Tesi sul tema "État environnemental"
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Terrade, Vanessa de Fátima. "Les sols pollués : Leur remise en état au service de la justice environnementale". Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017USPCD069/document.
Testo completoNos Estados Democráticos de Direito, as políticas públicas reconhecem um dever estatal de promover uma sociedade igualitária; sem pobreza, reduzindo, gradativamente, asdesigualdades sociais existentes e protegendo o meio ambiente. No entanto, em muitos países, como no Brasil, a aplicação dessas políticas não é realmente efetiva, principalmente no que concerne ao respeito ao direito fundamental a uma moradia livre de riscos à saude. O que sevê no dia a dia, são inúmeras familias morando sobre áreas contaminadas ou, simplesmente, sofrendo consequências nefastas ao seu direito ao meio ambiente sadio, por serem vizinhas de grandes indústrias, em uma violação clara aos princípios preliminares proclamados por esses Estados de Direito. Diante disso, o objetivo principal desse trabalho é o de compreender aimportância da gestão dos solos poluídos, a partir da adoção da política de sua reabilitação. Quanto mais desenvolvida for à legislação sobre a reabilitação das áreas poluídas, quanto melhor for o mecanismo de controle das áreas poluídas ou pontencialmente poluidas, menorserá o risco de que a população venha a viver nessas áreas, ou aos arredores delas, o que consequentemente, favorecerá a promoção de um meio ambiente sadio para todos, favorecendo o surgimento de uma sociedade pautada nos princípios da justiça ambiental.Como metodologia, utilizaremos a abordagem do direito comparado, a fim de demonstrar aevolução do direito fundamental ao meio ambiente na França e no Brasil e estudar alguns casos de poluição dos solos nos dois países. Esta escolha se baseia no fato da França, país industrializado, possuir já, uma certa, tradição no controle das áreas poluídas ou potencialmente poluídas. Ao contrário do Brasil, país em desenvolvimento, que está aind atentando implantar mecanismo para o conhecimento dos seus solos e para a implantação deum sistema de inventário. Dessa forma poder-se-á compreender a importância da legislação ambiental e dos mecanismos de controle da administração pública, para realmente assegurar o respeito ao direito fundamental ao meio ambiente para a população de cada um desses países. Adicionalmente, passamos a avaliar o aspecto sócioeconômico dos casos brasileiros, a fim de compreender a relação entre a poluição dos solos e a injustiça ambiental neste país. Concluíndo, que de um ponto de vista jurídico, não existe, ainda, uma relação entre a poluiçãodos solos ocasionada pela atividade industrial e as desigualdades sociais presentes em umpaís
Guzmán, Matas Gonzalo. "Le développement agro-pastoral et son impact sur le couvert forestier et le milieu dans le bassin hydrologique de Patzcuaro, Michoacán, Mexique : utilisation des données satellitaires et statistiques pour appréhender la dynamique du paysage". Paris 4, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001PA040023.
Testo completoLema, Catherine. "L'exploitation illégale du palmier protégé Euterpe edulis Mart. : dynamique d'un conflit environnemental dans le Parque Estadual Três Picos [sic] (État de Rio de Janeiro, Brésil)". Paris, Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011MNHN0032.
Testo completoThis work focuses on the exploitation of Euterpe edulis Mart. Palm (known in Portuguese as palmito Juçara), whose heart is very popular in Brazil gastronomy. In the Parque Estadual Três Picos (located in the State of Rio de Janeiro) the exploitation of the palm occurs under a double protection: on the one hand the palm is protected by law, and on the other hand exploitation is done in an area where any use of natural resources is prohibited. In the Park, overharvesting of the palm is favored by the socio-economic status and vulnerability of local people (who find the principal source of income on palm exploitation) and by a prosperous market, both elements threatening the wild stocks of the species. Moreover, the mechanisms for control and supervision of the Park also intensify the creation of clandestine forms of organization resulting in violence. The link between environmental issues and social issues around the palm exploitation opposes two main actors: administrators of the Park and illegal loggers of palmito (palmiteiros). This opposition takes the form of an environmental conflict as these actors perform different actions depending on their interests and their perceptions regarding the exploitation of the palm. Indeed, while for palmiteiros extracting palm hearts represents a cultural and historical activity as well as a livelihood, for park administrators this exploitation constitutes a threat to biodiversity conservation. This creates an explicit confrontation that is not only related to environment but that encompasses a far more complex reality of competing interests and social and political structures that promote inequality and exclusion
Idder, Salima. "État de la contamination des eaux du département de la Dordogne par les résidus de médicaments". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Bordeaux 1, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012BOR14652.
Testo completoThe beginning of the 21th century saw a growing interest for pharmaceuticals in aquaticsystems. The development of new analytical technologies allowing detection and quantification ofcompounds at ultra-trace levels mostly contributed to this expansion. These technologicalimprovements allowed to evidence and quantify many xenobiotics in various aquaticcompartments. Since about fifteen years, research teams focused their attention to human orveterinary pharmaceuticals. These contaminants are among emerging pollutants and no regulationexists in Europe concerning their presence in the environment. The presence of few tenths ofpharmaceuticals has been demonstrated. Living organisms in aquatic bodies are thereforeexposed to mixtures of compounds certainly at low doses (often between few ng and fewhundreds of ng) but continuously and the effects of this exposure are few documented. Thecontamination of aquatic systems by pharmaceuticals is usually the sign of an importanturbanization and streams with strong domestic pressures are often chosen as sampling sites inscientific studies. Nevertheless, the data concerning rural areas are still scarce although theyrepresent four fifth of the French territory.This work aims to establish a current situation of water resources of a rural territory, theDordogne administrative department. The occurrence of 40 pharmaceuticals including lipidregulators, antibiotics, β-blockers, non-steroidal anti-inflammatories, anticancer drugs, etc inseveral streams has studied with a multi-residue analytical method involving an on-linepreconcentration, a chromatographic separation followed by tandem MS/MS detection. Themethod has been validated for surface waters according to COFRAC requirements.Many sites were sampled every month during one year (2011) on six major streams of theDordogne department. The various campaigns allowed identifying the main areas contaminatedby pharmaceuticals and some linear correlations with other parameters (ammonium ion,phosphorus, etc.) have been evidenced.Beside the results obtained over all the Dordogne department, a focus on the presence ofpharmaceuticals in Isle river, around Périgueux, the main urban area of Dordogne, was led. Thissurvey allowed characterizing the introduction ways of pharmaceuticals and better understandingthe impact of the city of Périgueux on the river Isle
Bannelier, Christakis Karine. "La protection de l'environnement en temps de conflit armé". Paris 1, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000PA010331.
Testo completoIdder, Salima. "État de la contamination des eaux du département de la Dordogne par les résidus de médicaments". Thesis, Bordeaux 1, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012BOR14652/document.
Testo completoThe beginning of the 21th century saw a growing interest for pharmaceuticals in aquaticsystems. The development of new analytical technologies allowing detection and quantification ofcompounds at ultra-trace levels mostly contributed to this expansion. These technologicalimprovements allowed to evidence and quantify many xenobiotics in various aquaticcompartments. Since about fifteen years, research teams focused their attention to human orveterinary pharmaceuticals. These contaminants are among emerging pollutants and no regulationexists in Europe concerning their presence in the environment. The presence of few tenths ofpharmaceuticals has been demonstrated. Living organisms in aquatic bodies are thereforeexposed to mixtures of compounds certainly at low doses (often between few ng and fewhundreds of ng) but continuously and the effects of this exposure are few documented. Thecontamination of aquatic systems by pharmaceuticals is usually the sign of an importanturbanization and streams with strong domestic pressures are often chosen as sampling sites inscientific studies. Nevertheless, the data concerning rural areas are still scarce although theyrepresent four fifth of the French territory.This work aims to establish a current situation of water resources of a rural territory, theDordogne administrative department. The occurrence of 40 pharmaceuticals including lipidregulators, antibiotics, β-blockers, non-steroidal anti-inflammatories, anticancer drugs, etc inseveral streams has studied with a multi-residue analytical method involving an on-linepreconcentration, a chromatographic separation followed by tandem MS/MS detection. Themethod has been validated for surface waters according to COFRAC requirements.Many sites were sampled every month during one year (2011) on six major streams of theDordogne department. The various campaigns allowed identifying the main areas contaminatedby pharmaceuticals and some linear correlations with other parameters (ammonium ion,phosphorus, etc.) have been evidenced.Beside the results obtained over all the Dordogne department, a focus on the presence ofpharmaceuticals in Isle river, around Périgueux, the main urban area of Dordogne, was led. Thissurvey allowed characterizing the introduction ways of pharmaceuticals and better understandingthe impact of the city of Périgueux on the river Isle
Pedroza, Gutiérrez Maria del Carmen. "La forêt tropicale entre développement et conservation : la réserve de la biosphère de Calakmul, et les enjeux de la mondialisation". Paris, EHESS, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006EHES0069.
Testo completoThe doctoral dissertation investigates the links between trade, environnement and developpement in rural areas, and how they are relevant to tropical forest change (degradation). I have considered a case study in the southeast of Mexico. This case study, Calakmul, is a national park wich has the status of National Biosphere Reserve and is the biggest tropical forest Reserve in Mexico. Considering this case study I analyse, how national development policies may influence on the use and management of the natural resources wich belong to rural communities in development policy, and the use and management of natural resources wich belong to rural communities in tropical protected areas, such as Calakmul. At the same time I study how the national development policy, and the use and management of natural ressources may be affected by a trade competition dinamic at the national and international level. In order to approach this relationship I analyse the agricultural and forest policies implemented at the national and local levels. I consider the influence of the international trading system on the making and implementation of these policies and, what have been their consequences on the natural resources and the people living in the tropical forest of Calakmul
Retourney, Flavie. "L'insoutenable gouvernement du secteur minier. Enjeux et tensions autour de la mine d'or en Guyane". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Pau, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023PAUU2149.
Testo completoThis thesis explores how a sector that is highly controversial from a socio-environmental point of view, the Guyanese mining sector, is governed from the central state in the context of the ecological crisis. This study is based on an analysis of the instruments governing mining activities and their institutionalization, as well as on some forty interviews with administrative, political, economic and civil society stakeholders. Noting the rise of sustainability, studied through the three dimensions of ecologisation, participation and territorialisation, as a public policy referential of the environmental state, this thesis analyses its insufficient integration into the mode of regulation of gold mining activities in French Guiana, and the consequences of these shortcomings. The conflict surrounding the Montagne d'Or industrial mining project is symptomatic of a sector that is unable to transform itself sufficiently to remain acceptable. Indeed, constant attempts to reconcile sustainability with the sector's economic development objectives make the mine difficult to govern. A study of the reform of the mining law, justified by the need to improve the sustainability of mining activities, confirms the impossibility of responding to this sustainability injunction in the absence of a transformation of paradigms guiding the government of this sector
Gomes, Tania Cristina. "Feições eólicas quaternárias e vulnerabilidades agrícolas em áreas de arenização no Pampa brasileiro". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Le Mans, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LEMA3009.
Testo completoIn southern Brazil exposes sand spots embedded in Brazilian Pampa landscape. Both stable and/or unstable wind deposits represent the inheritance of a drier climate than the current one and provide important paleoclimatic evidences for understanding this landscape. The objective of this thesis is to identify, associations between the current geomorphological features and the quaternary surface formations, as well as the erosive/depositional dynamics acting on these features, in the context of an area historically submitted to agricultural pressure. Methodological procedures included field, cabinet and laboratory work steps. Field observations led to the initial interpretations on the morphological evolution of stable and/or unstable eolian deposits, as well as to the survey of the four points of collection of sedimentary material, for both granulometric and morphological analyzes and for absolute dating, which was established by optically stimulated luminescence method (SAR protocol). The sediments are predominantly composed by quartz sands, of Fine sand modal class, varying to lesser fractions of Medium sand and Very fine sand. Both morphological and optical characteristics of the sediments clarify the eolic competence over the particles and their mobilization, demonstrating a certain degree of selection. The geomorphological features distribution associated to the relief units shows that the eolic deposits occur substantially on the tops of hills, followed by dry valleys. In relation to land uses, which was mapped between 1982 and 2016, there is a significant increase in the area devoted to crops, in detriment to the field one. The Pampas has livestock as its primary aptitude, but the conversion of land use, especially from pasture fields to crop, intensifies the pressure on water resources, on herbaceous vegetation and on sandy soils, which are particularly sensitive to erosion
O Sul do Brasil expõe manchas de areia encravadas na paisagem do Pampa brasileiro. Os depósitos eólicos estáveis e/ou instáveis representam a herança de um clima mais seco do que o atual e fornecem evidências paleoclimáticas importantes para a compreensão dessa paisagem. O objetivo deste estudo é identificar associações entre as feições geomorfológicas atuais e as formações superficiais quaternárias, assim como as dinâmicas erosivas/deposicionais atuantes nessas feições, no contexto de uma área submetida historicamente à pressão agrícola. Os procedimentos metodológicos incluíram etapas de trabalho de campo, de gabinete e de laboratório. A observação de campo conduziu interpretações sobre a evolução morfológica dos depósitos eólicos e o levantamento dos quatro pontos de coletas de material sedimentar eólico, para análises granulométrica, morfoscópica e para a realização de datação absoluta pelo método LOE. Os sedimentos são compostos predominantemente por areias quartzosas, de classe modal Areia Fina. As características morfológicas e ópticas dos sedimentos esclarecem quanto à competência eólica sobre as partículas e sobre seu transporte, demostrando certo grau de selecionamento. A distribuição das feições geomorfológicas, associada às unidades de relevo mostra que os depósitos eólicos ocorrem substancialmente sobre os topos de colinas, seguido de vales secos. Os usos da terra, há um aumento significativo da superfície destinada à Lavoura, em detrimento à de Campo. O Pampa possui, como aptidão a pecuária, mas a conversão de uso em lavoura, intensifica a pressão sobre os recursos hídricos, vegetação herbácea e solos francamente arenosos, sensíveis à erosão
Fan, Jingjing. "Les barrières environnementales au commerce international dans le cadre de l'OMC : une étude comparative entre les États-Unis, l'Union Européenne et la Chine". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Aix-Marseille, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017AIXM0040.
Testo completoFacing the new problems about the green trade barriers today, WTO is actually in an embarrassing situation : one side, it is widely considered as the ''center of gravity' 'for controlling the green trade barriers ; on the other side, there is still an important lacuna in the regulation of the environmental values in the WTO, which questions the effectiveness of WTO's law in this regulation of green trade barriers. Without the effective control, the free trade system takes a risk to be degraded. That's the reason why we undertake a study comparative on the subject of the green trade barriers in the framework of WTO. Attempting to find the solution of the problems related to green trade barriers, we have to ask two questions. One side, the new type of green trade barriers about the climate change beyond the capacity of WTO, the current law of WTO does not appear to give a satisfactory response to the resulting problems ; on the other side, there is a big gap between the green trade barriers set up by the developed countries and developing countries, which causes absolutely an imbalance in the international free trade. The analyse that we did in this study relating both to the regional trade agreements and WTO allow us to conclude the WTO plays an irreplaceable role in face of challenges of the green trade barriers today. This conclusion leads us to propose the solutions which may offer a better balance between the international trade and the environmental protection on a global scale
Bercovitz, Rémi. "Paysage, médiation paysagère et "bon état écologique" de la haute vallée de la Sèvre niortaise : mener une enquête historique pour fonder un projet partagé (XVIIIème -XXIème siècles)". Thesis, Bordeaux 3, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015BOR30051/document.
Testo completoAny water policy oscillates between multiple vocations - social, environmental, economic, patrimonial - and arouses frequent controversies. It deploys itself according to sectorized actions, to contradictory interests and to different social representations. Today, the confliction about river landscapes re-organizes itself around a new purpose promulgated by the Water Framework European Directive: reach the " good ecological state " in 2015. Therefore, the rearrangement of the intentionality of the action is the context of my doctoral research. This one approaches the landscape at the same time as object of the knowledge and as decision-making tool. I postulate, that in front of the diversity of the social expectations and in front of the multiplicity of the objectives to be seized by the decision-makers, it is important to be able to refer to a frame integrator of reflection and action. The landscape constitutes for me this frame. In this perspective, it is envisaged as a tool of mediation capable of bringing a new "socio-territorial contract". The hypothesis of the landscape mediation thus constitutes the horizon of my contribution, which presents the methodological foundations of an approach which, applied to the case of the river landscapes of the Sèvre niortaise, is leaned on the construction and the sharing of an historical knowledge
Toda política del agua oscila entre preocupaciones y vocaciones múltiples – sociales, ambientales, económicas, patrimoniales… - y suscita frecuentes controversias. Con ella se ponen en marcha acciones sectorizadas en las que participan diferentes actores con intereses contradictorios y sistemas de representación social bien diferenciados. Hoy en día, los conflictos en relación con los paisajes del fondo del valle se reorganizan alrededor de un nuevo objetivo promulgado por la Directiva Marco Europea del Agua : alcanzar el « buen estado ecológico » de los ríos en el año 2015. Es en este contexto de cambio en las políticas del agua en el cual se basa mi investigación doctoral, en la cual se aborda el paisaje a la vez como objeto de conocimiento e instrumento de ayuda en las decisiones. Se postula que frente a la diversidad de las esperas sociales y los múltiples objetivos a tener en cuenta por los responsables de la gestión del agua, es importante poder referirse a un marco integrador de reflexión y acción. Para mi, el paisaje constituye este marco. En esta perspectiva, el paisaje se contempla como una herramienta de mediación capaz de construir un nuevo «contrato social y territorial ». La hipótesis de la mediación a través del paisaje constituye el horizonte de esta tesis, que presenta los fundamentos metodológicos de un procedimiento que, aplicado al caso de la Sèvre niortaise, se apoya en el hecho de construir y compartir conocimientos históricos
Guindon, Andréanne. "Prescrire et proscrire : les enjeux de la conservation environnementale : transformations des rapports socio-environnementaux à El Cuyo, Réserve de la biosphère de Ría Lagartos, Yucatán, Mexique". Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/21819.
Testo completoAceves, Hernandez Francisco Javier. "Santé-Environnement-Développement. Technologies Environnementales Socialement Appropriées pour les Régions Tropicales. Une étude de cas au Chiapas, Mexique". Paris 3, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1993PA030116.
Testo completoThe socially appropriate environmental technologies set up with the active participation of : - the concerned community, - the scientific and technical counsellors, and - the local and national decision makers, can help to improve and to preserve : - the public health, the natural and artificial environment, and - the socio-economic-cultural development in the tropical regions
Ribeiro, De Oliveira Josilene. "« De la campagne, d’accord, mais pas bête ! » : réciprocité, dons et luttes symboliques dans le tourisme à Areia (état de Paraiba – Brésil)". Thesis, Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018UBFCC009/document.
Testo completoThe theme of this thesis is the symbolic battles between towns people and ‘peasants’ in the context of the re-elaboration of rurality. The general aim is to analyze the reinterpretation process of countryside practices by the 'peasants' participation in the tourism development in the city of Areia - state of Paraíba. The qualitative research has an eminently ethnographic character, focusing on the observation of social relations in the Chã de Jardim Community and the small landowners reconversion strategies. The data were produced and collected through observation and structured and semi-structured interviews with craftsmen, workers of the Restaurante Rural Vó Maria, members of Adesco, tourism entrepreneurs in Areia, and representatives of intermediary bodies - a role played by entities such as Senar, Sebrae,PBTur, Cooperar, Atura, among others involved in modelling the tourism in rural areas. In addition, an exploratory survey was carried out among the customers of the restaurant through questionnaires and by monitoring excursions, which allowed to draw a profile and identify the demands of the consumers. The analysis links “native” (produced by the people studied) and analytical categories, keeping in perspective the symbolic exchanges between the smalllandowners and the other agents. The solidarities and games of interest which mark the relations between them, at the micro and macro social levels, are discussed by the theory of the gift of Marcel Mauss, the sociology of domination of Pierre Bourdieu, and the notion of hierarchical reciprocity of Marcos Lanna. This study defends the thesis that the participation of the small landowners in the production of the tourist offer is made possible by means of alliances at the internal and external level, established on the basis of the exchange of gifts,following the principle of hierarchical reciprocity. On the one hand, the exchanges of giftswith other agents tend to promote social recognition and raise the self-esteem of the smalllandowners; and, on the other hand, it generates internal differentiation and new hierarchies,“naturalizing” the subordination and symbolic domination of the employees towards their peasant bosses. In this sense, the symbolic battles are understood as daily struggles for recognition and dignity, aiming to overcome the process of inferiorization and invisibility towhich 'peasants' and other groups, poorly placed in the social space, are submitted in their relationship with the dominant classes. For a long time "kept invisible", these struggles could only emerge through the implementation of public policies to confront rural poverty,stimulating rural education and rural development actions, which, in addition to improving the living conditions of the rural population, allowed the emergence and the strengthening of local leaderships. Far from being a one-directional movement that results in a real restructuring of positions in the social space, the observed solidarities and battles between the agents reveal themselves as a complex and ambiguous process, full of contradictions in which different levels of reciprocity are established, whether within the community microsystem orin the exchanges between the ‘peasants’ and the town entrepreneurs, the intermediary bodies or the consumers, forming what could be considered an extended circuit of circulation of giftsin the tourism market in Brejo Paraibano
O tema da presente tese são as lutas simbólicas entre citadinos e sitiantes, no contexto dere elaboração da ruralidade. O objetivo geral é analisar o processo de ressignificação daspráticas camponesas a partir da participação dos sitiantes no desenvolvimento do turismo nomunicípio de Areia, na Paraíba. A pesquisa qualitativa tem caráter eminentemente etnográfico, privilegiando a observação das relações sociais na Comunidade Chã de Jardim eas estratégias de reconversão dos sitiantes. Os dados foram produzidos e coletados por meioda observação e de entrevistas semidirigidas ou dirigidas, realizadas com as artesãs, ostra balhadores do Restaurante Rural Vó Maria, os membros da Adesco, os empre endedores deturismo, em Areia, e os representantes das instâncias intermediárias – papel ocupado porentidades como o Senar, o Sebrae, a PBTur, o Cooperar, a Atura, dentre outras implicadas naformatação do turismo no espaço rural. Complementarmente, realizou-se uma pesquisa exploratória junto aos clientes do Restaurante, por meio de questionários e do acompanhamento de excursões, o que permitiu traçar um perfil e identificar as demandas do público consumidor. A análise articula categorias nativas e analíticas, mantendo em perspectiva as trocas simbólicas entre os sitiantes e os outros agentes. As solidariedades e osjogos de interesse que marcam as relações entre eles são tratados a partir da teoria da dádiva,de Marcel Mauss, da sociologia da dominação, de Pierre Bourdieu, e da noção de reciprocidade hierárquica de Marcos Lanna. Defende-se a tese que a participação dos sitiantesna produção da oferta turística viabiliza-se por meio de alianças, nos planos interno e externo,estabelecidas com base na troca de dons, seguindo o princípio da reciprocidade hierárquica.Por um lado, as trocas de dádivas com outros agentes tendem a promover o reconhecimento social e elevar a autoestima dos sitiantes; e, por outro lado, tendem a gerar diferenciação interna e novas hierarquias, naturalizando a subordinação e a dominação simbólica dos empregados aos patrões. Desse modo, as lutas simbólicas são compreendidas como lutas cotidianas por reconhecimento e dignidade, que visam à superação do processo deinferiorização e invisibilidade às quais os sitiantes e outros grupos mal posicionados noespaço social são submetidos na relação com as classes dominantes. Por muito tempo “invisibilizadas”, essas lutas só puderam ganhar a cena a partir da implantação de políticas públicas de enfrentamento à pobreza rural, do estímulo à educação no campo e de ações de desenvolvimento rural, que, além de elevar as condições de vida da população rural,permitiram a emergência e o fortalecimento de lideranças locais. Longe de ser um movimentoem sentido único, que resulte em uma verdadeira reestruturação das posições no espaço social, as solidariedades e lutas observadas entre os agentes revelam-se um processo complexo e ambíguo, pleno de contradições, dentro do qual se estabelecem diferentes níveisde reciprocidade, seja dentro do microssistema comunitário, sejam nas trocas entre os sitiantese os empre endedores do município, as instâncias intermediárias ou os consumidores,formando o que poderia ser considerado um circuito ampliado de circulação de dádivas nomercado turístico no Brejo Paraibano
Estève, Adrien. "De la justification à l’anticipation : la construction d’une responsabilité environnementale et climatique des acteurs de la défense en France et aux États-Unis". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris, Institut d'études politiques, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020IEPP0040.
Testo completoBased on the study of France and the United States, this doctoral dissertation shows that the incorporation of ecological challenges in defense policies depends on how environmental and climatic responsibilities are defined and assigned to the armed forces. The first type of responsibility comes from the just war tradition and the law of war and is defined as the duty to limit pollutions and destructions. Since the 1970s, is has been assigned by victims, scientists and jurists who hold defense organizations accountable for the ecological damages caused both in times of war and during peacetime. This responsibility is included quite late and in a limited way within the codes of conduct and the doctrine of logistics of both French and American armed forces. The second type of responsibility comes from a synthesis between the precision norm and sustainable development and is defined as the duty to economize the use of the armed forces. It comes from a responsibilization of defense organizations, which materializes in investments on more sustainable and greener technologies and military equipment. However, this requirement struggles to move away from mere experiments and incorporate all defense activities. The third type of responsibility comes from a synthesis between climate adaptation and strategic anticipation and is defined as a duty to anticipate and prevent climate risks. It originates from prospective and geostrategic studies on the national security implications of climate change. Consequently, it is the most integrated form of responsibility within contemporary defense policies and more specifically within strategic doctrines, which pay a growing attention to the use of armed forces in the climate resiliency of societies
Carignan, Maude. "Écotourisme et conservation environnementale : le cas d'Isla Arena, Campeche, Mexique". Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/25271.
Testo completoSavary, Saôde. "État de la gestion environnementale dans les PME de produits chimiques au Québec". Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape8/PQDD_0016/MQ56968.pdf.
Testo completoFuchs, Olivier. "Responsabilité administrative extracontractuelle et atteintes environnementales". Nantes, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007NANT4027.
Testo completoSocial demand for a compensation of the damage done to the environment questions the rules related to liability in the field of administrative law. According to doctrine, the confrontation between the individualistic bases of this law and the collective nature of environmental damage should result in the inadequacy of the legal categories of liability for pollution-related matters. This study demonstrates that the answer to this question is in fact more subtle. First, administrative liability is able to adjust in order to take the specificity of environmental damage into account, regarding conditions of liability as well as litigation practices. These readjustments are necessarily limited, as the administrative judge does not take environmental damage into consideration, and as there are certain general limits stemming from the nature of administrative liability itself. However, the emergence of new standards for environmental protection leads to rethinking the concept of administrative liability. Its grounds are being renewed, which generates change concerning both the conditions under which administrative liability can be appealed to and the use of this legal technique in environmental damage compensation. Administrative liability appears renewed by its acknowledgment of environmental damage. This study also highlights the fact that there are legal techniques that would allow taking even better account of the specificity of environmental damage in the field of administrative liability
Lanoy, Laurence. "Remise en état et droit de l'environnement". Paris 2, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000PA020080.
Testo completoEnvironmental law has set up an interesting mechanism in regards to environmental clean-up. In fact, ecological catastrophes that often have irreversible consequences coupled with the risks resulting from a technological society that has spiraled out of control, has led to an increase in public awareness. Society now admits its own responsability regarding the environment and takes the required measures in order to clean-up the damage caused by pollution. The clean-up witch consists of returning the environment to its original state is the particular response of environmental law to the specific features of the ecological damage. The obligation to return the environment to its original state which has no clear legal origins, due to the specificness of recent law, now covers many areas. Then, how is it set up, how can it be defined, which obstacles is it faced with? Finally, what are its theoretical foundations? This study is an attempt to find some answers
Saumon, Gabrielle. "Big sky, Montana, une géographie critique. Capital environnemental et recompositions sociales dans l'ouest du Montana". Thesis, Limoges, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LIMO0003/document.
Testo completoA shrine of wilderness amidst the Rocky Mountains, Western Montana has been at the heart of a dynamic of amenity migration and rural gentrification since the 1990's : fictional and biographical stories support that dynamic and tell of life paths that are intimately tied to the environment. Individuals are now compelled to determine themselves in regard to that powerful field that has been reinvested through prevailing new values. From Old West to New West, social and territorial change is in itself determined by the environment as a field for more and less distinctive recreational activities or as a landscape to contemplate. Nevertheless, contemporary migratory dynamics are neither socially nor spatially equally shared and nor is access to the environment. Let us question the existence of outcast and chosen few in the New West Archipelago and raise the issue of Western Montana social and environmental inequities in general. Using « environmental capital » as a framework to interpret these inequities, this thesis tends to focus on how the environment, in its multiple forms, plays its part in the transformation of Western Montana and how it creates and sustains deep inequities and injustice. In a time of strong social and territorial change the environment is at the heart of new strategic investments that determine the balance of power
Fan, Jingjing. "Les barrières environnementales au commerce international dans le cadre de l'OMC : une étude comparative entre les États-Unis, l'Union Européenne et la Chine". Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017AIXM0040.
Testo completoFacing the new problems about the green trade barriers today, WTO is actually in an embarrassing situation : one side, it is widely considered as the ''center of gravity' 'for controlling the green trade barriers ; on the other side, there is still an important lacuna in the regulation of the environmental values in the WTO, which questions the effectiveness of WTO's law in this regulation of green trade barriers. Without the effective control, the free trade system takes a risk to be degraded. That's the reason why we undertake a study comparative on the subject of the green trade barriers in the framework of WTO. Attempting to find the solution of the problems related to green trade barriers, we have to ask two questions. One side, the new type of green trade barriers about the climate change beyond the capacity of WTO, the current law of WTO does not appear to give a satisfactory response to the resulting problems ; on the other side, there is a big gap between the green trade barriers set up by the developed countries and developing countries, which causes absolutely an imbalance in the international free trade. The analyse that we did in this study relating both to the regional trade agreements and WTO allow us to conclude the WTO plays an irreplaceable role in face of challenges of the green trade barriers today. This conclusion leads us to propose the solutions which may offer a better balance between the international trade and the environmental protection on a global scale
Desmonts, Jean-René. "État côtier et développement durable : entre exploitation et protection environnementale : Les conflits d'usage en mer". Caen, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015CAEN0002.
Testo completoOver the last few years the sea has known a multiplication of its modes of exploitation. From now on, marine areas must be shared between the traditional users (fishing, marine cultures, sea traffic) and the new users of the sea (industrial activities, leisure), to whom is added an environmental use. Conflicts which arise from this competition in the use of these fragile environments require an intervention which needs to be increased and renewed by public authorities. Arbitration between these activities involves research by the authorities of a balance between the exploitation and the environmental protection of the sea. Despite recent reforms, the study of different administrations in charge of the sea has pointed out that the dispersed skills lead to the inefficient management of conflicts of use. Solutions are possible to optimize the organization and coordination in the State's policies on maritime affairs. These conflicts are then considered in connection with the regulation of the different activities. Preventing these conflicts of use requires that planned marine activities may be integrated into a management approach of the sea and the coast and improved by more effective tools and better coordination. However, after consultation, the development of European and national integrated maritime policies, applied at relevant scales, provide a better overall shared management of the sea. Finally, the resolution of these conflicts implies that civil society and the courts are more involved in the process and have to specialize
Vignon-Ollive, Brigitte. "Le principe pollueur-payeur : un état du droit positif". Nice, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998NICE0034.
Testo completoDevouge, Kathia. "Etats-Unis - Union Européenne : politiques environnementales comparées de la fin de la Seconde guerre mondiale à nos jours". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Orléans, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010ORLE1110.
Testo completoThis thesis deals with a comparison between the environmental policies of two supranational entities: the United States and the European Union. More precisely, while their convergences and divergences are examined, attempts of explanations are provided. The study is essentially based on scientific, sociologic and legal arguments which are set in a cultural and historical context allowing a highlight of their strategic scope. Different aspects are discussed. The protection of the atmosphere and the related bills are analyzed to scrutinize the spirit of the laws and the national progression of ideas leading up to their enactment. The water and soil management strategies study enables to underline the great importance of the involvement of both the USA and Europe in world environmental decision-making. It also allows a questioning of their positions within a transborder context. Finally, the questions of nature and waste management are used to consider the American and European history of ideas and the imprinting of representations in the setting-up of environmental policies. The conclusions are grouped in a brief chapter which aims at both synthesizing the different elements studied and opening the debate on further evolution and even the possible rapprochement between the American and European environmental policies
Cano-Castellanos, Ingreet-Juliet. "De montaña a “reserva forestal” : colonización, sentido de comunidad y producción de la conservación ecológica en el sureste de la Selva Lacandona, México". Thesis, Paris 10, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA100136/document.
Testo completoHow is it possible that "peasants", supported by the agrarian impulses characterized by the Mexican state over the last 4 decades, have been interested in the conservation of forest ecosystems present in localities formed through a process of intensive colonization and appropriation of jungle environments? This is the central question that guides my doctoral research, constructed from ethnographic and anthropological work conducted in a region of the area known as the Lacandon Jungle. It is particularly focused on Marqués de Comillas, a colonized region between 1970 and 1986. It is located near the Biosphere Reserve, Montes Azules, and borders the neighboring country of Guatemala. The research focuses upon the development and experiences of men and women who have lived through the intense challenges represented by both colonization and ecological conservation of the forest. At the same time, my work tries to comprehend environmental changes and cultural changes produced there. In addition, the research represents an effort to demonstrate and understand the contradictory relationships in which local people and the Mexican state reposition themselves. In this sense, the answer to the question corresponds with an attempt to unearth the interaction between human groups and "natural" environments, but also processes in which these groups and governments interact. Specifically, I'm interested in the symbolic and material impact that the dynamics of government daily life have on the local people
¿Cómo es posible que “campesinos” surgidos por el impulso agrario característico del aparato de Estado mexicano, a lo largo de las 4 últimas décadas, hayan pasado a interesarse en la conservación de los ecosistemas forestales, presentes en localidades formadas tras un proceso de colonización y apropiación intensiva de los entornos de selva? Esta es la pregunta central que guía mi investigación doctoral, construida a partir de un trabajo etnográfico y antropológico, realizado en una de las regiones que integran la llamada Selva Lacandona. Se trata concretamente de Marqués de Comillas, región colonizada entre 1970 y 1986 y ubicada a inmediaciones de la Reserva de la Biosfera Montes Azules, así como de la frontera con el vecino país de Guatemala. Interesada en las trayectorias y experiencias de hombres y mujeres que han vivido con intensidad los desafíos que han representado tanto la colonización, como la conservación ecológica de la selva, trato de entender las transformaciones ambientales y los cambios socioculturales allí producidos. Asimismo, la investigación representa un esfuerzo por evidenciar y comprender las contradictorias relaciones a partir de las cuales las poblaciones locales y el Estado mexicano se reconfiguran mutuamente. En este sentido, la respuesta a la pregunta formulada corresponde a un intento por abordar de manera interrelacionada, tanto los procesos de interacción entre grupos humanos y entornos dichos “naturales”, como aquellos que se dan entre tales grupos y las instancias o dinámicas gubernamentales y burocráticas que permean simbólica y materialmente sus cotidianeidades
Gomes, Tania Cristina. "Feições eólicas quaternárias e vulnerabilidades agrícolas em áreas de arenização no Pampa brasileiro". Thesis, Le Mans, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LEMA3009/document.
Testo completoIn southern Brazil exposes sand spots embedded in Brazilian Pampa landscape. Both stable and/or unstable wind deposits represent the inheritance of a drier climate than the current one and provide important paleoclimatic evidences for understanding this landscape. The objective of this thesis is to identify, associations between the current geomorphological features and the quaternary surface formations, as well as the erosive/depositional dynamics acting on these features, in the context of an area historically submitted to agricultural pressure. Methodological procedures included field, cabinet and laboratory work steps. Field observations led to the initial interpretations on the morphological evolution of stable and/or unstable eolian deposits, as well as to the survey of the four points of collection of sedimentary material, for both granulometric and morphological analyzes and for absolute dating, which was established by optically stimulated luminescence method (SAR protocol). The sediments are predominantly composed by quartz sands, of Fine sand modal class, varying to lesser fractions of Medium sand and Very fine sand. Both morphological and optical characteristics of the sediments clarify the eolic competence over the particles and their mobilization, demonstrating a certain degree of selection. The geomorphological features distribution associated to the relief units shows that the eolic deposits occur substantially on the tops of hills, followed by dry valleys. In relation to land uses, which was mapped between 1982 and 2016, there is a significant increase in the area devoted to crops, in detriment to the field one. The Pampas has livestock as its primary aptitude, but the conversion of land use, especially from pasture fields to crop, intensifies the pressure on water resources, on herbaceous vegetation and on sandy soils, which are particularly sensitive to erosion
O Sul do Brasil expõe manchas de areia encravadas na paisagem do Pampa brasileiro. Os depósitos eólicos estáveis e/ou instáveis representam a herança de um clima mais seco do que o atual e fornecem evidências paleoclimáticas importantes para a compreensão dessa paisagem. O objetivo deste estudo é identificar associações entre as feições geomorfológicas atuais e as formações superficiais quaternárias, assim como as dinâmicas erosivas/deposicionais atuantes nessas feições, no contexto de uma área submetida historicamente à pressão agrícola. Os procedimentos metodológicos incluíram etapas de trabalho de campo, de gabinete e de laboratório. A observação de campo conduziu interpretações sobre a evolução morfológica dos depósitos eólicos e o levantamento dos quatro pontos de coletas de material sedimentar eólico, para análises granulométrica, morfoscópica e para a realização de datação absoluta pelo método LOE. Os sedimentos são compostos predominantemente por areias quartzosas, de classe modal Areia Fina. As características morfológicas e ópticas dos sedimentos esclarecem quanto à competência eólica sobre as partículas e sobre seu transporte, demostrando certo grau de selecionamento. A distribuição das feições geomorfológicas, associada às unidades de relevo mostra que os depósitos eólicos ocorrem substancialmente sobre os topos de colinas, seguido de vales secos. Os usos da terra, há um aumento significativo da superfície destinada à Lavoura, em detrimento à de Campo. O Pampa possui, como aptidão a pecuária, mas a conversão de uso em lavoura, intensifica a pressão sobre os recursos hídricos, vegetação herbácea e solos francamente arenosos, sensíveis à erosão
Kenny, Sandra. "Environnement organisationnel, stress et état de santé des cadres supérieurs de la fonction publique du Canada". Thèse, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/23952.
Testo completoHerbeth, Bernard. "Statut en vitamines de différents groupes de population déterminants biologiques et environnementaux". Nancy 1, 1999. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/SCD_T_1999_0340_HERBETH.pdf.
Testo completoRoy-Allard, Florence. "Mises en récits de souffrances sociales environnementales chez les Autochtones de l'état de Oaxaca au Mexique : une articulation à l'imaginaire politique". Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/26013.
Testo completoThe exploitation of natural resources is often at the heart of power relations in indigenous communities in southern Mexico. Situations of suffering, here explored through an agrarian and forestry conflict in an Aboriginal community in the State of Oaxaca, are subject to various attributions of meaning, or various feelings of nonsense, by local populations. In this thesis, political narratives of suffering will be explored from the point of view of the experiences they represent. Circulation and reproduction of these discourses mean that the social imaginary that can be found within the community transforms and informs politics at the local level. The relations between discourses about social suffering and the political imaginary will be studied at the local level, in the ordinary speech. The objective of this research is to give voice people who usually do not occupy significant place in political studies.
Bourgois, Laurent. "Automates cellulaires et estimation état-paramètres pour la modélisation semi-physique : application à l'assimilation de données environnementales". Littoral, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010DUNK0265.
Testo completoThe aim of this thesis is to design a model capable of adapting itself to the real spatio-temporal behavior of a system. The basic idea is to carry out a semi-physical model gathering two types of information : the a priori knowledge of the deterministic rules which govern the studied system and the observation of the actual conduct of this system obtained from experimental data. This hybrid model is initially elaborated by being inspired by the mechanisms of a neuromimetical network whose structure is contrained by the discrete reverse-time state-space equations. This semi-physical neural network inverse problem solver reaches a very good compromise between the property of parsimony and the faculty of generalization. This concept is then applied by replacing the neural network by a multiple relaxation time lattice Boltzmann cellular automaton. The approach consists in completing the physical knowledge of this model by defining additional degrees of freedom. The learning phase of the network parameters is realized in parallel with the state-variable estimation starting from a sequential Monte Carlo forward method : the ensemble Kalman filter. This dual state-parameter estimation method exploits measurements derived from variable geometry observatory made up of fixed and moving sensors
Fakhfakh, Abbes Salima. "L'intégration de l'effort environnemental de l'entreprise dans ses états financiers : fondements et pratiques en Tunisie". Rouen, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009ROUED011.
Testo completoThis thesis proposes to study the issues taking into account the environmental effort of a company in its accounting records. Our theoretical study has concluded that environmental responsibility is expressed toward stakeholders and is inevitably achieved, through sustained efforts in information and communication. Through a quantitative study conducted on 90 Tunisian companies and 86 charted accountants, we found out that the state is seen as the most privileged party of the environmental information and that it is the development that is sustainably the most affected by the actions taken to protect the environment. Current expenditure, investment environment and the provision of an environmental budget can be considered as an indicator for measuring the environmental performance of the company
Martin, Nastassja. "Les âmes sauvages : Gwich'in, occident, environnement : rencontre des mondes en subarctique (Haut Yukon, Alaska)". Paris, EHESS, 2014. https://buadistant.univ-angers.fr/login?url=https://www.cairn.info/les-ames-sauvages--9782707189578.htm.
Testo completoThe triangular organizational design of the thesis juxtaposes Gwich'in (Native athapaskan hunter-gatherers), non-natives Alaskans, and the Western Subarctic biophysical environment. Succinctly, the work addresses relations Gwich'in and non-natives contract with each other and with Alaskan landscapes as sites of environmental change, crisis, and conflict. The work examines collisions between Western "naturalist" and Athapaskan "animist" ontologies, and between their respective correlative domains of ecological practice: non-native energy extraction and wilderness preservation and Gwich'in foraging-based subsistence. Famously contrastive with re'spect to the character and value accorded to the nonhuman, the two ontologies each here also exhibit internal complexities. Naturalsim divides agonistically between resource exploitation and preservationist environmentalism. Gwich'in animism, for its part, coincides neither with popular images of "natuire" religion nor with some animisms known to anthropology, exhibiting its own internal paradoxes and distinctive properties
Guérin, Mathilde. "Comportement en corrosion d'un alliage d'aluminium cuivre-lithium AW2050 : couplage environnement, microstructure, et état de contrainte du matériau". Phd thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2014. http://oatao.univ-toulouse.fr/12281/1/guerin_partie_1_sur_2.pdf.
Testo completoPellet, Karin. "Structuration et restructuration des cliniques privées à caratère commercial : un état de l'art entre contingences environnementales et contingences médicales". Lyon 3, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000LYO33012.
Testo completoMasoumi, Khazar. "La responsabilité environnementale des Etats : un régime juridique en émergence". Thesis, Strasbourg, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017STRAA001.
Testo completoDespite some authors’ scepticism, the international environmental law can find certain solutions in the law of state responsibility. However, the success of finding such solutions depends on the introduction of a number of environmental considerations to as conditions of state responsibility, its invocation and reparation. Regarding the first, although the state responsibility, which is based on breach of obligations, may lack normative environmental aspect, its preventive role vis-a-vis the environmental harm should not be underestimated. As to the invocation, the positive law has to acknowledge the right of an injured state acting for the collective interest in order to include spaces and species beyond the state’s sovereignty to the law of state responsibility. Regarding the forms of reparation, restitution and compensation must be adapted taking into consideration the importance of environmental restoration towards baseline conditions. However, satisfaction needs to transform into a multiform and flexible form of reparation. For this purpose the present study suggests the biodiversity offset mechanism as a form of satisfaction
Rbii, Hamid. "Environnement international et protection des droits de l'homme au Maroc : essai sur l'édification d'un État de droit (1990-1996)". Toulouse 1, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997TOU10070.
Testo completoThe aim of this study is the human rights situation in morocco. Indeed, in the 1990th a deep change and substantial improvement in human rights protection have been recorded in this country. This reality can be explained by two important factors. The first one is the international context post second world war, which became more favourable to individual freedom's and right's. The international law and relationships between states base oneself on reciprocal respect of the human rights. The important actors: United States, European Union, France and Amnesty International have played a great part. The second one is the national context which was ready to receive international environment's pressures and to give effect. The monarchy's will and ngo's implacable role have run onto considerable normative recasting. Two constitutional reviews, the family's right reform, penal procedure amendment, the ratification of several international agreements in human rights matter are the signs of this improvement. The establishment of the right's state has been accompanied by putting into place of several organizations: human rights office, CCDH, CNJA, Constitutional Council, administrative courts. Our approach doesn't limit oneself on the analysis of texts but confront the daily (everyday’s) reality
Nègre, Céline. "La responsabilité internationale pour les atteintes massives à l'environnement". Paris 10, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003PA100170.
Testo completoDevouge, Kathia. "Etats-Unis - Union Européenne : politiques environnementales comparées de la fin de la Seconde guerre mondiale à nos jours". Thesis, Orléans, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010ORLE1110/document.
Testo completoThis thesis deals with a comparison between the environmental policies of two supranational entities: the United States and the European Union. More precisely, while their convergences and divergences are examined, attempts of explanations are provided. The study is essentially based on scientific, sociologic and legal arguments which are set in a cultural and historical context allowing a highlight of their strategic scope. Different aspects are discussed. The protection of the atmosphere and the related bills are analyzed to scrutinize the spirit of the laws and the national progression of ideas leading up to their enactment. The water and soil management strategies study enables to underline the great importance of the involvement of both the USA and Europe in world environmental decision-making. It also allows a questioning of their positions within a transborder context. Finally, the questions of nature and waste management are used to consider the American and European history of ideas and the imprinting of representations in the setting-up of environmental policies. The conclusions are grouped in a brief chapter which aims at both synthesizing the different elements studied and opening the debate on further evolution and even the possible rapprochement between the American and European environmental policies
Occhiminuti, Léonore M. "La protection du patrimoine forestier contre le risque d'incendie : approche de droit comparé France / États-Unis". Paris 1, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997PA010298.
Testo completoHow could the legal prevention of forest fires be improved ? Answers to this issue are envisaged through the comparison of French and American prevention systems. One suggests the development of public or even private ownership, whereas it appears that those two options can only be presented as alternatives. Moreover, it is recommended that legal constraining systems (i. E. Servitudes or restrictions imposed by the exercise of the police power) be developed on both public and private owners and, associated to the reinforcement of civil and criminal liability procedures. It is also necessary that fire risks be included into land use planning documents, that agencies improve their information and education programs on fire risks and, that they cooperate more effectively. In addition, it is proposed that preventive management tools be improved; for example, it is necessary to develop and modify the use of prescribed burning and green belt buffer zone techniques, by adapting them to the actual situation. Finally, a solution must be found in order to improve the implementation of "brush cleaning" or fuel removal servitudes and obligations
Laalami, Saloua. "Protection de l'environnement aux etats-unis : le cas du nord-ouest pacifique". Nantes, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996NANT3024.
Testo completoThe last old-growth of the united states are located in the pacific northwest. The battle for their protection is symbolized by the spotted owl, one of the numerous species that could become instinct if these forests are destroyed. The pacific northwest is famous for its environmental consciousness and popular support of the environmental movement. This region is also known for its powerful timber industry. The people who want to preserve the forests are pitted against those who make a living from them. This controversy on a regional level points out the opposition of two significant philosophical tendencies, represented by the advocates of the preservation of natural resources and the people who want to promote economic growth. This debate is crucial because it questions deep-seated traditional american values and challenges the american society to make changes in many areas. It signals a transitional period in which the american society, accustomed to living in abundance, is faced with the problem of limited natural resources and must decide on a new direction at both national and international levels
Linvani, Parfait Euloge. "Le rôle des autorités publiques face aux atteintes à l'environnement". Paris 1, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001PA010334.
Testo completoDanhoue, Gogoue Achille. "Le régime juridique de l'activité pétrolière offshore en Afrique Subsaharienne, le cas d'un état francophone du Golfe de Guinée : la Côte d'Ivoire". Thesis, Limoges, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021LIMO0003.
Testo completoThe States of the Gulf of Guinea in general and Ivory Coast in particular have a seafront on the South Atlantic Ocean and have a sedimentary basin rich in hydrocarbons. The exploitation of this natural resource allows these States to gather capital to finance their development, but it is at the heart of economic, strategic, geopolitical and environmental issues which have prompted the establishment of a legal framework that deserves to be known.This legal framework, which includes international and national standards, applies to the upstream side of offshore petroleum activity as well as to the consequences that it is likely to have on the marine and coastal environment.Thus, the legal regime applicable to offshore oil activity has two objectives: the supervision of oil operations with the interpersonal and the supervision of the consequences of this activity with a view to effective protection of the environment
Mukhtar, Hamid. "Intergiciel pour la composition des tâches utilisateurs dans les environnements pervasifs étant donné les préférences utilisateurs". Phd thesis, Institut National des Télécommunications, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00537308.
Testo completoLeclercq, Christophe. "Experiments in Art and Technology : la question environnementale". Thesis, Paris 1, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA010663.
Testo completoThe theoretical and practical activity of Experiments in Art and Technology (E.A. T.) raises a number of aesthetic problems - those posed by an organization whose aim was to facilitate and encourage collaboration between artists and engineers, both inside and outside the art world. This thesis investigates the eruption of environmental issues in art and the use made by E.A.T.'s main actors of the ambiguous concept of the environment, a concept which includes not only what surrounds us but also that which can have an influence on us. By juxtaposing and comparing what John Cage, Robert Rauschenberg and Robert Whitman had to say about their practice with key works on the infiltration of technology into our lives, we will identify an environmental approach that is part of an “explicitation” of the contemporary environment by and through art. These artists strive to highlight, through their work, the aesthetic qualities of a natural and artificial environment, the consequences of which cannot leave us untouched or indifferent. The focus on perception in the experience of this environment reflects a common interest in a 'phenomenal physics' which, even if related scientific concerns, also differs significantly from them. It is not only a question of the transformation of this pervasive environment into a perceived space but also a matter of investigating the place and role of the artist in the shaping of the human environment. Thus we see in E.A.T.'s program an activity a form of action-research focused on the individual, which envisages also the possibility not only of living in but of existing with one's environment
Jouzel, Jean-Noël. "Une cause sans conséquences : comparaison des trajectoires politiques des éthers de glycol en France et en Californie". Grenoble 2, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006GRE21022.
Testo completoThe environmental and professional circulation of thousands of chemicals which toxic effects are not very well known generates a radically uncertain situation. Since the middle of the 1990’s, a series of institutional structures have been created in order to improve the knowledge of these effects and their control. In the meantime, this problem has become more and more visible in public space and controversial. This dissertation's purpose is to question the limits of these mutations by comparing two different political contexts, France and California, which had to manage the conflict due to the same chemical – the glycol ethers, a group of highly used solvents, some of them being reproductive toxicants. In California, a technocratic control of chemicals exists since the beginning of the 1970's, and this system has been highly contested in political and judicial arenas, which is very different from the much more silent approach to these questions prevailing in France. By tracking the political trajectories of the glycol ethers in these two areas, the dissertation shows that, in France, the actors taking part in the conflict linked to these chemicals are unable to break the compromises which limitate their capacity to tackle very uncertain issues. On the contrary, the Californian actors of this controversy have acquired a capacity to engage radical conflicts about the situations of chemical dangers and uncertainties
Devienne, Elsa. "Des plages dans la ville : une histoire sociale et environnementale du littoral de Los Angeles (1920-1972)". Paris, EHESS, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014EHES0092.
Testo completoThis dissertation explores the history of the Los Angeles shoreline and, more specifically, the city's famous beaches, from the 1920s through the early 1970s. I examine Los Angeles beaches not only as tourist attractions, but as urban spaces. Indeed, as vast public accommodations which attracted millions of people every year, the beaches generated heated debates regarding their development, accessibility, policing, and racial segregation. Contributing to environmental, cultural and social history, this dissertation takes into account the multiple historical actors - engineers, scientists, urban planners, local officials and homeowners - who attempted to transform and regulate the beaches according to competing visions, as well as the ordinary men and women who claimed their right to occupy and appropriate this space. My conclusions are divided into three main categories. First, I demonstrate that the beaches of Los Angeles are today mostly artificial; between the 1930s and the 1960s, the beaches were vastly enlarged thanks to the development of new techniques. Second, I show that the beaches were a place where the traditional social and racial hierarchies could momentarily be challenged. However, the postwar modernization of the beaches and the surrounding neighborhoods led to the eviction of the so-called undesirable public from the shores. Third, the beaches were the birthplace of multiple subcultures which contributed to the emergence and diffusion of new values and bodily norms, whether at the beach or in the city
Abadie, Pauline. "Entreprise responsable et environnement : Recherche d'une systématisation en droit français et américain". Paris 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA010323.
Testo completoDonat, Richard. "Société, environnement et état sanitaire au Néolithique récent : les groupes humains des hypogées I et II du Mont-Aimé (Val-des-Marais, Marne)". Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020TOU30218.
Testo completoThe Neolithic era inaugurated a change in the way of life and subsistence of human populations marked by a major social, economic, demographic and epidemiological transition. This essay focuses on the cultural identity and health status of human groups engaged for nearly two millennia in the process of Neolithization of Western Europe, at a time when, among other changes, the use of collective burials was widely adopted. In France, on the eastern margin of the Paris Basin, the group of some 150 hypogea of the Marne, to which the Mont-Aimé tombs belong, perfectly illustrates this phenomenon. Hypogea I and II of Mont-Aimé (Val-des-Marais, Marne) represent the oldest manifestations of this funerary type in the Paris Basin, where collective burials flourished during the late Neolithic (3500-2900 cal BC). The two tombs date from the second quarter of the 4th millennium BC, which marks the transition between the end of the middle Neolithic and the beginning of the late Neolithic in north-central France. The use of the tombs may have continued until the dawn of the third millennium. Each hypogeum held the remains of nearly 60 individuals. The incorporation of each of the tombs of Mont-Aimé, which differs in composition by the age and sex of the buried groups, may have been partly (or for a time) conditioned by a system of descent that suggests a possible female/male polarity. Abundant and varied, the funerary furniture (ornamental objects, tools, arrowheads, etc.) distinguishes some of the deceased: inside the same tomb, some individuals were adorned and/or accompanied by quivers, while others were devoid of any personal equipment. The dead undoubtedly were placed in their final resting place shortly after death, thus following the standard practice adopted in the collective late Neolithic tombs of the Paris Basin, where the practice of primary burial was predominant, even if other treatments are marginally attested. The removal of part of the skulls from the supposedly male-dominant hypogeum II is perhaps part of an imaginary and identity relationship to the past, elevating some of the deceased to the status of ancestors or other symbolic metamorphoses. In addition, the health status of the two groups reveals similarities, but above all, more or less significant divergences. [...]
Borges, Leonardo Estrela. "Les obligations de prévention dans le droit international de l'environnement". Paris 1, 2013. http://faraway.parisnanterre.fr/login?url=http://www.harmatheque.com/ebook/les-obligations-de-prevention-dans-le-droit-international-de-l-environnement-et-ses-consequences-dans-la-responsabilite-internationale-des-etats-51378.
Testo completoTupiassu-Merlin, Lise. "Recherche sur le droit à l'environnement : contribution de la fiscalité à sa réalisation : le cas brésilien". Toulouse 1, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009TOU10035.
Testo completoO objetivo deste trabalho é demonstrar que a inclusão do direito ao meio ambiente na ordem juridica não é algo sem conseqüências. O trabalho descreve o caminho percorrido pelo direito ao meio ambiente, de sua afirmação enquanto direitos humanos aos instrumentos teoricos e praticos que servem à garantia de sua efetividade, dentre os quais se inserira a tributação. Tendo por base teorias normativas e politicas, descobre-se as caracteristicas do direito ao meio ambiente enquanto principio juridico e direito fundamental de terceira geração. A consagração desse direito implica não apenas um dever de proteção da natureza, mas também uma obrigação imposta aos poderes publicos de forcener condições ambientais dignas a todos os individuos através da implementaçao de politicas sociais. Dentro dessa perspectiva, a tributação adquire um papel especial em razão de sua relação obrigatoria com a realização dos direitos fundamentais. Ela contribui para a implementação de politicas socio-ambientais. Estuda-se na segunda parte deste trabalho a utilização pratica da tributação para a concretização de uma melhoria da qualidade de vida dos individuos. O exemplo das reformas fiscais verdes e do duplo dividendo que elas propiciam são analizados. Enfim, o estudo culmina com uma analise sucinta da tributação ambiental brasileira e da experiência do ICMS Ecologico, instrumento tributario de redistribuição de valores adotado em varios estados brasileiros, que torna possivel a contrução de um novo modelo de desenvolvimento sustentavel