Articoli di riviste: "Eprinomectine"

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Ali, M. Sher, Tung Sun, Gina E. McLeroy e Evan T. Phillippo. "Simultaneous Determination of Eprinomectin, Moxidectin, Abamectin, Doramectin, and Ivermectin in Beef Liver by LC with Fluorescence Detection". Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 83, n. 1 (1 gennaio 2000): 31–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/83.1.31.

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Abstract Eprinomectin, moxidectin, abamectin, doramectin, and ivermectin are drugs used to control parasitic infections in both meat-producing and nonmeat-producing animals. A number of analytical methods are available to analyze these anthelmintic drugs individually. A multiresidue screening method was developed for these drugs; however, the initial attempt to derivatize eprinomectin following the method published by Merck scientists was unsuccessful because the eprinomectin derivatization reaction was temperature- and time-dependent. The optimum time and temperature for the completion of eprinomectin derivatization were 90 min and 65°C, respectively, without appreciable effect on the remaining 4 drugs. Beef liver samples were fortified with 0, 25, 50, and 100 ppb mixed standards of eprinomectin, moxidectin, abamectin, doramectin, and ivermectin. Each set of 4 levels of recoveries was repeated 10 times with all 5 compounds. The average of 10 recoveries of 5 compounds at all 4 levels of fortification was > 70%; the coefficient of variation was < 20%.

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ANASTASIO, ANIELLO, VINCENZO VENEZIANO, EMILIANA CAPURRO, LAURA RINALDI, MARIA LUISA CORTESI, ROBERTO RUBINO, MARTIN DANAHER e GIUSEPPE CRINGOLI. "Fate of Eprinomectin in Goat Milk and Cheeses with Different Ripening Times following Pour-On Administration". Journal of Food Protection 68, n. 5 (1 maggio 2005): 1097–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-68.5.1097.

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The distribution of eprinomectin in goat milk and cheeses (cacioricotta, caciotta, caprilisco) with different ripening times following a pour-on administration at a single dose rate (500 μg/kg of body weight) and a double dose rate (1,000 μg/kg of body weight) to goats with naturally occurring infections of gastrointestinal nematodes was studied. Milk residues of eprinomectin reached a maximum of 0.55 ± 0.18 μg/kg and 1.70 ± 0.31 μg/kg at the single and double doses, respectively. The drug concentrations decreased progressively until the fifth day after treatment, when they were less than the detection limit at both dose rates. The eprinomectin levels measured in all cheese types (both treatments) were higher than those recovered in milk at all the sampling times. In caciotta cheeses, the eprinomectin residues levels were constantly higher than other cheeses. With the exception of cheeses made with milk the first day after treatment, eprinomectin concentrations were nearly constant up to the fourth day then decreased by the fifth and sixth days after treatment. In all cases, at both the single and double dosages, the maximum level of eprinomectin residues in goat milk and cheeses remained below the maximum residual level of 20 μg/liter permitted for lactating cattle.

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Yazwinski, T. A., E. G. Johnson, D. R. Thompson, M. D. Drag, G. L. Zimmerman, W. K. Langholff, J. E. Holste e J. S. Eagleson. "Nematocidal efficacy of eprinomectin, delivered topically, in naturally infected cattle". American Journal of Veterinary Research 58, n. 6 (1 giugno 1997): 612–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.2460/ajvr.1997.58.06.612.

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Abstract Objective To assess the nematocidal efficacy of eprinomectin in naturally infected cattle. Animals 62 (31 eprinomectin-treated and 31 control) beef mixed-breed or Holstein cattle, either 6 to 11 or 48 to 96 months old. Procedure Cattle were housed 21 to 27 days before treatment to allow parasites to reach maturity. Animals were grouped by sex, ranked by weight, and randomly assigned to treatment group. Fecal flotation was done to identify cattle with intestinal nematode infections. Treatment groups were: 1—eprinomectin topical vehicle (1 ml/10 kg) and 2—eprinomectin topical solution (1 ml/10 kg). Cattle were euthanatized by replicate on day 14 or 15, and standard procedures were used to recover of pulmonary, abomasal, small intestinal, and large intestinal nematodes. Results Eprinomectin efficacy across all trials was 100% against adult Trichostrongylus axei, Haemonchus placei, Oesophagostomum radiatum, and Dictyocaulus viviparus, as well as fourth-stage larval Oes radiatum, Ostertagia ostertagi, Nematodirus helvetianus, and Cooperia spp. Efficacy against adult O ostertagi, Cooperia oncophora, C punctata, C surnabada, C spatulata, N helvetianus, Trichuris sp, and Trichuris fourth-stage larvae was 99.9, 99.8, 99.6, 98.9, 98.3, 99.7, 97.8, and 84.3%, respectively. All results were significant (P < 0.01) except those for C spatulata. Adverse reactions were not observed. Conclusion and Clinical Relevance Eprinomectin is a safe and effective nematocide against naturally acquired nematode infections in cattle when administered at a dosage of 500 μg/kg. Milk and meat withholding is not necessary when using this product. (Am J Vet Res 1997;58:612–614)

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Durden, David A., e Janice Wotske. "Quantitation and Validation of Macrolide Endectocides in Raw Milk by Negative Ion Electrospray MS/MS". Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 92, n. 2 (1 marzo 2009): 580–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/92.2.580.

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Abstract Macrolide endectocides (abamectin, doramectin, emamectin, eprinomectin, ivermectin, and moxidectin) are used to treat animals against a variety of parasites. They are approved for use with food animals, but require long withdrawal times. Two compounds, eprinomectin and moxidectin, are approved for use with lactating cattle and have established maximum residue limit values of 20 and 40 g/kg, respectively. The remaining compounds may appear in milk if there is off-label or accidental use. This method is capable of quantitating and confirming the presence of six of the macrolide endectocides over the concentration range 160 g/kg (parts per billion). Selamectin is used as the internal standard. The compounds are extracted with C18 solid-phase extraction under basic conditions and quantitated by negative ion LC-MS/MS using one selected reaction monitoring transition, with a second transition used for verification. The limits of detection were determined from between-day experiments as 0.14, 0.14, 0.18, 0.24, 0.25, and 0.25 g/kg for abamectin, doramectin, emamectin, eprinomectin, ivermectin, and moxidectin, respectively. The detection capability CC for eprinomectin was measured as 28.5 g/kg, and 50.0 g/kg for moxidectin using five milk matrices.

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Holste, J. E., D. D. Colwell, R. Kumar, J. E. Lloyd, N. P. M. Pinkall, M. A. Sierra, J. W. Waggoner, W. K. Langholff, R. A. Barrick e J. S. Eagleson. "Efficacy of eprinomectin against Hypoderma spp in cattle". American Journal of Veterinary Research 59, n. 1 (1 gennaio 1998): 56–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.2460/ajvr.1998.59.01.56.

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SUMMARY Objective To determine the efficacy of a topical formulation of eprinomectin against natural infestations of first (L1)-stage, and second and third (L2/L3)-stage larvae of Hypoderma spp. Animals 140 approximately 6- to 18-month-old cattle of various breeds. Procedure Cattle, selected from herds with high prevalence of Hypoderma infestation, were treated in 4 experiments: within each replicate, 1 animal received eprinomectin at a dosage of 500 μg/kg of body weight against first-stage larvae (L1). The second animal received the same treatment against second or third-stage larvae (L2/L3). The third animal served as an untreated control. In a fifth experiment, visible warbles were treated on half of the cattle. Remaining cattle served as vehicle-treated controls. In 1 experiment, warbles were examined from time of treatment until all lesions were resolved. In 4 experiments, emerging Hypoderma larvae were recovered, speciated, and enumerated, and viability was determined. Results Eprinomectin (500 μg/kg) efficacy was complete against L1. Hypoderma L2/L3 eradication approached 100% efficacy (1 live larva was recorded). Warbles in treated cattle resolved in a significantly shorter time than did those in controls. Adverse reactions related to treatment were not observed in any of the trials. Conclusions Eprinomectin (500 μg/kg) applied topically was safe and highly efficacious for treatment of all larval stages of Hypoderma spp in these trials. Clinical Relevance Attributes of eprinomectin besides antiparasite efficacy allow treatment of all classes of cattle with no need for meat or milk withdrawal. (Am J Vet Res 1998;59:56–58)

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Kırcalı Sevimli, F., E. Kozan e N. Doğan. "Efficacy of eprinomectin pour-on treatment in sheep naturally infected with Dictyocaulus filaria and Cystocaulus ocreatus". Journal of Helminthology 85, n. 4 (7 gennaio 2011): 472–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022149x10000854.

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AbstractThe efficacy of eprinomectin on Dictyocaulus filaria and Cystocaulus ocreatus in naturally infected sheep was evaluated in the present study. In total, 30 infected sheep were randomly divided into two groups: treated (n = 15) and untreated (n = 15). A single pour-on dose of eprinomectin (0.5 mg/kg) was administered to the treated group. No medication was used in the untreated group. Faecal larval counts were performed on pre-treatment (day 0) and post-treatment (days 7, 14, 21 and 42) days. Eprinomectin was found to be 100% effective against D. filaria on day 7 post-treatment when compared with the untreated group and it maintained this effect on days 14, 21 and 42. However, the decrease in faecal larval count of C. ocreatus was found to be 86, 86 and 91%, on days 14, 21 and 42, respectively.

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Jacquot, Virginie, Prescillia Buellet, Laura Letendre, Wei Tong, Henry Li e Eric Tielemans. "Pharmacokinetics of a novel endectoparasiticide topical formulation for cats, combining esafoxolaner, eprinomectin and praziquantel". Parasite 28 (2021): 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/parasite/2021014.

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Esafoxolaner, a purified enantiomer of afoxolaner with insecticidal and acaricidal properties, is combined with eprinomectin and praziquantel in NexGard®Combo, a novel topical endectoparasiticide formulation for cats. The parasiticide potencies of topical esafoxolaner, eprinomectin and praziquantel, are based on transcutaneous absorption, systemic distribution, and exposure of respective target parasites. For each compound, the pharmacokinetic profile, non-interference, dose linearity/proportionality after one administration, and the accumulation and time to reach a steady state after repeated monthly administrations of the novel formulation, were investigated. After one topical application of NexGard®Combo at the minimum recommended dose, the mean plasma concentration of esafoxolaner immediately reached (and remained at) a level supporting rapid onset and sustained efficacy against ectoparasites for at least 1 month. The meanCmax,Tmax,T1/2, and the topical bioavailability of esafoxolaner were 130 ng/mL, 7.1 days, 21.7 days and 47.2%, respectively, and the plasma profiles of eprinomectin and praziquantel supported their known endoparasiticide properties. No relevant interference between the three compounds was observed. Dose proportionality was demonstrated for the three compounds over a range of 0.5× to 2× the minimum recommended dose. Steady state after repeated monthly administrations was reached by the second dose for praziquantel and by the fifth dose for esafoxolaner and eprinomectin. Accumulation was limited and drug plasma concentrations were maintained within a safe level.

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Hou, Xiaolin, Haiyang Jiang, Shuangyang Ding, Suxia Zhang, Xiaowei Li e Jianzhong Shen. "Multiresidue Analysis of Avermectins in Cattle Liver by Liquid Chromatography/Tandem Mass Spectrometry". Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 89, n. 4 (1 luglio 2006): 1110–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/89.4.1110.

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Abstract A simple multiresidue analysis method was developed for the confirmation and quantification of eprinomectin, abamectin, doramectin, and ivermectin in cattle liver. The target analytes were extracted with acetonitrile and cleaned up with C18 and C8 solid-phase extraction cartridges before analysis by liquid chromatography combined with positive ion electrospray tandem mass spectrometry. The residue mean recoveries of the 4 drugs were 64.1699.53%. The limit of detection was 2.5 ng/g for eprinomectin, abamectin, doramectin, and ivermectin.

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Floate, K. D., D. D. Colwell e A. S. Fox. "Reductions of non-pest insects in dung of cattle treated with endectocides: a comparison of four products". Bulletin of Entomological Research 92, n. 6 (dicembre 2002): 471–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/ber2002201.

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AbstractPour-on formulations of four endectocide products were compared to assess the effect of faecal residues on insects developing in naturally-colonized dung of treated cattle. In each of three independent experiments, suppression of insects was associated with application of doramectin, eprinomectin and ivermectin, but no effect was observed for moxidectin. When data were combined across experiments to increase sample sizes, suppression of insects was observed for each compound, with the least effect being observed for moxidectin. Based on the number of species affected and duration of suppression, doramectin > ivermectin > eprinomectin ≫ moxidectin were ranked in descending order of adverse effect. A second set of three independent experiments was performed to assess the effect of endectocide treatment on dung degradation. Delayed degradation was observed for dung of cattle treated with doramectin, eprinomectin and moxidectin in the first experiment. No effect of treatment was detected in the second experiment. An effect of moxidectin was detected in the third experiment, but differences could not be detected with subsequent post-hoc tests. When data were combined across experiments to increase sample sizes, delayed degradation was detected only for eprinomectin. The apparent discrepancy between the low effect of moxidectin on insects versus its effect of dung degradation suggests the confounding action of other unidentified factors. Results of the current study indicate that use of moxidectin is least likely to affect the natural assemblage of insects associated with cattle dung.

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Sheridan, Robert, e Lucille Desjardins. "Determination of Abamectin, Doramectin, Emamectin, Eprinomectin, Ivermectin, and Moxidectin in Milk by Liquid Chromatography Electrospray Tandem Mass Specrometry". Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 89, n. 4 (1 luglio 2006): 1088–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/89.4.1088.

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Abstract The avermectin and milbemycin families of compounds are derived from naturally occurring yeasts. They have proven to be potent preventatives against a variety of pests such as insects and parasites. Only eprinomectin and moxidectin are currently approved for use on lactating cattle with tolerances in milk of 12 μg/kg for eprinomectin and 40 μg/kg for moxidectin. Detection of misuse or inadvertent contamination in milk requires a sensitive and definitive analytical method. A method has been developed for the determination of 5 avermectins and 1 milbemycin in milk using a simple liquidliquid extraction and liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) analysis. Ivermectin (IVR), doramectin (DOR), abamectin (ABA), eprinomectin (EPR), emamectin (EMA), and moxidectin (MOX) were extracted from whole milk by partitioning into acetonitrile with a subsequent solvent exchange into methanolwater. Simultaneous confirmation and quantification were achieved with LC separation, positive electrospray ionization (ESI+), and MS/MS. The limits of detection ranged from 16 pg/g (ppt) for EMA to 1.7 μg/g (ppb) for MOX.

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Barth, Dietrich, Jakie A. Hair, Bruce N. Kunkle, Wayne K. Langholff, Michael Löwenstein, Steffen Rehbein, Lawrence L. Smith, Jane S. Eagleson e Erich Kutzer. "Efficacy of eprinomectin against mange mites in cattle". American Journal of Veterinary Research 58, n. 11 (1 novembre 1997): 1257–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.2460/ajvr.1997.58.11.1257.

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SUMMARY Objective To determine whether eprinomectin was effective against mange caused by Chorioptes bovis and Sarcoptes bovis in cattle. Animals 80 cows naturally infested with C bovis and 30 cattle experimentally infested with S bovis. Procedure 6 trials were performed to determine efficacy against C bovis, and 2 trials were performed to determine efficacy against S bovis. In each trial, a group of untreated animals or of animals treated with vehicle alone was compared with a group of animals treated with a 0.5% formulation of eprinomectin applied topically (500 μg/kg). Number of mites in skin scrapings was determined prior to treatment and at weekly intervals for 8 weeks after treatment. Severity of skin lesions was evaluated when skin scrapings were obtained. In 5 trials, animals were weighed before and 56 days after treatment. Results Mite counts for treated cattle were significantly less than counts for control cattle from day 14 onwards in trials to determine efficacy against C bovis and from day 7 onwards in trials to determine efficacy against S bovis. Mites were not detected in scrapings collected from treated cattle on day 56. Mean weight gain of treated cattle was not significantly different from mean weight gain of control cattle in trials evaluating efficacy against C bovis but was significantly greater in trials evaluating efficacy against S bovis. Conclusion and Clinical Relevance Eprinomectin was highly effective against C bovis and S bovis. Because eprinomectin can be administered to lactating cows, it may be useful for controlling mange in cattle. (Am J Vet Res 1997;58:1257–1259)

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Williams, J. C., J. A. Stuedemann, K. Bairden, D. Kerboeuf, H. Ciordia, J. Hubert, S. D. Broussard et al. "Efficacy of a pour-on formulation of eprinomectin (MK-397) against nematode parasites of cattle, with emphasis on inhibited early fourth-stage larvae of Ostertagia spp". American Journal of Veterinary Research 58, n. 4 (1 aprile 1997): 379–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.2460/ajvr.1997.58.04.379.

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Abstract Objective To evaluate efficacy of topically applied eprinomectin against inhibited early fourth-stage larvae (IL4) of Ostertagia spp in calves. Animals 4 groups (n = 6 [replicates]) for dose titration; 2 groups (n = 8 calves [replicates]) for dose confirmation. Procedure 2 dose titration studies—0, 125, 250, and 500 μg of eprinomectin/kg of body weight—Louisiana and Georgia—and 2 dose confirmation studies of selected therapeutic dosage (500 μg/kg) in Scotland and France. Monitor calves were used to determine inhibition percentage of Ostertagia IL4. Test calves were ranked by weight in replicates of 4 (titration trials) or 2 (confirmation trials) animals each, and within replicates, were randomly allocated to treatment groups. Drug treatments were done on day 0, and animals were euthanatized by replicate, with holding time between treatment and euthanasia varying among trials from 14 to 27 days. Results Observations indicated high efficacy (> 99%) of 500 μg of eprinomectin/kg in removal of Ostertagia IL4. Ostertagia and Cooperia were only genera common across sites, with efficacy of aforementioned dosage against adult and larval stages of both genera consistently high (> 99%). Results of 1 or both titration studies (500 μg/kg) indicated > 99 to 100% efficacy against adult Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, T colubriformis, Bunostomum phlebotomum, Dictyocaulus viviparus, and Oesophagostomum radiatum. Lower efficacy values were observed at minimal (125 μg/kg) dosage. In France, 500 μg/kg was 85% effective against Trichostrongylus spp adults; however, numbers of control calves infected with Trichostrongylus spp and degree of infection were low, Adverse reactions were not evident. Conclusion Eprinomectin given topically (500 μg) was highly effective against Ostertagia IL4 and other common nematodes of cattle. (Am J Vet Res 1997; 58:379–383)

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Prelezov, P., N. Nizamov e P. Veleva. "Tests on the efficacy of amitraz, ivermectin and eprinomectin for control of lice in goats". BULGARIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY MEDICINE 25, n. 3 (2022): 492–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.15547/bjvm.2358.

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Ectoparasitic infestations with Linognathus stenopsis and Bovicola caprae are a serious concern in goat farms, especially during the winter and spring. This study tested the efficacy of three modern insecticide drugs (ivermectin, eprinomectin and amitraz) applied via different routes for control of sucking and chewing lice in naturally co-infected goats. Each of drugs was tested on 30 goats. The animals from the first flock were treated with a single dose of ivermectin, applied subcutaneously at 0.2 mg/kg, the second one received a single spot on treatment with 1 mg/kg еprinomectin and the third flock was treated twice with amitraz, through spraying at a dose of 4 mL/1 L water. The results were evaluated before the treatments and at post treatment days 3, 14 and 60. On post treatment day 60, the application of ivermectin resulted in reduction of Bovicola caprae population by 73.05%, and for that of Linognathus stenopsis: by 92.70%. Eprinomectin demonstrated 100% reduction of both lice. The reduction of L. stenopsis and B. caprae caused by amitraz was by 92.20% and by 98.61% respectively. The macrocyclic lactone eprinomectin showed the highest efficacy (Р<0.05), was not toxic for goats and therefore, may be used as a treatment of choice for lice control.

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Dadé, Martín, Martín Daniele e Nora Mestorino. "Evaluation of the toxic effects of doramectin, ivermectin and eprinomectin against Triatoma infestans using a rat model". Biomédica 37, n. 3 (1 settembre 2017): 324. http://dx.doi.org/10.7705/biomedica.v37i3.3316.

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Introducción. La principal herramienta para el control de los triatominos, vectores de Trypanosoma cruzi, ha sido el uso masivo e intensivo de piretroides. La aparición de resistencia a estas moléculas ha planteado la necesidad de encontrar estrategias nuevas, alternativas y complementarias de control.Objetivo. Evaluar el efecto tóxico de la ivermectina, la doramectina y la eprinomectina sobre Triatoma infestans y sus consecuencias en la alimentación con sangre en un modelo de roedor.Materiales y métodos. Se alimentaron ninfas de quinto estadio de T. infestans en distintos momentos sobre ratas Wistar tratadas previamente con doramectina, ivermectina, eprinomectina o dimetilsulfóxido (excipiente de control), administrados tópicamente o por vía oral. Se determinó el efecto de cada endectocida y del dimeltilsulfóxido en la cantidad de sangre ingerida, el volumen de excreciones y el porcentaje de mortalidad.Resultados. Únicamente la mortalidad de los insectos dependió del endectocida suministrado a las ratas y de la vía de administración utilizada. La doramectina causó mayor mortalidad (21,5 %) comparada con la ivermectina, la eprinomectina y el dimetilsulfóxido (16, 11 y 2,5 %, respectivamente), y la administración tópica fue más efectiva que la vía oral (23 Vs. 9,3 %).Conclusión. Los resultados obtenidos demuestran el efecto tóxico de los tres endectocidas en T. infestans. Su utilización en animales domiciliarios o que viven en el eridomicilio podría ser una interesante estrategia complementaria de la aspersión con piretroides para el control de T. infestans.

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Rambozzi, Luisa, Luca Rossi, Anna Rita Molinar Min, Luca Osella, Sergio Bellardi, Roberto Marchetti e Paolo Pollicino. "Efficacy and safety of topical eprinomectin to controlMyocoptes musculinus infestation in mice". Revista Brasileira de Parasitologia Veterinária 23, n. 2 (giugno 2014): 244–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1984-29612014024.

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Myocoptes musculinus is the most common fur mite identified among laboratory mice; infested mice, in addition to dermatological signs, may also be prone to secondary infections, affecting the outcome of a research trial. This trial was conducted in order to assess the safety and efficacy of a single topical administration of eprinomectin (5mg/kg BW) in a naturally infested laboratory mice colony. A safety trial was conducted on 20 uninfested pregnant females assigned to two groups, receiving eprinomectin and mineral oil, respectively. The mice were examined daily for signs of illness or toxicity; nests were individually weighted at 21 and 28 days postpartum. No acute toxicity was observed, all treated females gave full term delivery and number and mean weight of newborns ranged in the physiological values. To evaluate the efficacy, 20 naturally infested non-pregnant females were divided into two groups, treated as in the safety trial. Animals were observed daily for 15 min until 21 days post-treatment (DPT) and a “pruritus index” (PI: scratching and gnawing acts/mouse/min) was calculated. Pelage examination was performed on DPT 7, 14, 21 and 50. The “PI” was significantly lower in the treated group and mites were eradicated from all infested animals. A single topical administration of eprinomectin at a (high) dosage of 5mg/kg BW was safe and effective to control M. musculinusin mice.

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Landers, Sophia F., Christopher Tucker, Jeremy G. Powell, Eva Wray, Reagan Cauble e Toby D. Lester. "122 The efficacy of extended-release eprinomectin for the reduction of horn flies, face flies, and fecal egg counts of parasitic nematodes in replacement beef heifers". Journal of Animal Science 97, Supplement_1 (luglio 2019): 53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skz053.119.

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Abstract The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of extended-release eprinomectin against horn flies, face flies, and fecal egg counts of parasitic nematodes in crossbreed replacement beef heifers. Fifty-four heifers were randomly placed into three treatment groups (n = 18 heifers/treatment). Group 1 was administered the labeled dosage of extended-release eprinomectin at the onset of fly season (day 0). Group 2 acted as the negative control. Group 3 received the anthelmintic injection once a quarter of the heifers in the group reached the threshold treatment level for horn flies (n = 200 flies/animal; day 41). All cattle were separately pastured for the duration of the study. Throughout the study, nematode infections were measured via fecal egg counts while horn and face flies were visually monitored. Evaluation of pregnancy status was recorded at the conclusion of the study (day 144). Due to the high number of face flies, heifers were treated with insecticide dusts twice during the study (day 54 and 69). Group 1 averaged a fecal egg count of (2.3), group 2 (7.4), and group 3 (9.1) (day 111). Low egg counts for all treatment groups reflected minimal parasite burden which likely had little effect on treatment groups. Extended release eprinomectin had little influence on face flies given that all groups were above threshold at days 40, 48, and 54. At study conclusion, horn fly population was lower (P < 0.05) for group 1 (405.6) compared to group 2 (680.6) and group 3 (680.6). Conception rates were greater (P < 0.05) in group 1 (89%) compared to the control heifers (56%) and group 3 exhibited an intermediate rate (72%). Results indicate that although treatment with extended-release eprinomectin did not decrease the face fly burdens, it did have an effect on fecal egg counts, horn fly burdens, and subsequent pregnancy status at the conclusion of the study

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Landers, Sophia F., Christopher Tucker, Jeremy G. Powell, Eva Wray, Reagan Cauble e Toby D. Lester. "56 The efficacy of extended-release eprinomectin for the reduction of horn flies, face flies, and fecal egg counts of parasitic nematodes in replacement beef heifers". Journal of Animal Science 97, Supplement_1 (luglio 2019): 81–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skz053.185.

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Abstract The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of extended-release eprinomectin against horn flies, face flies, and fecal egg counts of parasitic nematodes in crossbreed replacement beef heifers. Fifty-four heifers were randomly placed into three treatment groups (n = 18 heifers/treatment). Group 1 was administered the labeled dosage of extended-release eprinomectin at the onset of fly season (day 0). Group 2 acted as the negative control. Group 3 received the anthelmintic injection once a quarter of the heifers in the group reached the threshold treatment level for horn flies (n = 200 flies/animal; day 41). All cattle were separately pastured for the duration of the study. Throughout the study, nematode infections were measured via fecal egg counts while horn and face flies were visually monitored. Evaluation of pregnancy status was recorded at the conclusion of the study (day 144). Due to the high number of face flies, heifers were treated with insecticide dusts twice during the study (day 54 and 69). Group 1 averaged a fecal egg count of (2.3), group 2 (7.4), and group 3 (9.1) (day 111). Low egg counts for all treatment groups reflected minimal parasite burden which likely had little effect on treatment groups. Extended release eprinomectin had little influence on face flies given that all groups were above threshold at days 40, 48, and 54. At study conclusion, horn fly population was lower (P < 0.05) for group 1 (405.6) compared to group 2 (680.6) and group 3 (680.6). Conception rates were greater (P < 0.05) in group 1 (89%) compared to the control heifers (56%) and group 3 exhibited an intermediate rate (72%). Results indicate that although treatment with extended-release eprinomectin did not decrease the face fly burdens, it did have an effect on fecal egg counts, horn fly burdens, and subsequent pregnancy status at the conclusion of the study

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18

Knaus, Martin, Christine Baker, Roberto Alva, Elizabeth Mitchell, Jennifer Irwin, Enstela Shukullari, Abdullah Veliu et al. "Efficacy of a novel topical combination of esafoxolaner, eprinomectin and praziquantel in cats againstToxocara catiandDipylidium caninum". Parasite 28 (2021): 28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/parasite/2021024.

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NexGard®Combo, a novel topical antiparasitic product for cats, combines the insecticide/acaricide esafoxolaner with the nematocide eprinomectin and cestodicide praziquantel. The efficacy of this combination product was evaluated against two common endoparasites of global occurrence in cats, the nematodeToxocara catiand the cestodeDipylidium caninum, in five controlled studies using naturally or experimentally infected cats with parasites of North American, South African or European origin. Cats evaluated in these studies harbored patent infection of the target parasite confirmed through a pre-treatment fecal examination. In each study, cats were allocated randomly to two groups of equal size (8 or 10 cats per group per study), one group treated with a placebo (mineral oil) and the other with NexGard®Combo. Both treatments were administered once as a spot-on at 0.12 mL per kg body weight to deliver the minimum label dosage (1.44 mg/kg esafoxolaner, 0.48 mg/kg eprinomectin, and 10.0 mg/kg praziquantel) to the NexGard®Combo-treated cats. To determine efficacy, geometric mean parasite counts seven to 12 days after treatment of placebo-treated (control) cats and NexGard®Combo-treated cats were compared. The efficacy of NexGard®Combo was 98.8% and 100% against adultT. catiin two studies; and 98.0%, 98.3% and 93.2% againstD. caninumin three studies.No adverse events related to treatment were observed throughout the studies. These studies demonstrate high efficacy against these major feline endoparasites and excellent acceptability of the novel topical antiparasitic combination of esafoxolaner, eprinomectin and praziquantel.

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19

Ishikawa, I., e M. Iwasa. "Effects of eprinomectin on the survival, reproduction and feeding activity of the dung beetles, Onthophagus lenzii Harold, and rare species, Copris ochus Motschulsky (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae)". Bulletin of Entomological Research 109, n. 2 (22 maggio 2018): 191–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007485318000317.

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AbstractEffects of the antiparasitic drug eprinomectin were studied on the dung beetles, Onthophagus lenzii Harold and the rare species, Copris ochus Motschulsky by pour-on administrations (500 µg kg−1) in Japan. Eprinomectin was detected in cattle dung from 1 to 7 or 14 days after treatment, with a peak at 1 day after treatment in two experiments. In O. lenzii, adult survivals and numbers of brood balls constructed were significantly reduced in dung from eprinomectin-treated cattle at 1 and 3 days post-treatment in experiment 1, and adult emergence rates were extremely reduced in dung at 1, 3, and 7 days post-treatment. In C. ochus, adult survivals were significantly reduced in dung at 3 days post-treatment (experiment 1), and equivalent levels to the control were restored in dung at 7 and 14 days post-treatment (experiment 2). Numbers of brood balls of C. ochus were nil in dung at 3 days (experiment 1), and significantly reduced in dung at 7 days (experiment 2) post-treatment compared with control. Adult emergence rates of C. ochus were 100 and 71.6% in dung from control cattle in experiments 1 and 2, respectively. However, no oviposition was observed in dung at 3 days post-treatment, and all offspring died at egg or the first instar larval stage in dung from 7 and 14 days post-treatment. Feeding activities of O. lenzii and C. ochus were significantly inhibited in dung from treated cattle at 1–3 days and 3 days post-treatment, respectively, returning to levels of the control at 7 days post-treatment.

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20

Rambozzi, Luisa, Pier Giuseppe Meneguz, Anna Rita Molinar Min, Mario Pasquetti e Andrea Peano. "Concurrent Chorioptic Mange and Dermatophytosis in Dairy Goats: A Case Report". Veterinary Sciences 9, n. 12 (6 dicembre 2022): 677. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vetsci9120677.

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Abstract (sommario):

A concurrent chorioptic mange and dermatophytosis outbreak occurred in a goat flock in northwestern Italy. Sanitation of the flock was obtained following pour-on eprinomectin application at a dose of 1 mg/kg; enilconazole was used for environmental disinfection against dermatophyte spores.

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21

Ali, M. Sher, Tung Sun, Gina E. McLeroy e Evan T. Phillippo. "Confirmation of Eprinomectin, Moxidectin, Abamectin, Doramectin, and Ivermectin in Beef Liver by Liquid Chromatography/Positive Ion Atmospheric Pressure Chemical Ionization Mass Spectrometry". Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 83, n. 1 (1 gennaio 2000): 39–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/83.1.39.

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Abstract (sommario):

Abstract A liquid chromatographic (LC) multiresidue screening procedure was developed for determination of eprinomectin, moxidectin, abamectin, doramectin, and ivermectin in beef liver at 0, 25, 50, and 100 ppb levels. A procedure using low resolution LC/atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) mass spectrometry (MS) was developed with further purification steps added to the quantitative LC method to confirm residues. Acetonitrile extracts of liver, prior to derivatization for LC analysis, were further purified by using a C8 solid-phase extraction cartridge and an alumina-B cartridge. The purified extract was analyzed by injection into an LC/positive ion APCI MS. Identity of the compound was confirmed by comparison of its retention time and relative intensity data with those of a standard or recovery from a fortified control liver sample. Anthelmintic drugs in acetonitrile extracts of liver containing eprinomectin, moxidectin, abamectin, doramectin, and ivermectin at 25 ppb, the lowest level of fortification used in the LC determinative method, were successfully confirmed.

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22

Volk, Mareah J., Taylor R. Krause, Rebecca S. Stokes, Frank A. Ireland e Daniel W. Shike. "Effects of extended-release eprinomectin on fescue toxicosis, performance, and reproduction on fall-calving beef cows". Translational Animal Science 3, n. 4 (13 giugno 2019): 1423–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/tas/txz093.

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Abstract (sommario):

Abstract The objective of this experiment was to evaluate effects of extended-release eprinomectin on fescue toxicosis and impacts on performance and reproduction in fall-calving beef cows. Fall-calving Angus × Simmental multiparous cows [n = 335; age = 5.8 ± 2.1 yr; 586.5 ± 6.0 kg body weight (BW); 5.48 ± 0.05 body condition score (BCS)] were stratified by BW, age, and BCS and randomly assigned to one of three treatments. Treatments included a spring injection of extended-release eprinomectin (SERE) on day 0, a fall injection of extended-release eprinomectin injection (FERE) on day 84, and a saline control (CON). All treatments were administered at a rate of 1 mL/50 kg BW. Prior to the experiment, all cows were treated with oral fenbendazole to minimize parasite load. Cows grazed endophyte-infected tall fescue. Hair coat score (HCS), BW, and BCS were recorded on all cattle. Fecal egg count (FEC), respiration rate (RR), horn fly and tick count, hematocrit (% packed cell volume, PCV), and serum prolactin were analyzed on a subset of cows (35/treatment). On day 194, cows were artificially inseminated (AI) and 11 d following AI were exposed to bulls for 51 d. Milk production was estimated on day 210 on a subset of 85 cow–calf pairs (28–29/treatment). There was a tendency for a treatment × time interaction (P = 0.07) for FEC likely driven by an increase in FEC of the CON cattle at day 126 compared to SERE and FERE. There was a tendency for a treatment × time interaction (P = 0.06) for cow BW, largely driven by time differences; however, there was no effect of treatment (P = 0.84) on BW. There was no difference (P ≥ 0.13) in cow PCV, fly and tick count, BCS, HCS, RR, and serum prolactin throughout the experiment. Additionally, there was no difference (P ≥ 0.46) in Julian calving date, calf birth BW, or milk production between treatments. Interestingly, heifer calves born to FERE dams tended to have greater (P = 0.06) weaning BW compared to heifer calves born to CON dams. In addition, there was no difference (P ≥ 0.17) in heat patch scores, AI conception rates, or overall pregnancy rates between treatments. Extended-release eprinomectin did not impact cow growth performance, reproductive performance or fescue toxicity symptoms when grazing endophyte-infected tall fescue; however, calf weaning BW tended to be improved.

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23

da Silva, A. D., A. S. da Silva, M. D. Baldissera, C. I. Schwertz, N. B. Bottari, G. M. Carmo, G. Machado et al. "Oxidative stress in dairy cows naturally infected with the lungworm Dictyocaulus viviparus (Nematoda: Trichostrongyloidea)". Journal of Helminthology 91, n. 4 (27 luglio 2016): 462–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022149x16000456.

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Abstract (sommario):

AbstractThe aim of this study was to analyse the oxidative and anti-oxidant status in serum samples from dairy cows naturally infected by Dictyocaulus viviparus and its relation with pathological analyses. The diagnosis of the disease was confirmed by necropsy of one dairy cow with heavy infection by the parasite in the lungs and bronchi. Later, blood and faeces were collected from another 22 cows from the same farm to measure reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS), catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities on day 0 (pre-treatment) and day 10 (post-treatment with eprinomectin). Faecal examination confirmed the infection in all lactating cows. However, the number of D. viviparus larvae per gram of faeces varied between animals. Cows showed different degrees of severity according to respiratory clinical signs of the disease (cough and nasal secretion). Further, they were classified and divided into two groups: those with mild (n = 10) and severe disease (n = 12). Increased levels of TBARS (P < 0.001), ROS (P = 0.002) and SOD activity (P < 0.001), as well as reduced CAT activity (P < 0.001) were observed in cows with severe clinical signs of the disease compared to those with mild clinical signs. Eprinomectin treatment (day 10) caused a reduction of ROS levels (P = 0.006) and SOD activity (P < 0.001), and an increase of CAT activity (P = 0.05) compared to day 0 (pre-treatment). TBARS levels did not differ with treatment (P = 0.11). In summary, increased ROS production and lipid peroxidation altered CAT and SOD activities, as an adaptive response against D. viviparus infection, contributing to the occurrence of oxidative stress and severity of the disease. Treatment with eprinomectin eliminated the infection, and thus minimized oxidative stress in dairy cows.

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24

Dawson, Cody R., Mareah J. Volk, Frank A. Ireland, Keela M. Trennepohl, Joshua C. McCann e Daniel W. Shike. "371 Evaluation of parasite resistance in cattle treated with extended-release eprinomectin (LongRange)". Journal of Animal Science 97, Supplement_2 (luglio 2019): 156. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skz122.276.

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Abstract (sommario):

Abstract The objective was to determine parasite resistance in cattle treated with extended-release eprinomectin (LongRange) from a herd with 3 years of prior eprinomectin use. Fall-born Angus x Simmental heifers (224 ± 22 d of age) were randomly assigned 1 of 3 treatments: LongRange (LR; n = 21), LongRange and Synanthic (COMBO; n = 21), or saline-treated control (CON; n = 21). At trial initiation, all heifers were administered treatments according to label instructions. All heifers grazed endophyte-infected tall fescue in groups (n = 3 per treatment) and supplemented daily modified wet distillers grain (0.91 kg as fed per heifer) and soybean hulls (0.91 kg as fed per heifer). Prior to trial initiation and monthly thereafter, BW, packed cell volume (PCV), and fecal egg counts (FEC) were determined. There was a treatment × date interaction (P = 0.001) for fecal eggs counts. There were no differences (P ≥ 0.53) in the FEC in May or June. In July and August, the LR and COMBO heifers had decreased (P < 0.01) FEC compared with CON. By September there were no differences (P = 0.84) in FEC. At d 28, there was no difference (P ≥ 0.44) in FEC reduction between LR (91% FEC reduction) and COMBO (98% FEC reduction). There was no treatment or treatment × date interaction (P ≥ 0.34) for PCV. There was a treatment × date interaction (P = 0.01) for BW. There were no differences (P ≥ 0.16) in BW during May, June, and July. In August the LR and COMBO heifers tended (P = 0.09) to have greater BW than CON. In September and October, the LR and COMBO heifers had a greater (P ≤ 0.01) BW than CON heifers. Parasite resistance to extended-release eprinomectin was not observed based on FEC reduction tests and similar BW of LR and COMBO heifers.

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25

Halley, Bruce A., Renate Winter, Stephen Yoon, S. E. Marley e Steffen Rehbein. "The environmental safety of eprinomectin to earthworms". Veterinary Parasitology 128, n. 1-2 (marzo 2005): 109–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2004.11.007.

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26

A., Lespine, Sutra J., Dupuy J. e Alvinerie M. "Eprinomectin in goat: assessment of subcutaneous administration". Parasitology Research 89, n. 2 (1 gennaio 2003): 120–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00436-002-0727-z.

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27

Zeng, Zhaopie, e Nicholas W. Andrew. "Characterization of Eprinomectin N-Deacetylase in Rats". Drug Metabolism and Disposition 27, n. 2 (febbraio 1999): 269–73. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0090-9556(24)15289-0.

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28

Uczay, Fernanda, Nelson M. G. Bandeira, Luana Floriano, Osmar D. Prestes, Martha B. Adaime e Renato Zanella. "Determination of Avermectins Residues in Soybean, Bean, and Maize Using a QuEChERS-Based Method and Ultra-High-Performance Liquid Chromatography Coupled to Tandem Mass Spectrometry". Separations 8, n. 11 (11 novembre 2021): 214. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/separations8110214.

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Abstract (sommario):

Soybean, maize, and bean are crops of great economic importance, but in recent years have suffered with infestations of the caterpillar Helicoverpa armigera, with the main reason being the resistance of this pest to most pesticides. Avermectin emamectin benzoate was recently released to control this pest. Other avermectins, like abamectin, doramectin, eprinomectin, and ivermectin are used in large scale because they potent acaricidal, anthelmintic, and insecticidal activities. Thus, a simple and fast method for the determination of avermectins in these crops based on a quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe (QuEChERS) extraction procedure and ultra-high performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) analysis was developed and validated. For extraction, water followed by acetonitrile:isopropanol and a partition step with salts was stablished. With the clean-up step using activated EMR-Lipid, limits of detection of 1.2 μg kg−1 for abamectin, doramectin, emamectin benzoate, and ivermectin, and of 2.4 μg kg−1 for eprinomectin were achieved. The validation showed satisfactory results and the method was successfully applied to commercial samples, indicating that it is suitable for routine analysis.

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29

Gang, Qiu, e Rui Yapei. "Preparation of Eprinomectin Nanoemulsions and Determination of Their Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics in Dairy Cows". Journal of Biomedical Nanotechnology 18, n. 2 (1 febbraio 2022): 512–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jbn.2022.3268.

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Abstract (sommario):

This study aimed to develop an anthelmintic that leaves no residues and is safe and efficient for use in cows. We constructed classical pseudoternary phase diagrams using experimental animal data to optimize and characterize the eprinomectin nanoemulsion formulas. The emulsion samples prepared with ethyl acetate, polysorbate 80, and 1-propanediol as the main components were transparent and uniform when observed under a Hitachi transmission electron microscope (TEM) system. A Mastersizer 3000 laser particle size analyzer was used to determine the particle sizes of the prepared nanoemulsions. The nanoemulsions were homogeneously dispersed, with an average particle size of 12.61 nm and a polydispersity index of (PDI) 0.297. High-performance liquid chromatography confirmed no statistically significant changes in the samples after 24 months at 4 °C, 25 °C, and 37 °C; the samples exhibited long-term stability. The PK/PD studies confirmed that the injection of eprinomectin nanoemulsions at a dose of 0.2 mg/kg body weight was effective, with a withdrawal period of 0 days for dairy cows. The total extermination rate of the nanoemulsions against adult nematodes was 98.40±1.52%. The AUCmilk/plasma ratio was 0.67±0.03. The optimal dose was found to be 0.2 mg/kg body weight.

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30

Zanzani, Sergio Aurelio, Alessia Libera Gazzonis, Emanuela Olivieri, Luca Villa, Cristina Fraquelli e Maria Teresa Manfredi. "Gastrointestinal nematodes of goats: host–parasite relationship differences in breeds at summer mountain pasture in northern Italy". Journal of Veterinary Research 63, n. 4 (19 dicembre 2019): 519–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jvetres-2019-0076.

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Abstract (sommario):

AbstractIntroductionThe Orobic goat is a hardy breed native to the Orobic Alps (Lombardy, northern Italy). The aim of the study was the assessment of gastrointestinal nematode (GIN) egg excretion in Alpine and Saanen (cosmopolite breeds) and Orobic grazing goats, after a strategic treatment with eprinomectin in late June.Material and MethodsIndividual faecal samples from a mixed flock of cosmopolite and Orobic goats were collected and analysed by the FLOTAC double technique every three weeks from June to September.ResultsStrongylida was the primary GIN infection observed in goats that grazed on Alpine pastures; a strategic treatment with eprinomectin led to a prolonged reduction of egg excretion during the whole study period. Egg excretion was also influenced by breed. Pluriparous Orobic does were able to control reinfection better than the pluriparous cosmopolite does. Regarding Nematodirus sp. eggs per gram of faeces (EPG), the autochthonous Orobic breed presented higher values than the cosmopolite breeds. However, cosmopolite goats presented higher EPG values of Strongyloides papillosus than their Orobic counterparts in August.ConclusionsFurther studies on genetic features of local autochthonous goats, such as the Orobic breed, are needed, since they could reveal peculiar characteristics of susceptibility, resistance or resilience to GIN infection, providing genetic resources for selection.

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31

Arece-García, J., Y. López-Leyva, A. Olmedo-Juárez, G. Ramírez-Vargas, D. Reyes-Guerrero, Ma E. López Arellano, P. Mendoza De Gives, M. Várady, R. Rojo-Rubio e R. González-Garduño. "First report of multiple anthelmintic resistance in goat farm in Cuba". Helminthologia 54, n. 4 (1 dicembre 2017): 358–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/helm-2017-0037.

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Abstract (sommario):

SummaryThis study determined the efficacies of four classes of anthelmintics (AH) in a goat flock where anthelmintic resistance (AR) to ivermectin was suspected. We selected and randomly distributed 105 animals with >500 eggs per gram of feces into seven groups of 15 animals: an untreated control group and groups treated with ivermectin, eprinomectin, albendazole sulfoxide, albendazole, levamisole, and closantel. The goats were individually weighed and treated with the recommended dose. Fecal samples were collected 14 days post-treatment to determine the fecal egg counts and for a fecal egg count reduction test (FECRT). Coprocultures were also performed for identifying any resistant genera. A molecular assay (polymerase chain reaction, PCR) was used to confirm benzimidazole resistance. The FECRTs for the ivermectin, eprinomectin, albendazole sulfoxide, and albendazole treatments were <90 %, indicating multiple anthelmintic resistance, all in Haemonchus spp. Levamisole had a FECRT confidence interval <90 %, indicating a moderate level of AR. The PCR detected the ß-tubulin alleles responsible for benzimidazole resistance, confirming AR. This study is the first monospecific report of AR in goats in Cuba, with a total failure of macrocyclic lactones anthelmintic class.

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32

Andresen, Claire E., Dan D. Loy, Troy A. Brick, Lee L. Schulz e Patrick J. Gunn. "Effects of extended-release eprinomectin on productivity measures in cow–calf systems and subsequent feedlot performance and carcass characteristics of calves". Translational Animal Science 3, n. 1 (15 novembre 2018): 273–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/tas/txy115.

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Abstract (sommario):

Abstract The objective of this study was to estimate the impact of a single injection of extended-release eprinomectin on economically relevant production variables in beef cows and calves as well as subsequent feedlot health, performance, and carcass traits of calves compared with a traditional, short duration anthelmintic. Animals from 13 cooperator herds across seven states were stratified within herd and assigned to one of two treatments; injectable doramectin (DOR; Dectomax; n = 828) or injectable eprinomection (EPR; Longrange; n = 832). Fecal samples were randomly collected from a subset of cows at both treatment and the end of grazing to evaluate fecal egg count (FEC). Continuous and categorical data were analyzed using the MIXED and GLIMMIX procedures of SAS, respectively. Cow treatment body weight (BW) and final BW were not different (P ≥ 0.40) between treatments. There were no differences (P ≥ 0.12) between treatments in cow ADG, change in BW, or body condition scores during the grazing season. While FEC at treatment did not differ (P = 0.18), cows treated with EPR had lower final FEC at the end of the grazing season (P = 0.02) and a greater reduction of FEC over the grazing season (P = 0.01). Calf treatment BW, weaning BW, and ADG did not differ between treatments (P ≥ 0.34). Incidence of pinkeye tended to be less (P = 0.06) for cows treated with EPR but was not different for calves (P = 0.43). Conception to AI, overall pregnancy rates, and calving interval were not different between treatments (P ≥ 0.45). A subset of calves from each herd was sent to Tri-County Steer Carcass Futurity (TCSCF) feedlot for the finishing phase. Calf BW did not differ at initiation of feeding (P = 0.20). While EPR calves tended to be heavier at reimplantation (P = 0.07), final BW and overall ADG were not different between treatments (P ≥ 0.13). Health records indicated lower morbidity for EPR calves (P = 0.05). Carcass performance including HCW, dressing percent, backfat, KPH, REA, YG, were not different between treatment groups (P ≥ 0.12). However, EPR calves had a greater marbling score, greater average quality grade (P < 0.01), and higher proportion of calves that graded average choice or greater (P = 0.03). Results of this study indicate no difference in cow or preweaning calf performance, however, carcass quality in the feedlot phase was improved. Thus, economic analysis indicates opportunities for return on investment if animals treated with EPR have improved health status and/or carcass quality during the feeding phase.

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33

Nascimento, Cristiano Grisi, Gabrielle Bragaglia, Sandra Barioni Toma, Viviane Souza Magalhães, Yara Peluso Cid e Fabio Barbour Scott. "Injectable eprinomectin for cattle: Tick efficacy and pharmacokinetics". Journal of Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics 43, n. 2 (marzo 2020): 171–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jvp.12840.

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34

Avcioglu, Hamza, e Ibrahim Balkaya. "Efficacy of eprinomectin against Toxocara vitulorum in calves". Tropical Animal Health and Production 43, n. 2 (7 ottobre 2010): 283–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11250-010-9699-7.

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35

Kozan, Esma, Feride Kırcalı Sevimli, Fatih Mehmet Birdane e Ramazan Adanır. "Efficacy of eprinomectin against Toxacara canis in dogs". Parasitology Research 102, n. 3 (10 novembre 2007): 397–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00436-007-0776-4.

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36

Kvaternick, Valerie, Michael Kellermann, Martin Knaus, Steffen Rehbein e Joseph Rosentel. "Pharmacokinetics and metabolism of eprinomectin in cats when administered in a novel topical combination of fipronil, (S)-methoprene, eprinomectin and praziquantel". Veterinary Parasitology 202, n. 1-2 (aprile 2014): 2–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2014.02.031.

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37

Knaus, Martin, Balázs Capári, Mirjam Szabó, Katrin Kley e Chris Johnson. "Efficacy of a novel topical combination of esafoxolaner, eprinomectin and praziquantel against Notoedres cati mange in cats". Parasite 28 (2021): 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/parasite/2021023.

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Abstract (sommario):

The therapeutic efficacy against notoedric mange of a topical combination of esafoxolaner, eprinomectin and praziquantel (Nexgard® Combo, Boehringer Ingelheim) was evaluated in a masked, controlled clinical study including 14 cats with natural or induced Notoedres cati infestation. Cats were allocated randomly to two groups of seven cats each, to be administered either mineral oil (placebo control) or NexGard® Combo. Each treatment was administered once as spot-on at 0.12 mL per kg body weight (representing the minimum label dosage of NexGard® Combo, i.e. 1.44 mg esafoxolaner, 0.48 mg eprinomectin, and 10.0 mg praziquantel per kg body weight). Live mites were counted in skin scrapings collected within seven days prior to and 14, 27/28, 42 and 56 days after treatment to calculate the percentage efficacy of NexGard® Combo based on the comparison of mean live mite counts of the two groups. Concurrently, mange lesions and clinical signs were scored to establish a clinical success valuation. No live mites were recovered from any NexGard® Combo-treated cats post-treatment, indicating 100% therapeutic efficacy following a single spot-on administration of the novel antiparasitic combination. The clinical success valuations in the NexGard® Combo-treated cats were 14.3%, 42.8%, 100% and 100% at 14, 27/28, 42 and 56 days after treatment, respectively. No health problems were observed throughout the study.

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38

Hinney, Barbara, Sandra Wiedermann, Waltraud Kaiser, Jürgen Krücken e Anja Joachim. "Eprinomectin and Moxidectin Resistance of Trichostrongyloids on a Goat Farm in Austria". Pathogens 11, n. 5 (21 aprile 2022): 498. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens11050498.

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Abstract (sommario):

Anthelmintic resistance (AR) of trichostrongyloids is widespread in Europe, but there is no up-to-date information on the spread of AR in caprine parasites in Austria. Eprinomectin (EPR) is currently the only anthelmintic drug of the macrocyclic lactones registered for goats in Europe. The aim of the present study was to gather information regarding the efficacy of anthelmintics against trichostrongyloids on a dairy goat farm in Austria with reported treatment failure of macrocyclic lactones and to determine the presence of different trichostrongyloid genera. Faecal egg count reduction tests (FECRT) using Mini-FLOTAC were performed with eprinomectin (EPR) and moxidectin (MOX). Egg count reduction, calculated with the R package egg-Counts, was 44% for EPR and 86% for MOX, confirming AR of trichostrongyloids for both compounds. The most frequently detected genus in larval cultures was Haemonchus, followed by Trichostrongylus. This is the first report of MOX resistance in caprine trichostrongyloids in Europe. Failure of EPR and MOX to control trichostrongyloid infections is a severe threat to dairy goat farming, since other compounds must not be applied in goats used for milk production. Haemonchus contortus is one of the most pathogenic parasites of small ruminants and can quickly develop AR. Thus, immediate action should be taken to slow the further spread of AR in this and other roundworm species of ruminants in Austria.

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39

SHERIFF, J. C., A. C. KOTZE, N. C. SANGSTER e R. J. MARTIN. "Effects of macrocyclic lactone anthelmintics on feeding and pharyngeal pumping in Trichostrongylus colubriformis in vitro". Parasitology 125, n. 5 (maggio 2002): 477–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182002002251.

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Abstract (sommario):

The effects of macrocyclic lactone anthelmintics (MLs) on feeding by Trichostrongylus colubriformis nematodes in vitro were examined using inulin uptake as a measure of ingestion and electropharyngeograms as a record of the electrical events associated with pharyngeal pumping. Inulin uptake was inhibited by the 4 MLs tested (EC50s 0.045–4.57 nM), with an order of potency of eprinomectin (most potent), ivermectin, ivermectin monosaccharide, and ivermectin aglycone. The MLs caused both the frequency and amplitude of pharyngeal electrical events to decrease. In individual worms the inhibition of pump frequency preceded the inhibition of pump amplitude. The order of potency of the MLs as inhibitors of frequency was ivermectin aglycone, ivermectin, ivermectin monosaccharide and eprinomectin. The difference compared with the inulin assay results are probably due to the dynamics of drug uptake in the two systems. It was possible that the nematodes in the electrophysiology experiments were effectively orally ligated by enclosure of the worm's head in the recording pipette which contained no drug. Despite this difference in relative potencies, both the ingestion assays and the electrical events indicate that MLs are potent inhibitors of the pharynx in T. colubriformis in vitro. The sequence of effects on pharyngeal electrical activity suggests that ML action involves an initial inhibitory effect on the rate of pharyngeal contractions, followed by a decrease in the amplitude of the potentials associated with pharyngeal pumping events.

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40

Rudik, Irina, Margie R. Cummings e Robert H. Poppenga. "Isolation and Multiresidue Detection of Macrolide Endectocides Present in Animal Matrices". Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation 14, n. 4 (luglio 2002): 295–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/104063870201400404.

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Abstract (sommario):

A simple, rapid, and sensitive method for isolation and detection of macrolide endectocides (moxidectin, doramectin, selamectin, ivermectin, and eprinomectin) in animal sera and liver is described. Fortified sera or homogenized liver samples were treated with sodium chloride followed by organic solvent extraction. No additional steps were required prior to analysis. Separation of analytes and collection of mass information was achieved by liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry with positive atmospheric pressure chemical ionization set in selected ion monitoring mode with each sample analysis complete in 15 minutes. Presence of each compound was confirmed based on 2 separate extracted ion profiles. Detection of avermectins and moxidectin in a range of working standards was achieved at 10, 50, and 100 ppb. Quantitation of these compounds in fortified samples was based on standard calibration curves with R2 > 0.99. Detection limits of 10 ppb for ivermectin, moxidectin, and doramectin, 50 ppb for selamectin, and 100 ppb for eprinomectin were achieved in spiked sera. Recoveries of avermectins and moxidectin in 500 ppb fortified sera fell between 61 and 89% (±5.7–15.7). Analysis of fortified liver gave comparable results with recovery of selamectin of 83–91% ± 18.3. A complete mass spectral fragmentation pattern of selamectin and affordable screening method for 6 macrolide endectocides are reported. Method comparison for salt treatment and solid-phase extraction of fortified samples is discussed.

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41

Briqué-Pellet, C., N. Ravinet, Y. Quenet, M. Alvinerie e C. Chartier. "Pharmacokinetics and anthelmintic efficacy of injectable eprinomectin in goats". Veterinary Parasitology 241 (luglio 2017): 43–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2017.05.021.

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42

Litskas, V. D., X. N. Karamanlis, G. C. Batzias e A. P. Kamarianos. "Sorption of the antiparasitic drug eprinomectin in three soils". Chemosphere 82, n. 2 (gennaio 2011): 193–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2010.10.024.

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43

Prullage, Joe, Anthony Pfefferkorn, Martin Knaus, Justin Frost, Elizabeth Mitchell e Eric Tielemans. "Efficacy of a novel topical combination of esafoxolaner, eprinomectin and praziquantel against Ixodes ricinus and Ixodes scapularis in cats". Parasite 28 (2021): 23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/parasite/2021019.

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Abstract (sommario):

Esafoxolaner is a purified enantiomer of afoxolaner with insecticidal and acaricidal properties. It is combined with eprinomectin and praziquantel in a novel topical endectoparasiticide formulation for cats. The efficacy of this novel formulation was evaluated in three Ixodes ricinus and two Ixodes scapularis experimental studies, with comparable designs. In each study, cats were randomly allocated, based on a pre-treatment tick infestation and count, to a placebo control group or a group treated with the minimum recommended dose of the novel formulation. Cats were infested two days before treatment and weekly thereafter. Immediate efficacy was evaluated 48 h after treatment; persistent efficacy was evaluated 48 h after new weekly infestations for at least one month after the treatment (in one of the studies, the first two weeks of persistent efficacy against I. ricinus were not tested). Efficacy was calculated at each timepoint by comparison of arithmetic means of live ticks found in the control and the treated groups. In the three studies targeting I. ricinus, immediate and persistent efficacies ranged between 91% and 100% for five weeks. In the two studies targeting I. scapularis, immediate and persistent efficacies ranged between 95% and 100%, and 98% and 100% for one month, respectively. These studies provide robust evidence of efficacy of the novel topical formulation of esafoxolaner, eprinomectin and praziquantel against experimental I. ricinus and I. scapularis infestations for at least one month in cats.

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44

Gupta, Aradhana, Christine Baker, Hailun Wang, Norba Targa, Anthony Pfefferkorn e Eric Tielemans. "Target animal safety evaluation of a novel topical combination of esafoxolaner, eprinomectin and praziquantel for cats". Parasite 28 (2021): 18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/parasite/2021015.

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Abstract (sommario):

The safety profile of NexGard®Combo, a novel topical product for cats combining esafoxolaner, eprinomectin and praziquantel, for the treatment and prevention of internal and external parasites, was evaluated in kittens, in two margin-of-safety studies (Studies #1 and #2), and in an oral tolerance study (Study #3). In the margin of safety studies, kittens were dosed several times topically with multiples of the maximum exposure dose (1×): in Study #1, 3× and 5× doses four times at 2-week intervals; in Study #2, 1×, 3× and 5× doses six times at 4-week intervals. In Study #3, kittens were dosed orally once with a 1× dose. Furthermore, in Study #1, another group of kittens was dosed topically twice at a 4-week interval with a formulation of esafoxolaner as the sole active ingredient dosed at 23×. Physical examinations and clinical pathology analyses were performed throughout the studies, followed by necropsy and detailed histopathological evaluation in Studies #1 and #2. No significant treatment related effects were observed in the three studies, except for one occurrence of reversible neurological signs attributed to eprinomectin in one cat after the third 5× dose in Study #2, with clinical signs observed nine hours after dosing, pronounced for a few hours, significantly improved the next day, and absent 2 days after dosing. In conclusion, NexGard®Combo was demonstrated safe in kittens following repeated topical administrations and following oral ingestion, and very high topical doses of esafoxolaner were well tolerated.

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45

Kolesnikov, V. I. "Eﬃcacy of anthelmintic Eprimek against gastrointestinal nematodes in sheep". Russian Journal of Parasitology 14, n. 4 (21 dicembre 2020): 99–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.31016/1998-8435-2020-14-4-99-103.

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Abstract (sommario):

The purpose of the research is studying the eﬃcacy of Eprimek (Eprinomectin) against gastrointestinal nematodes in sheep.Materials and methods. A commercial experiment to study the antiparasitic eﬃcacy of Eprimek was carried out in June 2020 on 300 lambs of the North Caucasian breed in a private flock of Filimonovskaya Village, Izobilnensky District, the Stavropol Territory, which were divided into two groups. The experimental group of lambs (290 animals) was injected Eprimek subcutaneously at the earset at a dose of 1 ml/50 kg of live weight (10 mg of Eprinomectin in 1 ml), and 10 lambs were not treated; they were used as control. We collected feces from the lambs of the experimental and control groups before administration of the drugs and after 15 and 30 days. Fecal samples were examined by the flotation technique with a saturated solution of ammonium nitrate with counting nematode eggs in 1 g of feces. The results were processed statistically.Results and discussion. Eprimek showed a decrease in the number of excreted helminth eggs from 225.1±28.2 to 4.1±2.3 in production environment at a dose of 1 ml/50 kg of live weight, according to coprological studies on the 15th day after treatment in the experimental group of lambs. The eﬃcacy was 98.2%, and 70% of the animals were free from the infection. The intensity of infection of the control lambs by gastrointestinal nematodes was 131–151 eggs per 1 g of feces at 100% prevalence.

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46

D’Alterio, G. L., A. P. Jackson, T. G. Knowles e A. P. Foster. "Comparative study of the efficacy of eprinomectin versus ivermectin, and field efficacy of eprinomectin only, for the treatment of chorioptic mange in alpacas". Veterinary Parasitology 130, n. 3-4 (giugno 2005): 267–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2005.03.036.

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47

Safiullin, R. T., E. N. Kryuchkova, B. G. Abalikhin e E. A. Sokolov. "Experience in the control of nematodirosis of calves on the Ivanovo Region farms and the economic justification of anthelmintics". Russian Journal of Parasitology 16, n. 4 (3 gennaio 2023): 488–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.31016/1998-8435-2022-16-4-488-493.

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Abstract (sommario):

The purpose of the research is to evaluate the anthelmintic efficacy against gastrointestinal Strongylata infections of cattle and to give an economic justification for their use in Yaroslavl calves.Materials and methods. The studies were performed on the Ivanovo Region farms in 2018–2020. To determine the helminth infection in cattle, 604 animals undergone a coprological survey. The faeces were examined by the Fülleborn and Berman- Orlov methods. To determine the therapeutic efficacy of anthelmintics, 4 groups of animals spontaneously infected with Nematodirus sp. were formed. The first group of calves was dewormed with a drug containing 20% albendazole. The second group of animals received a drug containing eprinomectin, and the third, a combined anthelmintic containing praziquantel and ivermectin. The fourth group of calves was dewormed with an ivermectin containing drug. Results and discussion. On the Ivanovo Region farms, nematodirosis was recorded in the calves aged 6–12 months; the infection prevalence was 75.3% with an average intensity of 31.04±0.77 egg specimens in 1 g of faeces. The diets for calves on all of the farms were approximately the same; the average daily weight gain of the calves was 251.10±0.54 g. Drugs with the active substance of 20 % albendazole, eprinomectin, praziquantel + ivermectin, and ivermectin showed 100% extenseeffectiveness and intense-effectiveness. The release of the calves from Nematodirus spp. allowed to increase the average daily gain in the body weight of the Yaroslavl calves to 650±0.40 g. The applied anthelmintics showed an economic efficacy of RUB 12.7-13.1 for RUB 1 of costs.

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48

Jiang, Haiyang, Xiaolin Hou, Shuangyang Ding, Sijun Zhao, Jihong He e Jianzhong Shen. "Residue Depletion of Eprinomectin in Bovine Tissues after Subcutaneous Administration". Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 53, n. 23 (novembre 2005): 9288–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jf0515779.

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49

Lifschitz, A., S. Nava, A. Mangold, F. Imperiale, M. Ballent, J. Canevari e C. Lanusse. "Eprinomectin accumulation in Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus: Pharmacokinetic and efficacy assessment". Veterinary Parasitology 215 (gennaio 2016): 11–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2015.11.005.

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50

Cramer, Luiz G., Simon R. Pitt, Steffen Rehbein, Ronald P. Gogolewski, Bruce N. Kunkle, Wayne K. Langholff, Karen G. Bond e Ana E. Maciel. "Persistent efficacy of topical eprinomectin against nematode parasites in cattle". Parasitology Research 86, n. 11 (16 ottobre 2000): 944–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s436-000-8011-z.

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