Tesi sul tema "Ethylene epoxidation"

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1

Ozbek, Murat Olus. "Computational Study Of Ethylene Epoxidation". Phd thesis, METU, 2011. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12613856/index.pdf.

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This work computationally investigates the partial oxidation of ethylene (i.e. ethylene epoxidation) using periodic Density Functional Theory (DFT) on slab models that represent the catalyst surfaces. The mechanical aspects of the reaction were investigated on silver surfaces, which are industrially applied catalysts, for a wide range of surface models varying from metallic surfaces with low oxygen coverage to oxide surfaces. For comparison, the metallic and oxide phases of copper and gold were also studied. On these surfaces, the reaction paths and the transition states along these paths for the selective and non-selective reaction channels were obtained using the climbing image nudged elastic band (CI-NEB) method. In order to answer the question &ldquo
what is the relation between the surface state and the ethylene oxide selectivity?&rdquo
metallic (100), (110) and (111) surfaces of Cu, Ag and Au
and, (001) surfaces of Cu2O, Ag2O and Au2O oxides were studied and compared. For the studied metallic surfaces, it was found that the selective and non-selective reaction channels proceed through the oxametallacycle (OMC) intermediate, and the product selectivity depends on the relative barriers of the these channels, in agreement with the previous reports. However for the studied metallic surfaces and oxygen coverages, a surface state that favors the ethylene oxide (EO) formation was not identified. The studied Au surfaces did not favor the oxygen adsorption and dissociation, and the Cu surfaces favored the non-selective product (acetaldehyde, AA) formation. Nevertheless, the results of Ag surfaces are in agreement with the ~50% EO selectivity of the un-promoted silver catalyst. The catalyst surface in the oxide state was modeled by the (001) surfaces of the well defined Cu2O, Ag2O and Au2O oxide phases. Among these three oxides, the Cu2O is found not to favor EO formation whereas Au2O is known to be unstable, however selective for epoxidation. The major finding of this work is the identification of a direct epoxidation path that is enabled by the reaction of the surface oxygen atoms, which are in two-fold (i.e. bridge) positions and naturally exist on (001) oxide surfaces of the studied metals. Among the three oxides studied, only Ag2O(001) surface does not show a barrier for the formation of adsorbed epoxide along the direct epoxidation path. Moreover, the overall heat of reaction that is around 105 kJ/mol agrees well with the previous reports. The single step, direct epoxidation path is a key step in explaining the high EO selectivities observed. Also for the oxide surfaces, the un-selective reaction that ends up in combustion products is found to proceed through the OMC mechanism where aldehyde formation is favored. Another major finding of this study is that, for the studied oxide surfaces two different types of OMC intermediates are possible. The first possibility is the formation of the OMC intermediate on oxygen vacant sites, where the ethylene can interact with the surface metal atoms directly. The second possibility is the formation of a direct OMC intermediate, through the interaction of the gas phase ethylene with the non-vacant oxide surface. This occurs through the local surface reconstruction induced by the ethylene. The effect of Cl promotion was also studied. Coadsorption of Cl is found to suppress the oxygen vacant sites and also the reconstruction effects that are induced by ethylene adsorption. Thus, by preventing the interaction of the ethylene directly with the surface metal atoms, Cl prevents the OMC formation, therefore the non-selective channel. At the same time Cl increases the electrophilicity of reacting surface oxygen. The direct epoxidation path appears to be stabilized by coadsorbed oxygen atoms. Thus, we carry the discussions on the silver catalyzed ethylene epoxidation one step further. Herein we present that the EO selectivity will be limited in the case of metallic catalyst, whereas, the oxide surfaces enable a direct mechanism where EO is produced selectively. The role of the Cl promoter is found to be mainly steric where it blocks the sites of non-selective channel.
2

Law, D. "Aspects of ethylene epoxidation catalysis". Thesis, University of Liverpool, 1992. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.333563.

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3

Tan, S. A. "The mechanism of ethylene epoxidation". Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1986. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.383935.

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4

Gaudet, Jason. "Gas-Phase Epoxidation of Ethylene and Propylene". Diss., Virginia Tech, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/29341.

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Catalysts consisting of silver on α-Al2O3, α-SiC, and β-SiC supports were synthesized and tested for catalytic performance in the gas-phase direct oxidation of ethylene to ethylene oxide. For this study, which used no promoters, ethylene oxidation selectivity of SiC-supported catalysts ranged from 10 to 60% and conversion from 0-4.5%. Silicon carbide supported catalysts exhibited poor performance except for a surface-modified β-SiC-supported catalyst, which demonstrated conversion and selectivity similar to that of an α-Al2O3-supported catalyst. This Ag/β-SiC catalyst was further investigated with a kinetic study, and the reaction orders were found to be 0.18 with respect to ethylene and 0.34 with respect to oxygen. The kinetic results were consistent with Langmuir-Hinshelwood rate expressions developed from single-site and dual-site reaction mechanisms. Gold nanoparticles on titanium oxide and titania-silica supports are active for the formation of propylene oxide by the oxidation of propylene with hydrogen and oxygen mixtures. This study investigates the effect of cyanide treatment on gold supported on titanosilicate zeolite supports (Au/TS-1). Catalysts treated with weak solutions of sodium cyanide resulted in preferential removal of small gold particles, while catalysts treated with strong solutions resulted in dissolution of the gold and re-precipitation as gold (+1) cyanide. X-ray absorption spectroscopy demonstrated that catalysts which produce propylene oxide in the presence of hydrogen and oxygen mixtures had supported gold (+3) oxide nanoparticles of 3 nm size after synthesis, which were reduced to gold metal at reaction conditions. Samples treated with strong solutions of sodium cyanide resulted in supported gold (+1) cyanide particles of large size, 9-11 nm. These particles did not produce propylene oxide but, surprisingly, showed high selectivity toward propylene hydrogenation. Increasing gold (+1) cyanide particle size resulted in a decrease in hydrogenation activity. TS-1 and Au/TS-1 surfaces were studied with laser Raman spectroscopy. Surface fluorescence was substantially reduced with a low-temperature ozone treatment, allowing observation of titanosilicate framework bands. Hydrocarbon vibrations are observed for TS-1 and Au/TS-1 under propylene. Density functional theory models indicated that propylene adsorbed to a metal site along the Ï bond would show a Raman spectrum very similar to gas-phase propylene except for out-of-plane C-H vibrations, which would be moved to higher energy. This adsorption spectrum, with out-of-plane vibrations shifted to higher energy, was observed for both TS-1 and Au/TS-1. Langmuir adsorption isotherms were generated for both TS-1 and Au/TS-1, and a scaling factor derived from propylene uptake experiments allowed these isotherms to be scaled to propylene coverage of titanium.
Ph. D.
5

Hague, Mathew. "A microreactor study on the epoxidation of ethylene over silver catalysts". Thesis, University of Manchester, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.516163.

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6

Anantharaman, Bharthwaj. "Reaction mechanisms for catalytic partial oxidation systems : application to ethylene epoxidation". Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/32328.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Chemical Engineering, 2005.
Includes bibliographical references.
With the rapid advances in kinetic modeling, building elementary surface mechanisms have become vital to understand the complex chemistry for catalytic partial oxidation systems. Given that there is selected experimental knowledge on surface species and a large number of unknown thermochemical, rate parameters, the challenge is to integrate the knowledge to identify all the important species and accurately estimate the parameters to build a detailed surface mechanism. This thesis presents computational methodology for quickly calculating thermodynamically consistent temperature/coverage-dependent heats of formation, heat capacities and entropies, correction approach for improving accuracy in heats of formation predicted by composite G3- based quantum chemistry methods, and detailed surface mechanism for explaining selectivity in ethylene epoxidation. Basis of the computational methodology is the Unity Bond Index- Quadratic Exponential Potential (UBI-QEP) approach, which applies quadratic exponential potential to model interaction energies between atoms and additive pairwise energies to compute total energy of an adsorbed molecule. By minimizing the total energy subject to bond order constraint, formulas for chemisorption enthalpies have been derived for surface species bound to on-top, hollow and bridge coordination sites with symmetric, asymmetric and chelating coordination structures on transition metal catalysts. The UBI-QEP theory for diatomics has been extended for polyatomic adsorbates with empirical modifications to the theory.
(cont.) Formulas for activation energies have been derived for generic reaction types, including simple adsorption, dissociation-recombination, and disproportionation reactions. Basis of the correction approach is the Bond Additivity Correction (BAC) procedures, which apply atomic, molecular and bond- wise modifications to enthalpies of molecules predicted by G3B3 and G3MP2B3 composite quantum chemistry methods available in Gaussian® suite of programs. The new procedures have improved the accuracy of thermochemical properties for open and closed shell molecules containing various chemical moieties, multireference configurations, isomers and degrees of saturation involving elements from first 3 rows of the periodic table. The detailed mechanism explains the selectivity to ethylene oxide based on the parallel branching reactions of surface oxametallacycle to epoxide and acetaldehyde. Using Decomposition Tree Approach, surface reactions and species have been generated to develop a comprehensive mechanism for epoxidation. As a result of these developments in the thesis, chemisorption enthalpies can now be estimated within 3 kcal/mol of experimental values for transition metal catalysts and enthalpies predicted by G3B3 and G3MP2B3 Gaussian methods can be corrected within 0.5 kcal/mol. Examples of heterogeneous reaction systems involving silver-catalyzed ethylene epoxidation demonstrate the effectiveness of the methodologies developed in this work.
by Bharthwaj Anantharaman.
Ph.D.
7

Fellah, Mehmet Ferdi. "A Density Functional Theory Study Of Catalytic Epoxidation Of Ethylene And Propylene". Phd thesis, METU, 2009. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/3/12611228/index.pdf.

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The reactions which give the products ethylene oxide, vinyl alcohol, vinyl aldehyde and vinyl radical for ethylene oxidation and the reactions which give propylene oxide, propanal, acetone and pi-allyl radical for propylene oxidation were investigated by using Density Functional Theory (DFT) method with B3LYP/LanL2DZ and 6-31g(d,p) basis sets in Gaussian&rsquo
03 software. Silver and silver oxide were used as catalyst surface cluster models. Surface comparison was made for silver (111), (110) and (100) surfaces. Ethylene oxidation reaction was studied on these silver surfaces. Oxygen effect on ethylene oxide formation reaction was also investigated on silver (111) surface. Ethylene and propylene oxidation reactions were completed on both Ag13(111) and Ag14O9(001) surface clusters. VASP software which utilizes periodic plane wave basis sets was also used to compare trends of reactions for ethylene and propylene oxidations obtained by using Gaussian&rsquo
03 software. According to results, silver (110) surface is more active for ethylene oxide formation than (111) and (100) surfaces. Hill site of (110) surface is much more active than hollow site of (110) surface since oxygen atom weakly adsorbed on hill site. Ethyl aldehyde and vinyl alcohol can not be formed on Ag(111) surface because of those higher activation barriers while ethylene oxide can be formed on cluster. Activation barrier for ethylene oxide formation decreases with increasing oxygen coverage on Ag(111) surface. Ethylene oxametallocycle intermediate molecule was not formed on Ag2O(001) surface while it is formed on surface oxide structure on Ag(111). Ethyl aldehyde and vinyl alcohol are not formed on silver oxide (001) surface. For propylene oxidation, &
#928
-allyl formation path has the lowest activation barrier explaining why silver is not a good catalyst for the propylene oxide formation while it is a good catalyst for the ethylene oxide formation. This situation is valid for silver oxide. Propylene oxide selectivity increased in the gas phase oxidation. The qualitative relative energy trend obtained by VASP software is the similar with that of calculations obtained by using GAUSSIAN&rsquo
03 software.
8

Sullivan, Mark. "Alkali nitroxy-anions in the ultra-selective catalytic process for ethylene epoxidation". Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1988. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.303276.

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9

Dellamorte, Joseph C. "Investigation of silver based catalysts for ethylene epoxidation high throughput studies and characterization /". Access to citation, abstract and download form provided by ProQuest Information and Learning Company; downloadable PDF file, 288 p, 2009. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1821286341&sid=9&Fmt=2&clientId=8331&RQT=309&VName=PQD.

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10

Gava, Paola. "Modeling the catalyst selectivity in the ethylene epoxidation reaction : a first principles study". Doctoral thesis, SISSA, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11767/3933.

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11

Kursawe, Ansgar. "Partial Oxidation of Ethene to Ethylene Oxide in Microchannel Reactors". Doctoral thesis, Universitätsbibliothek Chemnitz, 2010. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:ch1-qucosa-60728.

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In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurde die heterogen katalysierte Oxidation von Ethen zu Ethylenoxid an Silberkatalysatoren untersucht. Ziel dieser Arbeit war es, Mikrostrukturreaktoren für schnelle und stark exotherme Oxidationsreaktionen zu erproben und diese Epoxidation diente als Modellreaktion. Gleichzeitig wurden explosions- und flammhemmende Eigenschaften des Mikrostrukturreaktors ausgenutzt, um die partielle Oxidation von Ethen zu Ethyenoxid im Explosionsbereich (> 9% Sauerstoff) ohne Sicherheitsprobleme zu ermöglichen. Um die gesteckten Ziele zu erreichen wurden zwei parallele Lösungswege beschritten. Zunächst wurden modulare Mikrostrukturreaktoren und geeignete mikrostrukturierte Katalysatorträger entwickelt, um Untersuchungen verschiedener katalytischer Beschichtungen in dieser neuen und nicht allgemein verfügbaren Reaktorbauweise zu ermöglichen. Zur katalytische Erprobungen dieser Konstruktion war es notwendig, geeignete Beschichtungstechniken zur Immobilisierung katalytisch aktiver Spezies zu entwickeln. Durch die Bauweise dieser Reaktoren als Wandreaktor erschien es anfänglich nicht möglich, kommerziell verfügbare pellet-artige Katalysatoren zu verwenden. Daher wurden, parallel zur Konstruktion der modularen Mikroreaktoren, verschiedene auf Silber basierende Beschichtungstechniken hinsichtlich ihrer Eignung für diese Reaktion erprobt. Zur Erprobung kamen u.a. Silberimmobilisierung in einem durch anodischen Oxidation erzeugen Porensystem bzw. einer durch Sol-Gel Beschichtung erzeugten a-Aluminiumoxid Schicht und die Abscheidung von metallischem Silber per Vakuumbeschichtung auf einem Trägermaterial. Zuletzt wurde die Immobilisierung eines gemahlenen, kommerziellen Katalysators per elektrostatischer Pulverabscheidung auf einem entsprechend präparierten Trägermaterial vorgenommen und erfolgreich erprobt. Die wichtigste Erkenntnis dieser Arbeit aus chemisch-katalytischer Sicht ist der enorm positive Einfluss hoher Sauerstoffkonzentrationen auf die Selektivität und gleichzeitig den Umsatz des umzusetzenden Ethylens. Wird die Sauerstoffkonzentration von unter 10% auf bis zu 80% erhöht, so steigt die Selektivität zu Ethylenoxid um ca. 10% an und simultan kann der Umsatzgrad abhängig vom Katalysator und der Reaktortemperatur um den Faktor 2 bis 10 gesteigert werden. Diese Beobachtung wurde für jeden funktionierenden Katalysator gemacht, unabhängig von dessen Herstellung. Mittels Promotoren wie Cs-Salzen und Stickoxiden konnte die Selektivität in Abwesenheit gängiger Moderatoren wie Chlorkomponenten auf 70% (Cs-Salze) bzw. 75% (NOx) gesteigert werden. Verfahrenstechnisch ist festzuhalten, dass Mikrostrukturreaktoren gleich welcher Bauweise unter allen Reaktionsbedingungen thermisch stabil und beherrschbar blieben. Es wurden Umsatzgrade bis 99% bezüglich Ethen erzielt bzw. Reaktionstemperaturen von über 630 K bei einem binären Ethylen-Sauerstoff Gemisch (20%/80%) angewendet. Angesichts adiabater Temperaturerhöhungen von mehr als 3000 K konnte dennoch ein stabiler Betrieb des Reaktors festgestellt werden. Diese thermische Stabilität war bei Katalysatoren in Festbettreaktoren nicht gegeben.
12

Peat, Karen Louise. "The mechanisms of ethylene epoxidation on the K+Cl+NO promoted Ag/#alpha#-Al←2O←3 catalyst". Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1993. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.318421.

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13

Kristiansen, Paw. "In situ X-Ray Spectroscopy of Ethylene Epoxidation over Ag and studies of Li-ion batteries and Cu sulfidation". Doctoral thesis, Uppsala universitet, Molekyl- och kondenserade materiens fysik, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-209204.

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This thesis is based on experiments applying synchrotron based X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy(XAS) and Resonant Inelastic X-ray Scattering (RIXS) in the soft X-ray region to energy related systems. The main work of this thesis has been to develop a reaction cell that allowed for in situ XAS and RIXS investigations of the partial epoxidation of ethylene over a Ag catalyst at 1 atm and up to 250C. The developed in situ cell can be used in two sample modes: 1) the Ag catalyst is deposited directly onto the vacuum separating membrane with the reaction gases flowing beneath it or 2) a slightly compressed Ag powder sample is at a distance to the vacuum membrane with the reaction gases flowing between the Ag powder sample and the membrane.Both sample modes offers the total florescence yield, TFY, and the total electron yield, TEY, to be recorded simultaneously. By means of the developed in situ cell a number of oxygen species, residing in/on the Ag surface or in the Ag bulk, have been detected. We claim to detect adsorbed O2 under epoxidation conditions, as well as Ag–O–H groups. We are also able to monitor changes of the absorbed oxygen as we change the composition of the reaction gas feed. The first charging cycle of Li-ion batteries have been investigate by ex situ measurements on the cathode Li2-xMnSiO4 and the anode composite LixNi0:5TiOPO4/C . The initial crystalline material becomes amorphous due to lithiation during the first first charging. We find that the redox behaviors of these two states are significantly different. Sulfidation of natural copper oxides are is found to be strongly promoted when it is grown on the host metal by a disproportionation.
14

Nguyen, Ngoc Linh. "Toward Realistic DFT Description of Complex Systems: Ethylene Epoxidation on Ag-Cu Alloys and RPA Correlation in van der Waals Molecules". Doctoral thesis, SISSA, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11767/4699.

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In this thesis we have studied two different aspects of Density Functional Theory (DFT): (i) the application of DFT with the generalized gradient approximation (GGA) functional for exchange-correlation energy in modeling an heterogeneous catalysis problem, and (ii) the development of a new self-consistent field (scf) strategy to solve the Kohn-Sham (KS) equations that allows to improve the accuracy of DFT method with exact exchange (EXX) and RPA correlation energy functionals in the description of weak chemical interactions. Ethylene epoxidation, one of the largest-scale catalytic processes in the chemical industry, were studied in Chapter 2 of this thesis. The formation of the desired product ethylene oxide (EO) in this reaction is promoted by a Ag-Cu alloy catalyst. In this study, the oxidation of ethylene is considered to occur on the Ag-Cu structures formed by thin copper-oxide layers on an Ag slab. These structures have been determined by theoretical and experimental works to be the favorable structures on the surfaces of Ag-Cu alloys in the high pressure and temperature conditions relevant to experiment. According to the calculations for reaction pathways, we found that the structures of Ag-Cu alloys are selective towards the formation of the EO final product, rather than the undesired product acetaldehyde (Ac) which is readily converted to carbon dioxide. The selectivity of Ag-Cu alloys is found to be higher than pure Ag, in agreement with experimental results. To do this, we carried out a study of the stability of the surface structures in thermodynamic equilibrium conditions ( at T = 600 K and pO2 = 1 atm), and we have shown that the higher selectivities relate to the formation of copper-oxide layers on the Ag slab. Moreover, our theoretical results show that the high selectivity of a copperoxide layer is maintained even when the thickness of the oxide is increased to two layers. In particular, we have found that a very high selectivity could be obtained by structure containing 1.25 ML of Cu and 0.25 ML of sub-surface oxygen. Another important result is the finding of a selectivity indicator that allows to determine the selectivity of the pure metals and alloy catalysts even with the thin oxide structures in ethylene epoxidation reaction. In further works, this indicator could be applied to predict the selectivity of other Ag-based alloys such as Ag-Pd, Ag-Pt, etc. These alloys were found experimentally to be selective catalysts towards the formation of EO. In spite of the great success of DFT when employing the well-known approximations such as LDA or GGA exchange-correlation functionals, the standard DFT approaches exhibit several serious shortcomings, and one of them is the poor or even wrong evaluation of long-range dispersion interactions (i.e., van der Waals interactions). Calculations with the EXX/RPA-correlation energy within the adiabatic connection uctuation-dissipation theorem (ACFDT) formalism have shown as a promising approach that can give the correct description not only of weak bonds but also of systems with covalent bonds. In Chapter 3, we developed the complete scf procedure that enables the optimization of KS systems whose total energy is computed with the EXX/RPA-correlation energy functionals. The implementation has been applied to the study of some simple molecules. In future work, EXX/RPA calculations could be applied to heterogeneous catalysis systems, where the role of van der Waals interactions is still largely unknown. Moreover, improvement of the accuracy of EXX/RPA calculations is also needed. According to ACFDT, one can go beyond the RPA formalism by taking into account higher-level approximations of the exchange-correlation kernel in the Dyson equation such as the time-dependent EXX kernel.
15

Gilbert, Benjamin. "Synthèse de films nanocomposites Ag/YSZ, Ag/CGO & Ag(Cu)/CGO par pulvérisation cathodique magnétron réactive pour l’électrocatalyse de l’éthylène en oxyde d’éthylène". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lorraine, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LORR0257.

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L’oxyde d’éthylène (OE) est un précurseur de nombreuses réactions de chimie fine. Il est produit par la réaction d’époxydation de l’éthylène sur un catalyseur à base d’argent. Néanmoins, afin d’atteindre des sélectivités élevées, le procédé industriel utilise des additifs chlorés dans la phase gaz peu écologiques et des modérateurs alcalins sur le catalyseur. L’objectif de cette étude est d’augmenter la sélectivité vers OE sans utilisation de promoteurs chlorés grâce à des électrocatalyseurs Ag/oxydes à structure fluorite synthétisés en couche mince par pulvérisation cathodique magnétron en atmosphère réactive à haute pression. Durant les tests de catalyse les électrocatalyseurs ont été polarisés dans des cellules en configuration 3 électrodes dédiées à la promotion électrochimique de la catalyse, EPOC. Trois systèmes poreux (Ag/YSZ, Ag/CGO & Ag(Cu)/CGO) ont été développés par pulvérisation cathodique magnétron. Le film Ag/YSZ 4 Pa 25 mA présente une microstructure botryoïde caractéristiques d’une séparation des charges d’argent et de la matrice YSZ. Le film nanocomposite Ag/CGO 4 Pa 70 mA présente une morphologie ouverte de type cerveau avec des nano porosités débouchantes. Enfin, le film Ag(Cu)/CGO 4 Pa 70 mA est constitué de nanofils hydrophobes multiphasés entropique. Durant les tests en conditions d’époxydation de l’éthylène en milieu réducteur, le film Ag/CGO 4 Pa 70 mA a présenté un maximum de sélectivité vers OE de 16,55 % à 220 °C et, sous polarisation, la sélectivité a pu être augmentée de 2,78 % sans modification de la vitesse de réaction par effet NEMCA
Ethylene oxide (EO) is an essential building block for the chemical industry. It is produced by the ethylene epoxidation reaction over a silver-based catalyst. Nevertheless, to achieve high selectivity, industrial processes use chloride additives in the gas phase and alkaline moderators on the catalyst. The aim of this study is to increase EO selectivity without chloride additives thanks to Ag/fluorite oxides electrocatalysts synthesized by reactive magnetron sputtering and incorporated in a 3-electrodes configuration cell designed for electrochemical promotion of catalysis, EPOC. Three porous systems (Ag/YSZ, Ag/GDC, Ag(Cu)/GDC) have been synthesized by reactive magnetron sputtering. Ag/YSZ 4 Pa 25 mA nanocomposite thin film exhibits a botryoidal microstructure characteristic of silver segregation inside the YSZ matrix. Ag/GDC 4 Pa 70 mA nanocomposite thin film exhibits a brain like-morphology with open nanoporosities. Ag(Cu)/GDC 4 Pa 70 mA nanocomposite thin film consists of multi-phase hydrophobic entropic nanowires. During catalytic tests under ethylene epoxidation conditions in reducing medium, Ag/GDC 4 Pa 70 mA showed the maximum EO selectivity of 16.55 % at 220 °C and, under polarization, selectivity boost of 2.78 % occur without the appearance of NEMCA effect
16

Kursawe, Ansgar. "Partial Oxidation of Ethene to Ethylene Oxide in Microchannel Reactors: Partial Oxidation of Ethene to Ethylene Oxidein Microchannel Reactors". Doctoral thesis, 2009. https://monarch.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A19374.

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In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurde die heterogen katalysierte Oxidation von Ethen zu Ethylenoxid an Silberkatalysatoren untersucht. Ziel dieser Arbeit war es, Mikrostrukturreaktoren für schnelle und stark exotherme Oxidationsreaktionen zu erproben und diese Epoxidation diente als Modellreaktion. Gleichzeitig wurden explosions- und flammhemmende Eigenschaften des Mikrostrukturreaktors ausgenutzt, um die partielle Oxidation von Ethen zu Ethyenoxid im Explosionsbereich (> 9% Sauerstoff) ohne Sicherheitsprobleme zu ermöglichen. Um die gesteckten Ziele zu erreichen wurden zwei parallele Lösungswege beschritten. Zunächst wurden modulare Mikrostrukturreaktoren und geeignete mikrostrukturierte Katalysatorträger entwickelt, um Untersuchungen verschiedener katalytischer Beschichtungen in dieser neuen und nicht allgemein verfügbaren Reaktorbauweise zu ermöglichen. Zur katalytische Erprobungen dieser Konstruktion war es notwendig, geeignete Beschichtungstechniken zur Immobilisierung katalytisch aktiver Spezies zu entwickeln. Durch die Bauweise dieser Reaktoren als Wandreaktor erschien es anfänglich nicht möglich, kommerziell verfügbare pellet-artige Katalysatoren zu verwenden. Daher wurden, parallel zur Konstruktion der modularen Mikroreaktoren, verschiedene auf Silber basierende Beschichtungstechniken hinsichtlich ihrer Eignung für diese Reaktion erprobt. Zur Erprobung kamen u.a. Silberimmobilisierung in einem durch anodischen Oxidation erzeugen Porensystem bzw. einer durch Sol-Gel Beschichtung erzeugten a-Aluminiumoxid Schicht und die Abscheidung von metallischem Silber per Vakuumbeschichtung auf einem Trägermaterial. Zuletzt wurde die Immobilisierung eines gemahlenen, kommerziellen Katalysators per elektrostatischer Pulverabscheidung auf einem entsprechend präparierten Trägermaterial vorgenommen und erfolgreich erprobt. Die wichtigste Erkenntnis dieser Arbeit aus chemisch-katalytischer Sicht ist der enorm positive Einfluss hoher Sauerstoffkonzentrationen auf die Selektivität und gleichzeitig den Umsatz des umzusetzenden Ethylens. Wird die Sauerstoffkonzentration von unter 10% auf bis zu 80% erhöht, so steigt die Selektivität zu Ethylenoxid um ca. 10% an und simultan kann der Umsatzgrad abhängig vom Katalysator und der Reaktortemperatur um den Faktor 2 bis 10 gesteigert werden. Diese Beobachtung wurde für jeden funktionierenden Katalysator gemacht, unabhängig von dessen Herstellung. Mittels Promotoren wie Cs-Salzen und Stickoxiden konnte die Selektivität in Abwesenheit gängiger Moderatoren wie Chlorkomponenten auf 70% (Cs-Salze) bzw. 75% (NOx) gesteigert werden. Verfahrenstechnisch ist festzuhalten, dass Mikrostrukturreaktoren gleich welcher Bauweise unter allen Reaktionsbedingungen thermisch stabil und beherrschbar blieben. Es wurden Umsatzgrade bis 99% bezüglich Ethen erzielt bzw. Reaktionstemperaturen von über 630 K bei einem binären Ethylen-Sauerstoff Gemisch (20%/80%) angewendet. Angesichts adiabater Temperaturerhöhungen von mehr als 3000 K konnte dennoch ein stabiler Betrieb des Reaktors festgestellt werden. Diese thermische Stabilität war bei Katalysatoren in Festbettreaktoren nicht gegeben.
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Griebel, Arndt. "Zur Rolle der Silberoxide bei der heterogen katalysierten Epoxidation von Ethylen". Phd thesis, 2010. https://tuprints.ulb.tu-darmstadt.de/2052/1/Dissertation_Griebel.pdf.

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Abstract (sommario):
Die silberkatalysierte Partialoxidation von Ethylen zu Ethylenoxid in Gegenwart von Sauerstoff ist einer der weltweit wichtigsten Prozesse zur Erzeugung von Basischemikalien aus Erdöl. Obwohl die Reaktion seit Jahrzehnten erforscht wird, gilt das katalytische System aus Silber und Sauerstoff nicht als vollständig aufgeklärt. Noch weniger ist über die silberkatalysierte Partialoxidation von Propylen bekannt, dessen Umsetzung zu Propylenoxid an einem Silberkatalysator nicht möglich ist, und daher in technischen Prozessen durchgeführt werden muss, bei denen unerwünschte Neben- und Koppelprodukte entstehen. In der Literatur werden am Silber neben verschiedenen atomaren Sauerstoff-Spezies auch immer wieder oxidische Strukturen diskutiert, deren thermodynamische Stabilität unter Reaktionsbedingungen jedoch infrage gestellt wird. Um ein tieferes Verständnis der Reaktion zu gewinnen, wurden in der vorliegenden Arbeit verschiedene Silberverbindungen untersucht. Die Silberoxide AgO und Ag2O wurden mit Ethylen, Propylen und Wasserstoff reduziert bzw. thermisch unter Stickstoff zersetzt. Ergänzend wurde Silbercarbonat eingesetzt, das aus Ag2O und CO2 entstehen kann. Letzteres ist aufgrund von Totaloxidation stets im Prozess vorhanden. Unter instationären Bedingungen, hier Erwärmung der Proben mit linearer Heizrate, wurden feste und gasförmige Produkte sowie thermische Stabilitätsbereiche und Reaktionsnetze ermittelt. Als Messmethoden standen Thermogravimetrie/Differenzthermoanalyse (TG/DTA), ein Mikroströmungsrohrreaktor mit Quadrupol-Massenspektrometer-Analytik (QMS) und Infrarot-Spektroskopie in Diffuser Reflexion (DRIFTS) zur Untersuchung von Vorgängen am Festkörper zur Verfügung. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurde DRIFTS mit einem berührungslosen Thermosensor (Pyrometer) gekoppelt. Dieser ermöglichte einerseits Temperaturmessungen an der Katalysatorprobe in situ, andererseits konnten unter instationären Bedingungen Ergebnisse wie bei der DTA erzielt werden. Diese neuartige instationäre Analysemethode wird daher als Pyrometer-DTA bezeichnet. Ergänzt wurden die Verfahren durch Rasterelektronen-Mikroskopie (REM) und Energiedispersive Röntgenanalytik (EDX). Besondere Methoden zur Auswertung der instationären Messungen ermöglichten die Berechnung von Aktivierungsenergien und Modellierung von Keimbildungsmechanismen aller untersuchten Reaktionen. Dadurch waren Rückschlüsse auf den Mechanismus der Partialoxidation von Ethylen an den Silberoxiden möglich. Ag2O wurde als Zwischenstufe bei der Reduktion aller untersuchten Silberverbindungen mit allen eingesetzten Reduktionsmitteln gefunden. Die Totaloxidationsprodukte wurden immer gefunden, nur an Ag2O entstand darüber hinaus Ethylenoxid. Offenkundig war nicht Ag2O die selektive Spezies für Ethylenoxid, sondern elementare Silberkristallite, die auf der Oberfläche von Ag2O nachgewiesen wurden. In Analogie zum technischen Ethylenoxid-Katalysator stellten diese Kristallite die selektive Phase für die Partialoxidation von Ethylen zu Ethylenoxid dar. Ein Mechanismus wurde vorgeschlagen, bei dem der Sauerstoff direkt von der oxidischen Struktur in die selektive Spezies an Silber übergeht, ohne zuvor in die Gasphase überzutreten. Damit stellt die instationäre Reduktion von Ag2O unter Ethylen ein Modell für den technischen Ethylenoxid-Katalysator dar.
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Griebel, Arndt [Verfasser]. "Zur Rolle der Silberoxide bei der heterogen katalysierten Epoxidation von Ethylen / eingereicht von Arndt Griebel". 2010. http://d-nb.info/1000486230/34.

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