including adopting their model of state organization. The formal unification of twelve city-states into the Etruscan League was a religious confederation but did not promote their cohesion. For a long time in Etruscan society, there were only two main classes – the aristocracy, in whose interests the state apparatus operated, and the class which was to varying degrees dependent on the aristocracy. At the same time, the indistinctness of the middle class may be associated with the fact that the ancestors of the Etruscans, who according to one version of their origin came from the east, subjugated the indigenous population, turning them into dependents, which was a typical practice in the ancient world.
5
Pedrucci, Giulia. "Kourotrophia and “Mothering” Figures: Conceiving and Raising an Infant as a Collective Process in the Greek, Etruscan, and Roman Worlds. Some Religious Evidences in Narratives and Art". Open Theology 6, n. 1 (2 marzo 2020): 145–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/opth-2020-0002.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
AbstractThe paper deals with significantly different sources and historical periods: the parts dedicated to breastfeeding are based on votive statuettes of adults with infant/s from ancient Latium and Southern Etruria; the ones on pregnancy and childbirth are based on two archeological sources – one from Southern Etruria and one from Imperial Rome – which show the male (divine) appropriation of exclusively female biological functions; The parts on mothering are based on the concept of “mothering figures” (male mothering, animal mothering…) through mythological examples from Greek, Etruscan, and Roman art and narratives. Despite the heterogeneous documentation, we may conclude that the mother was not the only active character in the process of conceiving, giving birth, breastfeeding, and raising an infant in the Greek, Etruscan, and Roman societies. Many other figures close to the mother – male and female – were engaged in obtaining divine protection for her and her child; in helping, supporting, and even substituting her when necessary (and, of course, when possible). The research has been conducted mainly by using the concept of kourotrophia and mothering figures as analytical tools.
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Barone, G., M. Fugazzotto, P. Mazzoleni, S. Raneri e A. Russo. "Color and painting techniques in Etruscan architectural slabs". Dyes and Pigments 171 (dicembre 2019): 107766. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dyepig.2019.107766.
Testo completo
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Emmitt, Joshua, Andrew McAlister, Neda Bawden e Jeremy Armstrong. "XRF and 3D Modelling on a Composite Etruscan Helmet". Applied Sciences 11, n. 17 (30 agosto 2021): 8026. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11178026.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The presentation of X-ray fluorescence data (XRF) assays is commonly restricted to tables or graphical representations. While the latter may sometimes be in a 3D format, they have yet to incorporate the actual objects they are from. The presentation of multiple XRF assays on a 3D model allows for more accessible presentation of data, particularly for composite objects, and aids in their interpretation. We present a method to display and interpolate assay data on 3D models using the PyVista Python package. This creates a texture of the object that displays the relative differences in elemental composition. A crested helmet from Tomb 1036 from the Casale del Fosso necropolis, Veii, Italy, is used to exemplify this method. The results of the analysis are presented and show variation in composition across the helmet, which also corresponds with macroscopic and decorrelation stretching analyses.
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Okpala, Jude Chudi. "Jessica Nowlin. Etruscan Orientalization". Pacific Coast Philology 57, n. 1 (aprile 2022): 101–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.5325/pacicoasphil.57.1.0101.
Testo completo
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Angelini, Ivana, Cinzia Bettineschi, Marica Venturino e Gilberto Artioli. "Gaming in Pre-Roman Italy: Characterization of Early Ligurian and Etruscan Small Pieces, Including Dice". Applied Sciences 12, n. 4 (18 febbraio 2022): 2130. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12042130.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
An interesting assemblage of ancient ceramic materials connected or potentially connected with gaming activities has been characterized from the archaeometric point of view. The materials (washer-like pieces, small spheres, and cubic dice, with and without inscriptions) were found in the Villa del Foro excavation (Alessandria, Italy). They are related to the early Ligurian population of the site and their frequent contacts with Etruscan both in Etruria and in the Po Valley, in a period spanning the early VI century BC till the first half of the V century BC. Starting from the materials evidence, hypotheses are proposed concerning their possible use and cultural meaning. The studied cubic dice are discussed in the wider context of the pre-Roman diffusion of these objects.
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Sapia, Vincenzo, Valerio Materni, Federico Florindo, Marco Marchetti, Andrea Gasparini, Nunzia Voltattorni, Riccardo Civico et al. "Multi-Parametric Imaging of Etruscan Chamber Tombs: Grotte Di Castro Case Study (Italy)". Applied Sciences 11, n. 17 (26 agosto 2021): 7875. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11177875.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
A multi-parametric approach that involves the use of different geophysical methods coupled with geochemical data allowed us to identify undiscovered archeological burials in a funerary area of the Grotte di Castro Etruscan settlement. In particular, we tested the suitability of the capacitive resistivity method and the presence of Radon in soil for the identification of burials calibrating their outcomes over coincident survey profiles with standard geophysical techniques routinely applied for archaeological prospections. Soil Radon data were acquired both in a grid and along a profile to highlight anomalous gas concentrations, whereas electrical resistivity and ground-penetrating radar measurements were conducted on overlapping profiles to depict the electrical and electromagnetic subsurface distribution. Data integration showed a series of anomalies, suggesting the presence of multiple burials starting from a depth of approximately 1.5 m below the terrain surface. Slight anomalies of Radon in the soil were found to correspond to most of the recovered geophysical ones. Our results pointed out the effectiveness of geophysical method integration in archeological prospecting with the novelty of the joint use of Radon in soil measurements and capacitive resistivity tomography. The latter provided reliable results and can be considered as a standalone technique in archaeological surveys.
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Fons, R., S. Sender, T. Peters e K. D. Jürgens. "Rates of rewarming, heart and respiratory rates and their significance for oxygen transport during arousal from torpor in the smallest mammal, the Etruscan shrew Suncus etruscus." Journal of Experimental Biology 200, n. 10 (1 maggio 1997): 1451–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.200.10.1451.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
We investigated the process of rewarming from torpor with respect to respiratory and circulatory oxygen transport properties in the smallest mammal, the Etruscan shrew Suncus etruscus. In seven adult Etruscan shrews with a mean body mass of 2.4g, torpor was induced by deprivation of food and a cold environment. During arousal from torpor at an ambient temperature of 22 degrees C, the shrews actively rewarmed from the lowest mean (+/- S.D.) body temperature (Tb) of 12.1 +/- 1.2 degrees C to 20 degrees C at a rate of 0.43 +/- 0.14 degree C min-1, from 20 to 24 degrees C at a rate of 0.8 degree C min-1, and from 24 to 36 degrees C at a rate of 1.1 +/- 0.1 degrees C min-1. The mean rate from 12 degrees C to normothermia amounted to 0.83 degree C min-1, which is among the highest values recorded in mammals. During rewarming, the heart rate increased exponentially (Q10 = 2.2) from 100 to 800-1200 min-1, whereas the respiratory rate increased linearly from 50 to 600-800 min-1. These rates are higher than the heart and respiratory rates reported for other small mammals at the same Tb. The fraction of brown adipose tissue (BAT) was 9.2 +/- 1.6% of body mass, which is higher than in any other mammal. Up to a body temperature of approximately 17 degrees C, the heat for rewarming was mainly produced in the BAT; above this value, considerable activity of the skeletal muscles enhanced thermogenesis. Estimation of the mixed venous oxygen partial pressure showed that, at the tissue level, the rewarming process corresponds to heavy work conditions. The ventilatory system is adapted such that during rewarming, in addition to the appropriate oxygen transport capacity, there is also a capacity for hyperventilation.
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Garagnani, Simone, Andrea Gaucci e Bojana Gruška. "From the archaeological record to archaeobim: the case study of the Etruscan temple of Uni in Marzabotto". Virtual Archaeology Review 7, n. 15 (15 novembre 2016): 77. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/var.2016.5846.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
<p class="VARKeywords">The digital reconstruction of the recently discovered Tuscanic temple of <em>Uni</em> in Marzabotto gave the chance to test the application of the <em>Building Information Modeling</em> (BIM) process to the combined fields of Archaeology and Engineering. In addition to the traditional historic and archaeological analysis, a new methodology in Experimental Archaeology is proposed; it proved to be original and innovative in the examination of the buried building, taking advantage of technologies focused on the architectural reliability validated by inferred digital models. The peculiar aspect of the research involves the elements at the beginning of the process, which consist of foundations or negative archaeological evidences only, supported by the clues and the rules that can be found in the historic and scientific literature. To better define this distinctive working process, the expression <em>ArchaeoBIM</em> was proposed, which highlights the common BIM matrix used for the data management through one or more analytical models, applied to the peculiar aspects of the Archaeological discipline.</p>
13
Maras, Daniele Federico, Javier Velaza Frías e David Nonnis. "Influssi esterni: ‘ellenizzazione’, ‘romanizzazione’, ‘mediterraneizzazione’ (VI-III sec. a.C.)". Palaeohispanica. Revista sobre lenguas y culturas de la Hispania Antigua, n. 20 (1 maggio 2020): 129–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.36707/palaeohispanica.v0i20.384.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Nel Mediterraneo occidentale, l’introduzione della scrittura è uno importante momento del processo storico di acculturazione che ha un impatto notevole sulla precedente tradizione letteraria orale. Nella penisola iberica, la documentazione eterogenea, unita alle difficoltà di interpretazione, impedisce di approfondire la ricerca: si presenta pertanto l’interrelazione dei diversi sistemi scrittori tra VI e III sec. a. C., in riferimento alle controparti fenice e greche. L’epigrafia della produzione latina ed etrusco-italica fornisce un banco di prova, che dimostra un rapporto costante degli artigiani con la scrittura. In Etruria, il passaggio del formulario standard di dono dall’ambito cerimoniale aristocratico a quello votivo si inserisce nel contesto della frequentazione di visitatori stranieri.
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Colivicchi, Fabio. "A Blurring Frontier: The Territory of Caere in the Fourth and Third Centuries B. C. E." Etruscan Studies 23, n. 1-2 (4 novembre 2020): 107–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/etst-2020-0016.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
AbstractAt the end of a long history of increasingly close relationships with its neighbor, the Etruscan city of Caere became a sort of “satellite state” of Rome and was eventually transformed into a praefectura in 273 B. C. E. Historians have focused on the institutional aspect of the process, with its progressive “softening” of the political frontier between the two cities through the ciuitas sine suffragio, which paved the way for eventual assimilation. This paper examines the archeological record of the territory of Caere in the period between the late fourth and the third centuries B. C. E., tracking the development of settlement patterns and the cultural changes revealed by the material culture. Complex dynamics developed in the territory of Caere during this crucial period, with different groups adopting diverging strategies to adapt to the challenges and opportunities of the new situation.
15
Wightman, Greg. "The Imperial Fora of Rome: Some Design Considerations". Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians 56, n. 1 (1 marzo 1997): 64–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/991216.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Research in ancient Roman architectural design has come increasingly to the view that geometry was often as important as metrication and proportion. The present paper examines the contribution of both geometry and arithmetic to the design of the four imperial fora in Rome, as well as the closely related Temple of Peace. An analysis of the Forum of Augustus-the best-known of the imperial fora-shows that it was designed according to a geometric model with a particular size utilizing a "base dimension" of 146 Roman feet. Analyses of the other fora show that the same geometric model-but with a base dimension of 150 feet-can be used to generate their basic spatial divisions and dimensions. The model accounts not only for straightforward and integral dimensions or proportions, but also for irrational and nonintegral proportions hitherto unexplained. The article argues that the mixture of integral, nonintegral, and irrational metrication was a deliberate aspect of the design process, in line with the Early Imperial propensity to combine rectilinear and curvilinear architectural forms. The article concludes with a suggestion that the model originated in the Etruscan ritual division of space, which was adopted by the Romans and later applied to an increasingly broad range of building types. The model may thus have served as a kind of template or cosmogram whereby each building designed on it could embody essential features of cosmic order. It gave to each Roman building its uniquely "Italic" flavor quite separate from Greek "cosmetics." If the model's application proves to be sufficiently broad, then the possibility is raised of developing a "unified design theory" for Etruscan and Roman architecture. These issues will be broached in future articles.
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Maras, Daniele Federico. "Le scritture dell'Italia preromana". Palaeohispanica. Revista sobre lenguas y culturas de la Hispania Antigua, n. 20 (1 maggio 2020): 923–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.36707/palaeohispanica.v0i20.386.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
La scrittura è stata introdotta nell’Italia antica attraverso il contatto tra i navigatori greci e le aristocrazie etrusche dell’età Orientalizzante. Entrando a far parte dei rapporti cerimoniali tra pari, si è diffusa rapidamente presso le popolazioni vicine e nel corso del VI secolo a. C. ha assunto un valore identitario etnico, dando vita a un mosaico di diverse tradizioni grafiche, volta per volta derivate direttamente dalla scrittura greca o attraverso la mediazione etrusca o latina. L’autore dedica alcune pagine introduttive al processo storico di trasmissione e adattamento della scrittura e poi passa in rassegna i domini epigrafici etrusco, falisco, latino, celtico, veneto, retico, camuno, paleo-italico, paleo-sabellico, ausone, osco e umbro. In conclusione, alcuni spunti per la ricerca futura vengono brevemente accennati.
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Royo Guillén, José Ignacio. "La influencia mediterránea en el valle medio del Ebro durante la Primera Edad del Hierro: imitaciones de holmoi, soportes y thymiateria". Lucentum, n. 38 (23 ottobre 2019): 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.14198/lvcentvm2019.38.02.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
La aparición en varios poblados y necrópolis protohistóricos del valle medio del Ebro de unas piezas cerámicas tipologicamente asimilables a los Holmoi etruscos, junto a otros ejemplares de soportes cerámicos y Thymiateria metálicos, nos permite analizar su contexto material, cronológico y cultural, así como comprobar cómo los estímulos del comercio mediterráneo, no sólo se extendieron por la costa mediterránea y tierras aledañas, sino que a través del intercambio y de procesos de aculturación, las poblaciones indígenas del valle medio del Ebro muy pronto asimilaron dichos influjos, especialmente en lo que respecta a las élites sociales, al ritual relacionado con el banquete en el ámbito funerario y a los cambios en la vajilla relacionada con la comensalidad en el ámbito doméstico, al menos desde mediados del siglo VII hasta finales del siglo VI y primera mitad del V a.
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Pecchioni, Elena, Pasquino Pallecchi, Gianna Giachi, Sara Calandra e Alba P. Santo. "The Preparatory Layers in the Etruscan Paintings of the Tomba dei Demoni Alati in the Sovana Necropolis (Southern Tuscany, Italy)". Applied Sciences 12, n. 7 (30 marzo 2022): 3542. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12073542.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The Tomba dei Demoni Alati is located in the Etruscan necropolis of Sovana (Grosseto, Southern Tuscany, Italy). At the end of the 1990s, excavation revealed remains of this aedicule tomb, carved into red tuff; in 2004, further excavation highlighted new important figurative elements. The Etruscans used different methods to decorate the rock surfaces of the tomb, which were particularly difficult to paint. For this reason, the porous and irregular surface of the tuff was modelled and coated with specific materials. The aim of this work was to study the materials and manufacturing techniques of the preparatory layers applied onto the rock surface in the Tomba dei Demoni Alati. Minero-petrographic, chemical, and micro-chemical characterization of the layers was carried out. The obtained results suggest that different methods were used to prepare the tomb surfaces to be painted. In particular, in the niche of the tomb, two preparatory layers were found: a Ca-based plaster covers the rock; above it, a thin white Ca lime layer was applied. In the sculptures inside the niche, the colors were applied onto two finishing white Ca lime layers of similar composition, whereas, in the decorations of the sculptured surfaces on the outside, paint layers were laid onto a thin white silica stratum. The data allow us to determine the use of plaster, for the first time, in Tuscany, as well as the discovery of a preparation layer never before found in any other local archaeological context.
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Martini, Marco, e Anna Galli. "Thermoluminescence Analysis of the Clay Core of Bronze Statues: A Re-Appraisal of the Case Studies of Lupa Capitolina and Other Masterpieces in Rome". Applied Sciences 11, n. 17 (25 agosto 2021): 7820. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11177820.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
In this work, we present some new results in applying thermoluminescence (TL) dating to the clay core of bronze statues. This is very important, due to the impossibility of directly dating a metal. Very few cases of indirect dating of clay cores by TL are reported in the literature. We re-considered three cases of dating of clay core from important bronzes in Rome. The parameters to be considered were not easy to calculate in the case of the Lupa Capitolina. However, its traditionally reported Etruscan origin is definitely ruled out, even if the accuracy in the dating is too low to precisely propose a date of the casting. The comparison with radiocarbon results shows good agreement for a Medieval dating. Two other bronze statues were analysed in order to date their casting by TL; a horse from Musei Capitolini resulted to have been cast in the Greek classical period, excluding its casting in the Rome imperial period. A third study shows that, in particularly favourable situations, TL dating of clay core can give rather precise results. This is the case where in the clay core are present materials that behave like good dosimeters, as generally happens in dating ceramics. Furthermore, the possibility of measuring all the parameters influencing the calculation of the dose rate is essential; both the external radiation sources and the radiation reduction by the water content must be taken into account. This was the case of Saint Peter in the Vatican that turned out to be a cast from the beginning of the XIV century.
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Daveloose, Alexis. "FUNERARY TRANSFORMATIONS IN AN ETRUSCO-ITALIC COMMUNITY: SOCIAL DISPLAY AND AUSTERITY IN HELLENISTIC CHIUSI". Papers of the British School at Rome 85 (5 luglio 2017): 37–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0068246217000034.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
From the end of the third century BC on, the funerary culture of the Etruscan city of Chiusi saw the gradual disappearance of the most expensive containers and tombs. At the same time, there was first a dramatic increase in the number of such monuments, followed by an equally sharp decline in the first century BC. The qualitative development has traditionally been explained using sumptuary laws, which should have constrained funerary expenditure. However, a close examination of the local evidence reveals that this is not only unlikely, but also does not explain the quantitative development and why there was a social and cultural need to constrain these funerary objects in the first place. Using the concepts of distinction and habitus developed by Bourdieu, this paper analyses the developments in Chiusine funerary practice by focusing on social interactions within and between élites and non-élites. This gives both groups agency in a complex social, cultural and political process that caused the criteria for distinction to change, ultimately making funerary culture less important for status differentiation in the rapidly changing context of Hellenistic Italy.
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Domínguez García, Ángel C., César Laplana e Paloma Sevilla. "Early reliable evidence of the Etruscan shrew (Suncus etruscus) in southwestern Europe during ancient times. Reconstructing its dispersal process along the Mediterranean Basin". Quaternary Science Reviews 250 (dicembre 2020): 106690. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2020.106690.
Testo completo
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Mingozzi, Angelo, e Sergio Bottiglioni. "A comprehensive and sustainable approach to the design of the retrofitting and enlargement of the National Etruscan museum ‘Pompeo Aria’ in Marzabotto, Italy". International Journal of Sustainable Energy 25, n. 3-4 (settembre 2006): 119–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14786450600921389.
Testo completo
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Ronca, Sara, Francesco Mura, Marco Brandano, Angela Cirigliano, Francesca Benedetti, Alessandro Grottoli, Massimo Reverberi et al. "Biogenic calcium carbonate as evidence for life". Biogeosciences 20, n. 19 (9 ottobre 2023): 4135–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-4135-2023.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Abstract. The history of the Earth is a story of the co-evolution of minerals and microbes: not only have numerous rocks arisen from life but also life itself may have formed from rocks. To understand the strong association between microbes and inorganic substrates, we investigated the moonmilk, a calcium carbonate deposit of possible microbial origin, occurring in the Iron Age Etruscan necropolis of Tarquinia, in Italy. These tombs provide a unique environment where the hypogeal walls of the tombs are covered by this speleothem. To study moonmilk formation, we investigated the bacterial community in the rock in which the tombs were carved: calcarenite and hybrid sandstone. We present the first evidence that moonmilk precipitation is driven by microbes within the rocks and not only on the rock surfaces. We also describe how the moonmilk produced within the rocks contributes to rock formation and evolution. The microbial communities of the calcarenite and hybrid sandstone displayed, at the phylum level, the same microbial pattern of the moonmilk sampled from the walls of the hypogeal tombs, suggesting that the moonmilk originates from the metabolism of an endolytic bacterial community. The calcite moonmilk is the only known carbonate speleothem on Earth with undoubted biogenic origin, thus representing a robust and credible biosignature of life. Its presence in the inner parts of rocks adds to its characteristics as a biosignature.
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Madrid i Fernández, Marisol, e Alejandro G. Sinner. "La vajilla de barniz negro en Empúries y la Layetania. Origen y técnica de producción a partir de su caracterización arqueométrica". Archivo Español de Arqueología 94 (22 marzo 2021): e01. http://dx.doi.org/10.3989/aespa.094.021.01.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
El objetivo de este artículo es aportar nuevos datos sobre la cerámica de barniz negro tardorrepublicana distribuida en Empúries, que nos permitan avanzar en su origen, así como profundizar en aspectos relacionados con su proceso de fabricación. Para ello, y en el marco de un proyecto más amplio que incluye el análisis de diversos yacimientos de la costa catalana, se ha procedido a la caracterización arqueométrica de una muestra que incluye cerámicas clasificadas arqueológicamente como imitaciones de Campaniense A, Campaniense A, Etruscas, Cales antiguo, Cales medio y Cales tardío. Los resultados muestran que todos los individuos a priori calenos se corresponderían en realidad con producciones etrusco/laciales. Por otro lado, aquellas cerámicas clasificadas como imitaciones de Campaniense A, presentan características composicionales similares al taller de Rosas, de cronología anterior (mitad del siglo IV ‒ finales del siglo III a. C.). En relación con las cerámicas etruscas, se puede proponer Arezzo o Volterra como posibles áreas de origen; y, finalmente, la cerámica clasificada como Campaniense A se correspondería con la fabricada en Nápoles.
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Coppa, Eleonora, Silvia Celletti, Francesco Sestili, Tanja Mimmo, Maria Dolores Garcia Molina, Stefano Cesco e Stefania Astolfi. "Interaction between Sulfate and Selenate in Tetraploid Wheat (Triticum turgidum L.) Genotypes". International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24, n. 6 (13 marzo 2023): 5443. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms24065443.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Selenium (Se) is an essential micronutrient of fundamental importance to human health and the main Se source is from plant-derived foods. Plants mainly take up Se as selenate (SeO42−), through the root sulfate transport system, because of their chemical similarity. The aims of this study were (1) to characterize the interaction between Se and S during the root uptake process, by measuring the expression of genes coding for high-affinity sulfate transporters and (2) to explore the possibility of increasing plant capability to take up Se by modulating S availability in the growth medium. We selected different tetraploid wheat genotypes as model plants, including a modern genotype, Svevo (Triticum turgidum ssp. durum), and three ancient Khorasan wheats, Kamut, Turanicum 21, and Etrusco (Triticum turgidum ssp. turanicum). The plants were cultivated hydroponically for 20 days in the presence of two sulfate levels, adequate (S = 1.2 mM) and limiting (L = 0.06 mM), and three selenate levels (0, 10, 50 μM). Our findings clearly showed the differential expression of genes encoding the two high-affinity transporters (TdSultr1.1 and TdSultr1.3), which are involved in the primary uptake of sulfate from the rhizosphere. Interestingly, Se accumulation in shoots was higher when S was limited in the nutrient solution.
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Corrêa, João Nazareno Pantoja, e João Cláudio Brandemberg. "História e tecnologias digitais no ensino de poliedros regulares". Boletim Cearense de Educação e História da Matemática 9, n. 26 (19 aprile 2022): 125–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.30938/bocehm.v9i26.7995.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Neste trabalho buscamos a partir de elementos relacionados ao objeto matemático Poliedro uma abordagem de ensino de conteúdos geométricos que considere aspectos de seu desenvolvimento histórico na Antiguidade e do uso de tecnologias. Objetivamos contribuir produzindo uma literatura que possa fornecer um material, em português, para o ensino de poliedros regulares, e que leve em consideração aspectos de seu desenvolvimento histórico e do uso de tecnologias. Assim, trazemos um referencial histórico e o uso de dois softwares de geometria dinâmica que podem dar maior interação ao processo, tornando o estudo de tal conteúdo mais significante. Para tanto, em nossa abordagem histórica, iniciamos com os primeiros registros encontrados sobre poliedros na pré-história, posteriormente trazemos relatos da antiguidade clássica relacionados aos conhecimentos dos povos da Mesopotâmia, das civilizações egípcias, bem como dos etruscos e dos gregos, e ainda de matemáticos alexandrinos. Sobre o uso de tecnologias no ensino de conteúdos geométricos, buscamos desenvolver um melhor entendimento por parte do leitor sobre as Tecnologias Digitais da Informação e Comunicação (TDIC) e discutimos sobre as potencialidades do uso destas no ensino de conteúdos matemáticos, apresentando em seguida os softwares de geometria dinâmica: Poly e o Great Stella. Por fim trazemos nossas considerações onde inferimos que o uso da História da Matemática e das tecnologias, trabalhadas de forma efetiva com nossos estudantes poderá lhes permitir dedicar maior atenção aos conteúdos matemáticos estudados.
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Terrenato, Nicola. "Tam Firmum Municipium: The Romanization of Volaterrae and its Cultural Implications". Journal of Roman Studies 88 (novembre 1998): 94–114. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/300806.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The aim of the present paper is to reassess the events connected with the Romanization of the Etruscan metropolis of Volaterrae in the light of recent archaeological findings. The results of the Cecina Valley survey and of other related fieldwork have prompted a full reconsideration of the issue: indeed, they show a very different picture when compared with some of the recent mainstream reconstructions of the making of central Roman Italy; in particular, they are in sharp contrast with what was found in other Tyrrhenian regions, such as Southern Etruria or Campania. In line with these developments, recent local work in various parts of Italy now strongly suggests the need to consider each area, almost each civitas, individually, leaving aside for the moment overarching models based on insufficient data. This appears to resonate with a wider and growing realization that the process of Romanization, all over the Empire, exhibits a very heterogeneous and dialectic character, so much so that the appropriateness of the very term has often been put in question. For this reason, Romanization will be used here only in its weakest sense, simply as a convenient term covering the events involved in the creation of a new and unified political entity, disclaiming any assumptions concerning the acculturation of non-Roman ethnic groups. What is clearly emerging is a need for a new generation of regional studies, with the aim of carefully charting the trajectory of each community towards incorporation in the Roman state and working towards the creation of far more robust and informed syntheses. The present paper strives to make a contribution in this direction.
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Alonso, Juan Luis García. "Mount Parnassos and the Labyrinth: From Korinthos to Knossos, from Zakynthos to Halicarnassus". Вопросы Ономастики 20, n. 2 (2023): 9–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.15826/vopr_onom.2023.20.2.014.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
This paper revisits the Greek *-nthos- and *-ssos/*-ttos names and analyzes them in the context of the language contacts between the Pre-Proto-Greek peoples arriving in Greece and the Pre-Greek populations already in place. It starts overviewing the prehistoric process of formation of the Greek language from Proto-Indo-European. A few concepts are defined, such as Pre-Proto-Greek, Proto-Greek, Common Greek and Pre-Greek. After an update on the main hypotheses regarding the dates of entry into Greece, the author stresses the role of the Pre-Greek substratum in the shaping of Proto-Greek due to the implicit phenomenon of language shift completed by the Pre-Greek population, and proceeds to an initial analysis, on the basis of the limited data available, of the Pre-Greek language(s), making use of Pre-Greek onomastics as the main, albeit indirect, source of information. With these names on the table, it is postulated that the phonological structure of the Proto-Greek plosive consonants (the fact, in particular, that the inherited voiced aspirated plosives appear as voiceless aspirated plosives in Greek) may show the effect of Pre-Greek, whose linguistic affiliation has given rise to several conflicting theories and many doubts. Even if the Anatolian hypothesis has seduced many researchers, a non-Indo-European option seems preferable. After considering different Pre-Indo-European proposals (Beekes, Facchetti, Schrijver), conclusions are drawn about possible coincidences between the Pre-Greek and Etruscan phonological systems and what this may imply. Schrijver’s recent suggestion that perhaps the language of the Minoans could be distantly related to Hattic is also considered. This could constitute an alternative explanation to the toponymic coincidences between the two regions: they could be sharing a pre-Indo-European substratum.
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Шевлякова, Д. "Коммерциализация исторической памяти в названиях итальянских вин начала XXI в. (Commercialization of Historical Memory in the Names of Italian Wines in the Early 21st Century)". Вестник антропологии (Herald of Anthropology), n. 2023 №3 (10 settembre 2023): 165–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.33876/2311-0546/2023-3/165-183.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Статья посвящена исследованию принципов исторической номинации в коммерческих наименованиях итальянских вин, которые появились на рынке сбыта в период 2000–2022 гг. Гипотезой исследования стало утверждение, что коммерческое наименование вина является инструментом актуализации и экстериоризации коллективной памяти локального сообщества, которое таким образом конструирует идею нужного ему прошлого сетевым методом. Для проведения исследования методом репрезентативной выборки с сайтов производителей итальянских вин и специализированных журналов винодельческой продукции были выделены единицы исследования (энонимы). Наименования вин были проанализированы с точки зрения лингво-когнитивных и культурно-исторических критериев, которыми предположительно руководствовались производители вина, выбирая исторические названия для винной продукции с целью сбыта их потенциальным покупателям – представителям локальных сообществ. Логика процесса коммерциализации вина позволила выявить лингво-коммуникативный механизм энонима, функционирующего по принципу имплицитного нарратива, автор которого – производитель вина, а рецепиент – потребитель вина. В статье были проанализированы исторические страты из истории Древнего Мира (Древний Рим, Древняя Греция, история самнитских народов), которые стали продуктивным материалом для реконструирования коллективной памяти итальянских локальных сообществ. Соответственно, были выделены знаки, символы и представления исторической памяти в коммуникативной прагматике локального, национального и универсального уровней. Исследование показало, что в Италии релевантно понятие локальной идентичности, а не этнической. Границы локальной идентичности очерчивает общая история, актуализируются те ее страты, которые сопричастны «великому прошлому», в пределе – сакральному прошлому. The article is devoted to the study of historical nomination in the commercial appellations of Italian wines that appeared on the market in the period 2000–2022. The study tested the hypothesis that the commercial name of wine is a tool for updating and exteriorizing the collective memory of the local community, which thus constructs the idea of the past it needs using the network method. A representative sample of research units (enonyms) was selected from the websites of Italian wine producers and specialized magazines of wine products. The names of wines were analyzed in terms of linguo-cognitive and cultural-historical criteria that supposedly guided wine producers when choosing historical names for wine products in order to sell them to potential buyers – representatives of local communities. The logic of the wine commercialization process made it possible to identify the linguo-communicative mechanism of the enonym, which functions as an implicit narrative, created by the wine producer for the wine consumer. The article analyzes historical strata from the history of the Ancient World (Ancient Rome, Ancient Greece, Etruscan culture, the history of the Samnite peoples), which serves as productive material for reconstructing the collective memory of Italian local communities. Accordingly, signs, symbols and representations of historical memory were identified in the communicative pragmatics of the local, national and universal levels. The study showed that in Italy the concept of local rather than ethic identity is relevant. The boundaries of local identity are outlined by a common history, its strata that are involved in the "great past", or even the sacred past, are actualized.
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Gavini, Alberto. "Le religioni orientali nel Mediterraneo antico tra politeismo e monoteismo - CORINNE BONNET, SERGIO RIBICHINI e DIRK STEUERNAGEL (a cura di), RELIGIONI IN CONTATTO NEL MEDITERRANEO ANTICO. MODALITÀ DI DIFFUSIONE E PROCESSI DI INTERFERENZA. Atti del 3° colloquio su “Le religioni orientali nel mondo greco e romano”, Loveno di Menaggio (Como), 26-28 maggio 2006 (Mediterranea IV, 2007; Quaderni di Archeologia Etrusco-Italica; Fabrizio Serra Editore, Pisa-Roma2008). Pp. 363, many figs. ISSN 1827-0506. EUR. 845 (institutions), EUR. 725 (individuals)." Journal of Roman Archaeology 23 (2010): 618–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1047759400002816.
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Tomanelli, Lauren. "Demons and Forgetting in Etruscan Homeric Art". Etruscan and Italic Studies, 18 agosto 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/etst-2023-0001.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Abstract This paper examines the inclusion of Etruscan demons such as Charun and Vanth in Homeric art, using the François Tomb as a case study. The combination of Greek and Etruscan figures is often described as a “patchwork” of influences. I argue that the “patchwork” approach is anachronistic and that fourth-century viewers would not have seen such a dichotomous opposition between Etruscan demons and Greek myths. Anthropological memory theory supplies a new framework for understanding the inclusion of Greek myths in the Etruscan pantheon. I argue that the François Tomb was the end product of a centuries-long process of forgetting: the Greek origin of the Homeric myths was no longer felt as acutely in the fourth century as when the two cultures first made contact. By the fourth century, the blending was not a calculated change or an attempt to show off foreign knowledge. It was a representation of the Etruscans’ own cultural memory, adapted over three centuries of Greek contact to become a syncretic system.
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Masseti, Marco. "Representations of birds in Etruscan art (6th - late 4th century BC)". Quaternary International, dicembre 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2020.12.013.
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Steingräber, Stephan. "The Process of Urbanization of Etruscan Settlements from the Late Villanovan to the Late Archaic Period". Etruscan Studies 8, n. 1 (gennaio 2001). http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/etst.2001.8.1.7.
Testo completo
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Cumming, Ivette, Miguel Quintanilla, César Celis e Alejandro Hidalgo. "Características radiográficas craneofaciales de la Displasia Ectodérmica". Reporte Imagenológico Dentomaxilofacial 2, n. 1 (29 giugno 2023). http://dx.doi.org/10.60094/rid.20230101-21.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
La displasia ectodérmica (DE) es un grupo de afecciones derivadas del ectodermo, observándose hipoplasia o aplasia de las estructuras involucradas. Los fenotipos más frecuentes son la DE hipohidrótica e hidrótica. El más prevalente es el hipohidrótico, causado por mutaciones en gen EDA1 en el cromosoma X. Las características clínicas de la DE hipohidrótica incluyen hipohidrosis, hipotricosis, e hipodoncia. La DE hidrótica clínicamente presenta hipotricosis, distrofia ungueal y queratodermia palmoplantar. Intraoralmente, la DE hipohidrótica presenta anomalías dentales de forma y número, con un esmalte más propenso a caries y daños mecánicos. Puede haber inflamación atrófica de la mucosa, xerostomía y en ocasiones disfagia. Entre los signos radiográficos se observan anomalías dentales y atrofia de los procesos alveolares. Hombre de 14 años con DE acude a la Facultad de Odontología de la Universidad de Talca para una evaluación clínica. En radiografía panorámica se observó ausencia de múltiples dientes, y alteración de forma coronaria y radicular en los dientes presentes. La telerradiografía lateral mostró atrofia del proceso alveolar en ambos maxilares, tercio inferior disminuido, retrusión y atrofia mandibular, etrusión maxilar y proinclinación incisiva maxilar.Si bien los estudios imagenológicos bidimensionales colaboran a un diagnóstico adecuado, los exámenes tridimensionales facilitan la planificación y el tratamiento en pacientes con DE. Las malformaciones faciales y dentales severas del presente caso afectan la función masticatoria y estética, ocasionando que el tratamiento sea complejo y requiera de un equipo multidisciplinario.
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Beni, Tommaso, Diletta Borselli, Lorenzo Bonechi, Luca Lombardi, Sandro Gonzi, Laura Melelli, Maria Angela Turchetti et al. "Laser scanner and UAV digital photogrammetry as support tools for cosmic-ray muon radiography applications: an archaeological case study from Italy". Scientific Reports 13, n. 1 (15 novembre 2023). http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-46661-4.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
AbstractThe use of light detection and ranging technologies, i.e. terrestrial laser scanner (TLS), airborne laser scanner (ALS) and mobile laser scanner (MLS), together with the unmanned aerial vehicles digital photogrammetry (UAV-DP) and satellite data are proving to be fundamental tools to carry out reliable muographic measurement campaigns. The main purpose of this paper is to propose a workflow to correctly plan and exploit these types of data for muon radiography aims. To this end, a real case study is presented: searching for hidden tombs in the Etruscan necropolis of Palazzone (Umbria, Italy). A high-resolution digital elevation model (DEM) and three-dimensional models of the ground surface/sub-surface of the study area were created by merging data obtained using different survey methods to achieve the most accurate three-dimensional environment. Indeed, the simulated muon flux transmission used to infer relative transmission values, and the estimated density distribution, depends on the reliability of the three-dimensional reconstructed ground surface model. The aim of this study is to provide knowledge on the use of TLS and UAV-DP data and GPS-acquired points within the transmission-based muography process and how these data could improve or worsen the muon imaging results. Moreover, this study confirmed that muography applications require a multidisciplinary approach.
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Grömer, Karina, Astrid Fendt, Morten Grymer-Hansen, Anna Zimmermann, Kayleigh Saunderson, Camilla Cziffery Nielsen e Francisco B. Gomes. "Displaying and Experiencing Dress Identities in Museums: Case Studies from the Etruscan Period to Modern Times". Zea Books, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.32873/unl.dc.zea.1803.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Dress, clothes, and accessories receive and give meaning through their nearness to the human body. As P. Stallybrass writes: “Bodies come and go: the clothes that have received those bodies survive.” It is through the close interaction between dress and person that they both receive their meaning. Clothes shape the human body, and we in return shape our clothes. Dress communicates class, gender, nationality, and marital status, and we leave behind parts of us in its smell, wrinkles, wear, and tear: “Clothes receive the human imprint.” Archaeological and historical dress — no matter how ancient — remain intrinsically linked to their wearers. These are objects of use, affection, value, and memory, and through the study of the dress of past people, we may wear their habits and inhabit their spaces however briefly. The visual appearance of people, in more recent times as well as throughout history, is a clear marker of identity and an important communication medium. For this reason, costume and jewelry serve as an “anchor point” to involve people of the 21st century in studies of the life of prehistoric and ancient societies. This is worth considering, as archaeological textile research needs a strong commitment to public outreach and education, as well as to be integrated into the challenges of our time and to participate in current debates. Through the lens of deep history, it can inspire people to think about such questions as identity, resource use, and shared heritage, among others. Dissemination of textiles and clothing for the broader public in museums is realized through various channels. These range from the exhibition of individual objects, such as textiles, garments, jewelry, and dress accessories, to virtual recreations, and encompasses workshops, citizen science projects for the recreation of historical garments, media-effective historical fashion shows, and reinterpretations of aspects of historical garments through contemporary fashion. This remains an ongoing process, since the interpretation of the past will never be complete, and every generation formulates new approaches. The EuroWeb COST Action (2020–2024) serves as an innovative hub to gain understanding of historical as well as recent dress identities. For this contribution, different aspects of the history of fashion from various museums have been selected as case studies, to demonstrate the wide span of possibilities for displaying and experiencing Dress Identities. Our journey starts with Etruscan jewelry as displayed at the Staatliche Antikensammlungen in Munich (Germany), leading to Early Medieval dress, recreated from various sources as a physical dress ensemble as well as a virtual one, and used for science communication at the Natural History Museum Vienna (Austria) and Halle an der Saale (Germany). As both of the first examples derive from archaeological contexts, we do not have complete garments. This was why we also wanted to explore the possibilities for dissemination of “folk historic costumes”, like a traditional mourning dress as displayed at the Museum Amager (Denmark).
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Ruggieri, Nicola. "The genesis of timber trusses: “unexpected” affinities between roofs carpentry in Etruria and Phrygia during the Antiquity". Rivista Tema 08, SI (26 ottobre 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.30682/tema08sic.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The genesis of wooden trusses is a very controversial issue as the archaeological data, scarce and incomplete, are not very explicit. Indirect pieces of evidence of roof carpentry organized according to a truss system seem to have been found, at least from the Iron Age, in the Mediterranean basin. However, these are isolated cases that probably did not have a decisive influence on the evolution of the roofs of the immediately following eras. Full awareness of the potential and a systematization occurred in the Roman scope, and only in the Late Antiquity, there was a notable widespread, especially in the basilicas, of such an organization of the roof structure. In the concept process of the trusses, a considerable contribution is to be recognized to the Etruscan and Phrygian civilizations. Besides having in common an advanced development of timber structures, these cultures show diverse “coincidences” in material culture. In fact, for both peoples, relying on the iconography of figurative products, the articulation of the roof carpentry widely used in Antiquity is comparable, at least in the essential members and in their arrangement, to a truss. The contribution also provides data, with particular regard to those of a constructive nature, about the oldest existing wooden carpentry, dating back to the Early Phrygian period and belonging to the roof of the burial chamber of the “MM” tomb of the ancient city of Gordion (present-day Yassıhöyük village, in Anatolia).
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Шаркова, Екатерина Никитична. "Methodology of a glass latern conservation and restoration painted by cold technique". Искусство Евразии, n. 4(11) (27 dicembre 2018). http://dx.doi.org/10.25712/astu.2518-7767.2018.04.018.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Предметом исследования и реставрации является фонарь матового стекла из коллекции музея-усадьбы Останкино. Он был частью убранства Этрусской гостиной Фонтанного дома графа Д.Н. Шереметева. Состояние сохранности плафона было удручающим, он был разбит на десятки фрагментов, живопись на стекле осыпалась. Для определения плана и материалов консервации и реставрации были проведены физико-химические исследования, устанавливающие технику росписи – необжиговыми красками на основе органической смолы. Далее была разработана методика укрепления, очистки и восполнения красочного слоя. После укрепления и очистки красочного слоя была проведена склейка предварительно подобранных фрагментов. Затем были восполнены утраты: небольшие – доливались по месту клеевым составом, большие – восполнялись путем снятия силиконовых форм и отливки в них восполнений. После восстановления всей формы фонаря были тонированы восполнения и клеевые швы, а также проведен монтаж предварительно очищенной бронзовой оправы. The subject of our research and restoration comes from a collection of the Ostankino Estate. This lantern is a part of decoration of the Etruscan living room of the Fountain House in St. Petersburg belonged to a count Sheremetev. The condition of safety of a lantern was disappointing, it was broken into several large and many medium and very small fragments. It consisted of 100 fragments. Many pieces were lost. On all surface of glass and a painting layer we could observe the strong pollution. The color layer was badly destroyed, the surface of the fragments was very dirty there was a widespread peeling of the paint scales, the painting was constantly crumbling at every touch. From the point of view of conservation and restoration operations it is interesting to know the old manufacturing technology of the lantern, namely technique of painting. Therefore at first we took samples of a paint layer and gave them on the analysis to our physical and chemical laboratory. The research was conducted by the following methods: microscopy in the reflected light, microchemistry, X-ray Fourier microspectroscopy. After that the technique of consolidation, cleaning and filling the gaps of a paint layer was developed. The joining process was initiated with the selection of fragments belonging to each other. Gluing started with the tiny fragments, until you get several large pieces of the lantern, let's call them blocks. Small loss on the already glued small blocks was then filled in place with an adhesive composition. The next stage was making of silicone molds of lost fragments. Large missing fragments were made using Araldite 2020. After reconstruction the whole form of the lantern, was completed tinting all the small losses, chips and adhesive joints by the developed technique. And the last step was the installation of pre-treated bronze frame.