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Letteratura scientifica selezionata sul tema "Epidemic context"

Autore: Grafiati

Pubblicato: 9 novembre 2024

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Articoli di riviste sul tema "Epidemic context"

Василенко, L. Vasilenko, Губернова e M. Gubernova. "Human Resources in the Context of Epidemic Social Processes". Management of the Personnel and Intellectual Resources in Russia 3, n. 1 (10 febbraio 2014): 63–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/2633.

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Issues of social epidemics and social diseases emergence in the context of new communications and contemporary global social-informational medium development are discussed. serves as a basics for the analysis of new communications impact on human condition and social sphere is analyzed based on the social self-organization, or social synergetics, theory as a methodological foundation. The global informational environment has accumulated enormous collective intellect. Ever-growing intellectual resources create principally new non-equilibrium environment for social communications. Non-equilibrium itself brings about and prompts risks of mass natural phenomena and epidemic processes in the social medium. Self-organization is a spontaneous process going on without any outer managerial efforts. Self-organization facilitates spontaneous growth of individuals’ mobility and creates potential for counteraction to public administration. Mass diffusion of ideological or religious cults, movements, ideas, technological innovations, fashions, games of luck, alcohol and drug abuse — all these have epidemic character. Specifics of social epidemic processes are highlighted: multivariability of destructive impact on the social and economic fabric of society, relationship of social epidemics to economic crises, etc. Destructive epidemic processes can be stopped with social therapy methods and “vaccination” against information viruses, including techniques fo nurturing moral and intellectual foundation of personality. M. Gladwell’s approach to counter social epidemics is shown as promising (stickiness factor, the law of the few, force of circumstances).

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Hutchinson, Dale L., e Jeffrey M. Mitchem. "Correlates of contact: Epidemic disease in archaeological context". Historical Archaeology 35, n. 2 (giugno 2001): 58–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03374384.

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Pometti Benítez, Kevin. "Clima, salud pública y sociedad: causas, gestión y efectos de la fiebre amarilla en la Barcelona de 1821". Cuadernos de Estudios del Siglo XVIII, n. 29 (17 dicembre 2019): 247–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.17811/cesxviii.29.2019.247-277.

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RESUMENLa epidemia de fiebre amarilla que tuvo lugar en Barcelona en 1821 estuvo condicionada por la confluencia de causas endógenas y exógenas, ambientales y humanas, que fueron favorables al arraigo de una epidemia importada que generó serias repercusiones sobre la sociedad de su época. Por este motivo, en este artículo analizamos las particularidades del contexto ambiental que precedieron al inicio de la epidemia y que imperaron marcando las pautas propicias tanto para su desarrollo como para su progresiva extinción atendiendo, además, a lascondiciones de insalubridad que imperaban en la urbe. Por otra parte, centramos nuestra atención en las medidas que se implementaron en materia de salud pública para la gestión epidémica tanto para detectar su efectividad como sus repercusiones a nivel social, institucional, económico. Otro punto de interés reside en contrastar las condicionesambientales con las defunciones registradas en los puntos de observación habilitados para la contención de las personas infectadas por la fiebre amarilla.PALABRAS CLAVEFiebre amarilla, Barcelona, enfermedades vectoriales, salud pública, epidemias, clima. TITLEClimate, public health and society: causes, management and effects of Yellow Fever epidemic in Barcelona in 1821ABSTRACTThe Yellow Fever epidemic that took place in Barcelona in 1821 was a consequence of the confluence of endogenous and exogenous factors, human and environmental causes, which were favourable for the development of an imported disease that had deleterious effects over the society at that time. Because of that, in this paper we analyse the particularities of the environmental context that preceded the start of the epidemic and during its prevalence. Attending also to the insalubrity causes that characterized the city. Moreover, we centre our attention into analysing the sanitation politics applied by the authorities and medical institutions to evaluate the effectivity of those measures and to detect the repercussions over the society, the institutions and the economy. Another point of interest resides in to contrast the environmental conditions with the dead reports recovered from the observation points fitted out by authorities to contain the people affected by the epidemic.KEY WORDSYellow Fever, Barcelona, Vector Diseases, Public Health, Epidemics, Climate.

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Loeffler-Wirth, Henry, Maria Schmidt e Hans Binder. "Covid-19 Transmission Trajectories–Monitoring the Pandemic in the Worldwide Context". Viruses 12, n. 7 (20 luglio 2020): 777. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v12070777.

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The Covid-19 pandemic is developing worldwide with common dynamics but also with marked differences between regions and countries. These are not completely understood, but presumably, provide a clue to find ways to mitigate epidemics until strategies leading to its eradication become available. We describe an iteractive monitoring tool available in the internet. It enables inspection of the dynamic state of the epidemic in 187 countries using trajectories that visualize the transmission and removal rates of the epidemic and in this way bridge epi-curve tracking with modelling approaches. Examples were provided which characterize state of epidemic in different regions of the world in terms of fast and slow growing and decaying regimes and estimate associated rate factors. The basic spread of the disease is associated with transmission between two individuals every two-three days on the average. Non-pharmaceutical interventions decrease this value to up to ten days, whereas ‘complete lock down’ measures are required to stop the epidemic. Comparison of trajectories revealed marked differences between the countries regarding efficiency of measures taken against the epidemic. Trajectories also reveal marked country-specific recovery and death rate dynamics. The results presented refer to the pandemic state in May to July 2020 and can serve as ‘working instruction’ for timely monitoring using the interactive monitoring tool as a sort of ‘seismometer’ for the evaluation of the state of epidemic, e.g., the possible effect of measures taken in both, lock-down and lock-up directions. Comparison of trajectories between countries and regions will support developing hypotheses and models to better understand regional differences of dynamics of Covid-19.

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Zhang, Yujia, Zuwang Chu e Dongdong Song. "Review of the Law Popularizing Education on Administrative Compulsion in Response to Major Epidemic Situations in China". Sustainability 14, n. 11 (3 giugno 2022): 6853. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14116853.

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The popularization of education on the administrative compulsion law in response to major epidemic situations in China refers to the educational activities carried out by an educational subject aimed at an educational object promoting understanding and mastery of knowledge of administrative compulsion. The goal is to improve the government’s legal ability to prevent and control behavior, enhance people’s awareness of the rule of law, and provide a strong legal basis for the rule of law in the context of major epidemics. Other aims are to cultivate citizens’ legal beliefs, restrain citizens’ conduct, and maintain a stable social order. However, problems arise in the subject, content, and mode of the educational activities. Therefore, we need to discuss compulsory education in the context of major epidemic situations, including the need for a favorable educational environment, the strengthening of information distribution, and the guidance of public opinion on administrative enforcement. We should also improve education subjects to enhance the legal quality of administrative organs, perfect the education content, encourage people to support administrative compulsion in epidemic situations, and deliver education in campus online classes.

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Az, Adem, e Zeynep Afra Akbıyık-Az. "Contact Tracing in the Context of COVID-19: Ethical Issues and Assessment". Klimik Dergisi/Klimik Journal 34, n. 1 (2021): 18–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.36519/kd.2021.04.

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The COVID-19 outbreak spread like a forest fire in the first quarter of 2020. Until September, more than 26 million people were affected by this epidemic. It has been 9 months since the first case was seen. However, a curative treatment method or vaccine has not been developed yet. Today, the only approach that can prevent the outbreak is classical epidemic control approaches such as hygiene, case isolation, contact tracing and quarantine. Contact tracing aims to reduce the spread of the epidemic by trying to analyze the potential transmission routes of the infection at the individual level. In addition, it will be possible to prevent official measures such as the curfew taken to prevent the epidemic from spreading. However, when considering ways of communication between people, the epidemic knows no boundaries. Mobile applications and artificial intelligence can be successful in analyzing this contact chain. Even if protecting human life is the highest degree moral duty, these methods contain many ethical problems. The most violated ethical values because of these practices are privacy, confidentiality of information, civil freedom and autonomy. In this study, we will try to analyze the ethical problems that arise with contact tracing mobile applications in the context of COVID-19.

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Siegenfeld, Alexander F., Pratyush K. Kollepara e Yaneer Bar-Yam. "Modeling Complex Systems: A Case Study of Compartmental Models in Epidemiology". Complexity 2022 (29 ottobre 2022): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/3007864.

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Compartmental epidemic models have been widely used for predicting the course of epidemics, from estimating the basic reproduction number to guiding intervention policies. Studies commonly acknowledge these models’ assumptions but less often justify their validity in the specific context in which they are being used. Our purpose is not to argue for specific alternatives or modifications to compartmental models, but rather to show how assumptions can constrain model outcomes to a narrow portion of the wide landscape of potential epidemic behaviors. This concrete examination of well-known models also serves to illustrate general principles of modeling that can be applied in other contexts.

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Herek, Gregory M. "The Social Context of an Epidemic". Contemporary Psychology: A Journal of Reviews 32, n. 12 (dicembre 1987): 1004–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/026573.

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Homicskó, Árpád. "The issues of managing the epidemic situation in the health care system in Hungary". Zbornik radova Pravnog fakulteta, Novi Sad 56, n. 2 (2022): 515–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/zrpfns56-33689.

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In my study, I intend to explore the impact of the current epidemic situation on the health care system in Hungary. To this end, the legal environment applicable to the epidemic situation and the measures related to the health care system in the context of the epidemic situation will be presented. I think that in the 21st century and beyond, it will be increasingly important to deal with emerging epidemics, to which all countries must be able to respond appropriately. Managing the epidemic situations effectively and appropriately is in the interest of society as a whole. Furthermore, public health considerations are essential, and every country has to enhance efforts to fight epidemics. In the 21st century, states still have to consider their task to provide the necessary financial resources to combat epidemics. Health care systems should be suitable to meet public health and epidemiological considerations and the demands of general patient care.

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Kamalrathne, Thushara, Dilanthi Amaratunga, Richard Haigh, Lahiru Kodituwakku e Chintha Rupasinghe. "Epidemic and Pandemic Preparedness and Response in a Multi-Hazard Context: COVID-19 Pandemic as a Point of Reference". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 21, n. 9 (19 settembre 2024): 1238. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph21091238.

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Infectious diseases manifesting in the form of epidemics or pandemics do not only cause devastating impacts on public health systems but also disrupt the functioning of the socio-economic structure. Further, risks associated with pandemics and epidemics become exacerbated with coincident compound hazards. This study aims to develop a framework that captures key elements and components of epidemic and pandemic preparedness and response systems, focusing on a multi-hazard context. A systematic literature review was used to collect data through peer-reviewed journal articles using three electronic databases, and 17 experts were involved in the validation. Epidemiological surveillance and early detection, risk and vulnerability assessments, preparedness, prediction and decision making, alerts and early warning, preventive strategies, control and mitigation, response, and elimination were identified as key elements associated with epidemic and pandemic preparedness and response systems in a multi-hazard context. All elements appear integrated within three interventional phases: upstream, interface, and downstream. A holistic approach focusing on all interventional phases is required for preparedness and response to pandemics and epidemics to counter their cascading and systemic effects. Further, a paradigm shift in the preparedness for multi-hazards during an epidemic or pandemic is essential due to the multiple challenges posed by concurrent hazards.

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Più fonti

Tesi sul tema "Epidemic context"

Kidman, Rachel. "Child welfare in the context of HIV/AIDS epidemic: identifying vulnerable populations and shaping an effective response". Thesis, McGill University, 2010. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=86885.

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Background: Over 15 million children have been orphaned by AIDS. While a growing literature suggests orphans are disadvantaged, other studies have failed to find health or educational disparities. This contradictory evidence has fueled debate over whether orphans should be targeted for assistance, or whether the response should be expanded to other vulnerable children.
Objectives: This study sought to: 1) to estimate educational disparities for orphans relative to other AIDS-affected children; 2) to estimate health disparities for orphans relative to other AIDS-affected children; and 3) to describe the extent of community and public support available to households fostering orphans.
Methods: Data are drawn from the 2004-5 Malawi Integrated Household Survey, a nationally-representative survey of 52,707 individuals in 11,280 households in 564 communities. Multilevel models examine the association between orphanhood and other AIDS-related impacts and 1) education for children 6-14 years; and 2) health status for children 6-17 years. Weighted descriptives and regression models are used to examine whether orphan households receive greater private, community and public support.
Results: Double and maternal orphans are more likely to be out of school (OR=2.2, 2.5 respectively) and behind in attainment (grade difference = -0.3); these disparities are not explained by poverty. While there is no evidence that orphans suffer greater morbidity, children whose parents have an AIDS-related illness have higher burdens of both acute and chronic morbidity (ORs=1.5-1.9). Finally, friends and relatives provided assistance to 75% of households, and this support was more likely to be targeted to households with double orphans. Community-based organizations for the chronically ill were present in 40% of communities and many included orphan-specific programming.
Conclusion: There is growing international commitment to mitigate the impact of AIDS on children, but debate remains around how to best target resources. Orphans and poor children both demonstrate educational disadvantage, suggesting a simultaneous need for orphan-specific programming and general poverty alleviation. Children living with sick parents demonstrated poor health; community home-based care programs are best situated to identify these children and mitigate their risk. Finally, while many households with vulnerable children are already receiving assistance, the value and coverage is inadequate to match the need and needs to be drastically scaled-up.
Contexte: Plus de 15 millions d'enfants sont devenus orphelins dès suites du SIDA. D'un côté, un nombre grandissant d'études suggèrent que les orphelins sont désavantagés, tandis que de l'autre, plusieurs études n'ont pas été capables de démontrer des inégalités au niveau de la santé et de l'éducation. Cette contradiction dans la littérature suscite le débat à savoir si les orphelins devraient être ciblés de façon spécifique ou s'ils devraient être inclus dans des programmes d'aide englobant d'autres enfants vulnérables.
Objectifs: Cette étude a pour objectif de: 1) estimer les inégalités au niveau de l'éducation des orphelins par rapport à celle des autres enfants affectés par le SIDA; 2) estimer les inégalités au niveau de la santé des orphelins par rapport à celle des autres enfants affectés par le SIDA; et 3) décrire l'étendue du support communautaire et public destinés aux ménages hébergeant des orphelins.
Méthodologie: Les données proviennent du Malawi Integrated Household Survey de 2004-5, une base de données nationale et représentative de 52 707 individus répartis dans 11 280 ménages dans 564 communautés. Les modèles multiniveaux étudient l'association entre le statut d'orphelin et d'autres impacts liés au SIDA et 1) l'éducation des enfants de 6 à 14 ans; et 2) les conditions de santé des enfants de 6 à 17 ans. Des données descriptives pondérées et des modèles de régression sont utilisés pour étudier si les ménages ayant au moins un orphelin reçoivent plus de soutien des milieux privé, communautaire et public que les autres ménages.
Résultats: Les orphelins dont la mère ou les deux parents sont décédés sont plus susceptibles d'avoir décroché de l'école (OR=2.2, 2.5 respectivement) ou d'accuser un retard au niveau scolaire (différence de niveau = -0.3); ces inégalités ne sont pas expliquées par la pauvreté. Même si d'un côté aucun résultat ne prouve que les orphelins ont un taux de morbidité plus élevé, les enfants qui ont des parents atteints du SIDA ou d'autres maladies connexes ont un niveau plus élevé de maladies chroniques ou graves (ORs= 1.5-1.9). Finalement, les amis et la famille procurent de l'aide dans 75% des ménages, et ce soutien est plus souvent présent dans les ménages avec des orphelins ayant perdus leurs deux parents. Les organismes communautaires venant en aide aux personnes atteintes de maladies chroniques sont présents dans 40% des communautés et plusieurs incluent des programmes s'adressant spécifiquement aux orphelins.
Conclusion: Il y a un engagement international croissant afin de freiner l'impact du SIDA sur les enfants, mais le débat demeure à savoir comment allouer les ressources le plus efficacement. Les orphelins et les enfants pauvres dénotent tous les deux des retard en éducation ce qui suggère qu'une aide devrait être octroyée simultanément pour les programmes destinés aux orphelins et pour ceux visant l'élimination globale de la pauvreté. Il a été démontré que les enfants vivant avec des parents malades ont une mauvaise santé; les programmes communautaires de soins à domiciles sont les mieux placés pour identifier ces enfants et freiner les risques. Finalement, bien qu'il y ait plusieurs ménages qui reçoivent déjà de l'aide, la valeur et l'étendue de cette aide est inadéquate et ne répond pas au besoin; du soutien de l'extérieur devrait être ajouté.

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Charters, Kathleen Anne. "Putting health behaviour theory into context and context into health behaviour theory. : COVID-19 through the health psychology looking glass". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris, EHESS, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024EHES0042.

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La pandémie de COVID-19 a mis en évidence l'importance des comportements de prévention pour réduire la propagation de la maladie et le fardeau sanitaire associé. Comprendre les déterminants psychologiques qui motivent l'engagement comportemental est donc essentiel dans un contexte épidémique. Au début de la pandémie, relativement peu de recherches portaient sur la dynamique de la réponse comportementale humaine face à cette menace épidémique en constante évolution. Cette recherche a cherché à combler cette lacune dans la littérature, d'abord en examinant les théories psychosociales des comportements de prévention existantes dans le contexte de la pandémie, et ensuite en élargissant cette base théorique pour tenir compte des effets de la situation épidémique, mettant ainsi les comportements de prévention en contexte et intégrant le contexte dans la théorie des comportements de prévention. La première partie de la recherche doctorale porte sur deux problématiques relatives aux comportements de santé qui préoccupaient les chercheurs et les autorités sanitaires : l'optimisme irréaliste et la compensation du risque. Les résultats de la première étude transversale répétée (N=12378), menée avant, au début et au pic de la première vague épidémique (février–avril 2020) en France, en Italie, au Royaume-Uni et en Suisse, ont indiqué que les participants de ces quatre pays devenaient de plus en plus optimistes de manière irréaliste avec le temps et que cette tendance était associée à un désengagement comportemental. Les résultats de la deuxième étude (N=14003) menée au cours des huit premiers mois du campagne vaccinale en France (février–septembre 2021) suggèrent l’existence d’une faible compensation du risque observable vers la fin de la campagne, en particulier s’agissant de l'évitement des rassemblements sociaux, parmi les participants présentant un schéma vaccinale complet. Puisque les résultats de ces premières études indiquaient que le contexte épidémique influençait la perception du risque et l'adhésion aux mesures de contrôle, nous avons cherché à caractériser dans la deuxième partie de la thèse l'effet du contexte épidémiologique sur les déterminants sociocognitifs des comportements de prévention, comblant ainsi une lacune dans la recherche dans ce domaine. Dix-sept enquêtes bimensuelles ont été menées sur neuf mois (mars–novembre 2020, N=34016).Une analyse de regression multiniveaux a révélé une association entre le contexte épidémiologique et les comportements de prévention, le temps modérant toutefois l'effet de l'incidence sur le comportement. Ensuite, une analyse plus approfondie des pistes causales a indiqué que l'effet du contexte épidémiologique sur le comportement n’était que partiellement médié par des variables sociocognitives. Étonnamment, à l'exception des normes sociales perçues, les variables de cognition sociale traditionnellement considérées comme déterminant de la réponse comportementale, ont peu contribué à la médiation de la relation entre le contexte épidémiologique et le comportement. Les implications pour la théorie, de futures recherches, ainsi que la pratique et la politique en matière de santé publique, sont discutées. Les résultats de cette recherche soulignent la nécessité de renforcer la théorie, tout en l'examinant, en la testant et en l'élargissant dans des contextes divers et variés. À travers l’élargissement de la théorie existante à une épidémie d'une maladie infectieuse émergente, la COVID-19, cette recherche explore les différents facteurs d'influence et les mécanismes causaux potentiellement impliqués dans le processus psychologique complexe et dynamique d'évaluation du risque et l'engagement comportemental qui en résulte. En plaçant la théorie dans son contexte et le contexte dans la théorie, cette recherche doctorale cherche à faire progresser la théorie, apportant ainsi une contribution significative au domaine de la recherche sur les comportements de prévention en matière de santé
The COVID-19 pandemic highlighted the importance of health protective behaviours in reducing disease spread and subsequent health burden. Understanding the psychological determinants motivating behavioural engagement is therefore critical in an epidemic and pandemic setting. At the time of the pandemic outbreak, relatively little research attention had focused on the dynamics of human behavioural response to an unfolding, constantly evolving epidemic threat. This doctoral research therefore sought to address this gap in the literature firstly by investigating existing theory in the COVID-19 context, and secondly by expanding upon existing theory to account for the epidemic setting, thereby putting health behaviour theory into context and context into health behaviour theory. To this end, the first part of the doctoral research investigated two health behaviour issues of concern to researchers and health authorities: unrealistic optimism and risk compensation. Findings from the first repeated cross-sectional study (N=12,378), conducted at pre-, early and peak first-wave epidemic stages (February–April 2020) in France, Italy, Switzerland and the United Kingdom, indicated that people across all four countries became increasingly unrealistically optimistic over time and that this was associated with behavioural disengagement. Results of the second study (N=14,003) during the initial eight months of the vaccine rollout in France (February–September 2021), suggested risk compensation occurred towards the end of the vaccine rollout, particularly towards avoidance of social gatherings among those with a completed vaccination schedule.As results from these initial studies suggested that the epidemic setting influenced risk appraisal and adherence to mitigation measures, and addressing a gap in the literature due to the paucity of research in this area, the second part of the doctoral study explored the effect of the epidemiological context on behaviour and the social cognitive pathways involved. Seventeen bi-monthly surveys were conducted over nine months (March–November 2020, N=34,016). Multilevel analysis revealed that there was an association between the epidemiological context and protective behaviour, with time serving to moderate the effect of incidence on behaviour. Further pathway analysis indicated that the effect of the epidemiological context on behaviour was only partially mediated by social cognitive variables. Surprisingly, with the exception of perceived social norms, which made the greatest mediational contribution, social cognitions commonly and repeatedly found to predict behavioural response contrastingly contributed little to mediating the epidemiological context–behaviour relationship. Implications for theory, future research, public health policy and practice are discussed. Above all, these research findings highlight the need to nurture theory by examining, testing and expanding upon it in different contexts. Through its extension of extant theory to an epidemic of an emerging infectious disease, COVID-19, the current investigation explored the underlying layers of influence and possible causal mechanisms involved in the complex and dynamic psychological process of risk appraisal and behavioural engagement. By putting theory into context and context into theory, this doctoral research sought to nourish and advance theory, thereby making a significant contribution to the field of health behaviour research

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Croke, Rhian G. "Situating the HIV/AIDS epidemic in a historical context : a case study of orphans in Nguludi Mission Community, Malawi". Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/12573.

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Includes bibliography.
This thesis is based on a series of interviews with key informants and a census of orphan households in Nguludi Mission Community, Southern Malawi, in 2000. The thesis argues that although HIV/AIDS is a relatively recent phenomenon, any contemporary understanding of the epidemic must be informed by an understanding of the past. The impact of the HIV/AIDS epidemic and the "orphan problem" at the local level, is, therefore, situated within the broader socio-economic context of the history of the region.

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Mantler, Janet L. "Judgements of responsibility for HIV-infection, a test of Weiner's Social Motivation Theory in the context of the AIDS epidemic". Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape10/PQDD_0014/NQ52430.pdf.

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Kachale, Blessings. "Elderly carers : the experiences of the elderly caring for orphans and vulnerable children in the context of the HIV/Aids epidemic in Chiradzuru district, Malawi". Thesis, Queen Margaret University, 2015. https://eresearch.qmu.ac.uk/handle/20.500.12289/7464.

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PURPOSE: This qualitative study explores the day-to-day care experiences and livelihoods challenges of the elderly carers of orphan and vulnerable children (OVCs) in rural Chiradzuru district in Malawi. The study aims to highlight the impact of AIDS mortality on Elderly Households’ livelihood assets. METHOD: Using case study approach data was collected from 43 cases comprised of 23 individuals and 3 Focus Groups. The main study participants were elderly-headed households caring for OVCs. Data was collected and the evidence converged using the Sustainable Livelihood Framework (SLF) to analyse findings. FINDINGS: The main ten study participants were between the ages 55-90+ caring for thirty-eight OVCs; seven of whom were single females caring for OVCs aged between 2-16 years old-some of them caring for second generation of orphans(great grandchildren). Although this is crisis-led fostering, most of the elderly have accepted the responsibility regardless of their capabilities. This highlights the value of family based care in these families. Six of the ten elderly carers had lost a significant number of assets to AIDS sickness and death of family members. A few had given up their wage earning livelihoods to care for OVCs while for the very old (71-90) their physical old-age disabilities affected pursuance of livelihoods impacting their food security and acquisition of basic needs. There was mutual reciprocity between the OVCs and their carers to pursue livelihoods which increased household resilience. Conclusion: The elderly in Chiradzuru need social security support so that they must not give up care of their children to alternative care arrangements which can contribute to trauma on OVCs.

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Sun, Lan. "Epidemic Content Distribution in Mobile Networks : A study of epidemic content distribution characteristic with social relationship evaluation". Thesis, KTH, Kommunikationssystem, CoS, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-118470.

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With the growing popularity of integrating mobile networks and social networks, people now enjoy a freer and more efficient means of communication. Smarter mobile devices facilitate modern human life. In the information age, various new types of information have begun to appear. How to disseminate content to people in a swift and fair way has long been a question. Choosing the right strategy for content distribution is especially crucial for mobile social networks. In this thesis project we use epidemic models for content distribution in mobile social networks. Stochastic mobility models and an SIR epidemic model are set up in the evaluation. We analyze the impact of various parameters of mobility models and epidemic model on content distribution’s success rate and delivery delay. Also, we exploit the social relationships to facilitate content distribution and show the impact of social relationships on content distribution. Simulations have shown that increasing speed and node number in the mobility models will have positive impact on content distribution success rate as well as decreasing the delay. The infect time limit and infect count limit of the epidemic model are also important for swiftly distributing content while considering energy consumption and fairness for nodes. In the social relationship simulation, nodes’ meeting times during a period of time are calculated and a threshold based on a certain level of meeting times is used for categorizing the friendship relationships between nodes. The results show that it will be easier for a successful distribution to be achieved as the social relationship between nodes gets stronger. Also, the delay shows a decreasing trend until reaching the ideal distribution delay time.
Med den växande populariteten för att integrera mobila nätverk och sociala nätverk, människor njuta nu en friare och effektivare sätt att kommunicera. Smartare mobila enheter underlättar moderna människans liv. I den information som ålder, har olika nya typer av information börjat visas. Hur sprida innehåll till människor påett snabbt och rättvist sätt har länge varit en fråga. Att välja rätt strategi för distribution av innehåll är särskilt viktigt för mobila sociala nätverk. I den här avhandlingen projekt använder vi epidemiska modeller för distribution av innehåll i mobila sociala nätverk. Stokastiska rörlighet modeller och en SIR-epidemi modell sätts upp i utvärderingen. Vi analyserar effekterna av olika parametrar rörlighet modeller och epidemisk modell påinnehållsdistribution s framgång och leveransförsening. Dessutom utnyttjar vi de sociala relationerna för att underlätta distribution av innehåll och visa hur sociala relationer pådistribution av innehåll. Simuleringar har visat att ökad hastighet och nodnummer i rörlighet modellerna kommer att ha en positiv inverkan pådistribution av innehåll framgång samt att minska fördröjningen. Den infektera tid och infektera räkna gräns epidemin modellen är ocksåviktiga för att snabbt distribuera innehåll och samtidigt överväga energiförbrukning och rättvisa för noder. I den sociala relationen simulering är noder möte tid under en tidsperiod beräknas och en tröskel baserad påen viss nivåav mötestiden används för att kategorisera vänskap relationer mellan noder. Resultaten visade att det blir lättare för en lyckad spridning uppnås som den sociala relationen mellan noder blir starkare. Dessutom visar fördröjningen en nedåtgående trend tills den når fördröjningen av en ideal fördelning.

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Ziki, Pondiso. "Factors influencing adoption of high risk sexual behaviour by undergraduate students at a private tertiary institution in Gauteng Province, South Africa, in the context of the HIV/AIDS epidemic". Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/97771.

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Thesis (MPhil)--Stellenbosch University, 2015.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: While there has been several studies that have been conducted targeting university students at state owned universities in South Africa, specifically on the impact of HIV/AIDS epidemic, no extensive study was conducted to establish what informs adoption of high risk sexual behaviour among university students in the context of HIV, STI and unplanned pregnancy epidemics at any of the state owned South African universities, let alone private universities. In order to address this identified gap in the body of knowledge, a cross-sectional study underpinned by the ‘social norms’ theory was undertaken at a private university in the Gauteng Province, South Africa to establish why undergraduate students engage in high risk sexual behaviour that puts them at risk of contracting HIV, STIs and unplanned pregnancy. Quantitative data was collected from 342 students through a questionnaire and qualitative data was collected from 38 students through the focus group discussions. Findings revealed that early sexual debut, intergenerational sex, multiple and concurrent partners, unprotected sex, sex under the influence of alcohol and illegal drugs and transactional sex constitute high risk sexual behaviour. The study concluded that peer pressure, independence, financial needs, drug and alcohol abuse, fear of being an outcast, need to identify with modernity, lack of individual perception of risk, campus culture and sexual partner influence are the factors influencing the adoption of high risk sexual behaviour on campus. Based on the findings and conclusions, recommendations are provided for the development of an HIV prevention programme on campus that is aimed at mitigating the negative consequences of the HIV/AIDS, STIs and unplanned pregnancy epidemics.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die literatuur toon aan dat daar alhoewel daar wel studies onderneem is ten einde die impak van die MIV epidemie onder studente aan openbare universiteite te bepaal onderneem is, daar nog steeds baie min kennis in hierdie verband bestaan. Die faktore wat ‘n rol vervul in hoërisiko seksuele gedrag onder studente aan hierdie universiteit is grootliks onbekend. Ten einde hierdie gaping te probeer oorbrug is hierdie studie onderneem aan ‘n privaat universiteit in Gauteng provinsie in Suid-Afrika. Die doel van die studie was om vas te stel wat voorgraadse studente motiveer om hoë seksuele gedrag te beoefen, wetende dat hulle hulleself blootstel aan MIV-infeksie en onbeplande swangerskappe. ‘n Steekproef van 342 student is in die studie gebruik en ‘n vraelys is deur hulle voltooi. ‘n Verdere 38 student het deelgeneem aan ‘n fokusgroepbespreking. Resultate toon aan dat studente dikwels meer as een seksuele maat het; dat seks beoefen word terwyl studente onder die invloed van alkohol is; dat seks dikwels onbeskermend plaasvind en dat alle hierdie faktore bydraend is tot hoë blootstelling aan MIV-infeksie. Die studie het verder gevind dat groepsdruk, finansiële probleme, dwelm- en alkoholmisbruik en groepsdruk verdere bydraende faktore tot hoë-risiko gedrag onder studente is. Resultate van die studie is gebruik om aanbevelings te maak vir die ontwikkeling van ‘n MIV-voorkomingsprogram wat daarop gerig is om die oordrag MIV en onbeplande swangerskappe aan die universiteit ( wat in die studie ondersoek is ) te bekamp.

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Nygren, Stina, e Moa Zeidlitz. "Investigating inclusive risk communication in the context of influenza outbreaks : Insights from South Korea and Vietnam". Thesis, Södertörns högskola, Utveckling och internationellt samarbete, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:sh:diva-41165.

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Outbreaks of novel influenza viruses are continually occurring on many places on our planet, with the ultimate and most extreme consequence being a full-scale pandemic. Modern communication technology is widely used for risk communication regarding recommended change in behavior patterns and other precautions in order to mitigate the transmission. However, the assumption and bias that modern communication technology constitutes the norm causes vulnerable groups to be at possible risk of systematic exclusion to correct and updated information. Through conducting a literature- and case analysis, the aim of this study is to identify insufficient or inadequate risk communication efforts in South Korea and Vietnam during influenza outbreaks, especially with concern of vulnerable groups. Further, to analyze how national influenza preparedness plans observe or ignore these insufficiencies. Results show that vulnerable groups are explicitly recognized in the preparedness plan of Vietnam. However, the South Korean preparedness plan show a more homogenous approach. Both South Korea and Vietnam showed a broad variety of channels used in their risk communication strategies which could be positive in terms of a broad outreach to a heterogenous population, including vulnerable groups. Four key factors that moderate the outcomes of risk communication were identified: Channels, Messages, Transparency and Trust.

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Daly, Kevin. "Newspaper readership and the construction of a heroin epidemic". Access to citation, abstract and download form provided by ProQuest Information and Learning Company; downloadable PDF file, 63 p, 2009. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1674964141&sid=7&Fmt=2&clientId=8331&RQT=309&VName=PQD.

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Badham, Jennifer Marette Information Technology &amp Electrical Engineering Australian Defence Force Academy UNSW. "Role of social network properties on the impact of direct contact epidemics". Awarded by:University of New South Wales - Australian Defence Force Academy. School of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering, 2008. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/38730.

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Epidemiological models are used to inform health policy on issues such as target vaccination levels, comparing quarantine options and estimating the eventual size of an epidemic. Models that incorporate some elements of the social network structure are used for diseases where close contact is required for transmission. The motivation of this research is to extend epidemic models to include the relationship with a broader set of relevant real world network properties. The impact of degree distribution by itself is reasonably well understood, but studies with assortativity or clustering are limited and none examine their interaction. To evaluate the impact of these properties, I simulate epidemics on networks with a range of property values. However, a suitable algorithm to generate the networks is not available in the literature. There are thus two research aspects: generating networks with relevant properties, and estimating the impact of social network structure on epidemic behaviour. Firstly, I introduce a flexible network generation algorithm that can independently control degree distribution, clustering coefficient and degree assortativity. Results show that the algorithm is able to generate networks with properties that are close to those targeted. Secondly, I fit models that account for the relationship between network properties and epidemic behaviour. Using results from a large number of epidemic simulations over networks with a range of properties, regression models are fitted to estimate the separate and joint effect of the identified social network properties on the probability of an epidemic occurring and the basic reproduction ratio. The latter is a key epidemic parameter that represents the number of people infected by a typical initial infected person in a population. Results show that social network properties have a significant influence on epidemic behaviour within the property space investigated. Ignoring the differences between social networks can lead to substantial errors when estimating the basic reproduction ratio from an epidemic and then applying the estimate to a different social network. In turn, these errors could lead to failure in public health programs that rely on such estimates.

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Più fonti

Libri sul tema "Epidemic context"

P, Willis David, e Milbank Memorial Fund, a cura di. AIDS: The public context of an epidemic. New York: Cambridge University Press, for the Milbank Memorial Fund, 1986.

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Ronald, Bayer, e Fox Daniel P, a cura di. AIDS, The public context of an epidemic. [New York: Cambridge University Press], 1986.

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Graig, Laurene, India Olchefske e Joe Alper, a cura di. Pain Management for People with Serious Illness in the Context of the Opioid Use Disorder Epidemic. Washington, D.C.: National Academies Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.17226/25435.

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Foundation, Asia, e Horizons Project Population Council (New Delhi, India), a cura di. Prevention of trafficking and the care and support of trafficked persons in the context of an emerging HIV/AIDS epidemic in Nepal. Kathmandu, Nepal: Asia Foundation, 2001.

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Ramenofsky, Ann F. Vectors of death: The archaeology of European contact. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1987.

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1938-, Raudzens George, a cura di. Technology, disease, and colonial conquests, sixteenth to eighteenth centuries: Essays reappraising the guns and germs theories. Leiden: Brill, 2001.

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1939-, Kiple Kenneth F., e Beck Stephen V, a cura di. Biological consequences of the European expansion, 1450-1800. Aldershot, Hampshire, Great Britain: Ashgate/Variorum, 1997.

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Perttula, Timothy K. The Caddo Nation: Archaeological and ethnohistoric perspectives. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1992.

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Understanding homicide trends: The social context of a homicide epidemic. New York: LFB Scholarly Pub., 2008.

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Basu, Sanjay. Complexities of Epidemic Modeling. A cura di Sanjay Basu. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190667924.003.0010.

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The prior chapter derived and simulated the most basic epidemic model, assuming that people can be in only one of three states (susceptible, infected, or recovered) and that people mix homogeneously throughout the population. In this chapter, the author examines how the Kermack-McKendrick model can be extended to simulate a wide variety of complex diseases and circumstances and be adapted to incorporate the complex ways that people contact each other. Once we leave the context of the Kermack-McKendrick model, the calculation of R0 becomes complicated, so that the researcher must resort to simulation to identify what effect a disease will have in a population and to measure the potential impact of a public health intervention on the disease. The author additionally describes methods for simulating individual behavior in response to an epidemic.

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Capitoli di libri sul tema "Epidemic context"

Willems, B., M. Dols, R. Bittoun, M. van den Hout e H. Adriaanse. "Context stimuli can modify the craving generated by smoking-related cues". In Tobacco: The Growing Epidemic, 205–9. London: Springer London, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-0769-9_81.

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Sharp, D., P. Mowery, J. Myllyluoma, G. Giovino, T. Pechacek e M. Erilsen. "Community context of minors’ access to tobacco in 20 communities in the United States". In Tobacco: The Growing Epidemic, 682. London: Springer London, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-0769-9_290.

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Patel, Kant B., e Mark E. Rushefsky. "The Global Context of the Opioid Crisis". In The Opioid Epidemic in the United States, 244–79. New York: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003215899-7.

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Li, Huifang. "Online Teaching in the Context of the Epidemic". In Application of Intelligent Systems in Multi-modal Information Analytics, 666–72. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-74814-2_93.

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Borland, R., e D. Hill. "Public opinion in Australia about the adequacy of tobacco health warnings and information on tobacco-related harm, in the context of the introduction of stronger warnings on packs". In Tobacco: The Growing Epidemic, 627–31. London: Springer London, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-0769-9_269.

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Nadal, Deborah. "To Kill or Not to Kill? Negotiating Life, Death, and One Health in the Context of Dog-Mediated Rabies Control in Colonial and Independent India". In Framing Animals as Epidemic Villains, 91–117. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-26795-7_4.

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Consoli, Sergio, Peter Markov, Nikolaos I. Stilianakis, Lorenzo Bertolini, Antonio Puertas Gallardo e Mario Ceresa. "Epidemic Information Extraction for Event-Based Surveillance Using Large Language Models". In Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems, 241–52. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-97-4581-4_17.

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AbstractThis paper presents a novel approach to epidemic surveillance, leveraging the power of artificial intelligence and large language models (LLMs) for effective interpretation of unstructured big data sources like the popular ProMED and WHO Disease Outbreak News. We explore several LLMs, evaluating their capabilities in extracting valuable epidemic information. We further enhance the capabilities of the LLMs using in-context learning and test the performance of an ensemble model incorporating multiple open-source LLMs. The findings indicate that LLMs can significantly enhance the accuracy and timeliness of epidemic modelling and forecasting, offering a promising tool for managing future pandemic events

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Phillips, Howard. "HIV/AIDS in the Context of South Africa’s Epidemic History". In AIDS and South Africa, 31–47. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230523517_3.

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Nagata, Naomi. "International Control of Epidemic Diseases from a Historical and Cultural Perspective". In Transcultural Research – Heidelberg Studies on Asia and Europe in a Global Context, 73–88. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-04211-4_6.

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Moncrieff, Joanna. "Opium and the People: The Prescription Psychopharmaceutical Epidemic in Historical Context". In The Sedated Society, 73–99. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-44911-1_4.

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Atti di convegni sul tema "Epidemic context"

Boussada, Rihab, Leila Nasraoui, Cédric Adjih e Leila Azouz Saidane. "Secured Contact Tracing for Epidemic Transmission Prevention in Smart Farming Applications". In 2024 13th IFIP/IEEE International Conference on Performance Evaluation and Modeling in Wired and Wireless Networks (PEMWN), 1–6. IEEE, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.23919/pemwn62766.2024.10737584.

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Shikfa, Abdullatif, Melek Onen e Refik Molva. "Privacy in context-based and epidemic forwarding". In 2009 IEEE International Symposium on "A World of Wireless, Mobile and Multimedia Networks" (WowMoM). IEEE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/wowmom.2009.5282445.

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Deyneka, Olga, e Alexandr Maksimenko. "THE PSYCHOLOGICAL CONDITION OF RUSSIAN SOCIETY IN THE CONTEXT OF THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC". In International Psychological Applications Conference and Trends. inScience Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36315/2021inpact054.

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"The problem of the psychological impact of a pandemic, quarantine and self-isolation on the state of society attracts increased attention of specialists (Hua J., Shaw R., 2020; Li S., Wang Y. et all, 2020, Enikolopov S. et all, 2020; Fedosenko E., 2020). The objective of our work was to find the most common attitudes and types of responses of Russians to the epidemic COVID-19 taking into account their involvement in social networks, critical thinking and severity of psychopathological symptoms. The study was carried out during the recession of the first wave of the pandemic in early June 2020. The main tool was the questionnaire of T. Nestik in an abridged version. Additionally, a questionnaire of critical thinking was used (CTI, Epstein, adapted by S. Enikolopov and S. Lebedev, 2004); test of psychopathological symptoms SCL-90-R; social media engagement questionnaire (Karadag, 2015) was used. The study involved 986 people (56.9% male, 43.1% female) aged 18 to 76 years. Using exploratory factor analysis, 6 types of responses to the epidemic situation caused by COVID-19 were identified (fans / opponents of the ""conspiracy theory""; responsible / irresponsible, covid-dissidents, covid-optimists, misophobes, anti-vaccinators). The dominant belief among the respondents is that the emergence of new infectious diseases is a natural process of mutation that occurs in nature without the participation of people, or the result of someone's mistake. Conspiracy theories were significantly more common among elderly people and women. Citizens see salvation from the epidemic in the moral conscience and responsibility of everyone. At the same time, they do not trust both official information and information from fellow citizens. Representatives of the older generation have higher confidence in the country's leadership, in the possibilities of medicine and science, and in fellow citizens. Correlations of non-critical thinking with manifestations of misophobia and fear of new epidemics were revealed. Depressive subjects were more concerned about the illegal behavior of fellow citizens and misophobia. Long-term fear of epidemics has been correlated with anxiety. Among those who prefer social networks to official information (television, radio, print), statistically significantly more are those who not only do not trust official information about the epidemic situation, but also do not trust their fellow citizens, attributing to them possible facts of concealing information about the disease because of the fear of being quarantined. Thus, the COVID-consciousness of Russians demonstrated a combination of rather contradictory attitudes."

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（张美兰）, Zhang. "Field Expansion of Classroom Lecturing in The Context of Epidemic". In Proceedings of the First International Conference on Literature Innovation in Chinese Language, LIONG 2021, 19-20 October 2021, Purwokerto, Indonesia. EAI, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4108/eai.19-10-2021.2316586.

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Tang, Aotian. "Analysis of China’s Takeaway Industry in the Context of the Epidemic". In 2022 7th International Conference on Financial Innovation and Economic Development (ICFIED 2022). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/aebmr.k.220307.402.

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Lei, Wenyan. "Epidemic Crisis and Teaching Innovation—Challenges and Countermeasures of Online Teaching to University Teachers in the Context of COVID-19 Epidemic". In The International Conference on China and the World in the Context of the Globalization of COVID-19. MASON PBLISH GROUP, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.37420/cwcgc.2020.14.

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Tang, Shuchen, Yiming Wei e Shancheng Lin. "Coronavirus, Rights, and Law: Criminal Policy in the Context of the Epidemic". In The International Conference on China and the World in the Context of the Globalization of COVID-19. MASON PBLISH GROUP, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.37420/cwcgc.2020.04.

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Chen, Xiaoling. "Education Informationization in the Context of the Epidemic: Problems and Strategic Selection". In The International Conference on China and the World in the Context of the Globalization of COVID-19. MASON PBLISH GROUP, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.37420/cwcgc.2020.12.

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Ye, Lei, e Yin Jing. "Modular electric lunch box design in the context of "post-epidemic" era". In 2021 International Conference on Computer Technology and Media Convergence Design (CTMCD). IEEE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ctmcd53128.2021.00051.

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Hu, Qipeng. "Personal Information Security in the Context of the Epidemic Prevention and Control". In 1st International Symposium on Innovative Management and Economics (ISIME 2021). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/aebmr.k.210803.054.

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Rapporti di organizzazioni sul tema "Epidemic context"

Bruce, Judith. Child marriage in the context of the HIV epidemic. Population Council, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.31899/pgy12.1022.

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Ripoll, Santiago. Death and Funerary Practices in the Context of Epidemics: Upholding the Rights of Religious Minorities. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), ottobre 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/creid.2020.001.

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This working paper explores the challenges that emerge when public health measures to mitigate the risk of infection during an epidemic infringe on the rights of religious communities to say a final farewell to their loved ones according to their custom. The paper aims to answer these questions: how does epidemic response in the context of death and burials frame and impact religious minority rights? And in turn, how do sectarian dynamics reposition themselves in the context of epidemic response?

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Mylan, Sophie. Key considerations: Balancing epidemic preparedness and response with humanitarian protection in Ugandan refugee settlements. Institute of Development Studies, settembre 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/sshap.2024.042.

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Humanitarian actors in Ugandan refugee settlements face the dual challenge of preparing for and responding to epidemics, while providing essential humanitarian assistance. They must balance their international mandate to protect refugees and uphold human rights with a variety of public health measures to safeguard refugees, humanitarian workers and Ugandan host communities from epidemic threats. This complex task also involves addressing broader regional, national and international public health implications of uncontrolled epidemic spread. Previous SSHAP briefs have described specific considerations regarding cross-border dynamics between Uganda and neighbouring countries in the context of epidemics. The brief Key Considerations: Cross-Border Dynamics Between Uganda and South Sudan in the Context of the Outbreak of Ebola, 2022 highlights the complex movement of people across the highly porous – and sometimes contested – South Sudan-Uganda border, which cuts through multiple ethnic groups. It describes mobility as related to networks of kin, livelihoods, trade, education, healthcare, and the search for safety and security. The brief suggests that Ebola preparedness and response activities need to be locally appropriate, paying specific attention to the livelihoods of people in this region. Another brief specifically highlights the need to consider the context specific vulnerabilities of refugees in Uganda in relation to epidemics. This brief builds on these insights and presents considerations for five areas of epidemic preparedness and response in Ugandan refugee settlements, drawing on the experience of COVID-19 and its implications for humanitarian protection. It focuses on refugee settlements in north Uganda, drawing on ethnographic data collected during COVID-19 in Palabek refugee settlement, Lamwo district. This is combined with insights from published research, grey literature, and discussions with government employees and humanitarian actors engaged in the Ugandan refugee response.

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Schmidt-Sane, Megan, Tabitha Hrynick e Eva Niederberger. Community Resilience: Key Concepts and their Applications to Epidemic Shocks. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), gennaio 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/sshap.2021.003.

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The COVID-19 pandemic has exposed long-standing social inequalities and vulnerabilities, with the most disadvantaged and marginalised groups bearing the greatest health, social, and economic burdens. Beyond documenting these vulnerabilities, there is a need to mitigate them and support the resilience of marginalised communities. ‘Community resilience’ can bolster community capacity to cope with the pressures of various shocks; this brief explores how its concepts can be applied to epidemics. It reviews the grey and academic literature on different approaches to community resilience. It covers 1) terminology, 2) lessons from practice, 3) the context of community resilience, 4) a systems approach, and 5) key human and social capacities. Social justice, inequality, equity, and fairness are highlighted as themes in need of further development for resilience as it relates to epidemic preparedness and response. This brief was developed for SSHAP by IDS (led by Megan Schmidt-Sane with Tabitha Hrynick) with Anthrologica (Eva Niederberger).

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Schmidt-Sane, Megan, Tabitha Hrynick e Eva Niederberger. Community Resilience: Key Concepts and their Applications to Epidemic Shocks. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), febbraio 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/sshap.2021.027.

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Daly, Celine. Prevention of trafficking and the care and support of trafficked persons in the context of an emerging HIV/AIDS epidemic in Nepal. Population Council, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.31899/hiv2.1049.

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Ndhlovu, Lewis, Catherine Searle e Johannes van Dam. Strengthening STI treatment and HIV/AIDS prevention services in Carletonville, South Africa. Population Council, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.31899/hiv15.1001.

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Although knowledge about HIV/AIDS is widespread in South Africa, adult HIV prevalence is high, indicating high levels of risky sexual behavior. Understanding the gap between knowledge and behavior requires an examination of the social context in which the epidemic occurs. The Horizons Program conducted an intervention study in the Carletonville area to study the social determinants of the HIV epidemic and to assess the impact of a targeted program of HIV and STI prevention and service delivery. In 1998, the Mothusimpilo (“Working together for health”) Intervention Project (MIP) was launched to reduce community prevalence of HIV and other STIs and to sustain those reductions through enhanced prevention and STI treatment services. Carletonville includes many migrant mine workers and is characterized by significant poverty and unemployment, the presence of sex work, and high rates of STIs. MIP targets population groups where high-risk sexual behavior is thought to be common. This brief focuses on sex workers because of their vulnerability to STIs and HIV infection and their link to miners and men in the broader community.

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Hrynick, Tabitha. Key Considerations: Risk Communication and Community Engagement for Mpox Vaccination in Eastern DRC. SSHAP, agosto 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/sshap.2024.033.

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This infographic summarizes insights from the recent SSHAP briefing, "Key Considerations: Risk Communication and Community Engagement for Mpox in Eastern DRC." It presents social and political considerations for the design and implementation of vaccination-related risk communication and community engagement (RCCE) strategies against the mpox epidemic in the eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). Drawing from the SSHAP roundtable discussion on mpox in the DRC (May 2024) and a range of other evidence and expertise from key informants, the infographic suggests context-appropriate strategies for humanitarian and health actors to navigate the conflict-affected landscape of the DRC.

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Maluwa, Miriam, Peter Aggleton e Richard Parker. Stigma, Discrimination, and HIV/AIDS in Latin America and the Caribbean. Inter-American Development Bank, febbraio 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0008925.

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This paper focuses on a rather unexplored dimension to date of the HIV/AIDS epidemic: the resulting stigma and discrimination and its impact on the effectiveness of HIV/AIDS programs. It presents a conceptual framework that explains the interplay between stigma, discrimination and human rights. The study also provides guidelines for developing programmatic activities that situate HIV/AIDS-related stigma and discrimination within the broader social context where a variety of stigmas related to class, race, gender and ethnicity exist. Thus, the framework and the paper can be useful both to those fighting the spread of HIV/AIDS as well as to those fighting exclusion in other social contexts. This paper was prepared as a background document for a seminar entitled HIV/AIDS and Development: Challenges and Responses in Latin America and the Caribbean held at the Annual Meeting of the Boards of Governors of the Inter-American Development Bank and Inter-American Investment Corporation in March 2002.

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