Tesi sul tema "Epidemics; pandemics"
Segui questo link per vedere altri tipi di pubblicazioni sul tema: Epidemics; pandemics.
Cita una fonte nei formati APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard e in molti altri stili
Vedi i top-46 saggi (tesi di laurea o di dottorato) per l'attività di ricerca sul tema "Epidemics; pandemics".
Accanto a ogni fonte nell'elenco di riferimenti c'è un pulsante "Aggiungi alla bibliografia". Premilo e genereremo automaticamente la citazione bibliografica dell'opera scelta nello stile citazionale di cui hai bisogno: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver ecc.
Puoi anche scaricare il testo completo della pubblicazione scientifica nel formato .pdf e leggere online l'abstract (il sommario) dell'opera se è presente nei metadati.
Vedi le tesi di molte aree scientifiche e compila una bibliografia corretta.
1
Ahmed, Wasim. "Using Twitter data to provide qualitative insights into pandemics and epidemics". Thesis, University of Sheffield, 2018. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/20367/.
Abstract (sommario):
Background: One area of public health research specialises in examining public views and opinions surrounding infectious disease outbreaks. Although interviews and surveys are valid sources of this information, views and opinions are necessarily generated by the context, rather than spontaneous. As such, social media has increasingly been viewed as legitimate source of pragmatic, unfiltered public opinion. Objectives: This research attempts to better understand how users converse about infectious disease outbreaks on the social media platform Twitter. The study was undertaken in order to address a gap in knowledge because previous empirical studies that have analysed infectious disease outbreaks on Twitter have focused on employing quantitative methods as the primary form of data analysis. After analysing individual cases on Ebola, Zika, and swine flu, the study performs an important comparison in the types of discussions taking place on Twitter and is the first empirical study to do so. Methods: A number of pilot studies were initially designed and conducted in order to help inform the main study. The study then manually labels tweets on infectious disease outbreaks assisted by the qualitative analysis programme NVivo, and performs an analysis using the Health Belief Model, concepts around information theory, and a number of sociological principles. The data were purposively sampled according to when Google Trends Data showed a heightened interest in the respective outbreaks, and a case study approach was utilised. Results: A substantial number of themes were uncovered which were not reported in previous literature, demonstrating the potential of qualitative methodologies for extracting greater insight into public health opinions from Twitter data. The study noted several limitations of Twitter data for use in qualitative research. However, results demonstrated the potential of Twitter to identify discussions around infectious diseases that might not emerge in an interview and/or which might not be included in a survey.
2
Ng, Sophia, e 吳鈺陪. "The role of antivirals and vaccines in the control of influenza epidemics and pandemics". Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2012. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B49617849.
Abstract (sommario):
Influenza vaccination is the best preventive measure against influenza virus infection, and antivirals including oseltamivir are effective treatments. From a public health point of view, it is important to evaluate whether vaccination and antiviral treatment reduces transmission of the virus. I analyzed data from a community-based study of influenza virus transmission in households, and identified effectiveness of antiviral treatment in reducing duration of illness and some evidence that treatment reduced transmission to household contacts. I also analyzed data from a community-based placebo-controlled trial of influenza vaccination and confirmed efficacy of vaccination against seasonal influenza but differential efficacy against pandemic influenza possibly because of timing and mediation of seasonal influenza epidemics. In further analyses I found that antibody titers of 1:40 correlated with 50% protection against infection, and repeated vaccination with the same strains tended to be associated with reduced responses to those strains although there was no evidence of reduced efficacy. In the study, one child in each household was randomly allocated to receive vaccine or placebo and I did not identify any evidence of indirect benefits to the household members of vaccinated children. I reviewed vaccine target groups in different countries, and noted that some countries now include school-age children in their target groups based mainly on the principle of herd immunity. My findings did not support the inclusion of school-age children as a target group for vaccination in Hong Kong. Further studies should examine the indirect as well as direct benefits of vaccination in different settings in order to guide optimal influenza vaccination policies.published_or_final_version
Community Medicine
Doctoral
Doctor of Philosophy
3
Hyder, Ayaz. "Validation and integration in spread models of influenza: scientific insights and policy implications during influenza epidemics/pandemics". Thesis, McGill University, 2012. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=110462.
Abstract (sommario):
Influenza presents many challenges to society, leading to severe impacts in terms of social, economic and health-care costs. To minimize these impacts, models for the spatial spread of influenza help us prepare and plan for epidemic/pandemic events. These models also increase our scientific understanding about the epidemic process and identify optimal mitigation strategies during such events. Given the human experience with past pandemics and severe seasonal epidemics, modeling studies will continue to be a useful tool for policy-makers in reducing the burden of influenza on society. I highlight two avenues of research which may enhance our understanding of the epidemic process and improve the use of models for setting and implementing policy.Validation remains limited and predictive validation is almost non-existent in complex simulation models of influenza spread. This is a serious concern because policy-makers use predictions from such models as inputs for making important decisions. Current models of influenza spread are coming under increased scrutiny for their lack of predictive ability, but it seems that no one has actually evaluated their predictive ability in the first place. To fill this gap in knowledge, I demonstrate the process of predictive validation by generalizing an individual-based model for the spread of influenza to the urban area of Montreal, Canada. Using this model and extensive data on several past epidemics, I show that the reliability and timing of several epidemic metrics depends on two important factors: the method of forecasting and the type of the epidemic metric which we want to forecast.Predictors of health disparities are not included in current models of influenza spread. This is despite an extensive literature showing that these predictors are related to burden of influenza in vulnerable subpopulations of society. Through formulating two different integrated models, I illustrate novel approaches to address this limitation. In the first model, I integrate social deprivation within an individual-based model for the spread of influenza. Using this model, I examine hypotheses about the relationship between social deprivation and influenza burden. In the second model, I integrate socioeconomic information in a metapopulation model. I develop a novel social-attributes gravity model to describe local-scale contact processes. I perform a theoretical analysis of this model to show the consequences of local-scale heterogeneity, in contact and susceptibility, on large-scale epidemic patterns. For both models, I show their practical application through evaluating vaccination strategies which make use of never-before-available data within complex and dynamic models of influenza spread.L'influenza présente de nombreux défis pour la société, entre autres des conséquences sociales, économiques et sanitaires. Afin de minimiser les impacts de la propagation spatiale de l'influenza, certains modèles sont développés pour aider à préparer et planifier des épidémies et pandémies. Ces modèles augmentent aussi notre compréhension scientifique des processus d'épidémie et identifient les stratégies optimales d'atténuation de ces évènements. Étant donné l'expérience précédente des humains lors de pandémies et les dynamiques saisonnières de celles-ci, les études de modélisation continueront d'être un outil utile pour les politiciens afin de réduire le fardeau de l'influenza pour la société. Ici, je souligne deux axes de recherche qui peut améliorer notre compréhension du processus de l'épidémie et améliorer l'utilisation de modèles pour l'élaboration des politiques.La validation des modèles demeure limitée et la validation prévisible n'existe pas dans de modèles complexes de la propagation de l'influenza. Ce manque de validation est une grande préoccupation car les politiciens utilisent ces prévisions pour faire des décisions importantes. Les modèles actuels de la propagation de la grippe sont soumis à une surveillance accrue pour leur manque de capacité prédictive, mais il semble que personne ne sont effectivement évalué leur capacité prédictive en premier lieu. Pour combler cette lacune dans les connaissances. Je démontre le processus de validation prévisible en généralisant le modèle courant, basé sur l'individu dans la région urbaine de Montréal, Canada. J'utilise un grand jeu de données comportant plusieurs épidémies en plus de perturbations réelles pour démontrer que la méthode de prévision et la métrique du type d'épidémie peuvent avoir de grands enjeux sur le temps de détection et la fiabilité lorsque de telles estimées sont possibles.Les disparités de santé ne sont pas incluses dans les modèles courant de la répartition de l'influenza malgré le fait que la littérature démontre que les prédictions de celles-ci sont reliées au fardeau de l'influenza. Par la formulation de deux modèles intégraux différents, je démontre une nouvelle approche qui adresse cette limitation. Dans le premier modèle, j'intègre la privation sociale dans un modèle basé sur l'individu. En utilisant ce modèle, j'examine les hypothèses concernant le lien entre la privation sociale et le fardeau de l'influenza. Dans le deuxième modèle, j'intègre de l'information socioéconomique dans un modèle de métapopulations. Je développe un nouveau modèle gravitationnel d'attributs sociaux pour décrire l'état local des processus de contact. J'effectue une analyse théorique pour démontrer les conséquences de l'hétérogénéité à l'échelle locale, du contact et de la susceptibilité sur les patrons épidémiques à grande échelle. Pour les deux modèles, je démontre leur application pratique par rapport à l'évaluation des stratégies de vaccination. Ces stratégies utilisent des jeux de données complexes, jamais utilisés auparavant, et des modèles dynamiques de propagation de l'influenza.
4
Shi, Pengyi. "Stochastic modeling and decision making in two healthcare applications: inpatient flow management and influenza pandemics". Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/50367.
Abstract (sommario):
Delivering health care services in an efficient and effective way has become a great challenge for many countries due to the aging population worldwide, rising health expenses, and increasingly complex healthcare delivery systems. It is widely recognized that models and analytical tools can aid decision-making at various levels of the healthcare delivery process, especially when decisions have to be made under uncertainty. This thesis employs stochastic models to improve decision-making under uncertainty in two specific healthcare settings: inpatient flow management and infectious disease modeling.
In Part I of this thesis, we study patient flow from the emergency department (ED) to hospital inpatient wards. This line of research aims to develop insights into effective inpatient flow management to reduce the waiting time for admission to inpatient wards from the ED. Delayed admission to inpatient wards, also known as ED boarding, has been identified as a key contributor to ED overcrowding and is a big challenge for many hospitals. Part I consists of three main chapters. In Chapter 2 we present an extensive empirical study of the inpatient department at our collaborating hospital. Motivated by this empirical study, in Chapter 3 we develop a high fidelity stochastic processing network model to capture inpatient flow with a focus on the transfer process from the ED to the wards. In Chapter 4 we devise a new analytical framework, two-time-scale analysis, to predict time-dependent performance measures for some simplified versions of our proposed model. We explore both exact Markov chain analysis and diffusion approximations.
Part I of the thesis makes contributions in three dimensions. First, we identify several novel features that need to be built into our proposed stochastic network model. With these features, our model is able to capture inpatient flow dynamics at hourly resolution and reproduce the empirical time-dependent performance measures, whereas traditional time-varying queueing models fail to do so. These features include unconventional non-i.i.d. (independently and identically distributed) service times, an overflow mechanism, and allocation delays. Second, our two-time-scale framework overcomes a number of challenges faced by existing analytical methods in analyzing models with these novel features. These challenges include time-varying arrivals and extremely long service times. Third, analyzing the developed stochastic network model generates a set of useful managerial insights, which allow hospital managers to (i) identify strategies to reduce the waiting time and (ii) evaluate the trade-off between the benefit of reducing ED congestion and the cost from implementing certain policies. In particular, we identify early discharge policies that can eliminate the excessively long waiting times for patients requesting beds in the morning.
In Part II of the thesis, we model the spread of influenza pandemics with a focus on identifying factors that may lead to multiple waves of outbreak. This line of research aims to provide insights and guidelines to public health officials in pandemic preparedness and response. In Chapter 6 we evaluate the impact of seasonality and viral mutation on the course of an influenza pandemic. In Chapter 7 we evaluate the impact of changes in social mixing patterns, particularly mass gatherings and holiday traveling, on the disease spread.
In Chapters 6 and 7 we develop agent-based simulation models to capture disease spread across both time and space, where each agent represents an individual with certain socio-demographic characteristics and mixing patterns. The important contribution of our models is that the viral transmission characteristics and social contact patterns, which determine the scale and velocity of the disease spread, are no longer static. Simulating the developed models, we study the effect of the starting season of a pandemic, timing and degree of viral mutation, and duration and scale of mass gatherings and holiday traveling on the disease spread. We identify possible scenarios under which multiple outbreaks can occur during an influenza pandemic. Our study can help public health officials and other decision-makers predict the entire course of an influenza pandemic based on emerging viral characteristics at the initial stage, determine what data to collect, foresee potential multiple waves of attack, and better prepare response plans and intervention strategies, such as postponing or cancelling public gathering events.
5
Mak, Ka-ki Peter. "The potential trade-offs between treatment and prophylaxis with antivirals in households during a pandemic". View the Table of Contents & Abstract, 2007. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B38479631.
6
Ma, Sau-mui Rhoda. "Self-evaluation on emergency preparedness for influenza pandemic by public health nurses in Hong Kong /". View the Table of Contents & Abstract, 2007. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B38296299.
7
Mak, Ka-ki Peter, e 麥家麒. "The potential trade-offs between treatment and prophylaxis with antivirals in households during a pandemic". Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2007. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B39724517.
8
Ferreira, Jackson Andrade. "Um modelo multiescalas de autômatos celulares para pandemia da dengue". Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 2009. http://locus.ufv.br/handle/123456789/4233.
Abstract (sommario):
Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-26T13:35:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1
texto completo.pdf: 2430887 bytes, checksum: 46c97cae3636842e90c00b8d31b6f16a (MD5)
Previous issue date: 2009-02-09Fundação de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais
The dramatic resurgence and emergence of epidemic dengue and dengue hemorragic fever in the last two decades neatly define a global pandemic. The dispersion of dengue viruses combines local infections of humans bited by infective mosquitoes inside a city with long-range transmissions to non-infective vectors that feed the blood of infected people arriving from other urban areas. In the present work a cellular automata model for dengue epidemic is proposed and investigated through large-scale computer simulations. The model takes into account the main features concerning the population dynamics of mosquitoes and humans and the disease transmission cycle. Furthermore, the model is defined on a scale-free network in which each node is a square lattice in order to properly describe the environment as urban centers interconnected through a national transportation system. A nonzero epidemic threshold is found and it is approached with a power law behavior by the density of infected individuals, as observed in the small-world network of Watts and Strogatz. Also, it is studied the importance of three parameters for the dengue spreading: the diffusivity of the mosquitoes, the probability of a mosquito bites humans, and the travel's probability of people between two interconnected cities. Finally, maps of infected individuals are obtained in order to caracterise the epidemic spreading.
O dramático ressurgimento e a emergência da epidemia de dengue e dengue hemorrágica nas últimas duas décadas claramente definem uma pandemia global. A dispersão do vírus da dengue combina infecções locais dos seres humanos picados por mosquitos infectados dentro de uma cidade com transmissões de longo alcance por vetores não-infecciosos que se alimentam do sangue de pessoas infectadas provenientes de outras zonas urbanas. No presente trabalho um modelo de autômatos celulares para epidemias de dengue é proposto e investigado através de siulação por computador, em larga escala. O modelo leva em conta as principais características relativas à dinâmica das populações de mosquitos e seres humanos e o ciclo de transmissão da doença. Além disso, o modelo é definido em uma rede livre de escala, em que cada nó é uma rede quadrada, a fim de descrever adequadamente o meio ambiente como os centros urbanos interligados através do sistema de transporte nacional. Um limiar epidêmico diferente de zero é encontrado e é aproximado com um comportamento tipo lei de potência pela densidade de indivíduos infectados, como observado na rede mundo-pequeno de Watts-Strogatz. Também, é estudada a importância de três parâmetros na dispersão da dengue: a difusividade do mosquito, a probabilidade do mosquito picar um ser humano, e a probabilidade de viagem de pessoas entre duas cidades conectadas. Por fim, mapas de indivíduos infectados são obtidos a fim de caracterizar a difusão da epidemia.
9
Cuny, Gérard. "Les crises épidémiques de l'empire romain, 27 av. J.-C. - 476 ap. J.-C". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Montpellier 3, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023MON30036.
Abstract (sommario):
De nombreuses sources attestent d’épidémies, et divers récits font référence à des « pestes », noms génériques pour désigner de graves maladies infectieuses épidémiques qui ont marqué l’Empire Romain. Les récits qui nous sont parvenus ne donnent pas ou très rarement des indications sur l’épidémiologie, les symptômes, les signes ou l’évolution des maladies responsables, mais à défaut de pouvoir poser un diagnostic précis il parait plausible, compte-tenu de nos connaissances actuelles, d’avancer des hypothèses sur leur nature. Pour chaque épidémie, l’identification des agents pathogènes potentiellement responsables, et leurs interactions avec les populations du passé, est réalisée. Ensuite, une recherche/compréhension est menée, afin d’expliquer l’apparition de la maladie infectieuse, la dynamique de son comportement temporel et spatial, la taille critique des populations hôtes, l’importance et les effets de modifications environnementales ou bioclimatiques qui ont contribué à sa diffusion. Pour mieux expliciter ces événements épidémiques, un état des lieux des connaissances médicales de l’époque était indispensable : quelles conceptions avaient les médecins des maladies, de leurs causes et de leurs variétés, des notions de transmissibilité des maladies infectieuses. Sont abordés ensuite les différents facteurs démographiques (densité de peuplement, état sanitaire, migrations), socio-économiques (pauvreté, carences nutritionnelles, pressions humaines sur l'environnement), climatiques et écologiques qui, individuellement ou en conjonction, pouvaient favoriser le développement d’une épidémie. Enfin, la perception du risque épidémique, dans ses dimensions cognitives (connaissance et compréhension du risque) et émotionnelle (ressenti du risque et comportement), ainsi que la manière dont l’Etat et les populations s’attachaient à se prémunir ou à subir les flambées épidémiques sont considérées. L’Empire romain a été confronté à des épidémies majeures, premières pandémies meurtrières décrites dans l’histoire qui vont contribuer à son affaiblissement et indirectement à l’essor du christianismeMany sources attest to epidemics, and various stories refer to "plagues", generic names to designate serious epidemic infectious diseases that marked the Roman Empire. The stories that have come down to us do not or very rarely give any information on the epidemiology, symptoms, signs or evolution of the diseases responsible, but in the absence of being able to make a precise diagnosis, it seems plausible, taking into account our current knowledge, to put forward hypotheses on their nature. For each epidemic, the identification of potentially responsible pathogens, and their interactions with past populations, is carried out. Then, a research/understanding is carried out, in order to explain the appearance of the infectious disease, the dynamics of its temporal and spatial behavior, the critical size of the host populations, the importance and the effects of environmental or bioclimatic modifications which have contributed to its dissemination. To better explain these epidemic events, an inventory of medical knowledge of the time was essential: what were the conceptions that doctors had of diseases, their causes and their varieties, notions of the transmissibility of infectious diseases. The various demographic (population density, health status, migrations), socio-economic (poverty, nutritional deficiencies, human pressures on the environment), climatic and ecological factors which individually or in conjunction could favor the development of a epidemic. Finally, the perception of the epidemic risk, in its cognitive (knowledge and understanding of the risk) and emotional (feeling of the risk and behavior) dimensions, as well as the way in which the State and the populations endeavored to protect themselves or to suffer the epidemic outbreaks are considered. The Roman Empire was confronted with major epidemics, the first deadly pandemics described in history which will contribute to its weakening and indirectly to the rise of Christianity
10
Svensson, Ida, e Desirée Bard. "Upplevelser av aktivitetsbalans och dess påverkan på stress för studenter under pandemin covid-19 : En kvalitativ intervjustudie". Thesis, Jönköping University, HHJ, Avd. för rehabilitering, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-52608.
Abstract (sommario):
Titel: Upplevelser av aktivitetsbalans och dess påverkan på stress för studenter under pandemin covid-19. Syfte: Syftet med studien var att beskriva hur studenter på en svensk högskola upplever aktivitetsbalans och dess påverkan på stress under pandemin covid-19. Metod: En kvalitativ intervjustudie med 10 svenska informanter där materialet analyserades med en kvalitativ innehållsanalys. Resultat: I resultatet kom det fram 3 kategorier: Minskade möjligheter i att delta i aktiviteter påverkar aktivitetsbalansen, Strategier för att upprätthålla aktivitetsbalans och Relationen mellan aktivitetsbalans och stress. Resultatet visade upplevelserna av aktivitetsbalans och dess påverkan på stress hos informanterna. Slutsats: Fungerande rutiner och anpassade aktiviteter var av betydelse för upplevd aktivitetsbalans under pandemin covid-19. Upplevelsen av att pandemin påverkat aktivitetsbalans negativt var på grund av bristande rutiner och anpassningar i vardagen. Vid upplevd aktivitetsobalans sågs en verkan på stress men med tidigare erfarenhet av stresshantering kunde det undvikas.Title: The experiences of occupational balance and its impact on stress for students during the covid-19 pandemic. Aim: The purpose of the study was to describe how students at a Swedish university experience occupational balance and its impact on stress during the pandemic covid-19. Method: A qualitative interview study was used with 10 Swedish participants and the material was analyzed with a qualitative content analysis. Result: The result revealed 3 categories: Reduced opportunities in participating in activities affect the occupational balance, Strategies for maintaining occupational balance and The relationship between occupational balance and stress. The results showed experiences of occupational balance and its impact on between informants Conclusion: Functioning routines and adapted activities were important for the perceived occupational balance during the covid-19 pandemic. The experience that the pandemic had a negative effect on the balance of activities was due to a lack of routines and adaptations in everyday life. In the case of perceived occupational imbalance, an effect on stress was seen, but with previous experience of stress management, it could be avoided.
11
Chilcote, Jonathan. "Epidemic and Opportunity: American Perceptions of the Spanish Influenza Epidemic". UKnowledge, 2016. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/history_etds/39.
Abstract (sommario):
During the final months of the Great War, the loss of human life was not confined to the battlefields of Western Europe. The Spanish influenza virus was rapidly spreading around the globe¸ and would ultimately leave millions dead in its wake. Some American groups, both public and private, saw the pandemic as a blessing in disguise. They interpreted the pandemic as a sign that their work, whether religious, political, commercial, or health, was more vital to the world than ever before. Influenza reinforced their existing beliefs in the rightness and necessity of their causes, and used the pandemic as a call to increase their activities. American missionaries interpreted the pandemic and its spread as a sign of the backwardness of native peoples, and they argued that the United States and Americans had an increased duty after the War and pandemic to help foreign populations with education, sanitation, and religion. For American diplomats, the pandemic was a nuisance to their work of promoting and expanding American trade. Although it devastated societies, it was not destructive to international commerce. It did, though, provide an opportunity for Americans to teach foreign peoples about better health to protect them from future diseases, and to strengthen commercial ties with the rest of the world. The U.S. Government was greatly distracted with the war effort when the epidemic hit, and refused to take it seriously. They appropriated a small amount of money to the United States Public Health Service (PHS) to deal with the epidemic. This appropriation, although small, continued a trend of the federal government becoming more involved in health efforts at the expense of states, and was used as a justification for later federal health initiatives. The PHS actively used the influenza epidemic to push for their own expansion, arguing that their success in combatting influenza showed their merit, and used it to ensure that they would maintain their power and authority after the epidemic ceased. For all of these groups, the Spanish influenza epidemic provided an opportunity for their work, and reinforced their beliefs that their efforts were needed and vital to the nation and world.
12
Batalha, Alexandrina Maria de Fátima Pereira. "Geopolítica das grandes pandemias e endemias na África Subsaariana". Doctoral thesis, Instituto Superior de Ciências Sociais e Políticas, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/7144.
13
Delaney, John. "Fire fighters' ability and willingness to participate in a pandemic". Thesis, Registration and login required, 2008. https://www.hsdl.org/homesec/docs/theses/08Mar_Delaney.pdf&code=0b11819a26de4946f5547907991d6aad.
14
Ma, Yifei. "A Database Supported Modeling Environment for Pandemic Planning and Course of Action Analysis". Diss., Virginia Tech, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/23264.
Abstract (sommario):
Pandemics can significantly impact public health and society, for instance, the 2009 H1N1and the 2003 SARS. In addition to analyzing the historic epidemic data, computational simulation of epidemic propagation processes and disease control strategies can help us understand the spatio-temporal dynamics of epidemics in the laboratory. Consequently, the public can be better prepared and the government can control future epidemic outbreaks more effectively. Recently, epidemic propagation simulation systems, which use high performance computing technology, have been proposed and developed to understand disease propagation processes. However, run-time infection situation assessment and intervention adjustment, two important steps in modeling disease propagation, are not well supported in these simulation systems. In addition, these simulation systems are computationally efficient in their simulations, but most of them have
limited capabilities in terms of modeling interventions in realistic scenarios.
In this dissertation, we focus on building a modeling and simulation environment for epidemic propagation and propagation control strategy. The objective of this work is to
design such a modeling environment that both supports the previously missing functions,
meanwhile, performs well in terms of the expected features such as modeling fidelity,
computational efficiency, modeling capability, etc. Our proposed methodologies to build
such a modeling environment are: 1) decoupled and co-evolving models for disease propagation, situation assessment, and propagation control strategy, and 2) assessing situations and simulating control strategies using relational databases. Our motivation for exploring these methodologies is as follows: 1) a decoupled and co-evolving model allows us to design modules for each function separately and makes this complex modeling system design simpler, and 2) simulating propagation control strategies using relational databases improves the modeling capability and human productivity of using this modeling environment. To evaluate our proposed methodologies, we have designed and built a loosely coupled and database supported epidemic modeling and simulation environment. With detailed experimental results and realistic case studies, we demonstrate that our modeling environment provides the missing functions and greatly enhances many expected features, such as modeling capability, without significantly sacrificing computational efficiency and scalability.
Ph. D.
15
Biral, Edoardo <1995>. "The impact of Epidemics on European society: a historical perspective of socio-economic change during pandemic periods". Master's Degree Thesis, Università Ca' Foscari Venezia, 2022. http://hdl.handle.net/10579/20900.
Abstract (sommario):
Le epidemie e le malattie infettive hanno segnato la storia umana per decenni, impattando su aspetti sociali ed economici. Questo lavoro si propone di esplorare similitudini e differenze tra i periodi pandemici e post-pandemici del passato e del presente, fornendo una nuova letteratura per la situazione post Covid-19 in Europa. Infatti, un certo livello di cambiamento di paradigma sociale ed economico di solito caratterizza le conseguenze di una pandemia.
In primo luogo, si analizzerà come la diffusione e la reazione alle informazioni cambia durante e dopo una pandemia. Infatti, la letteratura e ora i social network sono veicoli importanti per la proliferazione delle notizie, ma possono anche influenzare la mentalità delle persone in un modo che può diventare pericoloso per i loro comportamenti minando l'armonia sociale. Il problema delle fake news non è nuovo e ha caratterizzato periodi pandemici fin dal XIV secolo, dopo l'epidemia di peste nera.
Un altro scopo è quello di esaminare le turbolenze economiche che accompagnano e seguono una pandemia. Questa questione è rilevante perché la vita socio-economica di un paese può cambiare drasticamente a causa della crescente disuguaglianza di reddito. Come menzionato prima, le pandemie sono spesso responsabili di cambiamenti di paradigma.
Pandemie precedenti hanno prodotto o messo in moto trasformazioni.
La peste nera del 1348-50 circa, segnò il crollo del sistema economico feudale, un processo che sarebbe durato tre secoli, terminando con la cataclismatica guerra dei 30 anni del 1618-48.
La decimazione della popolazione in seguito alla peste nera rese la terra più abbondante rispetto al lavoro, aumentando il rapporto tra salario e affitto.
Questo ebbe l'impatto di abbassare l'ineguaglianza, una tendenza moderata dalla caduta del prezzo del grano alla fine del XIV secolo. Ha anche alterato la composizione della produzione, portando a una minore produzione di grano, a un aumento dell'allevamento di animali e al modello di commercio europeo di prodotti di lana, fermando il fino ad allora fiorente commercio della Via della Seta. Il sistema feudale, tuttavia, si protrasse fino alla fine della guerra dei 30 anni, che produsse anche epidemie intermittenti.
Pertanto, dopo l'epidemia di Covid-19, potremmo essere testimoni di un cambiamento sociale ed economico che porta ad un'era di ampia digitalizzazione.
Infine, valuterò come il cambiamento climatico e il sistema capitalista siano concetti interconnessi che devono essere presi in considerazione quando si parla di epidemie. "Come tutte le pandemie, COVID-19 non è un evento accidentale o casuale. Le epidemie affliggono le società attraverso le vulnerabilità specifiche che le persone hanno creato dal loro rapporto con l'ambiente, le altre specie e tra di loro... Il COVID-19 è scoppiato e si è diffuso perché è adatto alla società che abbiamo fatto. Un mondo con quasi otto miliardi di persone, la maggior parte delle quali vive in città densamente affollate e tutte collegate da viaggi aerei, crea innumerevoli opportunità per i virus polmonari. Allo stesso tempo, l'aumento demografico e l'urbanizzazione frenetica portano all'invasione e alla distruzione dell'habitat animale, alterando il rapporto dell'uomo con il mondo animale"
16
Ma, Sau-mui Rhoda, e 馬秀梅. "Self-evaluation on emergency preparedness for influenza pandemic by public health nurses in Hong Kong". Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2007. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B4501212X.
17
Trimarchi, Biagio. "Distributed Identification of a Network Model for Pandemic Spreading". Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2021.
Abstract (sommario):
The recent outburst of the Covid-19 epidemic has made clear the necessity of developing dynamical models for the prediction and the control of large scale epidemic systems. Due to the large impact they have on the life of people and on the economy of the countries, it is extremely important to design models that are able to predict the evolution of such complex phenomena. In the thesis a compartmental model for epidemics is developed and implemented in a Python toolbox suited for distributed computation. Based on the proposed model and on available data, an identification algorithm, based on a gradient free descent method, is proposed to find model parameters that best fit the data. The distributed nature of the system allows for the implementation of a scheme in which computation is distributed among different spatial regions.
18
Torseld, Anna, e Jacqueline Lindberg. "Sjuksköterskans erfarenhet av omvårdnadsarbetet under en epidemi och pandemi : En litteraturstudie". Thesis, Malmö universitet, Malmö högskola, Institutionen för vårdvetenskap (VV), 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-43486.
Abstract (sommario):
Bakgrund: Under 2019 uppdagades COVID-19 som blev en global pandemi och innebar en extrem belastning av sjukvården. Pandemin har även inneburit att brister i vården har uppdagats och sjuksköterskorna utsätts för en oförutsägbar situation. Virusattacker, bland annat SARS och MERS, som utvecklats till epidemier har tidigare drabbat samhället. Syfte: Syftet med litteraturstudien var att beskriva sjuksköterskans erfarenheter av omvårdnadsarbetet under en pandemi och epidemi. Metod: Metoden var utformad som en litteraturstudie och baserad på vetenskapliga artiklar med kvalitativ studiedesign. Cinahl och PsycInfo har använts som databaser vid artikelsökningarna. Tolv vetenskapliga artiklar med kvalitativ studiedesign valdes ut. Åtta av de utvalda artiklarna ansågs ha hög kvalitet och fyra av studierna ansågs ha medelhög kvalitet. Totalt undersökte tio av de kvalitativa artiklarna som använts i resultatet sjuksköterskors erfarenheter av omvårdnadsarbetet under COVID-19 samt två undersökte MERS. De utvalda vetenskapliga artiklarna analyserades genom en tematisk syntes. Resultat: I resultatet framkom fyra teman. Dessa var okunskap och smittorisk ledde till rädsla, sjuksköterskans erfarenheter av omvårdnadsarbetet, kompetensutveckling under en epidemi och pandemi samt teamarbetets betydelse vid en epidemi eller pandemi. Konklusion: Resultatet visade att sjuksköterskors omvårdnadsarbete under en epidemi eller pandemi förändrades. Förändringen berodde på okunskap, rädsla, förändrade riktlinjer, hög arbetsbelastning samt hög smittorisk. Patienter med komplexa omvårdnadsbehov samt ett utökat ansvarsområde för sjuksköterskan påverkade omvårdnadsarbetet negativt. Sjuksköterskan fick ständigt balansera omvårdnadsbehovet mot den höga arbetsbelastningen, den obekväma skyddsutrustningen samt prioritering av omvårdnadsarbetet. Sjuksköterskans profession stärktes tillsammans med sjuksköterskornas upplevelse av ansvar och motivation till att arbeta. Arbetslagets samarbete utvecklades till att bli mer sammansvetsat.
19
Dall\'Ava, João Paulo. "Sorocaba entre epidemias: a experiência de Álvaro Soares na febre amarela e na gripe espanhola (1897-1918)". Universidade de São Paulo, 2015. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/5/5137/tde-05102015-112501/.
Abstract (sommario):
A presente pesquisa investiga as epidemias de febre amarela - em 1897 e 1900 - e de gripe espanhola - em 1918 - ocorridas em Sorocaba e a atuação do médico Álvaro César da Cunha Soares no seu combate, a fim de revelar as condições sanitárias de uma cidade que passava por grandes transformações, como o crescimento urbano e a industrialização, em um contexto de consolidação da medicina oficial e de acirrados debates em torno das questões relacionadas à saúde pública. Para tanto, traça-se um panorama das condições sanitárias e de saúde pública de Sorocaba entre o final do século XIX e o início do século XX, apontando o agravamento dos problemas sociais e o aumento do número de casos de determinadas enfermidades. Desse modo, pretende-se demonstrar como a condição de vida da população pobre sorocabana foi se deteriorando cada vez mais enquanto a cidade apresentava um relativo crescimento urbano e industrial. As epidemias de febre amarela são reconstituídas, abordando-se questões políticas, sociais e científicas que se desenrolaram no decorrer dos surtos epidêmicos, em um contexto de disputa entre o poder estadual, representado pelo Serviço Sanitário do Estado de São Paulo, e os poderes locais, representados por médicos e autoridades públicas municipais, na condução das medidas de combate às epidemias. A epidemia de gripe espanhola na cidade representou um desafio às autoridades públicas locais e uma ameaça à estabilidade econômica local - em um momento em que o crescimento industrial da cidade era colocado em evidência. Desse modo, estudando as epidemias que assolaram Sorocaba na virada do século XIX para o XX e acompanhando a atuação de Álvaro Soares nesse contexto, pretende-se compreender melhor a relação entre a consolidação da medicina oficial no Estado de São Paulo e suas implicações nas práticas em saúde públicaThis research investigates epidemics of yellow fever - in 1897 and 1900 - and the Spanish flu - in 1918 - occurred in Sorocaba and the performance of the medical Álvaro César Soares da Cunha in combating them, in order to reveal the sanitary conditions of a city passing through major transformations, such as urban growth and industrialization, in a context of consolidation of official medicine and heated debates on issues related to public health. To this end, draws up an overview of public health and sanitary conditions of Sorocaba in the late nineteenth and the early twentieth century, pointing to the worsening of social problems and the increasing number of cases of certain diseases. Thus, it is intended to demonstrate how the living conditions of the poor in Sorocaba was deteriorating more and more as the city had a relative urban and industrial growth. The yellow fever epidemics are reconstituted, addressing political, social and scientific issues that unfolded over the outbreaks, in a dispute context between state power, represented by the State Sanitation Service of São Paulo, and local authorities, represented by physicians and municipal authorities, in the conduct of measures to combat epidemics. The Spanish flu epidemic in the city was a challenge to local public authorities and a threat to local economic stability - at a time when the industrial growth of the city was placed in evidence. Thus, studying the epidemics that ravaged Sorocaba in the late nineteenth century to the twentieth and monitoring the performance of Alvaro Soares in this context, it is intended to better understand the relationship between the consolidation of official medicine in the State of São Paulo and its implications for practice in public health
20
Rajabi, Paak Mina. "The epidemic of spectacles : the HIV/AIDS pandemic, visual culture and the philanthropic documentary archive of the global South". Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/50083.
Abstract (sommario):
In the twenty years since the recognition of HIV/AIDS as a pandemic, the disease has become a global challenge, which is not only of medical nature, but also involves various political, social, and cultural factors. As Simon Watney once wrote, “AIDS is not only a medical crisis on an unparalleled scale, it involves a crisis of representation itself” (3). And indeed, HIV/AIDS visual culture and the politics of representation have become integral to our understanding of the meaning of the pandemic. Within the epidemic’s visual culture, AIDS documentaries stand out as one of the most prominent forms of media for narrating the pandemic and creating its global image. My thesis looks at the HIV/AIDS visual culture by documenting and analyzing the transformation of the AIDS documentary archive—both in form and focus—from the radical works of the earlier years (1980s to mid-1990s) in the West to the more conventional documentaries of the later years in and about the global South. Concentrating on this recent AIDS documentary archive concerned with the global South, I discuss how the colonial and stereotypical visuals of the pandemic in the global South find their way into the growing archive of what I call “philanthropic documentaries”: a tradition of globally-oriented documentary making that focuses on the state of the HIV/AIDS epidemic in the global South and which is aimed at attracting financial and political aid from the outsider—mostly Western—viewers by presenting narratives and visuals that initiate effects of shock and sympathy. Yet such well-intentioned filmmaking does as much harm as good by dehumanizing its subjects and failing to show anything other than geographies of despair when it documents the pandemic. Consequently, what the thesis argues for is the need for the formation and growth of an alternative AIDS documentary archive that actively challenges and diversifies what has been established over the years as the image of the pandemic in the global South by philanthropic documentaries and other visual representations of the like, through destabilizing the normative spectacles of the pandemic, representing the excluded and marginalized narratives and, most importantly, visibilizing its own frames.Graduate Studies, College of (Okanagan)
Graduate
21
Vu, Chrissy Thuy-Diem. "One Flu East, One Flu West, One Flu Over the Cuckoo's Nest: A Cross-Cultural Investigation of Pandemic Influenza Paradoxes in Epidemiology". Diss., Virginia Tech, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/71336.
Abstract (sommario):
This comparative case study examining epidemiological practices in Vietnam and the US revealed three pandemic influenza paradoxes: The paradox of attribution which asserts that pandemic influenza comes exclusively from Asia even though historical evidence points to the contrary; the paradox of prevention which encourages industrial methods (i.e., factory farming) for combating influenza even though there is conflicting evidence for any superiority of this method in terms of means of production or disease prevention; and the paradox of action where epidemiologists act in ways not consistent with prevailing epidemiological recommendations. The existence of these paradoxes may, in fact, impede efforts at stopping and preventing pandemic influenza. In order to find the root causes of these paradoxes, this study examined indigenous media and historical and contemporary research reports on pandemic influenza. This archival information was juxtaposed to viewpoints garnered from ethnographic interviews with epidemiologists who have worked in Vietnam, the United States, or in both countries. This study found that these paradoxes endure because of the dual nature of science " the known and the unknown elements of current knowledge " and assumptions made between the two. The dual nature of science describes both the information that has been codified and information that has not been codified and the implications between the two. In other words, in between the spaces of known information, there are attempts to fill in the gaps in knowledge, which results in paradoxes. Of particular importance in this gap-filling process are the three "C's" of collaboration, conflict, and competition. Collaboration is integral to the successful prevention of influenza pandemics; however, it is this same collaboration wherein which epidemiologists are trained to be so highly specialized that they often depend on unvetted external expert information. Conflict and competition occur from the geopolitical level all they way down to the level of the individual epidemiologist and are influenced by the political and scientific economy along with social and cultural factors.Ph. D.
22
Andersson, Daniel. "Döden väntar inte : Anpassningar av vanliga begravningar under Covid-19 pandemin". Thesis, Karlstads universitet, Institutionen för samhälls- och kulturvetenskap (from 2013), 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-80152.
Abstract (sommario):
Syftet med denna rapport är att undersöka om kristna församlingar tvingats göra kompromisser eller anpassa sina begravningsritualer under corona-pandemin. Tidigare forskning om hur begravningar har hanterats vid andra epidemier, så som aids-epidemin på 80- och 90-talet och kolera-epidemin i Guinea-Bissau 1994, samt hur begravningstraditionen har utvecklats i slutet av 1900-talet har fungerat som inspiration för vad som ska undersökas i denna rapport. För att få ett svar på rapportens syfte har en kvalitativ insamlingsmetod bestående av strukturerade intervjuer av religiösa samfund och begravningsbyråer använts för att sammanställa ett empiriskt material i form av en databas. Med hjälp av en kvalitativ innehållsanalys har dessa intervjuer analyserats för att ge ett svar på rapportens frågeställning. Genom denna analys av intervjuer med fem kristna församlingar och två begravningsbyråer så går det att konstatera att anpassningar och kompromisser har varit nödvändiga när det kommer till hantering av avlidna och planering samt genomförande av begravningar. Rapporten visar att under pågående pandemi har man lyckats hitta lösningar för att kunna genomföra begravningar, utan att ritualerna påverkas nämnvärt.
23
Jansson, Öhlén Linn. "Fear of influenza vaccination in the event of an epidemic : Perceptions of threat and trust in two socioeconomically different areas of Stockholm". Thesis, Södertörns högskola, Miljövetenskap, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:sh:diva-39222.
Abstract (sommario):
In recent history, four influenza pandemics have occurred causing worldwide suffering. It is only a matter of time when a fifth pandemic will emerge. The willingness of the public to perform recommended precautionary actions is central for successful outbreak management, where the most important measure is vaccination. Trust in the health care system as well as personal perceptions of the threat of a pandemic can influence the publics willingness to perform precautionary actions. Aims: This study seeks to analyze how the public in two socioeconomically different areas of Stockholm perceive the threat of a possible future epidemic, their level of trust in the health system and what precautionary actions they are willing to perform. Methods: questioners with respondents from two socioeconomically different areas in Stockholm (Tensta and Danderyd) were gathered and have been statistically analyzed and interpreted using the health belief model and theories about trust. Results: The study showed that a higher level of perceived benefits of precautionary actions and a higher level of worriedness to get seriously ill if infected during an influenza epidemic were correlated with a higher level of willingness to follow precautionary actions. A significant association between unwillingness to vaccinate and perceived barriers to vaccination (that it can be harmful to the health) was also found. Trust in the health system was significantly lower in Tensta compared to Danderyd and higher trust in the health system was found to lead to higher perceived benefits of precautionary actions. Additionally, respondents with higher trust in information from the health care were generally more willing to vaccinate. Finally, no demographic determinants except age was shown to influence perceptions about precautionary actions and threat. Conclutions: Willingness to perform precautionary actions were influenced by worriedness, perceived benefits, perceived barriers, age and trust in the health care. Efforts might thus be needed to increase the trust in the health system in socioeconomically weak areas, as well as to increase the trust in influenza vaccination in general.
24
Ruiz, De La Cruz Sandra Anais. "Procrastinación académica y ansiedad en estudiantes universitarios en contexto de educación virtual en tiempos de pandemia, Chiclayo 2020". Bachelor's thesis, Universidad Católica Santo Toribio de Mogrovejo, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12423/3477.
Abstract (sommario):
Teniendo en cuenta, las exigencias de la vida académica, social, familiar y sumado a ello, panorama actual de pandemia covid-19, es relevante estudiar el impacto en la población universitaria; es así que el presente estudio tiene como objetivo general determinar la relación entre procrastinación académica y ansiedad en estudiantes de Psicología de una universidad privada de Chiclayo; de igual manera, identificar los niveles de las dimensiones de procrastinación académica, identificar la frecuencia del perfil de riesgo, identificar los niveles de ansiedad, e identificar los niveles de las dimensiones de procrastinación académica según edad, sexo, doble rol (estudiante/trabajador) y ciclo académico. Además, el diseño es no experimental transversal, de tipo descriptivo correlacional. La muestra estuvo conformada por 151 estudiantes de la escuela de Psicología de una universidad privada de Chiclayo. Se empleó la técnica de la encuesta y se aplicaron dos instrumentos: Escala Académica de Procrastinación y el Inventario de Ansiedad rasgo estado. Los resultados muestran relación baja entre las dimensiones de procrastinación académica y ansiedad rasgo, asimismo se presenta con mayor frecuencia un nivel medio de postergación de actividades, y en autorregulación académica, de la misma forma, se encontró que un mayor porcentaje de estudiantes de psicología se ubican en un nivel moderado de ansiedad estado-rasgo; además, no se encontraron diferencias significativas entre las dimensiones de procrastinación académica y variables sociodemográficas, a excepción de postergación y ciclo académico, indicando que los estudiantes de VIII y X ciclo aplazan más sus actividades.
25
Brohmé, Fredrik. "Spanskt sjuk på ett sjukhus i Sverige : Spanska sjukans utbrott på Säters hospital hösten 1918". Thesis, Högskolan Dalarna, Historia, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:du-4688.
Abstract (sommario):
Spanska sjukan var en världsomfattande epidemi, en pandemi, som drog över världen i flera influensavågor mellan 1918-1920. Syftet har varit att ta reda på hur Säters hospital drabbades av och hanterade influensautbrottet 1918. Med hjälp av överläkarens årsberättelse för 1918 har jag lyckats få fram att 40,7 % av alla patienter blev smittade av spanska sjukan varav 15,3 % av dem avled till följd av sjukdomen. 529 personer smittades av spanska sjukan på Säters sjukhusområde varav 57 personer avled, vilket motsvarar 10,8 %. Av de 529 smittade männen och kvinnorna avled 12,6 % kvinnor (34 stycken) och 8,9 % män (23 stycken) till följd av in-fluensan. Överläkaren beskrev i årsberättelsen att Säters hospital klarade sig förhållandevis bra, tack var det paviljongsystemet som möjliggjorde att influensan kunde isoleras.
26
Johansson, Tanya. "Slaget om svininfluensan : en diskursanalytisk studie". Thesis, Mälardalens högskola, Akademin för hållbar samhälls- och teknikutveckling, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mdh:diva-11944.
Abstract (sommario):
I april 2009 började media uppmärksamma influensautbrott i Mexico och USA, och i loppet av veckor kom ämnet att dominera den svenska nyhetsbilden och det allmänna vardagstalet. De huvudsakliga nyhetsrubrikerna konstruerade influensan i ett brett spektra av definitioner i allt ifrån yttre hot med hög dödlighet och stor spridningsrisk, till uttryck för olika ekonomiska och politiska vinstintressen. Genom diskursanalys undersöker denna uppsats hur fenomenet svininfluensa konstruerats i media och myndighetspublikationer under våren, sommaren och hösten 2009. Analysen och den teoretiska referensramen bygger på Michel Foucault och Ernesto Laclau & Chantal Mouffes diskursteorier. Resultatet visar att svininfluensan konstrueras som en offentlig angelägenhet, som sjukdom, som hot och fara, och som skrämselstaktik genom ett antal diskurser. I diskussionen följer också resonemang om hur individen i relation till dessa konstruktioner framställs som bräcklig.
27
Karlsson, Love. "‘’Now, God himself is preaching’’: Perspectives on the Spanish flu from magazines affiliated with the Church of Sweden". Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Teologiska institutionen, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-430637.
Abstract (sommario):
This study explores how the Church of Sweden was impacted by the Spanish flu in 1918-1920 and how people affiliated with the church interpreted the pandemic theologically. The material analyzed is trade-magazines for people affiliated with the Church from the relevant years. During the current Corona-pandemic, the activities of religious organizations have been given a lot of media attention as potential risk-events for infections. The religious beliefs of those organizations are scrutinized to explain why they feel safe to gather. After gatherings, possible effects such as large-scale outbreaks are often the focus of negative attention. Historically, however, there seems to be few studies on how religious organizations handled ongoing pandemics and the theological beliefs that motivated their choices. This study tries to look at the people working for the Church of Sweden in 1918-1920: how were they affected by the pandemic, how did they interpret the events theologically and what did they do in response to it.
28
Siqueira, Giselle Angélica Moreira de. "EPIDEMIA DA INFLUENZA A (H1N1) 2009 NO ESTADO DE GOIÁS/BRASIL: CASOS E ÓBITOS". Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Goiás, 2013. http://tede2.pucgoias.edu.br:8080/handle/tede/4075.
Abstract (sommario):
Submitted by admin tede (tede@pucgoias.edu.br) on 2018-11-19T16:59:56Z
No. of bitstreams: 1
GISELLE ANGÉLICA MOREIRA DE SIQUEIRA.pdf: 1650143 bytes, checksum: 0a85747b640c1ee6d3c2dc446dececf7 (MD5)Made available in DSpace on 2018-11-19T16:59:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 GISELLE ANGÉLICA MOREIRA DE SIQUEIRA.pdf: 1650143 bytes, checksum: 0a85747b640c1ee6d3c2dc446dececf7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-12-19
SIQUEIRA, Giselle Angelica Moreira de. Epidemic Influenza A (H1N1) 2009 in the state of Goiás/Brazil: cases and deaths. Dissertation (MSc in Environmental Sciences) – Catholic University of Goiás, Goiânia, 2013. Between late March and early April 2009, were the first reported cases of human infection caused by a new viral subtype Influenza A (H1N1) in Southern California and near San Antonio, Texas, USA, and then in Mexico and Canada. Until July 6, 2009, 905 cases were confirmed by the Ministry of Health, with reports of 23 states and the Federal District. This study described the profile of confirmed cases and deaths affected by Influenza A ( H1N1 ) in 2009 in the state of Goias and Brazil through a descriptive ecological study of confirmed cases and deaths affected by Influenza A virus (H1N1) 2009 in the State of Goias and Brazil between epidemiological weeks 16 th to 52 th, variables of research Influenza record, feeding SINAN Influenza Web were selected such as epidemiological week, age, gender, education, signs and symptoms, comorbidities, vaccination status, hospitalizations and evolution. Among the total number of cases reported during the epidemic , more than 45% were confirmed Influenza A (H1N1) in Goiás and in Brazil , with 14.9% and 3.9% subsequently died respectively. Females were predominant, those over 6 % were pregnant. The age range was found between 15 and 45 years, with the primary and secondary school levels observed schooling. Among the signs and symptoms , more than 95% of cases and deaths had fever, cough and dyspnoea, less than 30% had comorbid conditions, the occurrence of hospitalizations of cases was 96% and 45% in Goiás in Brazil, while hospitalization those who subsequently died was above 96%, less than 14% of cases and deaths have taken the vaccine against influenza (H1N1). It was concluded that it was possible to know the profile of cases and deaths from socio demographic and clinical characteristics during the epidemic period Influenza (H1N1) 2009 in Goias and Brazil, many lessons were learned that will assist in the consolidation of plans to tackle the unusual situations of epidemic and pandemic character and guide the development of public policies that will strengthen the surveillance system of disease, health care, implementation of laboratory diagnosis, mass vaccination and personal protection and respiratory hygiene network.
SIQUEIRA, Giselle Angélica Moreira de. Epidemia da Influenza A (H1N1) 2009 no estado de Goiás/Brasil: casos e óbitos. Dissertação (Mestrado em Ciências Ambientais) – Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Goiás, Goiânia, 2013. Entre o final de março e começo de abril de 2009, foram notificados os primeiros casos de infecção humana causada por um novo subtipo viral Influenza A (H1N1), no sul da Califórnia e próximo de San Antonio, no Texas, Estados Unidos, e, em seguida, no México e Canadá. Até o dia 06 de julho de 2009, 905 casos foram confirmados pelo Ministério da Saúde, com notificações de 23 estados e do Distrito Federal. Neste estudo foi descrito o perfil dos casos confirmados e óbitos acometidos por Influenza A (H1N1) em 2009 no Estado de Goiás e Brasil por meio de um estudo ecológico descritivo dos casos confirmados e óbitos acometidos pelo vírus Influenza A (H1N1) 2009 no Estado de Goiás e Brasil entre as semanas epidemiológicas 16ª a 52ª, foram selecionadas variáveis da ficha de investigação de Influenza, que alimenta o SINAN Influenza Web tais como semana epidemiológica, faixa etária, gênero, escolaridade, sinais e sintomas, comorbidades, situação vacinal, hospitalizações e evolução. Dentre o total de casos notificados durante a epidemia, mais de 45% foram confirmados por Influenza A (H1N1) em Goiás e no Brasil, sendo que 14,9% e 3,9% evoluíram para o óbito respectivamente. O gênero feminino foi predominante, destas mais de 6% eram gestantes. A faixa etária encontrada foi entre 15 a 45 anos, sendo o ensino médio e fundamental os níveis de escolaridade constatados. Dentre os sinais e sintomas, mais de 95% dos casos e óbitos apresentaram febre, tosse e dispneia, menos de 30% apresentaram comorbidades, a ocorrência de hospitalizações dos casos foi de 96 % em Goiás e 45% no Brasil, enquanto que a hospitalização dos que evoluíram para o óbito foi acima de 96%, menos de 14% dos casos e óbitos tomaram a vacina contra a Influenza (H1N1). Concluiu-se que foi possível conhecer o perfil de casos e óbitos a partir das características sócio demográficas e clínicas durante o período epidêmico da Influenza (H1N1) 2009 em Goiás e no Brasil, foram aprendidas muitas lições que auxiliarão na consolidação de planos de enfrentamento a situações inusitadas de caráter epidêmico e pandêmico e norteará a construção de políticas públicas que fortalecerá o sistema de vigilância da doença, da rede de atenção à saúde, implementação de diagnóstico laboratorial, vacinação massiva e medidas de proteção individual e higiene respiratória.
29
Іванов, Т. Л., e В. М. Лисевич. "Аналітична оцінка впливу наслідків пандемії COVID-19 на стан національної економіки України за видами діяльності". Thesis, Чернігів, 2020. http://ir.stu.cn.ua/123456789/20828.
Abstract (sommario):
Іванов, Т. Л. Аналітична оцінка впливу наслідків пандемії COVID-19 на стан національної економіки України за видами діяльності : магістерська робота: 051 Економіка / Т. Л. Іванов, В. М. Лисевич ; керівник роботи Шадура-Никипорець Н. Т. ; Національний університет «Чернігівська політехніка», кафедра теоретичної та прикладної економіки. – Чернігів, 2020. – 79 с.Предметом дослідження ВКР виступають економічні, історичні, соціальні аспекти динаміки розвитку пандемії на території України. Об’єктом дослідження є стан національної економіки України під час пандемії CoVid-19 та перспективи розвитку країни в постпандемічний період. Метою дипломної роботи є оцінка впливів пандемії CoVid-19 на стан економіки України як в цілому, так і по галузям, визначення соціально-економічних втрат, яких зазнає країна та висування пропозицій щодо вирішення проблемних питань. Основні завдання роботи: розкриття поняття пандемії та особливості її прояву, хронології виникнення та поширення пандемії коронавірусної інфекції COVID-19 в Україні та світі, аналіз основних макроекономічних показників України напередодні пандемії та під час трьох періодів (перша хвиля, «міжсезоння» та друга хвиля), а також економічної активності країни, висування власних пропозицій щодо вирішення проблемних питань у дослідженій сфері. В ході виконання даної роботи авторами були сформульовані висновки щодо заходів подолання наслідків пандемії.
The subject of the thesis is economic, historical and social aspects of the dynamics of the pandemic in Ukraine. The object of the study is the state of the national economy of Ukraine during the CoVid-19 pandemic and the country's development prospects in the post-pandemic period. The purpose of the thesis is to assess the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the state of Ukrainian economy as a whole and by industry, to identify socio-economic losses of the country and to make proposals in order address issues. The main objectives of the thesis: to reveal the concept of pandemic and its peculiarity, the time line and the spread of COVID-19 pandemic in Ukraine and the World, to analyze the major macroeconomic indicators of Ukraine right before the pandemic and over three periods (the first wave, the off-season and the second wave), as well as country’s economic activity, to suggest our own hypothesis on how to fight with economic consequences of the pandemic in the future. In the course of this work, we formulated conclusions on the measures to overcome the effect of the pandemic on the Ukrainian economy.
30
Ekici, Ali. "Emerging applications of OR/MS emergency response planning and production planning in semiconductor and printing industry /". Diss., Atlanta, Ga. : Georgia Institute of Technology, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/31746.
Abstract (sommario):
Thesis (Ph.D)--Industrial and Systems Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2010.Committee Chair: Keskinocak, Pinar; Committee Member: Ergun, Ozlem; Committee Member: Goldsman, David; Committee Member: Hupert, Nathaniel; Committee Member: Swann, Julie. Part of the SMARTech Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Collection.
31
Zimmerman, Kira. "Killing Time: Historical Narrative and the Black Death in Western Europe". Oberlin College Honors Theses / OhioLINK, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=oberlin1558195405847581.
32
Васильєва, Тетяна Анатоліївна, Татьяна Анатольевна Васильева, Tetiana Anatoliivna Vasylieva, Сергій Вячеславович Лєонов, Сергей Вячеславович Леонов, Serhii Viacheslavovych Lieonov, Наталія Євгенівна Летуновська, Наталия Евгеньевна Летуновская e Nataliia Yevhenivna Letunovska. "The economic impact of covid-19: forecasting for Ukrainian regions". Thesis, Sumy State University, 2020. https://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/80956.
Abstract (sommario):
У тезах наведені економічні показники в Україні, що показують прямий вплив пандемії COVID-19 на соціально-економічне становище ряду вітчизняних галузей та регіонів. Обгрунтована доцільність використання економіко-математичних моделей для прогнозування розвитку подій під час такого роду епідемій.В тезисах приведены экономические показатели в Украине, которые показывают прямое влияние пандемии COVID-19 на социально-экономическое положение ряда отечественных отраслей и регионов. Обоснована целесообразность использования экономико-математических моделей для прогнозирования развития событий во время такого рода эпидемий.
The abstracts present economic indicators in Ukraine that show the direct impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the socio-economic situation of a number of domestic industries and regions. The expediency of using economic and mathematical models to predict the development of events during such epidemics is substantiated.
33
Nygren, Stina, e Moa Zeidlitz. "Investigating inclusive risk communication in the context of influenza outbreaks : Insights from South Korea and Vietnam". Thesis, Södertörns högskola, Utveckling och internationellt samarbete, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:sh:diva-41165.
Abstract (sommario):
Outbreaks of novel influenza viruses are continually occurring on many places on our planet, with the ultimate and most extreme consequence being a full-scale pandemic. Modern communication technology is widely used for risk communication regarding recommended change in behavior patterns and other precautions in order to mitigate the transmission. However, the assumption and bias that modern communication technology constitutes the norm causes vulnerable groups to be at possible risk of systematic exclusion to correct and updated information. Through conducting a literature- and case analysis, the aim of this study is to identify insufficient or inadequate risk communication efforts in South Korea and Vietnam during influenza outbreaks, especially with concern of vulnerable groups. Further, to analyze how national influenza preparedness plans observe or ignore these insufficiencies. Results show that vulnerable groups are explicitly recognized in the preparedness plan of Vietnam. However, the South Korean preparedness plan show a more homogenous approach. Both South Korea and Vietnam showed a broad variety of channels used in their risk communication strategies which could be positive in terms of a broad outreach to a heterogenous population, including vulnerable groups. Four key factors that moderate the outcomes of risk communication were identified: Channels, Messages, Transparency and Trust.
34
Bowie, William. "Emerging epidemics and pandemics: Are they inevitable and catastrophic? [audiorecording]". 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/13561.
Abstract (sommario):
Item consists of a digitized copy of an audio recording of a Vancouver Institute lecture given by William Bowie on October 29, 2005. Original audio recording available in the University Archives (UBC AT 3201).
35
Kamweri, John Mary Mooka. "The Ethical Balance Between Individual and Population Health Interests To Effectively Manage Pandemics and Epidemics". 2013. http://digital.library.duq.edu/u?/etd,162273.
Abstract (sommario):
There is no overlapping criterion providing a basis for attaining balance between individual and population oriented ethical concerns generated in the pandemic and the epidemic interventions. The shortfall leads to competing individual and population interests that hamper the effective management of pandemics and epidemics. The libertarian model focuses on advancing individual rights. The epidemiological model focuses upon population health. The social justice model focuses on a broader perspective than individual rights and population health to include universal human rights. <br>This dissertation suggests a Mixed Interests Ethics Model (MIEM) to ethically negotiate a balance between the individual and population interests in pandemics and epidemics. MIEM involves a combination of models (libertarian, epidemiological, and
social justice) that shed light on substantive ethical principles of each model (e.g. autonomy, solidarity, and common good); which in turn require procedural standards (i.e. necessity, reasonableness, proportionality, and harm avoidance) to negotiate between the principles when they conflict. <br>The UNESCO Universal Declaration on Bioethics and Human Rights provides a hermeneutical context for applying MIEM in so far as it places MIEM within the context of promoting rights (individual and human) by considering the general ethical tension between individual and universal rights as explained by the UNESCO Declaration.McAnulty College and Graduate School of Liberal Arts;
Health Care Ethics
PhD;
Dissertation;
36
Gouveia, Catarina Alexandra Gândara de Oliveira Lopes. "Impactos da Pandemia COVID-19 nas viagens e no Turismo: o caso da Região Centro de Portugal". Master's thesis, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10316/97008.
Abstract (sommario):
Dissertação de Mestrado em Turismo, Território e Patrimónios apresentada à Faculdade de LetrasA presente dissertação de Mestrado, intitulada por Impactos da Pandemia COVID-19 nas viagens e no Turismo: o caso da Região Centro de Portugal, visa compreender a evolução da Síndrome Respiratória Aguda Grave Coronavírus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) ou COVID-19, desde 2020, em Portugal e no setor do turismo. Pretende-se interpretar os comportamentos dos turistas face à escolha das suas viagens num contexto pré-pandemia e, de que forma os hábitos de viagens dos mesmos se modificaram perante a COVID-19. A História está marcada pela ocorrência de diversas pandemias, tais com a Gripe Espanhola, a Síndrome Respiratória Aguda Grave (SARS), a Síndrome respiratória do Médio Oriente (MERS), que em muito derivam da crescente globalização e da movimentação das pessoas para diferentes partes do mundo, tornando o aparecimento das mesmas mais suscetíveis. Neste contexto, o turismo acaba por representar um papel fulcral na divulgação de doenças contagiosas, tendo muitas vezes, impactos globais desastrosos. Na última década, em Portugal, o setor turístico encontrava-se em forte ascensão, com subidas sustentadas e contínuas nas receitas e chegadas internacionais. O país foi distinguido com diversos prémios World Travel Awards, entre eles o prémio de principal destino turístico do Mundo e da Europa, concorrendo com várias potências turísticas. Contudo, a COVID-19 atual pandemia cessou abruptamente o setor das viagens em Portugal, imobilizando a circulação das pessoas, resultando, assim em significativas mudanças nos comportamentos dos turistas no planeamento e consumo das viagens. Com o objetivo de obter uma melhor compreensão da realidade do impacto da COVID-19 no sector turístico e, possíveis mudanças consequentes desse impacto no comportamento dos turísticas, foi realizado um inquérito por questionário a mais de 300 turistas nacionais e internacionais no Centro de Portugal, uma das regiões mais diversas em termos turísticos no país. Os resultados permitiram perceber que a COVID-19 teve um impacto negativo nos planos de viagem, decisões e consumos turísticos. De outro modo, foi também possível avaliar a alteração de comportamentos e aceitação das novas medidas de segurança impostas no contexto da pandemia.
This Master's thesis, entitled Impacts of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Travel and Tourism: the case of the Central Region of Portugal, aims to understand the evolution of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) or COVID-19, since 2020, in Portugal and in the tourism sector. It is intended to interpret the behavior of tourists in relation to the choice of their trips in a pre-pandemic context and how their travel habits have changed due to COVID-19.History is marked by the occurrence of several pandemics, such as the Spanish Flu, the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS), the Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS), which largely derive from the growing globalization and the movement of people to different parts world, making their appearance more susceptible. In this context, tourism ends up playing a key role in the dissemination of contagious diseases, often having disastrous global impacts.In the last decade, in Portugal, the tourism sector was on a strong rise, with sustained and continuous rises in international arrivals and revenues. The country was distinguished with several World Travel Awards, including the award for the main tourist destination in the World and Europe, competing with various tourist powers. However, the current COVID-19 pandemic abruptly ended the travel sector in Portugal, immobilizing the movement of people, thus resulting in significant changes in the behavior of tourists in travel planning and consumption.To obtain a better understanding of the reality of the impact of COVID-19 on the tourism sector and possible changes resulting from this impact on tourist behavior, a questionnaire was conducted among more than 300 national and international tourists in the Center of Portugal, one of the most diverse regions in terms of tourism in the country. The results showed that COVID-19 had a negative impact on travel plans, decisions, and tourist consumption. Otherwise, it was also possible to assess the change in behavior and acceptance of the new security measures imposed in the context of the pandemic.
37
Galstyan, Elen. "Snížená proočkovanost jako nový globální zdravotní problém". Master's thesis, 2020. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-434737.
Abstract (sommario):
This master thesis is focused on decreasing levels of vaccination as a new health risk. In recent years it has become a new trend that we can observe in European countries. Low vaccination levels amongst population are one of the reasons for new epidemics or pandemics happening. When immunization rises above 95 % then a collective immunization comes into effect. Collective immunization lowers the chances of diseases spreading. For this reason, World health organization supports immunization and tries to make immunization affordable reachable for everyone everywhere. This these analyses measles which can be stopped by vaccinating the population. Therefore, the World health organization prepares strategic plans aimed at eradication of this disease. Each member state has a task to apply these plans in their specific environment. This thesis focuses on the Czech Republic and its implementation of strategic plans happening 2005-2010 and 2011-2020. This thesis is structured into 5 chapters focused on theory of international relations, hesitancy to vaccinate, strategic plans of World health organization and the Czech Republic.
38
BEČKOVÁ, Věra. "Nová varianta chřipky typu A ("Pandemic H1N1 2009") - problematika informovanosti o očkování v seniorském věku". Master's thesis, 2011. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-79903.
Abstract (sommario):
The theme of my thesis is the issue of the new strain of influenza A (H1N1 Pandemic 2009) and the associated awareness of vaccination amongst the elderly. The work is divided into two parts, a theoretical and practical part. In the theoretical part, I tried to comprehensively process the available knowledge on the origins, epidemiology and prevention of influenza with particular emphasis on vaccination, oriented towards the elderly. The practical part is focused on mapping the awareness of the elderly of the issue of vaccination against influenza and analysis of results from a research exploratory investigation. The data acquisition method I used was quantitatively oriented research using anonymus questionnaires. Altogether, I distribued 350 questionnaires; the final number for data processing was 191 questionnaires. In connection with the work I set four hypotheses: 1) More than a third of respondents were vaccinated against the new strain of influenza A (H1N1 Pandemic 2009), 2) The most common reason for not being vaccinated was a lack of information. 3) The size of the place of residence significantly contributes statistically to a sense of awareness of respondents on this issue, 4) More than half of respondents would like to obtain more information on the issue of the new strain of influenza type A (Pandemic H1N1 2009). I confirmed or refuted the formulated the hypotheses based on survey evaluation. The results of the survey showed that most respondents do not feel that they are sufficiently informed about the issue of the new strain of influenza, and therefore discard the use of vaccinations. With this work I would like to stress the importance of information, which can help people consider the risks of influenza and motivate them to be vaccinated. Vaccination is an important means of protection against influenza viruses particulary for high-risk groups including the elderly. For this reason I consider the dissemination of information as very important and I hope that my thesis also serves this purpose.
39
HUDEČKOVÁ, Kateřina. "Analýza průběhu epidemie pandemické chřipky v Jihočeském kraji". Master's thesis, 2011. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-80034.
Abstract (sommario):
In the thesis there are chronologically processed data about incidence of influenza Pandemic (H1N1) 2009 from its first incidence in spring 2009 in Mexico until the official end of the 6th phase of pandemic announced by the WHO in august 2010. These data were collected by means of secondary analysis. The thesis is focused on the Region of South Bohemia from the first proved incidence of Pandemic influenza (H1N1) 2009 here. The data necessary to meet the objectives of the work and to answer the research questions were collected in cooperation with the Regional Hygienic Station of the South Bohemia in České Budějovice. 3 deaths were analysed in the context of incidence of Pandemic influenza (H1N1) 2009 in the Region of South Bohemia and anti-epidemic measures were assessed. Differences in 121 people with Pandemic influenza (H1N1) 2009 in the Region of South Bohemia from the point of view of age and sex were described. In 52 people with the flu from the Region of South Bohemia ?traveller? history was recorded (these people were infected during their stays abroad) and most of them had stayed in Germany. Indicators of morbidity (ARI) in the Region of South Bohemia and in the whole Czech Republic were also processed and then graphically compared.
40
VELKOBORSKÁ, Marcela. "Příprava pandemického plánu - průběh pandemie chřipky způsobené virem Pandemic A (H1N1) 2009 v Plzeňském kraji". Master's thesis, 2011. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-79732.
Abstract (sommario):
An influenza is an illness annually affecting 5-15 percent of the world population. During the influenza pandemy 40-50 percent of world population can be affected and millions of people can die.The measures resulting from the pandemic plans help to limit the influenza virus spreading, to reduce morbidity and mortality. In April 2009 the first cases of the flue pandemic caused by Pandemic A (H1N1) 2009 virus occurred on the American continent, in the Czech Republic there was the first case registered in May, in the Pilsen region in July. Based on these facts I decided to assess the pandemic plans at the level of the Pilsen region and to analyse the course of the pandemy in the Pilsen region too. Having studied the Pandemic plan of the Pilsen region and the Pandemic plan of the Regional Hygiene Station of the Pilsen Region I got to the conclusion that in case of the pandemy caused by the highly virulent tribe of the influenza it would not be possible to use up the pandemic plans efficiently. The disadvantages concern mainly the way of the distribution of the pandemic vaccine and antivirotics. The other disadvantage is the absence of a parenteral form of antivirotics. A bad awarness of the inhabitants also came out effecting mass rejection of vaccination by the pandemic vaccine and preventative taking antivirotics. The analyse of the course of the pandemy in the Pilsen region proved that at many patients with the flue pandemic there was present a risky factor of more serious course of the influenza in the anamnesis. If these patients had been vaccinated by the pandemic vaccine they had been entitled for, they could have been protected against this illness, for some of them the vaccination might have meant life-saving. It was also proved that originally the pandemic tribe of Pandemic A (H1N1) 2009 virus became the causer of the common seasonal influenza in the season of 2010-2011.
41
"Epidemic modeling for travel restrictions on the pandemic influenza A (H1N1)". Thesis, 2011. http://library.cuhk.edu.hk/record=b6075407.
Abstract (sommario):
Chong, Ka Chun.Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2011.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 125-141).
Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web.
Abstract also in Chinese.
42
Fielding, James. "Influenza epidemiology and vaccine effectiveness following the 2009 pandemic". Phd thesis, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/151805.
Abstract (sommario):
Influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 was identified in April 2009 and spread rapidly around the globe. The public health response in Victoria was undertaken in accordance with the Australian Health Management Plan for Pandemic Influenza (AHMPPI) and included intensive case follow up, school closure, antiviral distribution and a vaccination program. However, evidence soon emerged that most cases were relatively mild compared to previous pandemics. This thesis sought to assess how the epidemiology of influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 differed from expectations in pandemic planning and how the control measures of school closure and antiviral distribution within the AHMPPI were applied and performed, and to investigate the role of infection severity in driving the initial spread of influenza A(H1N1)pdm09. It also sought to examine how the epidemiology of seasonal influenza in Victoria changed following the emergence of influenza A(H1N1)pdm09, and measure the effectiveness of influenza vaccine in prevention of laboratory confirmed influenza infection prior to, during and following the emergence of influenza A(H1N1)pdm09. Investigation of these questions utilised a variety of methodological approaches, including: analysis of influenza-like illness (ILI) and laboratory confirmed influenza surveillance datasets in general practice, locum service, hospital, notifiable disease and reference laboratory settings; systematic review of the literature on influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 viral shedding; deterministic mathematical modelling; and application of sentinel surveillance influenza laboratory testing data to a novel variant of the traditional case control study design to measure vaccine effectiveness. Although it spread rapidly and primarily affected younger age groups, influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 morbidity and mortality were mild compared with previous pandemics. However, the intensity of the public health response was not commensurate with the severity and magnitude of the disease. Transmission of influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 was largely driven by those effectively invisible to the health system and the virus was therefore well-established by the time it was detected. The delay in detection and high proportion of relatively mild infections meant that school closures and antiviral distribution to notified cases and their contacts were ineffective. Pandemic plans need to be revised to accommodate such a scenario and ensure trust from public and professionals in future pandemic responses. Influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 replaced the previously circulating seasonal A(H1N1) and remained dominant in Victoria in 2010. Higher proportions of A(H3N2) and type B influenza were observed in 2011 before dominance of A(H3N2) in 2012, accompanied by an increase in severe infections in older people especially. Whilst ILI surveillance suggested influenza seasons of moderate magnitude from 2010-2012, notifiable disease surveillance indicated a considerable increase in influenza testing by medical practitioners. Influenza vaccine effectiveness (VE) in Victoria varied considerably in the years preceding, during and following the 2009 pandemic. With the exceptions of high influenza A(H1N1)pdm09-specific seasonal VE in 2010 and 2011, and no protective effect of seasonal vaccine against influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 in 2009, type and subtype-specific VE were inconsistent across seasons, and had little correlation with the percentage match between circulating and vaccine strains. Further investigation of the role of previous immunity and antigenic similarity by phylogenetic analysis is needed to better understand the determinants of influenza VE.
43
Lee, Vernon. "Epidemic and pandemic influenza in tropical Singapore : impact and effectiveness of response strategies". Phd thesis, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/151269.
Abstract (sommario):
Influenza is a disease of global significance, including in tropical regions where it spreads throughout the year. Understanding the spread and impact of influenza in the tropics is therefore important for preparedness planning. While there are numerous pharmaceutical and public health measures that attempt to reduce the spread and impact of influenza, few conclusive epidemiological studies are available to document their effectiveness. Scientific evidence is especially lacking for pandemic preparedness and response measures due to the rarity of pandemics. Singapore, a globally-connected, tropical Asian city-state, provides an excellent platform to determine the spread and impact of influenza in the tropics, and the effectiveness of public health measures in reducing the impact. This thesis aims to detail the impact of epidemic and pandemic influenza in Singapore, and to assess the effectiveness of various assessment and response measures in Singapore during the 2009 H1N1 influenza pandemic. Results: Influenza epidemics and pandemics were the likely cause of most excess mortality periods in Singapore from 1950 to 2000. Good surveillance is therefore important to detect epidemics for appropriate response. During the 2009 H1N1 influenza epidemic in Singapore, different methods for estimating influenza infection rates provided comparable findings if accurate input parameters were used. There are advantages and disadvantages to each method, and multiple methods should be used where possible for cross validation. One such method, a seroepidemiology cohort study, showed a 13% seroconversion rate in adults in the community and lower rates among hospital workers, suggesting that most of the population remained susceptible and required further protection. A surveillance program in the Singapore military during the peri-pandemic period showed the different clinical presentation of influenza compared to non-influenza cases, and introduced a clinical diagnostic model to help predict influenza among febrile respiratory illness cases for management. The possible effectiveness of combination strategies in reducing the impact of influenza was shown via a systematic review of mathematical modeling studies. It provides new evidence for the effectiveness of different strategies to reduce the spread of influenza in the military setting. One study showed that influenza vaccination may confer cross protection to other H1N1 strains, and previous exposure to pre-1957 H1N1 strains may confer some protection against the 2009 H1N1 strain. Another study showed the effectiveness of post-exposure ring prophylaxis with oseltamivir, together with prompt outbreak detection and isolation, as a containment strategy to reduce influenza spread. In the same setting, cessation of post-exposure prophylaxis did not result in subsequent disproportionate increase in infection rates, and asymptomatic infections occurred which may confer additional protection against future infection. While prophylaxis failures occurred, none were due to mutations that conferred resistance. Another study documented that public health measures such as enhanced surveillance with isolation, segregation and social distancing, and wearing personal protective equipment limited transmission of influenza.
44
Zheng, Qi. "The impact of the epidemic on consumer behavior: people's conception of medical products in the post-epidemic era". Master's thesis, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10071/23041.
Abstract (sommario):
The COVID-19 pandemic is considered to be the most extensive and far-reaching epidemic in the history of human epidemics. Due to epidemic prevention and control measures, consumers' behavior patterns have undergone tremendous changes. In this epidemic, medical products used for personal protection or surveillance have become the target of market competition. In addition, we lack of relevant market research on consumer behavior during the epidemic. This study aims to gain insight into the consumer behavior characteristics of various consumers of medical products under the epidemic, and to determine the similarities and differences with previous behaviors. In this case, the interviewees will be consumers in China
(from the end of 2019 to the end of 2020, they lived completely in China and were involved in the epidemic throughout the whole process).The result of this study reveal that: the factor of consumer behaviour change include daily routine change, difference between many information source, and people's forecast to the future condition. On the other hand, the result of these changes are consumption increase, hoarding and the development of online shopping, beside, people's consumption also don’t affect by the price rising of product. China's medical product-related industry personnel must have an in-depth understanding of consumers after the epidemic and institutional strategies to meet their changes. Therefore, according to the survey results, it is necessary to develop and formulate different medical product marketing strategies and distribution channels in accordance with the needs and psychological changes of consumers.A pandemia COVID-19 é considerada a epidemia mais extensa e de longo alcance na história das epidemias humanas. Devido às medidas de prevenção e controle de epidemias, os padrões de comportamento dos consumidores sofreram mudanças tremendas. Nesta epidemia, os produtos médicos usados para proteção ou vigilância pessoal tornaram-se alvo da concorrência no mercado. Além disso, carecemos de pesquisas de mercado relevantes sobre o comportamento do consumidor durante a epidemia. Este estudo tem como objetivo obter informações sobre as características de comportamento do consumidor de vários consumidores de produtos médicos durante a epidemia e determinar as semelhanças e diferenças com comportamentos anteriores. Nesse caso, os entrevistados serão consumidores na China (do final de 2019 ao final de 2020, eles moraram totalmente na China e estiveram envolvidos na epidemia em todo o processo). O resultado deste estudo revela que: o fator de mudança de comportamento do consumidor inclui mudança de rotina diária, diferença entre muitas fontes de informação e previsão das pessoas para a condição futura. Por outro lado, o resultado dessas mudanças é o aumento do consumo, o entesouramento e o desenvolvimento das compras online, ao lado, o consumo das pessoas também não é afetado pelo aumento do preço do produto. O pessoal da indústria de produtos médicos da China deve ter um conhecimento profundo dos consumidores após a epidemia e das estratégias institucionais para atender às mudanças. Portanto, de acordo com os resultados da pesquisa, é necessário desenvolver e formular diferentes estratégias de marketing de produtos médicos e canais de distribuição de acordo com as necessidades e mudanças psicológicas dos consumidores.
45
Michael, Beeler. "The Use of Simulation Methods to Understand and Control Pandemic Influenza". Thesis, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1807/33335.
Abstract (sommario):
This thesis investigates several uses of simulation methods to understand and control pandemic influenza in urban settings. An agent-based simulation, which models pandemic spread in a large metropolitan area, is used for two main purposes: to identify the shape of the distribution of pandemic outcomes, and to test for the presence of complex relationships between public health policy responses and underlying pandemic characteristics. The usefulness of pandemic simulation as a tool for assessing the cost-effectiveness of vaccination programs is critically evaluated through a rigorous comparison of three recent H1N1 vaccine cost-effectiveness studies. The potential for simulation methods to improve vaccine deployment is then demonstrated through a discrete-event simulation study of a mass immunization clinic.
46
Kao, Chuan-Liang, e 高全良. "The Genetic Variations, Selection, and Phenotypic Changes of the 2009 Pandemic Influenza A (H1N1) Viruses and their Associations with Epidemiological Characteristics, Interventions and Increasing Epidemic Significance". Thesis, 2012. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/44176316705922608490.
Abstract (sommario):
博士國立臺灣大學
流行病學與預防醫學研究所
100
Newly emerged triple reassortant 2009 pandemic influenza A (pH1N1) viruses were detected in the United States (US) and Mexico in March-April, 2009 and then rapidly spread worldwide. The overall objective of this study was to investigate the association between molecular and phenotypic dynamic changes of pH1N1 viruses and epidemiological characteristics and Taiwan’s public health interventions for better prevention/control of novel influenza viruses in the future. The specific aims were: 1) to compare viral sequence variations in nucleotides (NTs) and amino acids (AAs) of hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) of pH1N1 isolated in Taipei and Kaohsiung metropolitans at pre-peak, on-going peak and post-peak of the 2009-2010 epidemic, 2) to analyze the association between the spreading of Taipei’s HA-E374K mutants and epidemiological characteristics and public health interventions, and 3) to explore the selection mechanisms of E374K, including viral biophenotypic changes and co-mutations in the other genes for better fitness. A cross-sectional study was performed, using 196 pH1N1 virus strains (168 Taipei’s and 28 Kaohsiung’s) from June, 2009 to October, 2010. The viruses were passaged twice in the Madin-Darby Canine Kidney (MDCK) cells and viral nucleic acids were amplified by reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction, (RT-PCR). The NTs and AAs of 196 HA and 40 NA genes were analyzed their viral antigenic sites, receptor binding, N-linked glycosylation sites and drug resistance genes. Strain variations in viral antigenicity used hemagglutination inhibition (HI) test. Tempo-spatial analyses of 118 pH1N1 strains of Taipei’s patients with their residential district-specific population density used the Morans’s I to measure presence of E374K cluster by global spatial clustering analysis and to further examine where were local spatial clusters by local indicators of spatial association (LISA). The association between E374K and epidemiological characteristics (age, gender, population density of the districts, and spatial clustering), or at different periods after 3 strategies of interventions (use of antiviral drug, class suspension and vaccination), or clinical severity was analyzed by univariate and multiple logistic regression analyses. Lastly, to elucidate selection mechanisms for the fitness of E374K better than E374, viral antigenicity changes, replication ability and the co-mutation of the six internal viral genes were compared, using the full-length sequences (PB2, PB1, PA, NS, M, NP) of 30 Taiwanese pH1N1 strains collected from the Influenza Virus Resource, National Center of Biotechnology Information (NCBI), USA. Global trends in increasing E374K mutants were also examined using NCBI sequence data in different countries. The results revealed that the cumulated numbers of AA changes in HA and NA were higher in the post–peak than those in the pre-peak period of the epidemic [HA: 6.7% (1/15) vs 74.6% (47/63)，p<0.0001； NA: 36.84% (7/19) vs 61.9% (13/21)，p=0.21)]. Detail analyses identified two mutants persistently circulated with increasing percentages. One mutant, HA-S203T located at antigenic site Ca, was firstly detected at 21th week, 2009 and became dominant before week 34 (86.84%, 33/38), and totally replaced after week 35 (100%, 136/136), suggesting that the S203T mutant emerged and increased viral frequency in foreign countries in early pandemic before it entered Taiwan. The other mutant, E374K located at the stalk region of HA2 was firstly found at week 34 in Taipei and rose as a major circulated strain at post-peak of the epidemic (64.65%, 64/99). In addition, 14.94% and 3.44% of 174 isolates had one and two amino acids changes in the four antigenic sites, respectively but they did not persist through all the epidemic periods. Only 6 strains had variations at receptor binding sites (4 at 220-loop and 2 at 190-helix) and another 2 strains showed variations in the loss of one N-linked glycosylation site of HA (2.56%, 2/78). The NA of 40 strains retained all N-linked glycosylation sites without H275Y mutation responsible for Tamiflu resistance. Taken together, most of the pH1N1 had conserved antigenicity, N-linked glycosylation sites of HA and NA and variations in HA (S203T, Q293H, D222G, N125D and R205K) were not associated with clinical severity. The unique adaptive E374K mutant was first detected at 3 weeks before the epidemic peak in Taipei and 6 weeks later (40th week) in Kaohsiung and then increased significantly higher in the post-peak than those in the pre-peak period of the epidemic [64.65% (64/99) vs 9.28% (9/97), p＜0.0001] in both cities. The frequency of E374K reached to 85.7% (96/112) in 2010-2011 winter [wild type E374: 1.8% (2/112), E374G:12.5%, (14/112)].The E374K was not associated with clinical severity [mild vs severe cases: 34.8% (37/116) vs 37.3% (19/52), p=0.6]. The tempo-spatial spreading of E374K mutants was more concentrated during the post–peak (41st-52nd week) in seven districts of Taipei City. Multivariate logistic regression analysis confirmed that higher odds ratios (OR) occurred in later time periods (OR=1.53, p <0.001) and in areas with spatial clustering (OR=4.57, p=0.047), after controlling age and population density. After the three major interventions, the E374K variant did not disappear but was even associated with increasing percentages after the usage of Tamiflu since August 1, 2009 [0% (0/17) vs 40.78% (73/179), p<0.001]. Such a phenomenon was not found in other mutations in the four antigenic sites [29.4% (5/17) vs 17.8% (28/157), p=0.32]. During the 2nd peak of class suspension (week 41-45), the E374K reached 90% (9/10) with tempo-spatial clusters within weeks of 41-52. Finally, these E374K mutants increased after vaccination (22.9%, 32/140 vs 72.3%, 41/56, p<0.001) with persistently high frequency through 10 months post-vaccination on November 1 16, 2009. Vaccination also significantly elevated Sa mutants (2.4%, 3/127 vs 23.4%, 11/47, p<0.001). To investigate the mechanism of the survival of E374K in human, 7 E374K strains were firstly tested for HI or MNt antibodies, using the three anti-pH1N1-HI(+) serum samples from human, sheep and pig. No significant difference in sero-titers between E374K and E374 (≦2 fold), indicated that E374K did not survive through immune escape. The growth curve of E374K in MDCK cells showed a similar pattern to that of E374 without significant difference. The replication advantage of E374K needs to be further tested in human respiratory tract cells. Lastly, co-mutation analyses revealed that 8 E374K viruses isolated from June, 2009 to October, 2010 had 100% (8/8) unique co-mutations at T257A of PB1 but such a co-mutation was totally replaced by other sites [PA: N321K (81.82%, 9/11), A343T (54.55%, 9/11); M: V89I (81.82%, 9/11); PB1: I397M (54.55%. 6/11), I435T (63.64%. 7/11)] in E374K viruses obtained from November 1, 2010 to February 2011. All co-mutations were absent in E374 viruses. Taken together, the Taiwan’s finding on temporal increase in E374K percentage from this study was consistent with observations in several high population countries (Singapore, UK, China and India). It is very likely that E374K evolved through natural evolution under low selection pressure and obtained evolutionary advantages at specific sites with temp-spatial clusters of cases in areas with high population density, possibly through co-mutations in other genes and thus facilitating better viral replication capability in human respiratory cells and fast human-to-human transmission to become a dominant mutant. Future efforts need to increase sample size and examine the E374 replication in different human respiratory cells for further confirmation. This is the first study examining viral changes during the naïve phase of a pandemic of influenza through integrated virological/serological/clinical surveillance, tempo-spatial analysis, and intervention policies. Our results enlighten to carefully monitor amino acids of HA and NA and co-mutations in other segments of pandemic influenza viruses isolated at exponential/peak phases in areas with high cluster cases.