Tesi: "Environmental fluid mechanics"

1

Szulczewski, Michael Lawrence. "The subsurface fluid mechanics of geologic carbon dioxide storage". Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/82834.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, 2013.
Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 157-168).
In carbon capture and storage (CCS), CO₂ is captured at power plants and then injected into deep geologic reservoirs for long-term storage. While CCS may be critical for the continued use of fossil fuels in a carbon-constrained world, the subsurface behavior of CO₂ remains poorly understood, which has contributed to the absence of government policy to implement CCS. In this Thesis, we use simulations, experiments, and theory to clarify the fluid mechanics of CO₂ storage, with the goal of informing two practical questions. The first question is, how much CO₂ can be stored in the United States? This question is important to clarify the role of CCS among the portfolio of other climate-change mitigation options, such as renewable energy and reduced energy consumption. To address this question, we develop models of CO₂ injection and the post-injection migration, and apply them to several reservoirs in the US. We use the models to calculate the total amount of CO₂ that can be stored in these reservoirs without hydraulically fracturing the caprock or allowing the CO₂ to migrate to a major leakage pathway. We find that the US has sufficient storage capacity to stabilize emissions at the current rates for at least 100 years. The second question is, what are the long-term dissolution rates of CO₂ into the ambient groundwater? This question is important because dissolution mitigates the risk of CO₂ leakage to shallower formations or the surface. We address this question for storage in structural and stratigraphic traps, which are promising locations in a reservoir for injection and will likely be the first sites of large-scale CCS deployment. We describe several mechanisms of CO₂ dissolution in these traps and develop models to predict the dissolution rates. We apply the models to relevant subsurface conditions and find that dissolution rates vary widely depending on the reservoir properties, but that thick reservoirs with high permeabilities could potentially dissolve hundreds of megatons of CO₂ in tens of years.
by Michael Lawrence Szulczewski.
Ph.D.

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2

Laubie, Hadrien Hyacinthe. "Linear elastic fracture mechanics in anisotropic solids : application to fluid-driven crack propagation". Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/82838.

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Thesis (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, 2013.
Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 167-169).
Fracture mechanics is a field of continuum mechanics with the objective to predict how cracks initiate and propagate in solids. It has a wide domain of application. While aerospace engineers want to make sure a defect in a structure will not grow and possibly lead to failure, petroleum engineers try to increase the permeability of gas shale rocks by fracturing it. In this context, we introduce some elements of linear elastic fracture mechanics in anisotropic solids. Notably, a special attention is paid to transverse isotropy, often used to model rocks but also some piezoelectric materials or fiber-reinforced composites. We focus on brittle materials, that is, we consider only elastic deformations; we thus ignore dissipative phenomena other than the one associated with the creation of crack surface. This thesis aims at understanding and predicting how pressurized cracks propagate in anisotropic brittle solids, in the framework of linear elastic fracture mechanics. The elastic coefficients relevant to the study of a pressurized crack in such materials are identified. Interestingly, they are directly related to quantities easily measured in a lab at the macroscopic scale through indentation tests and acoustic measurements. As an application, the fluid-driven crack problem is addressed. It is shown that the classical tools of the isotropic fluid-driven crack model remain valid in anisotropy, provided the appropriate elastic constants are used. We introduce the concept of crack-shape adaptability: the ability of three-dimensional cracks to shape with the elastic content. This ability could be ruled by three criteria herein introduced. The first one is based on the maximum dissipation principle. The second one is based on Irwin's theory of fracture and the concept of stress intensity factors. As for the third one, it is based on Griffith's energetic theory. While the first criterion predicts that circular cracks are more favorable, the others predict that elliptical shapes are more likely to be seen. This thesis could be valuable in the context of the stimulation of unconventional oil and gas from organic-rich shale.
by Hadrien Hyacinthe Laubie.
S.M.

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3

Khan, Muhammad Ahsan. "CFD Applications for Wave Energy Conversion Devices (MoonWEC) and Turbulent Fountains for Environmental Fluid Mechanics". Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2020.

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This thesis is based on two studies that are related to floating wave energy conversion (WEC) devices and turbulent fountains. The ability of the open-source CFD software OpenFOAM® has been studied to simulate these phenomena. The CFD model has been compared with the physical experimental results. The first study presents a model of a WEC device, called MoonWEC, which is patented by the University of Bologna. The CFD model of the MoonWEC under the action of waves has been simulated using OpenFOAM and the results are promising. The reliability of the CFD model is confirmed by the laboratory experiments, conducted at the University of Bologna, for which a small-scale prototype of the MoonWEC was made from wood and brass. The second part of the thesis is related to the turbulent fountains which are formed when a heavier source fluid is injected upward into a lighter ambient fluid, or else a lighter source fluid is injected downward into a heavier ambient fluid. For this study, the first case is considered for laboratory experiments and the corresponding CFD model. The vertical releases of the source fluids into a quiescent, uniform ambient fluid, from a circular source, were studied with different densities in the laboratory experiments, conducted at the University of Parma. The CFD model has been set up for these experiments. Favourable results have been observed from the OpenFOAM simulations for the turbulent fountains as well, indicating that it can be a reliable tool for the simulation of such phenomena.

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4

Rodríguez, Buño Mariana. "Near and far field models of external fluid mechanics of Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) power plants". Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/79495.

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Thesis (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, 2013.
Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 126-130).
The world is facing the challenge of finding new renewable sources of energy - first, in response to fossil fuel reserve depletion, and second, to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) can provide renewable energy by making use of the temperature difference between the surface ocean and deep ocean water in a Rankine cycle. An OTEC plant pumps huge volumes of water from the surface and nearly 1 km depth, and releases it at an intermediate depth. The effects of this enormous flux are crucial to understand since disruption of the ambient temperature stratification can affect the efficiency of the plant itself and of adjacent plants. This thesis aims to study the external fluid mechanics of offshore OTEC power plants, to assess their environmental impact and to help analyze whether OTEC plants can provide a sustainable source of energy. Although there has been interest in OTEC for several decades, so far primarily physical and analytical models have been developed. In this study numerical models are developed to model OTEC operating plants: integral models for the near and intermediate field and a large-scale ocean general circulation model. Two strategies in modeling OTEC plant discharge are used to analyze plume dynamics: the "Brute Force" approach, in which a circulation model, MITgcm, computes the near, intermediate and far field mixing; and the "Distributed Sources and Sinks" approach, in which the near and intermediate field are represented in the circulation model by sources and sinks of mass computed by integral models. This study concludes that the Brute Force modeling strategy is highly computationally demanding and sometimes inaccurate. Such simulations are very sensitive to model resolution and may require the use of unrealistic model parameters. The Distributed Sources and Sinks approach was found to be capable of modeling the plume dynamics accurately. This method can be applied to the study of adjacent OTEC power plant interaction, redistribution of nutrients, and propagation of contaminants.
by Mariana Rodríguez Buño.
S.M.

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5

Jain, Antone Kumar. "Preferential mode of gas invasion in sediments : grain-scale model of coupled multiphase fluid flow and sediment mechanics". Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/51625.

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Thesis (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, 2009.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 67-79).
We present a discrete element model for simulating, at the grain scale, gas migration in brine-saturated deformable media. We rigorously account for the presence of two fluids in the pore space by incorporating forces on grains due to pore fluid pressures, and surface tension between fluids. This model, which couples multiphase fluid flow with sediment mechanics, permits investigating the upward migration of gas through a brine-filled sediment column. We elucidate the ways in which gas migration may take place: (1) by capillary invasion in a rigid-like medium; and (2) by initiation and propagation of a fracture. We find that grain size is the main factor controlling the mode of gas transport in the sediment, and show that coarse-grain sediments favor capillary invasion, whereas fracturing dominates in fine-grain media. The results have important implications for understanding vent sites and pockmarks in the ocean floor, deep sub-seabed storage of carbon dioxide, and gas hydrate accumulations in ocean sediments and permafrost regions. Our results predict that, in fine sediments, hydrate will likely form in veins following a fracture-network pattern. In coarse sediments, the buoyant methane gas is likely to invade the pore space more uniformly, in a process akin to invasion percolation, and the overall pore occupancy is likely to be much higher than for a fracture-dominated regime. These implications are consistent with laboratory experiments and field observations of methane hydrates in natural systems.
by Antone Kumar Jain.
S.M.

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6

Stipcich, Goran. "High-order methods for computational fluid dynamics". Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Trieste, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10077/7764.

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2010/2011
In the past two decades, the growing interest in the study of fluid flows involving discontinuities, such as shocks or high gradients, where a quadratic-convergent method may not provide a satisfactory solution, gave a notable impulse to the employment of high-order techniques. The present dissertation comprises the analysis and numerical testing of two high-order methods. The first one, belonging to the discontinuous finite-element class, is the discontinuous control-volume/finite-element method (DCVFEM) for the advection/ diffusion equation. The second method refers to the high-order finite-difference class, and is the mixed weighted non-oscillatory scheme (MWCS) for the solution of the compressible Euler equations. The methods are described from a formal point of view, a Fourier analysis is used to assess the dispersion and dissipation errors, and numerical simulations are conducted to confirm the theoretical results.
XXIV Ciclo
1980

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7

Kumar, Ashish R. "Dust Control Examination using Computational Fluid Dynamics Modeling and Laboratory Testing of Vortecone and Impingement Screen Filters". UKnowledge, 2018. https://uknowledge.uky.edu/mng_etds/44.

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Heavy industries, such as mining, generate dust in quantities that present an occupational health hazard. Prolonged exposure to the respirable dust has been found to result in many irreversible occupational ailments in thousands of miners. In underground mining applications, a variety of scrubbing systems are used to remove dust near the zones of generation. However, the wire-mesh type fibrous screens in the flooded-bed dust scrubbers used on continuous miners, are prone to clogging due to the accumulation of dust particles. This clogging results in a reduced capture efficiency and a higher exposure to the personnel. This research establishes the Vortecone, an inertial wet scrubber system, as a suitable alternative to the existing filters. The Vortecone accelerates its inlet fluids into a rapid circulatory motion into a vortex chamber, preferentially moving the heavier particles towards the impermeable surface to be trapped by the circulating water film. Vortecones are used on automobile painting lines and capture over-sprayed paint particles with cleaning efficacies exceeding 99 % while requiring only infrequent maintenance. The existing design of the Vortecone could also be altered to control the flow patterns. This dissertation presents detailed computational fluid dynamics (CFD) models to describe air flow patterns in the Vortecone in steady and transient states. Multi-phase spray models were generated to simulate injection of water into the Vortecone. The volume of fraction (VOF) approach was adopted to mimic the air-water interface. The Lagrangian particle tracking method was used to model particle capture on the interface described by the VOF. The CFD models indicate excellent cleaning efficacies, especially of larger particles. Laboratory experiments with optical measurements of aerosols in a reduced scale model of the Vortecone validate the computer models. These experiments which were performed on dust samples with particle sizes 0.3 μm and above, show that the Vortecone captures 90 % particles by mass exceeding about 5.20 and 3.20 μm at air flows of 0.28 m3/s (600 cfm) and 0.38 m3/s (800 cfm), respectively. The development of detailed large eddy simulations (LES) of air flow in the Vortecone provides a novel contribution to research by better resolving the flow patterns. An impactor-type, self-cleaning, non-clogging impingement screen system was designed as a substitute for conventional screens used in continuous miners. The screen could further be used as an efficient dust capturing mechanism with a demister in general mining applications. CFD models and laboratory experiments are presented to establish the cleaning efficacies of the system. Laboratory experiments to investigate the cleaning efficiency of a fibrous-type conventional screen is also discussed. The parameter, filter selection factor, is proposed to compare the performance of the three systems (Vortecone, fibrous screen, and impingement screen) under similar flows. The Vortecone has been found to be the most efficient dust-cleansing system, although it is the most power intensive fillter. The impingement screen shows a similar cleaning efficiency and a much higher availability compared to the conventional fibrous screen. Because of its minimal maintenance requirement, the impingement screen shows significant promise in dust-control applications in mining.

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8

Golfier, Fabrice. "Transport multi-échelle en milieu poreux : vers un couplage de l'hydrodynamique aux processus biophysico-chimiques". Habilitation à diriger des recherches, Institut National Polytechnique de Lorraine - INPL, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00648924.

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Mes différentes activités de recherche qui s'insèrent dans une problématique axée autour du transport multi-échelle en milieu poreux sont détaillées ici au travers de 3 volets: (1) Influence des hétérogénéités sur les processus de transfert (2) Prise en compte des effets de couplage en transport réactif (3) Impact des processus biologiques sur l'hydrodynamique et le transport Un survol des défis qui restent à surmonter et des perspectives à venir de ce travail de recherche concluent le document.

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9

Roman, Federico. "Large eddy simulation tool for environmental and industrial processes". Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Trieste, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10077/3210.

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2007/2008
Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) is an established tool for consulting and for basic research in fluid mechanics. CFD is required to provide information where analytical approaches or experiments would be impossible or too expensive. Most of the flows of engineering interest are turbulent. Turbulence is an unresolved problem of classical physics, because of the non linearity of the fluid motion equations. At the moment the only way to face them is numerically. Turbulence is composed of eddies in a broad range of size. To solve numerically the Navier-Stokes equations, the equations set that governs the fluid motion, a very fine grid is necessary in order to catch also the smallest eddies. The computational cost increases as Re3 (Re = ul/ is the Reynolds number with u and l an inertial velocity and length scales and the kinematic viscosity). Real life problems are characterized by very large Reynolds numbers and the consequent computational cost is enormous. So the direct solutions of Navier-Stokes equations (DNS) is not feasible. In many applications it is not necessary to solve all the eddies, it can be sufficient to supply the effects of unresolved scale to the flow. In Large Eddy Simulation (LES) most of the scales of motion are directly solved, in particular all the large energy carrying scales. These scales are influenced by the boundaries and they are strongly anisotropic. The smaller and dissipative scales must be modeled, but these scales loosing memory of the boundary conditions are more isotropic and hence formulating a general model that accounts for their effect is relatively easier. Large Eddy Simulation is a prospective tool for investigation in real life problems, in particular when high detailed analysis is required. This is the case for many industrial and environmental processes. For example, acoustic problems due to hydrodynamic noise are governed over a range of large scales which are easily reproduced by LES solution. However in these types of flows many difficulties arise also for LES. In general these flows are characterized by high Reynolds number. Wall-bounded flow at high Re requires high computational cost because LES is constrained to be DNS-like. Besides complex geometries are often involved. Structured or Unstructured body-fitted grid can be very hard to made, moreover unstructured grid can be expensive and not suited for LES. Scope of this thesis is to develop tools to apply LES to such configurations in order to make numerical simulation more adaptable to real life problems. In particular to deal with complex geometry an Immersed Boundary Methodology has been developed for curvilinear coordinates. The method has been applied to several test cases with good results. Then this methodology has been extended to high Reynolds number flows through the use of a wall model. In order to work on anisotropic grid, typical in sea coastal domain, a modified Smagorisky model has been proposed. Finally particle dispersion has been considered in stratified environmental flow. These tools has been applied to an industrial and to an environmental problem with good results.
La fluidodinamica computazionale (CFD) ´e uno strumento affermato per le consulenze e per la ricerca di base nella meccanica dei fluidi. Alla CFD ´e richiesto di fornire informazioni quando approcci analitici o sperimentali sarebbero impossibili o troppo costosi. La maggior parte dei flussi di interesse ingegneristico ´e di tipo turbolento. La turbolenza ´e uno dei problemi irrisolti della fisica classica, ci´o ´e dovuto alla non linearit´a delle equazioni che governano il moto dei fluidi. Al momento l’unico modo per affrontarle ´e numericamente. La turbolenza si compone di vortici di diverse dimensioni. Per risolvere numericamente le equazioni di Navier-Stokes, le equazioni che governano il moto dei fluidi, una griglia molto fine ´e necessaria al fine di simulare propriamente anche i vortici di scala pi´u piccola. Il costo computazionale cresce come Re3 (Re = ul/ ´e il numero di Reynolds, con u e l una velocit´a ed una lunghezza scala caratteristici e la viscosit´a cinematica). I problemi reali sono caratterizzati da numeri di Reynolds altissimi e conseguentemente il costo computazionale di queste simulazioni ´e enorme. Per questo motivo la soluzione diretta delle equazioni di Navier-Stokes (DNS) non ´e possibile. In molte applicazioni non ´e necessario risolvere tutte le scale dei vortici, pu´o essere sufficiente fornire l’effetto delle scale non risolte al flusso. Nella Large Eddy Simulation gran parte delle scale di vortici ´e direttamente risolta, in particolare le larghe scale energetiche. Queste scale sono influenzate dalle condizioni al contorno e sono fortemente anisotrope. Le scale piccole e dissipative devono essere modellate, ma queste scale perdendo memoria delle condizioni al contorno sono generalmente isotrope ed un modello per riprodurre il loro effetto risulta semplice. La LES ´e uno strumento d’avanguardia per lo studio di flussi realistici, in particolare risulta molto potente quando vengono richieste analisi dettagliate del moto. Questo ´e il caso di molti problemi in campo industriale ed ambientale. Per esempio problemi acustici dovuti a rumore idrodinamico sono governati dalle grandi scale che nella LES sono facilmente riprodotte. Comunque anche per la LES sorgono molte difficolt´a nel affrontare questi problemi. Generalmente questi flussi sono caratterizzati da alti numeri di Reynolds. Flussi di parete ad alti Re richiedono un costo computazionale elevatissimo e alla fine la LES deve soddisfare a requisiti tipici della DNS. Inoltre spesso questi flussi sono caratterizzati da geometrie complesse. Griglie strutturate o non strutturate che si adattano alle geometrie possono essere molto difficili da sviluppare, inoltre le griglie non strutturate possono essere molto costose e non particolarmente adatte alla LES. Lo scopo di questa tesi ´e di sviluppare degli strumenti atti a rendere efficiente l’applicazione della LES a flussi realistici. In particolare per affrontare le geometrie complesse ´e stata sviluppata una metodologia Immersed Boundary per coordinate curvilinee. Il metodo ´e stato provato su diversi casi con buoni risultati. La metodologia ´e stata quindi estesa al caso di flussi ad alto numero di Reynolds tramite lo sviluppo di un modello parete. ´E stato quindi sviluppato un modello modificato di Smagorinsky per lavorare con griglie fortemente anisotrope, tipiche per flussi in ambito marino costiero. Infine ´e stata studiata la dispersione di particelle in flussi ambientali stratificati. Gli strumenti sviluppati sono stati quindi applicati ad un problema industriale ed ad uno ambientale con ottimi risultati.
XXI Ciclo
1976

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10

Vukicevic, Marija. "Vortex formation behind movable leaflet: experimental and numerical studies". Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Trieste, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10077/5368.

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2009/2010
Fluid structure interaction (FSI) is one of fundamental phenomena encountered everywhere in nature or in industrial systems as well as one of the most studied and the most challenging topics in the fluid mechanics. Its research presents the core objective of this dissertation, along with experimental study of artificial heart devices. Better understanding of FSI could turn the still unexploited phenomenon into a powerful tool for resolving wealthy of multi-physics problems. Recently computational fluid dynamics community has been putting enormous efforts to uncover, make clear and answer yet numerous issues related to this developing topic. In addition, the FSI is often followed by the vortex formation, one more phenomena that could be both powerful driving force as well as distracting, disturbing occurrence. Consequently, this dissertation will begin with addressing some open issues related to the fluid-structure interaction associated with the simple system made of movable rigid leaflet and an unsteady viscous fluid flow. Such two-dimensional model, even if it appears extremely simple, is able to produce fairly rich flow features which deserve careful analytical and accurate numerical solution. Thus, we have performed a significant number of numerical experiments with the objective to uncover the role of the structure inertia in the overall behavior of the fluid-leaflet system, under the different flow recurrences. For that purpose, we have constructed a strong-coupling code and resolved the fluid and structure dynamics simultaneously, paying particular care of solution accuracy around the moving boundary. The complex problem of large fluid deformation in response to the rapid structure movements has been resolved by the time-dependent conformal mapping, exclusively developed for this specific physical arrangement. The numerical findings, even if theoretical in nature, allowed for the classification and characterization of body’s and fluid dynamics in functionality of different structure inertia and Strouhal numbers, which have been used as free parameters in all numerical experiments. The study is completed by a brief analysis of the more realistic system of actual prosthetic heart valves. Besides many problems that follow the performance of mechanical heart valve prosthesis, the complications related to the complex blood-leaflet interaction are a key factor. The intraventricular flow is characterized by large vortical structures, without significant turbulence, in a smooth circulatory pattern that, in presence of pathological conditions or mechanical devices, could be disturbed. Thus, among the criteria for the assessment of mitral valve functionality and mechanical valve design are the proper vortical features inside the left ventricle. Until nowadays the standard mechanical valves, designed originally for the aortic replacement and without exceptions symmetrical, have never satisfied the regularity of natural vortical dynamics. Thus, we have been motivated to investigate the flow features downstream of asymmetrical prototypes, exclusively designed for the mitral replacement with attempt to better mimic the natural intraventricular flow. Experimental outcomes allowed for preliminary conclusions that the break of symmetry in the novel prosthesis creates the asymmetrical vortical flow in the left ventricle, which is more similar to the natural one, although the concept introduced by this prototype has to undergo deeper testing and careful improvements before querying in the real hearts.
XXIII Ciclo
1982

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11

Finnie, John I. "An Application of the Finite Element Method and Two Equation (K and E) Turbulence Model to Two and Three Dimensional Fluid Flow Problems Governed by the Navier-Stokes Equations". DigitalCommons@USU, 1987. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/7350.

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Finite Element computer codes in two and three dimensions were written that solve both laminar and turbulent flow. These codes use the two equation (k and E) turbulence model to evaluate turbulent viscosity. They were tested with 29 different flow problems. The largest two dimensional turbulent problem solved is flow under a sluice gate. A three dimensional vortex flow problem was attempted but was not feasible due to the size of the available computer. The Harwell sparse matrix subroutines of the United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority were used to solve the set of simultaneous equations. The performance of these subroutines is evaluated. The importance of defining adequate finite element grids and setting proper boundary and initial conditions is discussed.

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12

Balog, Irena. "Analysis of fluid-mechanical efficiency of offshore wind turbines from regional to local scale". Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Trieste, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10077/11101.

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2013/2014
Renewable energy resources, such as wind, are available worldwide. Locating areas with high and continual wind sources are crucial in pre-planning of wind farms. Vast offshore areas are characterized with higher and more reliable wind resources in comparison with continental areas. However, offshore wind energy production is in a quite preliminary phase. Elaborating the potential productivity of wind farms over such areas is challenging due to sparse in situ observations. Mediterranean basin is not an exception. The overall aim of this thesis is to perform analysis in model efficiency in estimation of wind energy from regional to local scale. First, we are proposing numerical simulations of near-surface wind fields from regional climate models (RCMs) in order to obtain and fill the gaps in observations over the Mediterranean basin. Four simulations produced with two regional climate models are examined. Remote sensing observations (QuikSCAT satellite) are used to assess the skill of the simulated fields. A technique in estimation the potential energy from the wind fields over the region is introduced locating the three potentially interesting sub-regions for wind farms. Then, we use local-scale model (large-eddy simulation) with implemented parameterization of wind turbine in order to simulate real case flow in theoretical wind farm. Information reported with regional climate model would be used to create inflow conditions for the selected sub-region of the Mediterranean Sea for simulating theoretical offshore wind farm. Finally, we would compare the estimation of wind power potential obtained by regional climate model and power production of theoretical wind farm obtained with large-eddy simulations for chosen sub-region. Within this multi-scale approach, we would present different numerical computational efficiency in application of wind energy and justification in usage of both regional and local scale models. The novelty of this multi-model methodological approach could be considered in offering significant information for wind industry.
XXVII Ciclo
1983

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13

Kyrke-Smith, Teresa Marie. "Ice-stream dynamics : the coupled flow of ice sheets and subglacial meltwater". Thesis, University of Oxford, 2014. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.629515.

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Ice sheets are among the key controls on global climate and sea level. A detailed understanding of their dynamics is crucial to make accurate predictions of their future mass balance. Ice streams are the dominant negative component in this balance, accounting for up to 90% of the Antarctic ice flux into ice shelves and ultimately into the sea. Despite their importance, our understanding of ice-stream dynamics is far from complete. A range of observations associate ice streams with meltwater. Meltwater lubricates the ice at its bed, allowing it to slide with less internal deformation. It is believed that ice streams may appear due to a localisation feedback between ice flow, basal melting and water pressure in the underlying sediments. This thesis aims to address the instability of ice-stream formation by considering potential feedbacks between the basal boundary and ice flow. Chapter 2 considers ice-flow models, formulating a model that is capable of capturing the leading-order dynamics of both a slow-moving ice sheet and rapidly flowing ice streams. Chapter 3 investigates the consequences of applying different phenomenological sliding laws as the basal boundary condition in this ice-flow model. Chapter 4 presents a model of subglacial water flow below ice sheets, and particularly below ice streams. This provides a more physical representation of processes occurring at the bed. Chapter 5 then investigates the coupled behaviour of the water with the sediment, and Chapter 6 the coupled behaviour of the water with the ice flow. Under some conditions this coupled system gives rise to ice streams due to instability of the internal dynamics.

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14

Hedkvist, Simon. "Throughflow Study on Bleeding for Part Load Compressor Operation". Thesis, Luleå tekniska universitet, Institutionen för teknikvetenskap och matematik, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-75337.

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The transition of the European energy grid to renewable energy sources is increasing the demand for back-up capacity with high flexibility. Current fossil fuel plants are continuously being forced into part load operation, where they are limited by pollution regulations that dictate their minimum environmental load, MEL. The power plants need to shut down when they no longer can comply to pollution regulations, but shutting down means that they can't act as quick back-up for the energy grid. Thus the EU project Turbo-Reflex aims to retrofit existing power plants in order to improve MEL by extending it to lower loads and, by doing so, meeting some of the back-up capacity that is needed. One method of improving MEL in a gas turbine power plants is reducing the mass flow from the compressor to the combustor. This study aims to investigate the stability and performance changes in a compressor as a function of intermediate mass extraction through bleeding lines. The study was made using a 2D throughflow model of a 15 stage axial compressor. Three different bleeding lines, positioned along the length of the compressor, were used for flow reduction. A design of experiments was made to get a structured data collection, combining different configurations of bleeding levels through the three lines, with up to 20% flow reduction. The influence of lowering the ambient temperature was also studied. Results detail the aerodynamic influence of intermediate mass extraction. The loading at the last stage increases with flow reduction, as evaluated by the diffusion factor, and stator 15 becomes the highest aerodynamically loaded position in the compressor. The increased loading is significantly dependent on the bleeding configuration, where upstream extraction is advantageous. The compressor power requirement has the same behavior, where extracting upstream has a 10% advantage. However, bleeding reduces efficiency, and in this regard it is better to use a bleed line further downstream. This combines into a trade off between these three parameters that needs to be made by the operator. Lowering the ambient temperature changes the interplay between these parameters. These research's results are part of the TURBO-REFLEX project, which has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No. 764545.

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15

Pivetta, Marco. "Phase space analysis applied to geophysical fluids and thermoelasticity". Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Trieste, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10077/8660.

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Abstract (sommario):

2011/2012
In questo lavoro l'analisi dello spazio delle fasi viene applicata a tre sistemi di equazioni differenziali, due riguardanti i fluidi geofisici e uno riguardante le onde termoelastiche. Il primo risultato mostra l'esistenza e l'unicità di soluzioni "mild" per l'equazione di Navier-Stokes-Coriolis, nel caso i dati iniziali siano piccoli nella norma dello spazio ibrido $B_{\dot{H}^{\frac{1}{2}},\dot{B}^{\frac{3}{p}-1}_{p,\infty}}$, con $3XXIV Ciclo
1984

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16

Wahib, Arairo. "Influence des cycles hydriques de la dessiccation et de l'humidification sur le comportement hydromécanique des géomatériaux non saturés". Phd thesis, INSA de Lyon, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00838855.

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Abstract (sommario):

Ce travail de recherche porte sur le comportement des milieux poreux (triphasiques), plus particulièrement les sols non saturés sous sollicitations hydro-mécaniques. Un modèle constitutif élastoplastique couplé est développé. Ce modèle original est formulé selon les principes suivants: une loi constitutive est développée pour décrire le comportement de chaque phase (squelette solide, liquide, et gaz). Ensuite, des relations de couplage sont ajoutées entre chacune des phases. Pour le comportement du squelette solide, une loi élastoplastique non associée est adoptée, avec deux surfaces de charges, en cisaillement et en compression. La partie hydrique est décrite par une formulation qui permet de prendre en compte l'effet d'hystérésis. Ce modèle a été enrichi par une relation de couplage hydromécanique qui permet d'exprimer la pression d'entrée d'air en fonction de la porosité. Ensuite, le couplage complet se fait avec la contrainte effective de Bishop en utilisant une nouvelle définition du paramètre de succion χ grâce à laquelle, les différents phénomènes présents dans la réponse des milieux poreux sous différentes sollicitations peuvent être reproduits. Ce modèle est validé par une confrontation à des données expérimentales issues de la littérature sur différents types de sol (sable, limon,...). Le modèle est implanté dans le code aux éléments finis Cast3M. L'analyse de problèmes particuliers, tels que la mise en œuvre d'un cas test d'un sol d'assise soumis à un cycle pluvial, ainsi que l'étude de la stabilité d'une pente, permettent de montrer la capacité du modèle à reproduire le comportement des milieux poreux non saturés.

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17

Sosnowski, Pawel. "Numerical investigation of evaporation and condensation of thin films in conjugated heat transfer systems". Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Trieste, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10077/8662.

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Abstract (sommario):

2011/2012
Evaporation and condensation of thin liquid films on solid surfaces are common elements of industrial processes. In many cases they have a significant impact on the physics of the studied case. At the same time, experimental studies can prove to be troublesome, mostly because of the amount of possible setups, complex geometries of interest, numerous materials being used and cost. For that reason it is reasonable to study this phenomena using numerical methods. Having the advantage in speed and cost of performance, computational studies become a valuable tool. For evaporation and condensation process, one has to deal with buoyancy driven fluid flows, conjugated heat transfer between gaseous and solid phases, film thickness modeling, vapor phase behavior, and phase transition of the thin fluid film into vapor phase. The strong conjunction and mutual interaction of mentioned effects is the main focus of presented work. The gas phase behavior is being calculated using incompressible Navier-Stokes equations under Boussinesq approximation. The solutions of the partial differential equations are obtained with numerical methods using Eulerian finite volume discretization (Kundu and Cohen [2002]). Time advancement is being treated with second order implicit discretization. For cases with high Reynolds number, large eddy simulation (LES) techniques are used. Due to the complexity of the geometries of interest a dynamic computation of the Smagorinsky constant is preferred, applying the lagrangian dynamic model proposed by Meneveau et al. [1996]. The liquid film present on the surface of the solids is modeled following Petronio[2010]. Since the film is thin, it is assumed that it can be represented only by its thickness. This also leads to assumption that the heat transfer through the film is instantaneous. The vapor is represented by concentration of this phase in the volume of gas. The concentration is transported by convection and diffusion. The phenomena of evaporation and condensation of the thin films are driven by the presence of concentration gradients next to the surfaces. Phase transition of vapor to fluid, or other way around, acts on the energy balance, id. est latent heat is released into the gas when condensation occurs or the solid is cooled during evaporation. The heat transport is modeled in both solid and fluid domains. The case is split into separate regions with different material properties. These regions are solved one by one in a serial way using numerical techniques consistent with domain decomposition methods described by Quarteroni and Valli [1999]. The energy transport among the regions is performed by applying a heat coupling boundary conditions. The main focus of this work is to provide a reliable model for simulation system with complex physics involving fluid motion, heat transport in multi region domains (fluid-solid), vapor transport, thin film evolution and evaporation and condensation effects on energy balance. Proposed model is validated on simple geometries and later applied to problem of evaporation in vertical channel flow. The reference to the channel case is work of Laaroussi et at. [2009]. Presented study aims in providing comprehensive insights into physical effects that appear when the solid wall is being directly modeled and when latent heat transformations are taken into account. The final test is performed on a vertical channel with forced turbulent flow, directly modeled solid walls and evaporation or condensation happening on the boundary. Having the model working within such complex frame allows for its future usage in elaborate industrial applications.
XXV Ciclo
1985

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18

Katsidoniotaki, Eirini. "Extreme wave conditions and the impact on wave energy converters". Licentiate thesis, Uppsala universitet, Elektricitetslära, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-441043.

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Abstract (sommario):

The amount of energy enclosed in ocean waves has been classified as one of the most promising renewable energy sources. Nowadays, different wave energy conversion (WEC) systems are being investigated, but only a few concepts have been operated in a sea environment. One of the largest challenges is to guarantee the offshore survivability of the devices in extreme wave conditions. However, there are large uncertainties related to the prediction of extreme wave loads on WECs. Highfidelity computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations can resolve nonlinear hydrodynamic effects associated with wave-structure interaction (WSI). This thesis explores the point-absorbing WEC developed by Uppsala University in extreme wave conditions. The dynamic response and the forces on key components (mooring line, buoy, generator's end-stop spring) of the device are studied and compared. The high nonlinear phenomena accompany the steep and high waves, i.e., breaking behavior, slamming loads can be well-captured by the highfidelity CFD simulations. A commonly used methodology for extreme waves selection, recommended by technical specifications and guidelines, is the environmental contour approach. The 100-year contour in Hamboldt Bay site in California and the 50-year contour in the Dowsing site, outside the UK, are utilized to extract the extreme waves examined in the present thesis. Popular methodologies and data from different sources (observational and hindcast data) are examined for the environmental contour generation providing useful insights. Moreover, two popular approaches for the numerical representation of the extreme sea states, either as focused wave or as equivalent regular wave, were examined and compared. A midfidelity model of the WEC is successfully verified, as the utilization of lower fidelity tools in the design stage would reduce the computational cost. Last but not least, in CFD simulations the computational grid is sensitive in large motions, something often occurs during extreme-WSI. The solution of this issue for the open source CFD software OpenFOAM is provided here.

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19

Petronio, Andrea. "Numerical Investigation of evaporation and condensation within a tub". Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Trieste, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10077/5370.

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Abstract (sommario):

2009/2010
L'obiettivo principale del progetto di ricerca sviluppato nella presente tesi di dottorato è quello di comprendere meglio le problematiche riguardanti le prestazioni di asciugatura della lavastoviglie, con speciale riferimento alla modellazione dei fenomeni di evaporazione e condensazione che avvengono nella vasca. Tipicamente l'acqua per il risciacquo finale viene portata ad una temperatura di 70°C che scalda le stoviglie permettendo a queste di immagazzinare energia termica. La lavastoviglie si raffredda dall'esterno, cosicché la vasca risulta essere più fredda dei piatti posti all'interno. In questo contesto l'acqua può evaporare dalle superfici delle stoviglie e condensare sulle pareti della vasca stessa. Il sistema fisico può essere descritto come un flusso in presenza di cambiamenti di fase. Tali tipologia di flussi ha un ruolo cruciale in molti processi naturali e tecnologici, in particolare in quelli in cui si hanno asciugatura o formazione di condensa sulle superfici solide. Tuttavia, pur essendo così comuni nelle applicazioni ingegneristiche, la loro comprensione è lontana dall'essere completa. Il complesso problema fisico può essere suddiviso in tre sotto-problemi: la trasmissione del calore tra il corpo bagnato ed il liquido sulla sua superficie; il trasferimento di calore e massa tra la fase liquida e quella gassosa; il flusso della fase gassosa che risulta essere molto influenzato dalle forze di galleggiamento dovute alle variazioni di densità causate dalla diffusione di temperatura e concentrazione di vapor acqueo. Dallo studio della letteratura risulta che tale problema non sia stato ancora investigato completamente. In particolare non è mai stato proposto un modello adatto a scopi ingegneristici, cioè per problemi di larga scala con geometrie complesse, che consideri l'evoluzione del film liquido durante processi di asciugatura. Questo progetto vuole contribuire allo sviluppo della ricerca in questo settore. Il modello matematico del flusso d'aria in presenza di evaporazione e condensazione è stato implementato numericamente nell'ambiente open-source OpenFoam. Il modello consiste nella formulazione delle equazioni di Navier-Stokes per flussi incomprimibili più le equazioni del trasporto per la temperatura e la concentrazione di vapore. Entrambi gli scalari sono considerati attivi e le variazioni di densità sono state incorporate sotto l'approssimazione di Boussinesq. Si assume inoltre l'approssimazione a film sottile, per cui si è inteso che film liquidi, gocce ed, in genere, le zone bagnate di un solido possano essere considerate come un film liquido continuo. Tale film sottile è stato interpretato come una condizione al contorno per il flusso d'aria, prescrivendo una condizione di Dirichlet per la temperatura e per il vapore. Quest'ultimo all'interfaccia del liquido è considerato in condizione di saturazione. Il calcolo della velocità di evaporazione all'interfaccia, imposta anche come condizione al contorno per il campo di velocità, ha permesso la quantificazione del processo di evaporazione/condensazione consentendo il calcolo della massa d'acqua evaporata/condensata. Il modello numerico è stato validato con i dati di letteratura per poi essere applicato nello studio del flusso su un cilindro bagnato, tra due piani paralleli. In questo lavoro è stato evidenziato l'effetto sul flusso di evaporazione attorno al cilindro delle condizioni alle pareti, considerate come bagnate o asciutte ed adiabatiche. Inoltre è stato valutato anche l'effetto della distanza del cilindro stesso dalle pareti. Successivamente il modello è stato applicato ad una geometria 2D della lavastoviglie. I risultati mostrano che il flusso evolve secondo uno schema preciso: le forze di galleggiamento danno luogo ad un moto convettivo che si alza dalle stoviglie più calde ed umide, che poi scende lungo alle pareti più fredde e meno umide. Un'ulteriore analisi è stata fatta simulando il processo fino all'asciugatura completa di un film uniformemente distribuito su tutte le stoviglie. Negli stadi intermedi del processo è stato osservato che, attorno alle porzioni di stoviglie già asciutte, il galleggiamento risulta essere ridotto e la velocità dell'aria minore, per il mancato rilascio di vapor acqueo. Un passo ulteriore verso la modellazione della lavastoviglie è stato condotto considerando una geometria 3D semplificata per testare il modello e verificare le caratteristiche richieste alla griglia computazionale. Anche per questa configurazione è stato osservato l'instaurarsi del moto convettivo e l'effetto dell'asciugatura sul flusso. Infine si è iniziato a studiare il caso della lavastoviglie 3D. La simulazione è potuta durare pochi secondi fisici, nei quali hanno iniziato a svilupparsi sopra le stoviglie i caratteristici plume. Successivamente delle instabilità numeriche hanno dato luogo a valori di pressione non fisici determinando l'interruzione del programma. Tale comportamento è stato spiegato dalla mancata dissipazione turbolenta nel flusso. L'attivazione del modello LES di Smagorinsky con l'analogia di Reynolds per la determinazione delle diffusività turbolente dei due scalari ha dato luogo ad una soluzione numericamente stabile. Tuttavia la eccessiva viscosità di sotto-griglia ha sovrastimato la diffusione degli scalari, inficiando l'accuratezza della simulazione. Per includere nel modello l'accoppiamento termico che caratterizza il processo di asciugatura è stata scelta la tecnica di decomposizione di domini detta di Dirichlet-Neumann in quanto è risultata essere efficace e semplice da implementare. Essa impone la continuità della temperatura e il bilancio dei flussi di calore attraverso le interfacce. Inoltre è stato proposto un modello opportuno per la distribuzione della temperatura nel film liquido, per riprodurre nella maniera corretta il trasferimento di calore attraverso il film stesso. Ciascuna di queste due parti è stata implementata e testata individualmente cosicché la loro inclusione nel modello potrà avvenire in un successivo sviluppo della presente ricerca. Inoltre è in fase di sviluppo l'implementazione del modello di sotto-griglia LES dinamico lagrangiano che permetterà di superare i limiti riscontrati nel utilizzo del modello di Smagorinsky.
XXIII Ciclo
1980

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20

Rorai, Cecilia. "Vortex reconnection in superfluid helium". Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Trieste, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10077/7868.

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Abstract (sommario):

2010/2011
La presente tesi concerne la modellizzazione e simulazione numerica, attraverso l'equazione di Gross-Pitaevskii (chiamata anche equazione di Schroedinger non lineare), della dinamica dei vortici quantistici nell'elio superfluido e in particolare del fenomeno della riconnessione. La riconnessione si verifica qualora due vortici approssimativamente antiparalleli, si intersecano e si scambiano le estremità. Questo fenomeno è stato osservato sperimentalmente e risulta essere una caratteristica essenziale della turbolenza quantistica.
XXIII Ciclo
1983

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21

Nygren, Johan. "On the impact of noise and energy demand from traffic : An assessment using microscopic modelling". Licentiate thesis, KTH, Marcus Wallenberg Laboratoriet MWL, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-292360.

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Abstract (sommario):

Noise emissions from transportation remain one of the greatest environmental issues of modern day. Inhabitants in urban environments are especially exposed, with almost 80 million people in the European Union exposed to noise levels exceeding the recommended limits set by the World Health Organization (WHO). While the health-related effects from exposure of traffic noise are problematic and of utmost importance to reduce, availability to efficient transport is also an essential necessity. These conflicting requirements on transportation calls for a more holistic approach to traffic analysis, and to understand the relation between these effects from the traffic. This work investigates properties of traffic, such as the exposure of noise emissions, the vehicle-specific energy demand and duration, to analyse the sustainability of transport. The traffic simulation software SUMO is used to provide a discrete traffic model with individual vehicles, combined with the European vehicle noise source model IMAGINE used to model discrete sound sources that allow for directivity in the sound field and is speed- as well as acceleration-dependent. The resulting cost related to the exposure of noise is then evaluated at several measurement points in the network using a willingness-to-pay (WTP) model. This allows for an analysis of the relation between noise exposure cost and energy efficiency through the estimation of the vehicle-specific energy demand. A time-varying traffic demand is added to analyse the effects of a varying traffic density and congestion to the relation between the different properties. Additionally, the concept of allocating the noise exposure cost down to individual vehicles by means of contributed acoustic energy is expanded to take the main contributing vehicles and time-segments into consideration, and to allow for a non-linear weighting factor. These allocation strategies also allow for a bias to assign a higher cost to noisier vehicles, as vehicles that contribute more to the overall noise exposure than others may be more easily identified. Lastly, the relation between the traffic properties are analysed by means of correlation. Initial studies indicate that the correlation is dependent on the traffic density and the amount of vehicle interaction.
Trafikbuller är en av de största miljöproblemen idag. Invånare i stadsmiljöer är särskilt utsatta, där nära 80 miljoner personer i Europeiska Unionen är utsatta för bullernivåer som överskrider Världshälsoorganisationens (WHO) angivna gränsvärden. Medan de hälso-relaterade effekterna från exponering av buller är på en ohållbar nivå och bör reduceras, så är även tillgänglighet till effektiv transport en nödvändighet. Dessa motstridiga krav på transportnätverket kräver en mer holistisk syn på trafikanalys, för att förstå relationen mellan dessa effekter från trafiken. Detta arbete undersöker de effekter som uppstår från trafiken, såsom bullerexponering, det fordons-specifika energibehovet och tiden i trafiken, för att analysera hållbarhetsaspekter för transporter. I detta arbete används trafiksimuleringsprogrammet SUMO för att erhålla en diskret trafikmodell med individuella fordon, i kombination med den europeiska fordonsbullermodellen IMAGINE som används för att modellera diskreta bullerkällor som tar hänsyn till direktivitet i ljudfältet samt fart- och accelerationsberoende. Den resulterande kostnaden för bullerexponeringen beräknas därefter för ett stort antal mätpunkter i nätverket genom en modell för betalningsvilja (WTP). Detta tillåter en analys av förhållandet mellan kostnad från bullerexponering och energieffektivitet baserat på det fordonsspecifika energibehovet. Ett tidsvarierande trafikflöde läggs på för att analysera effekterna från en varierande trafiktäthet och trängsel på förhållandet mellan de olika egenskaperna. Dessutom expanderas konceptet att allokera den buller-relaterade kostnaden ner till enskilda fordon baserat på deras enskilda bullerbidrag. Detta för att potentiellt kunna allokera en större del av den totala kostnaden till fordon som bidrar särskilt mycket till den totala bullernivån eller till särskilda tidsegment med höga bullernivåer, samt att tillåta en ickelinjär viktfunktion. Dessa allokeringsstrategier ger också möjligheten att allokera en högre kostnad till bullriga fordon, då fordon som bidrar mer till den totala bullernivån kan lättare identifieras. Slutligen analyseras förhållandet mellan trafikegenskaperna utifrån korrelation. Inledande studier visar att korrelationen beror på trafiktätheten och mängden fordonsinteraktion i trafiken.

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22

Plappally, Anand Krishnan. "Theoretical and Empirical Modeling of Flow, Strength, Leaching and Micro-Structural Characteristics of V Shaped Porous Ceramic Water Filters". The Ohio State University, 2010. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1276860054.

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23

Foroozani, Najmeh. "Numerical Study of Turbulent Rayleigh-Benard Convection with Cubic confinement". Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Trieste, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10077/11115.

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Abstract (sommario):

2012/2013
Turbulent Rayleigh-Bénard convection (RBC) occurs when a shallow layer of fluid is heated from below. It is a challenging subject in non-linear physics, with many important applications in natural and engineering systems. Because of the complexity of the governing equations, analytical progress in understanding convection has been slow, and laboratory experiments and numerical simulations have assumed increased importance. In regard to numerical work, Large-Eddy Simulation (LES) techniques have proved to be reliable and powerful tool to understand the physics since it provides better coverage for measurements, that are not as easily obtained in physical experiments or the other numerical approaches. This thesis addresses different aspects of Rayleigh-Bénard convection in fully developed turbulent regime through Large Eddy Simulation (LES) to shed light on some important aspect of the geometrical shape of the convection cell. The layout of the thesis is as follows: In Chapter 1, we first introduce Rayleigh-Bénard convection and the equations and parameters that govern it. This is followed by a discussion on different types of boundary conditions used in numerical and theoretical studies of RBC. Subsequently we present various convection states that are observed analytically and experimentally in RBC as a function of Ra and Ʈ. To this end we present a brief survey of the analytical, experimental and numerical works on confined thermal convection. We introduce different regimes and related scaling according to Grossman and Lohse theory. We also present the experimental and numerical results related to the Large Scale Circulation (LSC) within different geometries. In Chapter 2, we present the details of the numerical methods used to solve the governing non-linear equations . In the second part, we provide the details of the solver and the algorithm used to solve the RBC dynamical equations in a Cartesian geometry together with boundary conditions. In Chapter 3, we demonstrate that our numerical method and solver give results consistent with earlier numerical results. Results from the Direct Numerical Simulations (DNS) and Large Eddy Simulation (LES) with constant and dynamic subgrid scale Prandtl number (P_sgs) are presented and compared. We observe close agreement with Lagrangian dynamic approaches. In the first part of Chapter 4 we analyse the local fluctuations of turbulent Rayleigh-Bénard convection in a cubic confinement with aspect ratio one for Prandtl number Pr = 0.7 and Rayleigh numbers (Ra) up to 10^9 by means of LES methodology on coarse grids. Our results reveal that the scaling of the root-mean-square density and velocity fluctuations measured in the cell center are in excellent agreement with the unexpected scaling measured in the laboratory experiments of Daya and Ecke (2001) in their square cross-section cell. Moreover we find that the time-averaged spatial distributions of density fluctuations show a fixed inhomogeneity that maintains its own structure when the flow switches from one diagonal to the other. The largest level of rms density fluctuations corresponds to the diagonal opposite that of the Large Scale Circulation (LSC) where we observed strong counter-rotating vortex structures. In the second part we extended our simulations and Ra up to 1011, in order to identify the time periods in which the orientation of LSC is constant. Surprisingly we find that the LSC switches stochastically from one diagonal to the other. In Chapter 5, we study the effect of 3D-roughness on scaling of Nu(Ra) and consequently on the fluctuations of density. Moreover we present the effect of roughness shape when the tip has a wide angle and the other one is smooth. We study two types of elements, one of which is a pyramid and the other is a sinusoidal function spread over the bottom (heated) and top (cooled) plates, in a cubic confinement. However preliminary results suggest that the effect of roughness appears evident at high Ra numbers when the thermal boundary layer is thin enough to shape around the obstacles.
XXVI Ciclo
1983

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24

Zanier, Giulia. "High Resolution Model to Predict Oil Spill Dispersion in Harbour and Coastal Areas". Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Trieste, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10077/11124.

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Abstract (sommario):

2013/2014
Mostriamo un modello allo stato dell’arte, che considera i principali processi fisici che governano il greggio in mare nelle prime ore dopo il rilascio, (Zanier, et al., 2014). Le particelle e i tar sono trattati come particelle lagrangiane, ognuna con la propria densità e il proprio diametro; consideriamo le forze principali che agiscono su di esse ossia: galleggiamento, trascinamento e la forza di Coriolis. Il greggio in forma di film sottile è modellato tramite le equazioni proposte da Nihoul (Nihoul 1983/84). Il modello originale di Nihoul considera le forze principali (ossia gravità, stress indotto da vento e correnti marine) che agiscono sulla macchia e governano il suo trasporto e diffusione, sulla superficie del mare, nelle prime 24 ore dopo il rilascio. Il nostro miglioramento al modello consiste nell’introduzione della forza di Coriolis evitando di utilizzare formulazioni empiriche (Zanier, et al., 2015). Infine i principali processi di weathering che agiscono sulla macchia nelle prime 12-24 ore dopo il rilascio (ossia emulsificazione ed evaporazione) sono considerate in accordo con i modelli presenti in letteratura (Mackay, Peterson, et al., 1980 e Mackay, Buist, et al., 1980, rispettivamente). Per preservare un’accuratezza del secondo ordine del metodo numerico, i termini convettivi, nel modello Euleriano, sono discretizzati usando SMART uno schema numerico upwind del terzo ordine (Gaskell and Lau 1988). Il modello è validato con dei casi test standard. Le correnti marine sono risolte con il modello LES-COAST (IEFLUIDS Università di Trieste), un modello numerico ad alta definizione, adatto per simulare flussi in aree costiere e portuali. Il modello LES-COAST risolve la forma filtrata delle equazioni di Navier-Stokes tridimensionali e non-idrostatiche, assumendo che valga l’approssimazione di Boussinesq; e l’equazione di trasporto degli scalari, salinità e temperatura. Il modello usa l’approccio della large eddy simulation per parametrizzare la turbolenza, le variabili sono filtrate con una funzione filtro, rappresentante la grandezza delle celle. I flussi di sottogriglia (SGS), che appaiono dopo l’operazione di filtraggio delle equazioni, sono parametrizzati con un modello di Smagorinsky anisotropo con due eddy viscosity, per adattare il modello a simulare flussi costieri dove le lunghezze scala orizzontali sono molto più grandi di quelle verticali (Roman et al., 2010 ). Le diffusività di sotto griglia della temperatura e salinità, cioè i numeri di Prandtl e Schmidt, sono imposti come $Pr_{sgs}=Sc_{sgs}=0.8$, assumendo che l’analogia di Reynolds sia valida per entrambi gli scalari. La complessità geometrica che caratterizza le aree costiere, è trattata con una combinazione di griglie curvilinee e il metodo dei contorni immersi (IBM) (Roman, Napoli, et al., 2009). L’azione del vento sulla superficie libera del mare è imposta tramite una formula proposta da Wu (Wu, 1982), nella quale lo stress del vento sul mare è calcolato dalla velocità del vento a 10 m sopra il livello del mare. Allo stress aggiungiamo una varianza del 20% per agevolare la generazione di turbolenza e per tener conto che l’azione del vento non è costante nel tempo e nello spazio. Inoltre vicino agli ostacoli, come moli, navi e frangiflutti, lo stress del vento è ridotto linearmente, per considerare la riduzione del vento che si ha nelle zone di ricircolo. Sui contorni aperti le velocità e le quantità scalari sono ottenute innestando il modello LES-COAST con modelli di larga scala (Petronio, et al., 2013) oppure sono impostati secondo dati rilevati. Vicino ai bordi solidi le velocità sono modellate tramite funzioni parete (Roman, Armenio, et al., 2009). Il modello di rilascio di petrolio e il modello idrodinamico sono stati applicati assieme per simulare degli ipotetici scenari di trasporto e diffusione del greggio in mare nel porto di Barcellona (Mar Mediterraneo Nord-Ovest, Spagna, Galea, et al. 2014) e nella baia di Panzano (Mar Adriatico, Nord, Italia).
We present a novel, state of the art model, which accounts for the relevant short-term physical processes governing oil spill at sea, (Zanier, et al., 2014). Particles and tars are modelled as Lagrangian phase having its own density and diameter; taking into account the main forces acting on them, namely: buoyancy, drag and Coriolis forces. Oil transported in form of thin-film is treated by means of an improved Nihoul’s model (Nihoul 1983/84). The latter considers the main forces (gravity, wind and sea currents stresses) governing oil slick spreading and transport in the first hours after spilling, up to 24h for large spill. Our main improvement to the classical model consists in the introduction of Coriolis effect, avoiding using empirical formulations (Zanier, et al., 2015). Finally the relevant short-term (12-24 hours) weathering processes (mainly emulsification and evaporation) are taken into account through established literature models (Mackay, Peterson, et al., 1980 and Mackay, Buist, et al., 1980, respectively). To preserve second-order accuracy of the overall numerical method, convective terms, in the Eulerian model, are discretized using SMART a third order accurate upwind numerical scheme (Gaskell and Lau 1988). We validate the model on standard test cases. The underground hydrodynamics is resolved using LES-COAST (IEFLUIDS University of Trieste), a high definition numerical model suited for coastal or harbour areas. LES-COAST model solves the filtered form of three dimensional, non-hydrostatic Navier-Stokes equations under Boussinesq approximation and the transport equation for salinity and temperature. It makes use of Large Eddy Simulation approach to parametrize turbulence, the variables are filtered by way of a top-hat filter function represented by the size of the cells. The subgrid-scale fluxes (SGS), which appear after filtering operations, are parametrized by a two-eddy viscosity anisotropic Smagorinsky model, to better adapt to coastal flow in which horizontal length scale is larger than vertical one (Roman et al., 2010). The subgrid-scale eddy diffusivities of temperature and salinity, Prandtl and Schmidt numbers, are set $Pr_{sgs}=Sc_{sgs}=0.8$, by assuming that Reynolds analogy holds also for both scalars. Complex geometry that characterizes coastal flow is treated by a combination of curvilinear grid and Immersed Boundary Method (IBM) (Roman, Napoli, et al., 2009). Wind action on the free surface is taken into account by means of the formula proposed by Wu (Wu, 1982), in which the wind stress on the sea surface is computed from the wind velocities at 10 m above the surface. A 20% of variance is added to the stress to ease the generation of turbulence and to take into account of wind stress variations in time and space. Moreover near obstacles such as docks, ships and breakwaters, the wind stress is linearly reduced considering the relevant reduction of stress in recirculation regions. On the open boundaries the velocities and scalars quantities are obtained by nesting LES-COAST within Large Circulation Models (Petronio, et al., 2013) or are imposed from in-situ measurements. Near the wall velocities are modelled using wall functions (Roman, Armenio, et al., 2009). We apply the coupled oil spill model and hydrodynamical one to simulate hypothetical oil spill events in real case scenarios in Barcelona harbour (North-west Mediterranean Sea, Spain, Galea, et al. 2014) and in Panzano bay (North Adriatic Sea, Italy).
XXVII Ciclo
1986

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25

Fakhari, Ahmad. "Wall-Layer Modelling of massive separation in Large Eddy Simulation of coastal flows". Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Trieste, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10077/11104.

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Abstract (sommario):

2012/2013
The subject of modelling flow near wall is still open in turbulent wall bounded flows, since there is no wall layer model which works perfectly. Most of the present models work well in attached flows, specially for very simple geometries like plane channel flows. Weakness of the models appears in complex geometries, and many of them do not capture flow separation accurately in detached flows, specially when the slope of wall changes gradually. In many engineering applications, we deal with complex geometries. A possible way to simulate flows influenced by complex geometry using a structured grid, is to consider the geometry as immersed boundary for the simulation. Current wall layer models for the immersed boundaries are more complex and less accurate than the body-fitted cases (cases without immersed boundaries). In this project the accuracy of wall layer model in high Reynolds number flows is targeted, using LES for attached flows as well as detached flows (flows with separation). In addition to the body fitted cases, wall layer model in the presence of immersed boundaries which is treated totally different also regarded. A single solver LES-COAST (IE-Fluids, University of Trieste) is used for the flow simulations, and the aim is to improve wall layer model in the cases with uniform coarse grid. This is in fact novelty of the thesis to introduce a wall layer model applied on the first off-wall computational node of a uniform coarse grid, and merely use LES on the whole domain. This work for the immersed boundaries is in continuation of the methodology proposed by Roman et al. (2009) in which velocities at the cells next to immersed boundaries are reconstructed analytically from law of the wall. In body-fitted cases, since smaller Smagorinsky constant is required close to the walls than the other points, wall layer model in dynamic Smagorinsky sub-grid scale model using dynamic k (instead of Von Karman constant) is applied to optimize wall function in separated flows. In the presence of immersed boundaries, the present wall layer model is calibrated, and then improved in attached and also detached flows with two different approaches. The results are also compared to experiment and resolved LES. Consequently the optimized wall layer models show an acceptable accuracy, and are more reliable. In the last part of this thesis, LES is applied to model the wave and wind driven sea water circulation in Kaneohe bay, which is a bay with a massive coral reef. This is the first time that LES-COAST is applied on a reef-lagoon system which is very challenging since the bathymetry changes very steeply. For example the water depth differs from less than 1 meter over the reef to more than 10 meters in vicinity of the reef, in lagoon. Since a static grid is implemented, the effect of wave is imposed as the velocity of current over the reef, which is used on the boundary of our computational domain. Two eddies Smagorinsky SGS model is used for this simulation.
XXVI Ciclo
1983

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26

Lee, Han Huay. "Superfluidity and vortex dynamics in random environments". Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1992. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.385395.

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27

Berta, Maristella. "Surface transport in the Northeastern Adriatic Sea from Finite-Size Lyapunov Exponents". Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Trieste, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10077/7762.

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Abstract (sommario):

2010/2011
The surface transport in the Northeastern Adriatic Sea has been investigated by evaluating, for the first time, the Finite-Size Lyapunov Exponent (FSLE) on the current field detected by the High Frequency (HF) coastal radar network active in the period August 2007 - August 2008. A similar analysis has been carried out on the MITgcm (Massachusetts Institute of Technology general circulation model) current field in order to have a perspective on the various results given by the application of the same FSLE evaluation procedure to different velocity fields. This work includes also the development, testing and calibration of the FSLE evaluation algorithm for the specific Adriatic area considered. The aim of this thesis is to study the surface dynamics of the Northeastern Adriatic current field associated with the typical wind regimes, namely Bora and Sirocco. The strongest and most persistent wind events, coinciding with the radar network activity, have been identified in the first instance from ALADIN (Aire Limitée Adaptation dynamique Développement InterNational) model meteorological data and then confirmed by the in situ meteo-mareographic time series in Trieste and Venice. For comparison purposes, the transport structures developing throughout the longest calm wind periods have also been investigated. In this thesis, the combination of the FSLE resulting from model and radar current fields contributes to interpret the surface transport dynamics in the studied area. In fact, it allows: i) to determine the strongest dynamical features, ii) to extend the transport information beyond the radar coverage and iii) to bring to the light the possible ambiguity of some structures originated from model currents. The FSLE analysis evidenced along the northern Adriatic margin an attractive transport structure with a filament-shaped conformation. The dynamics of this structure is driven by the water exchange between the Gulf of Trieste (GoT) and the North Adriatic Sea. The spatial location of this filament and the advective direction associated with it, vary according to the wind patterns. In fact, in calm wind periods this attractive filament is found right in front of the gulf entrance indicating the pattern of the GoT outflow (east-west direction). During Bora episodes this attractive filament is advected westward and it elongates following the northern Adriatic coast. Differently, Sirocco wind pushes this filament closer to the northeastern coastline reversing the transport direction along it (from west to east). Previous studies evidenced that the current signal in the southern part of the domain is less correlated to the wind pattern with respect to what observed in the northern area of the current field. Therefore also from the FSLE analysis no recurrent transport dynamics is observed in the southern area except for the Bora cases, when a repulsive structure originates from the Istrian coast and it looses strength while it is advected northwestward.
Il trasporto superficiale nella parte nord-orientale del Mar Adriatico è stato studiato calcolando, per la prima volta, i Finite-Size Lyapunov Exponent (FSLE) sui campi di corrente misurati dalla rete di radar ad alta frequenza attiva durante il periodo Agosto 2007 - Agosto 2008. Uno studio analogo è stato effettuato sui campi di corrente del modello MITgcm (Massachusetts Institute of Technology general circulation model), per avere una panoramica sulla varietà dei risultati prodotti dalla valutazione degli FSLE su diversi campi di velocità. Il lavoro include anche lo sviluppo, i test e la calibrazione dell'algoritmo di calcolo degli FSLE per la specifica area dell'Adriatico considerata. L'obiettivo è analizzare la dinamica superficiale del campo di corrente associata ai regimi di vento tipici dell'area nord adriatica, ovvero Bora e Scirocco. Gli episodi di vento più intensi e persistenti, verificatisi durante il periodo di attività dei radar, sono stati identificati in primo luogo dai dati meteorologici prodotti dal modello ALADIN (Aire Limitée Adaptation dynamique Développement InterNational) e successivamente sono stati confermati dalle serie temporali dei dati meteo-mareografici delle stazioni di Trieste e Venezia. A scopo comparativo, sono state analizzate anche le strutture di trasporto sviluppatesi durante i prolungati periodi di calma di vento. In questa tesi, la combinazione degli FSLE risultanti dai campi di corrente dei radar e del modello contribuisce ad una più completa interpretazione della dinamica del trasporto superficiale nell'area di interesse. I risultati ottenuti permettono: i) di determinare le strutture dinamiche più intense, ii) di estendere l'informazione sul trasporto al di fuori della copertura della rete dei radar, nonché iii) di portare alla luce eventuali ambiguità di alcune strutture originatesi dalle correnti del modello. L'analisi degli FSLE ha evidenziato una struttura di trasporto attrattiva che assume l'aspetto di un filamento lungo il margine settentrionale del Mar Adriatico. La dinamica di questa struttura è regolata dagli scambi di acqua tra il Golfo di Trieste ed il Nord Adriatico. La posizione del filamento e la direzione avvettiva associata ad esso dipendono dal regime di vento. Infatti, nei periodi di calma di vento il filamento attrattivo si trova di fronte all'entrata del golfo, ad indicare la direzione del flusso d'acqua in uscita dal golfo stesso (da est ad ovest). Durante gli episodi di Bora il filamento attrattivo è trasportato verso ovest e si allunga seguendo la costa nord adriatica. Invece, lo Scirocco spinge questo filamento verso la costa nord-orientale invertendo la direzione del trasporto associata ad esso (da ovest ad est). Precedenti lavori hanno evidenziato che le correnti nella parte meridionale del dominio sono meno correlate al segnale di vento, rispetto a quanto osservato nell'area settentrionale del campo delle correnti. Quindi anche dall'analisi degli FSLE non si osserva una dinamica di trasporto ricorrente ad eccezione dei casi di Bora, durante i quali si sviluppa una struttura repulsiva lungo la costa Istriana, la cui intensità diminuisce mentre viene trasportata verso nordovest.
XXIV Ciclo
1984

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28

Rivetti, Sabrina. "Bounded variation solutions of capillarity-type equations". Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Trieste, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10077/10161.

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Abstract (sommario):

2012/2013
We investigate by different techniques, the solvability of a class of capillarity-type problems, in a bounded N-dimensional domain. Since our approach is variational, the natural context where this problem has to be settled is the space of bounded variation functions. Solutions of our equation are defined as subcritical points of the associated action functional.
We first introduce a lower and upper solution method in the space of bounded variation functions. We prove the existence of solutions in the case where the lower solution is smaller than the upper solution. A solution, bracketed by the given lower and upper solutions, is obtained as a local minimizer of the associated functional without any assumption on the boundedness of the right-hand side of the equation. In this context we also prove order stability results for the minimum and the maximum solution lying between the given lower and upper solutions. Next we develop an asymmetric version of the Poincaré inequality in the space of bounded variation functions. Several properties of the curve C are then derived and basically relying on these results, we discuss the solvability of the capillarity-type problem, assuming a suitable control on the interaction of the supremum and the infimum of the function at the right-hand side with the curve C. Non-existence and multiplicity results are investigated as well. The one-dimensional case, which sometimes presents a different behaviour, is also discussed. In particular, we provide an existence result which recovers the case of non-ordered lower and upper solutions.
XXV Ciclo
1985

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29

Golter, Paul B. "Combining modern learning pedagogies in fluid mechanics and heat transfer". Online access for everyone, 2006. http://www.dissertations.wsu.edu/Thesis/Summer2006/p%5Fgolter%5F063006.pdf.

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30

Nogherotto, Rita. "A numerical framework for multiple phase cloud microphysics in regional and global atmospheric models". Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Trieste, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10077/11140.

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Abstract (sommario):

2012/2013
The Regional Climate Model RegCM4 (Giorgi et al., 2012) treats nonconvective clouds and precipitation following the Subgrid Explicit SUBEX param- eterization (Pal et al., 2000). This scheme includes a simple representation for the formation of raindrops and solves diagnostically the precipitation: rain forms when the cloud water content exceeds the autoconversion threshold, that is an increasing function of the temperature and assumes different values over the land and over the ocean to account for the difference in number of the cloud condensation nuclei over continental and oceanic regions. The SUBEX scheme does not account for the presence of clouds ice, and the fraction of ice is diagnosed as a function of temperature in the radiation scheme. Due to the increasing emphasis on cloud representations in the climate community and the forthcoming increasing resolution due to the inclusion, in the close future, of a non-hydrostatic compressible core, the treatment of the ice microphysics and a prognostic representation of the precipitation is required in RegCM4. This thesis presents the new parameterization for stratiform cloud microphysics and precipitation implemented in RegCM4. The approach of the new parameterization is based on an implicit numerical framework recently developed and implemented into the ECMWF operational forecasting model (Tiedtke, 1993). The new parameterization solves 5 prognostic equations for the water vapour, the liquid water, the rain, the ice and the snow mixing ratios. It allows a proper treatment of mixed-phase clouds and a more physically realistic representation of the precipitation as it is no more an instantaneous response to the microphysical processes occurring in clouds and is subjected to the horizontal advection. A first discussion of the results contains an evaluation of the vertical distributions of the main microphysical quantities, such as the liquid and ice water mixing ratios and the relative fractions. It also presents a series of sensitivity tests to understand how the moisture and radiation quantities respond to the variation of the microphysical parameters used in the scheme, such as the fall speeds of the falling categories, the autoconversion scheme and the evaporation coefficient. Cloud properties are afterwards evaluated through the implementation for RegCM4 of the new cloud evaluation COSP tool (Bodas-Salcedo et al., 2011), developed by the Cloud Feedback Model In- tercomparison Project (CFMIP), that facilitates the comparison of simulated clouds with observations from passive and active remote sensing by diagnosing from model outputs the quantities that would be observed from satellites if they were flying above an atmosphere similar to that predicted by the model. Different hypothesis are presented to explain the reasons for RegCM4 biases in representing different types of clouds over the tropical band and new prospectives for the future investigations designed to answer to the open questions are outlined.
XXVI Ciclo
1983

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31

Zhang, Lei, e 张磊. "Dispersion of coughed droplets in crowded indoor environment". Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2011. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B47049935.

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32

Galea, Anthony. "Large-Eddy Simulation for wind and tidally driven sea circulation in coastal semi-closed areas". Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Trieste, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10077/10160.

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Abstract (sommario):

2012/2013
A novel high-resolution, eddy-resolving numerical model (LES-COAST) is used to investigate currents, mixing and water renewal in Barcelona harbour and Taranto bay. These environmental sites are of particular importance due to the interplay between touristic and commercial activities, requiring detailed and high-definition studies of water quality within the harbour. We use Large Eddy Simulation (LES) which directly resolves the anisotropic and energetic large scales of motion and parametrizes the small, dissipative, ones. Small-scale turbulence is modelled by the Anisotropic Smagorinsky Model (ASM) which is employed in presence of large cell anisotropy. The complexity of the harbour is modelled using a combination of curvilinear, structured, non-staggered grid and the Immersed Boundary Method (IBM). Both computation grids and harbour structures are purposely constructed for these applications by appropriate programs. Boundary conditions for wind forcing at the free surface and currents at the inlets of the port are obtained from in-situ measurements (for the case of Barcelona harbour) or by nesting this numerical model into a coastal model (Taranto bay). In this dissertation thesis an important modification to LES-COAST is implemented and is proposed as a prototype scheme, namely the possibility to consider the effect of surface waves in coastal semi-closed areas. Particularly, a linear formulation of the free surface boundary condition is considered, which would be able to reproduce the presence of seiches and tides on the dynamics of the area under investigation. The methodology is validated against analytical solution for a stationary oscillating surface wave in a simple computational grid.In both harbours considered, first- and second-order statistics, such as the mean velocity field, turbulent kinetic energy, and horizontal and vertical eddy viscosities are calculated and their spatial distribution is assessed. Water residence time is also considered for the two coastal semi-closed areas examined. Finally, the LES solution is validated against available field data.The study shows the presence of sub-surface elongated rolling structures (with a time scale of a few hours), contributing to the vertical water mixing. The time-averaged velocity field reveals intense upwelling and downwelling zones along the walls of the harbours. The analysis of second-order statistics in these harbours shows strong inhomogeneity of turbulent kinetic energy and horizontal and vertical eddy viscosities in the horizontal plane, with larger values in the regions characterized by stronger currents. The water renewal within the port is quantified for particular sub-domain regions, showing that the complexity of the harbour is such that certain inner basins of Barcelona harbour have a water renewal of over five days, including its yacht marina area, and over seven days for Taranto bay. For the Barcelona simulation, the LES solution compares favourably with available current-meter data; it is also compared with a RANS solution obtained in literature for the same site under the same forcing conditions, the comparison demonstrating a large sensitivity of properties to model resolution and frictional parametrization.
XXVI Ciclo
1986

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33

Ocalan, Murat. "Magnetorheological fluids for extreme environments : stronger, lighter, hotter". Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/67592.

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Abstract (sommario):

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, 2011.
Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 270-275).
The controllable properties of magnetorheological (MR) fluids offer reliable and efficient actuation means to a number of far-ranging engineering applications. In this thesis we are motivated by the applications of MR fluids in oil & gas exploration and production. These applications also bring about a number of operational requirements for the fluid such as generating large magnetically induced shift in rheological properties with tolerance to elevated temperatures and low fluid density in order to maintain manageable hydrostatic downhole pressures. In this thesis we investigate a number of these fluid design constraints. Firstly, the evolution of the rheological properties of MR fluids over a wide range of magnetic field and temperature was investigated. A magnetorheometry fixture with a unique combination of high-field and high-temperature capability was manufactured. With the experimental measurements and the results from a numerical model of interparticle magnetic interaction, a scaling law was identified between the applied magnetic field and the resulting MR yield stress. The aggregation phenomena and the evolution of fluid microstructure were also investigated in microfluidic geometries with strong particle-wall interactions. The results of this study highlighted design features and operational techniques that can improve the performance of MR fluid valves. Investigation of fluid flow in non-uniform magnetic fields showed that in these regions the motion of the particle phase is governed by a balance between hydrodynamic and magnetophoretic forces. Finally, the flow of MR fluids in spatially-inhomogeneous magnetic and deformation fields was studied. A slit-flow magnetorheometer was manufactured to measure the bulk MR response of the fluid under non-uniform fields. In order to understand the parameters governing these flows and to develop a predictive tool for further investigations, a two-fluid suspension-balance constitutive model was developed which captures the key features of multi-phase flow and fluid anisotropy. The model was numerically implemented using the finite element method and was used to study the transport of MR fluids in spatially-inhomogeneous flows such as those encountered in contraction and expansion channels. This model provides insight into the design and optimization of MR fluid devices that can enhance the magnetically-controlled gain in flow resistance under downhole conditions.
by Murat Ocalan.
Ph.D.

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34

Siena, Martina. "Caratterizzazione della permeabilità in mezzi porosi sintetici e naturali". Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Trieste, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10077/8661.

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Abstract (sommario):

2011/2012
La presente tesi ha come principale obiettivo lo studio della variabilità di proprietà idrologiche in mezzi porosi, con particolare attenzione alla permeabilità. A tal fine, ci si avvale di un approccio che combina l'analisi di proprietà statistiche e di scaling applicata a dataset di permeabilità, con lo studio di risultati numerici di simulazioni di flusso alla microscala in mezzi porosi. Con la prima analisi è possibile caratterizzare variazioni di permeabilità alla scala di misura (tipicamente dell'ordine del centimetro), mentre la seconda analisi dà una descrizione dell'eterogeneità di permeabilità ad una scala inferiore (nell'ordine del millimetro), ottenuta risolvendo processi fisici alla scala dei pori e derivando le quantità integrali di interesse. L'analisi statistica e di scaling, effettuata sia su distribuzioni di permeabilità sintetiche, sia su dataset raccolti su campioni reali, avvalora la validità dei modelli truncated fractional Brownian motion (tfBm) e truncated fractional Gaussian noise (tfGn), o di processi random sub-Gaussiani ad essi subordinati, per l'interpretazione della variabilità di proprietà idrologiche. Soluzioni numeriche di campi di flusso (i.e. velocità e pressione) alla scala dei pori sono ottenute sia per campioni sintetici, sia per campioni reali, la cui geometria è ricostruita mediante micro-tomografia a raggi X. Diverse metodologie di applicazione delle condizioni al contorno in corrispondenza dell'interfaccia liquido-solido forniscono risultati qualitativamente simili sia in termini di quantità microscopiche, sia in termini di quantità medie.
The work is aimed at providing some insights on the variability of hydrological properties in porous media, focusing in particular on permeability. We consider an approach which combines scaling and statistical analyses of air-permeability datasets with pore-scale numerical simulations of flow through porous media. The former investigation allows to characterize permeability heterogeneity at the centimeter observation scale; the latter provides a description of heterogeneity on a millimeter scale by resolving physical processes occurring at the microscopic scale and deriving up-scaled quantities. Scaling and statistical analyses performed on synthetic permeability distributions as well as on datasets collected on real media support the identification of truncated fractional Brownian motion (tfBm) or truncated fractional Gaussian noise (tfGn) and of sub-Gaussian random processes subordinated to tfBm (or tfGn) as viable models for the interpretation of hydrological properties variability. Pore-scale numerical solutions of flow (i.e., in terms of velocity and pressure distributions) are performed on both randomly generated samples and real porous media reconstructed via X-ray Micro-Tomography. Different approaches for the enforcement of boundary conditions at the fluid-solid interface provide qualitatively similar results in terms of both microscopic and averaged quantities.
XXV Ciclo
1984

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35

Horan, Aiden James. "The mechanical behavior of normally consolidated soils as a function of pore fluid salinity". Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/73793.

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Abstract (sommario):

Thesis (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, 2012.
Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 339-344).
Pore fluid salinities in the Gulf of Mexico area can reach levels of 250 grams of salt per liter of pore fluid (g/1). It is now necessary to determine the effect that this salinity level can play on the mechanical behaviors of marine sediments. An extensive laboratory testing program involving Constant Rate of Strain (CRS) and Ko consolidated undrained shear in compression triaxial testing (CKoUC) was undertaken. Soil specimens reached axial effective stresses of 10 MPa with a select few reaching 40 MPa in a modified CRS device. All triaxial tests were performed in a low pressure triaxial apparatus. The shear behavior of all soils was obtained in the normally consolidated region. Several reverse leaching tests were performed in the CRS cell whereby high salinity pore water was flushed through a low salinity soil while consolidation was halted. The majority of testing was performed on resedimented specimens using several different soils from around the world. These include Boston Blue Clay (BBC), London Clay, Gulf of Mexico soil and sodium montmorillonite. Several derivatives of BBC were resedimented including BBC which had some of its natural salt removed via leaching, and also BBC which had its fabric completely dispersed using sodium hexametaphosphate. Pore fluid salinities ranging from 0 (distilled water) to 256 g/l were used when resedimenting these soils. The resedimented BBC test results were compared to intact BBC soil which was recovered from below the MIT campus. The results show that BBC and London Clay are relatively insensitive to increases in pore fluid salinities up to 256 g/l. This sensitivity can be increased by leaching some of the natural salt from the soil and then resedimenting to different pore fluid salinities. The strength characteristics of BBC over this large salinity range also remain fairly constant with the only differences being observed in leached BBC. It was also seen that the strain to failure for resedimented BBC is half that which is required for intact soil with all other measured parameters being similar. Interesting observations were seen in relation to how the fabric of BBC evolves with an increase in stress level and a theory of how floc breakage occurs at a given stress level is proposed. A potential crude method of quantifying the contribution of electro-chemical forces to a soils strength is also suggested
by Aiden James Horan.
S.M.

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36

Taylor, Brian Kyle. "TRACKING FLUID-BORNE ODORS IN DIVERSE AND DYNAMIC ENVIRONMENTS USING MULTIPLE SENSORY MECHANISMS". Case Western Reserve University School of Graduate Studies / OhioLINK, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=case1341601566.

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37

Smith, Heather Dianne. "Flow and sediment dynamics around three-dimensional structures in coastal environments". Columbus, Ohio : Ohio State University, 2007. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1196261689.

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38

Friberg, Wilhelm. "An Initial Analysis of Slurry Transportation in Subarctic Environment". Thesis, Luleå tekniska universitet, Institutionen för teknikvetenskap och matematik, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-85980.

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Abstract (sommario):

In today’s economy, it is important to have a sustainable business model where as little as possible goes to waste or finding solutions to create something useful out of by-products. Therefore, LKAB are looking to make a large investment into creating an infrastructure of several plants to turn tailings from the production of iron ore into usable products for several industries which LKAB has designated project ReeMAP (Rear Earth Elements and MonoAmmonium Phosphate). These products include phosphorus used in the production of food, gypsum used in the building industry and fluorine used in the chemical industry. One of the key ingredients in making these products is apatite, a calcium-phosphate crystal which is extracted from the tailings. The plant where the apatite is to be produced will be located close to the mining sites in Kiruna and Malmberget and then transported to the coast. The transportation can be caried out by rail carts which is how the iron ore is transported. Depending on the quantity of apatite that will be transported, a new rail track would need to be built which is a huge investment on top of the investment for the ReeMAP infrastructure. An alternative transportation method for the apatite is to use a pipeline that is pressurized by a series of pumps known as slurry transportation. This method of transporting material has been utilized in many countries around the world as it has shown to be a cost effective and more environmentally cautious method of transportation. Slurry transportation comes with its own unique challenges, the major ones are making sure the slurry is well mixed and the solid particles do not deposit inside the pipeline and the other is the risk of freezing during a longer system shutdown. This has been studied using Computational Fluid Dynamics analysis in the software ANSYS Fluent. In addition, an overview calculation of the pressure losses to determine the number of pumps needed for the transportation has been conducted. The software ANSYS Fluent Multiphase was used to model the interaction of solid apatite particles with water and determine the volume concentration of apatite inside the pipeline. For the freezing of water inside the pipeline during a shutdown and stationary flow, the software ANSYS Fluent Solidification/Melting was used for the modelling. The results from the flow model show that the apatite becomes pseudo-homogenous during the transportation, given that the particle size remains within a certain interval, which will deposit the correct amount of apatite at the outlet of the pipeline. The results from the freezing model shows that a shutdown of a few hours is possible without the risk of the water freezing inside the pipeline. With insulation, this time may be extended.

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39

Hewett, David Peter. "Sound propagation in an urban environment". Thesis, University of Oxford, 2010. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:e7a1d40b-2bf4-4f48-8a6b-ce6f575e955e.

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This thesis concerns the modelling of sound propagation in an urban environment. For most of the thesis a point source of sound source is assumed, and both 2D and 3D geometries are considered. Buildings are modelled as rigid blocks, with the effects of surface inhomogeneities neglected. In the time-harmonic case, assuming that the wavelength is short compared to typical lengthscales of the domain (street widths and lengths), ray theory is used to derive estimates for the time-averaged acoustic power flows through a network of interconnecting streets in the form of integrals over ray angles. In the impulsive case, the propagation of wave-field singularities in the presence of obstacles is considered, and a general principle concerning the weakening of singularities when they are diffracted by edges and vertices is proposed. The problem of switching on a time-harmonic source is also studied, and an exact solution for the diffraction of a switched on plane wave by a rigid half-line is obtained and analysed. The pulse diffraction theory is then applied in a study of the inverse problem for an impulsive source, where the aim is to locate an unknown source using Time Differences Of Arrival (TDOA) at multiple receivers. By using reflected and diffracted pulse arrivals, the standard free-space TDOA method is extended to urban environments. In particular, approximate source localisation is found to be possible even when the exact building distribution is unknown.

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40

Yoon, Jungkeun. "Shock response of a rotating disk & spindle system with fluid dynamic bearings (FDB) under high shock environments /". Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/7139.

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41

Del, Prete Emilie. "Choc et onde de souffle dans les mousses aqueuses. Étude expérimentale et modélisation numérique". Phd thesis, Université de Rouen, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00790819.

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Dans une optique de sécurité pyrotechnique, le CEA DAM s'intéresse aux moyens d'atténuer les ondes de souffle par des mousses aqueuses. L'objectif de cette thèse est de comprendre les phénomènes physiques régissant la propagation et l'interaction d'une onde de choc avec une mousse, et d'en proposer une modélisation. Une mousse aqueuse est un milieu diphasique constitué d'un assemblage de cellules de gaz séparées par une phase liquide. Cette thèse s'intéresse principalement à des mousses aqueuses, qualifiées de sèches dont le foisonnement (inverse de la fraction volumique) est supérieur à 20. Les travaux ont été organisés autour de la conception et la réalisation de deux campagnes expérimentales. La première, réalisée en Tube à Choc (TaC) à l'IUSTI Marseille, a permis de déterminer le comportement de la mousse soumise à une onde de choc plane. La seconde campagne a été effectuée sur le champ de tir du CEA au Polygone d'Expérimentation de Moronvilliers. Cette expérience a été conçue dans le but d'obtenir une base de données pyrotechniques. Ces deux campagnes ont alors servi au développement d'un modèle numérique, reposant sur un formalisme multiphasique eulérien résolu grâce à la Méthode des Equations Discrètes. L'analyse des résultats expérimentaux en TaC a permis de montrer que, sous l'effet de forts gradients de pression, les films rompent et la mousse s'effondre en un ensemble de ligaments liquides : les Bords de Plateau se déforment puis se fragmentent en un spray. La structure de l'onde incidente est alors composée de deux parties, un choc précurseur générant une surpression de plus d'une centaine de millibars et qui est la signature de la fragmentation de la mousse et un train d'ondes de compression traduisant la mise en vitesse des Bords de Plateau dans l'écoulement gazeux. Les expérimentations pyrotechniques ont permis de corroborer ces résultats obtenus en TaC. Enfin, l'analyse numérique effectuée confirme également que le foisonnement de la mousse est le paramètre principal qui permet de contrôler l'atténuation des ondes de souffle dans les mousses aqueuses. Les simulations numériques ont également permis de restituer la structure complexe de l'onde de souffle et de déterminer les phénomènes prépondérants.

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42

Franzelli, Benedetta Giulia. "Impact de la description chimique dans la Simulation Numerique Directe et la Simulation aux Grandes Echelles pour la combustion turbulente des foyers aéronautiques". Phd thesis, Institut National Polytechnique de Toulouse - INPT, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00662813.

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Le développement de nouvelles technologies pour le transport aérien moins polluant est de plus en plus basé sur la simulation numérique, qui nécessite alors une description fiable de la chimie. Pour la plupart des carburants, la description de la combustion nécessite des mécanismes détaillés mais leur utilisation dans une simulation numérique de combustion turbulente est limitée par le coût calcul. Des mécanismes cinétiques réduits et des méthodes de tabulation ont été proposés pour surmonter ce problème. Ces descriptions chimiques simplifiées ayant été développées dans le cadre de configurations laminaires, cette thèse propose de les évaluer dans des configurations turbulentes: une DNS de flamme prémélangée méthane/air de type Bunsen et une LES d'un brûleur expérimental. Les mécanismes sont analysés en termes de structure de flamme, paramètres de flamme globaux, longuer de flamme, prediction des concentrations en espèces majoritaires et des émissions polluantes. Une méthodologie pour évaluer a priori la capacité d'un mécanisme à prédire correctement des phénomènes chimiques tridimensionnels est proposée en se basant sur les résultats de flammes laminaires monodimensionnelles non étirées et étirées. Il ressort que, d'une part, pour construire un mécanisme réduit, il est nécessaire de faire un compromis entre coût calcul, robustesse et qualité des résultats. D'autre part, la qualité des résultats de DNS et LES de configurations tridimensionnelles turbulentes peut être anticipée par une analyse du comportement des schémas réduits dans des configurations simplifiées de flammes monodimensionnelles laminaires non étirées et étirées.

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43

Reale, Marco. "A process study of the Adriatic-Ionian System baroclinic dynamics". Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Trieste, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10077/11106.

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2013/2014
Il sistema Adriatico Ionio è un importante componente nella circolazione termoalina del bacino orientale mediterraneo. Il mar Adriatico è la più importante sorgente di acqua profonde per il bacino. Il mar Ionio è una sorta di punto di incrocio per acque con caratteristiche diverse : le acque atlantiche in superficie , quelle levantine negli strati intermedi , le acque profonde adriatiche in quelli sul fondo . La variabilità osservata nella circolazione Ionica , con reversal periodici da stato ciclonico a stato anticiclonico e e viceversa, negli ultimi 20 anni è stata oggetto di dibattito in quanto è stata attribuita rispettivamente all'influenza della variazione delle proprietà termoaline delle acque profonde prodotte nel sud Adriatico sul bilancio di vorticità dello Ionio o a variazioni nel rotore del wind stress sul bacino ionico.Questo lavoro di tesi si prefigge di esaminare tutte le ipotesi relative alla dinamica del sistema adriatico-ionio da un punto di vista modellistico e la sua risposta in termini di bilancio di vorticità e di energia all'azione di forzanti esterne come il wind stress e i flussi termoalini. I risultati finali di questo approccio modellistico hanno mostrato la maggiore importanza del bacino est (mar cretese e passaggio di creta) rispetto all'Adriatico nel determinare la variabilità , a livello di bilancio di vorticità e di energia , della circolazione ionica .
The Adriatic-Ionian system represents an important component in the Mediterranean thermohaline circulation.The Adriatic Sea is the main source of deep waters for the Eastern Basin.The Ionian Sea is a sort of cross-road points for different kind of waters: Atlantic water moving on its surface layers , Levantine waters moving in its intermediate layers, Adriatic deep waters moving on its bottom layers.The variability observed in the Ionian upper layers circulation , which revers periodically from cyclonic to anticyclonic pattern and viceversa, in the last 20 years has been object of debate as it has been attributed to the effects of variation of thermohaline properties of deep waters produced in the Adriatic Sea on the vorticity balance of the Ionian or to variation in the wind stress curl over the Ionian basin.This thesis work aims to challenge all the hypotheses related the Adriatic-Ionian System dynamics using a modeling approach and its behavior in terms of vorticity and energy balance to some forcing as wind stress and thermohaline fluxes.The final results of this analysis have shown the predominant role , with respect to the Adriatic Sea , of Eastern basin in determining the vorticity and energy balance of the Ionian and shaping the variability of its circulation.
XXVII Ciclo
1982

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44

Corsato, Chiara. "Mathematical analysis of some differential models involving the Euclidean or the Minkowski mean curvature operator". Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Trieste, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10077/11127.

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2013/2014
Questa tesi è dedicata allo studio di alcuni modelli differenziali che nascono nell'ambito della fluidodinamica o della relatività generale e che coinvolgono gli operatori di curvatura media nello spazio $N$-dimensionale euclideo o di Minkowski. Entrambi sono operatori ellittici quasi-lineari che non soddisfano la proprietà di uniforme ellitticità, essendo l'operatore di curvatura media euclidea degenere, mentre quello di curvatura media nello spazio di Minkowski singolare. Il lavoro è suddiviso in tre parti. La prima riguarda lo studio delle soluzioni periodiche dell'equazione di curvatura prescritta unidimensionale nello spazio euclideo, equazione che modellizza fenomeni di tipo capillarità. In accordo con la struttura dell'operatore di curvatura e imponendo un opportuno comportamento in 0, o all'infinito, della curvatura prescritta, si dimostra l'esistenza di infinite soluzioni subarmoniche classiche arbitrariamente piccole aventi opportune proprietà nodali, oppure di infinite soluzioni subarmoniche a variazione limitata con oscillazioni arbitrariamente grandi. La tecnica per la ricerca delle soluzioni classiche è topologica e si basa sull'uso del numero di rotazione e su una generalizzazione del teorema di Poincaré-Birkhoff; d'altro lato l'approccio per lo studio delle soluzioni non classiche poggia sulla teoria dei punti critici per funzionali non lisci, in particolare su un lemma di passo di montagna nello spazio delle funzioni a variazione limitata. La seconda parte della tesi è dedicata allo studio del problema di Dirichlet omogeneo associato a un'equazione della curvatura media prescritta anisotropa nello spazio euclideo, il quale fornisce un modello di descrizione della geometria della cornea umana. Il problema è ambientato in un dominio regolare in $\mathbb{R}^N$ con frontiera lipschitziana. Il capitolo è suddiviso a sua volta in tre sezioni, che sono rispettivamente focalizzate sui casi unidimensionale, radiale e $N$-dimensionale. Nel caso unidimensionale e nel caso radiale in una palla, si dimostrano l'esistenza e l'unicità di una soluzione classica, che presenta alcune proprietà qualitative aggiuntive. Le tecniche usate in questo contesto sono di natura topologica. Infine, nel caso $N$-dimensionale in un dominio generale, si provano l'esistenza, l'unicità e la regolarità di una soluzione di tipo forte del problema. In relazione ai possibili fenomeni di scoppio del gradiente, l'approccio è variazionale nello spazio delle funzioni a variazione limitata. Si enunciano e si dimostrano prima di tutto alcuni risultati preliminari riguardo al comportamento del funzionale associato al problema; tra questi, si sottolinea l'importanza di una proprietà di approssimazione. Successivamente si provano l'esistenza e l'unicità del minimizzante globale del funzionale, che è regolare all'interno ma non necessariamente sulla frontiera, e soddisfa il problema secondo un'opportuna definizione. Infine si mostra l'unicità della soluzione del problema. Sotto alcune ipotesi rafforzate sulla geometria del dominio, la soluzione ottenuta è classica. La terza parte della tesi riguarda il problema di Dirichlet associato a un'equazione della curvatura media prescritta nello spazio di Minkowski, che è di interesse in relatività generale. Il problema è ambientato in un dominio limitato regolare in $\mathbb{R}^N$ e un modello di curvatura media prescritta è dato da una funzione $f(x,s)$ che può avere comportamento sublineare, lineare, superlineare o sub-superlineare in $s=0$. L'attenzione è rivolta all'esistenza e alla molteplicità di soluzioni positive del problema. Come il precedente, anche questo capitolo è suddiviso in tre sezioni, che trattano rispettivamente i casi unidimensionale, radiale e $N$-dimensionale in un dominio generale. Nel caso unidimensionale, viene impiegato un approccio di tipo mappa-tempo per studiare una semplice situazione autonoma. Nel caso radiale in una palla, la tecnica è variazionale e lo studio del funzionale associato al problema evidenzia l'esistenza di un punto critico (casi sublineare o lineare), o di due (caso superlineare), o di tre punti critici (caso sub-superlineare): ciascuno di questi è una soluzione positiva del problema. Infine, nel caso generale in dimensione $N$, si adotta un approccio topologico che permette di studiare il problema non variazionale, in cui la funzione $f$ può dipendere dal gradiente della soluzione. Più nel dettaglio, con un metodo di sotto- e sopra-soluzioni specificamente sviluppato per questo problema, proviamo vari risultati di esistenza, molteplicità e localizzazione, in relazione alla presenza di una singola sotto-soluzione, o di una singola sopra-soluzione, o di una coppia di sotto- e sopra-soluzione ordinate o non ordinate. L'Appendice chiude la tesi: qui sono raccolti vari strumenti matematici utilizzati nel corso del lavoro.
This thesis is devoted to the study of some differential models arising in fluid mechanics or general relativity and involving the mean curvature operators in the $N$-dimensional Euclidean or Minkowski spaces. In both cases the operators are quasilinear elliptic operators which do not satisfy the property of uniform ellipticity, the Euclidean mean curvature operator being degenerate, whereas the Minkowski mean curvature operator being singular. This work is subdivided into three parts. The first one concerns the study of the periodic solutions of the one-dimensional prescribed curvature equation in the Euclidean space, which models capillarity-type phenomena. According to the structure of the curvature operator and imposing a suitable behaviour at zero, or at infinity, of the prescribed curvature, we prove the existence of infinitely many arbitrarily small classical subharmonic solutions with suitable nodal properties, or bounded variation subharmonic solutions with arbitrarily large oscillations. The technique for the search of classical solutions is topological and relies on the use of the rotation number and on a generalization of the Poincaré-Birkhoff theorem; whereas the approach for the study of non-classical solutions is based on non-smooth critical point theory, namely on a mountain pass lemma set in the space of bounded variation functions. The second part of the thesis is devoted to the study of the homogeneous Dirichlet problem associated with an anisotropic prescribed mean curvature equation in the Euclidean space, which provides a model for describing the geometry of the human cornea. The problem is set in a bounded domain in $\mathbb{R}^N$ with Lipschitz boundary. This chapter is subdivided into three sections, which are focused on the one-dimensional, the radial and the general $N$-dimensional case, respectively. In the one-dimensional and in the radial case in a ball, we prove an existence and uniqueness result of classical solution, which also displays some additional qualitative properties. Here the techniques used are topological in nature. Finally, in the $N$-dimensional case, we prove the existence, the uniqueness and the regularity of a strong-type solution of the problem. In order to tackle the possible gradient blow-up phenomena, the approach is variational and the framework is the space of bounded variation functions. We first collect some preliminary results about the behaviour of the action functional associated with the problem; among them, we remark the importance of an approximation property. We then prove the existence and uniqueness of the global minimizer of the action functional, which is smooth in the interior but non necessarily on the boundary, and satisfies the problem in a suitable sense. We finally prove the uniqueness of solution. Under some strengthened assumptions on the geometry of the domain, the solution obtained is classical. The third part of the thesis deals with the Dirichlet problem associated with a prescribed mean curvature equation in the Minkowski space, which is of interest in general relativity. The problem is set in a bounded regular domain in $\mathbb{R}^N$ and a model prescribed curvature is given by a function $f(x,s)$ whose behaviour is sublinear, linear, superlinear or sub-superlinear at $s=0$. The attention is addressed towards the existence and the multiplicity of positive solutions of the problem. In parallel to the second part of the thesis, this chapter is subdivided into three sections, which are focused on the one-dimensional, the radial and the general $N$-dimensional case, respectively. In the one-dimensional case, a time-map approach is employed for treating a simple autonomous situation. In the radial case in a ball, the technique is variational and the study of the action functional associated with the problem evidences the existence of either one (sublinear or linear cases), or two (superlinear case), or three (sub-superlinear case) non-trivial critical points of the action functional: each of them is a positive solution of the problem. Finally, in the general $N$-dimensional case, we adopt a topological approach which allows to study the non-variational problem, where the function $f$ may also depend on the gradient of the solution. Namely, by a lower and upper solution method specifically developed for this problem, we prove several existence, multiplicity and localization results, in relation to the presence of a single lower solution, or a single upper solution, or a couple of ordered or non-ordered lower and upper solutions of the problem. The Appendix completes this thesis: here several mathematical tools that have been used to prove the results are collected.
XXVI Ciclo
1986

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45

Crawford, Thomas Joseph. "An experimental study of the spread of buoyant water into a rotating environment". Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2017. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/264526.

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This thesis examines previously unresolved issues regarding the fluid dynamics of the spread of buoyant water into a rotating environment. We focus in particular on the role that finite potential vorticity and background turbulence play in determining the flow properties. When water of an anomalous density enters into an oceanic basin, gravity-driven surface flows can be established as a result of the density difference. These flows are often of a sufficiently large scale that the dynamics are affected by the Coriolis force arising from the rotation of the earth. This causes the formation of a large outflow gyre near to the source which feeds into a propagating gravity current that is confined to the coast. Previous experimental work in this field has sought to simplify the problem through the use of a point source and a quiescent ambient. We extend this work to provide a better representation of the real-world flow by introducing a source of finite depth and background turbulence to the rotating ambient. This study seeks to answer three key questions that are critical to the understanding of the flow behaviour in this scenario. First, what is the effect of the finite potential vorticity of the outflow on the properties of the outflow vortex and the boundary current? Second, what role does the presence of the the outflow vortex play in determining the behaviour of the current? Third, what is the effect of background turbulence on the flow properties? To carry out the investigation, experiments were conducted in the laboratory and compared with a theoretical description of the flow. The currents are generated inside a rotating tank filled with saltwater by the continuous release of buoyant freshwater from a source structure located at the fluid surface. A horizontal source of finite depth is used to introduce finite potential vorticity into the outflow. The impact of background turbulence is examined by introducing an oscillating grid into the rotating tank. We find that the finite potential vorticity of the outflow plays an important role in determining the flow properties for sufficiently low Rossby and Froude number. As the value of these parameters is increased a zero potential vorticity model is able to capture the key elements of the flow behaviour. The outflow vortex is found to act as a time-varying source to the boundary current, with the current velocity fixed by the vortex velocity field. The vortex vorticity is seen to decrease with time, while the vortex radius continues to increase at late times despite the vortex having reached a limiting depth, which enables potential vorticity to be conserved and the current to be supplied with a non-zero velocity. Finally, the structure of the background turbulence is found to be key in determining the effect that it has on the flow properties, with different behaviours observed for three-dimensional and quasi- two-dimensional turbulence.

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46

McCraney, Joshua Thomas. "Analysis of Capillary Flow in Interior Corners : Perturbed Power Law Similarity Solutions". PDXScholar, 2015. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/2725.

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The design of fluid management systems requires accurate models for fluid transport. In the low gravity environment of space, gravity no longer dominates fluid displacement; instead capillary forces often govern flow. This thesis considers the redistribution of fluid along an interior corner. Following a rapid reduction of gravity, fluid advances along the corner measured by the column length z = L(t), which is governed by a nonlinear partial differential equation with dynamical boundary conditions. Three flow types are examined: capillary rise, spreading drop, and tapered corner. The spreading drop regime is shown to exhibit column length growth L ~ t2/5, where a closed form analytic solution exists. No analytic solution is available for the capillary rise problem. However, a perturbed power law similarity solution is pursued to approximate an analytic solution in the near neighborhood of the exact solution for the spreading drop. It is recovered that L ~ t1/2 for the capillary rise problem. The tapered corner problem is not analytically understood and hence its corresponding L is undocumented. Based on the slender corner geometry, it is natural to hypothesize the tapered corner column length initially behaves like the capillary rise regime, but after sufficient time has elapsed, it transitions into the spreading drop regime. This leads to a conjecture that its column length growth L is restricted to t2/5 < L < t1/2. To verify this conjecture an explicit finite difference numerical solution is developed for all three regimes. As will be shown, the finite difference scheme converges towards the analytic solutions for the spreading drop and capillary rise regimes. From this we assume the finite difference scheme is accurate for corner flows of similar geometries, and thus apply this scheme the more onerous criteria of the tapered corner. Numerical results support the conjectured L behavior for the tapered corner. Understanding the dynamics of such flows and responses to various geometries offers design advantages for spacecraft waste-management systems, fuel control, hydration containment, cryogenic flows, and a myriad of other fluid applications.

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47

Toussaint, Renaud. "Quelques contributions en mécanique de milieux poreux déformables, mélanges solides et fluides : Fractures, liquéfaction, avalanches et déformations lentes". Habilitation à diriger des recherches, Université de Strasbourg, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00816311.

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La géophysique, au sens de la physique d'objets et processus géologiques, est une formidable source de problèmes complexes, au sens de la physique de la matière complexe. Par exemple, des problèmes essentiels ont trait à la mécanique des failles, les avalanches, chargées de fluides ou non, de matière en grain ou plus pâteuse, les phases dynamiques de la sédimentation et les instabilités pendant celle-ci, la fracturation, sèche ou déclenchée par le transport des fluides parcourant les pores de la roche ou du sol, la liquéfaction durant les tremblements de terre, les écoulements d'une ou plusieurs phases fluides non miscibles dans des roches poreuses de géométrie irrégulière, la morphogénèse durant l'évolution des roches sédimentaires où évoluent composition chimique et équilibre mécanique entre les composants des roches, l'évolution dynamique de colloïdes aux interactions variables, les échanges de chaleur dans des écoulements chenalisés, l'évolution de la température et son effet sur la mécanique du système en évolution... . Ces systèmes présentent des interactions qui relèvent de la physique et la mécanique classique, mais avec la présence d'un désordre dans la structure, ou des non-linéarités dans les interactions fondamentales, qui peuvent générer à grande échelle un comportement complexe : notamment, ils peuvent fonctionner sur des échelles de temps et d'espace très étendus, avec coexistence de phases rapides et de phases extrêmement lente, ou avec des déformations diffuses alternant avec des fonctionnements où la déformation est très localisée. L'aspect polyphasique ou polydisperse de ces systèmes peut générer une telle complexité, sans que celle-ci reflète nécessairement la multiplicité des échelles déjà présentes dans la composition du système : dans des systèmes au fonctionnement critique, ou au voisinage de transitions de phases dites du second ordre, de nombreux systèmes dynamiques sont connus pour faire émerger, à partir de désordre présent à petite échelle et d'interaction simples, des organisations à grande échelle du processus en jeu. On aborde dans ce mémoire des modèles analytiques, numériques et des expériences ayant trait à la mécanique de tels systèmes naturels : écoulements mono- ou multiphasiques en milieux poreux ou fracturés, déformables ou non, fractures, avalanches, fonctionnement mécanique des failles, déformation lente des roches avec couplage entre chimie et mécanique.

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48

Sahnoun, Souha. "Rôle des parcs éοliens sur la dispersiοn larvaire d'espèces benthiques en baie de Seine étendue". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Normandie, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024NORMC211.

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Les études antérieurs ont montré l’impact notable des parcs éoliens en mer sur l’environnement local et potentiellement régional. En effet, les fondations des éoliennes fonctionnent comme des habitats artificiel pour une diversité d’espèces bentho-pélagiques, créant ainsi un écosystème récif. De plus, l’environnement hydro-sédimentaire à proximité des fondations se trouve modifié avec l’introduction d’effets d’abri, de sillage turbulent, d’affouillement et de rides par exemple. Cette étude se concentre sur l’investigation des effets hydrodynamiques des parcs sur la dispersion larvaire dans la baie de Seine étendue. Les impacts des parcs sur la dispersion des espèces naturelles (i.e. moule et crabe tourteau) et introduites (i.e. huître japonaise et crabe sanguin) sont étudiés par une approche couplée physique-biologie, basée sur la modélisation numérique. L’échelle locale autour d’une fondation ou d’un ensemble de fondations puis à l’échelle régionale de la baie de Seine étendue (de la frontière maritime franco-britannique aux Hauts-de-France) incluant les parcs éoliens de Courseulles-sur-Mer et de Fécamp ont été étudiés. À cette échelle, les effets hydrodynamiques des fondations varient en fonction de leur type et de leur disposition spatiale. Les simulations de dispersion mettent en évidence une sensibilité notable à la géométrie de la fondation et à l’angle du courant incident par rapport à celle-ci. À l’échelle régionale, les simulations ont mis en lumière le rôle potentiel en tant que points de relais pour les espèces. La dispersion des larves libérées depuis les parcs éoliens ont également montré une connectivité entre les parcs eux-mêmes et les côtes de la baie de Seine étendue. Pour améliorer la prise en compte de la réalité physique et biologique dans les simulations, une intégration de paramètres biologiques réalistes est bénéfique, ainsi qu’une considération des effets cumulés des multiples structures présentes dans les parcs éoliens en mer
Previous studies have shown the notable impact of Offshore Wind Farms (OWFs) on the local and potentially regional environment. Indeed, the foundations of wind turbines serve as artificial habitats for a variety of benthopelagic species, thus creating a reef ecosystem. Additionally, the hydro-sedimentary environment near the foundations is altered with the introduction of sheltering effects, turbulent wake, scouring, and ridges, for example. This study focuses on investigating the hydrodynamic effects of the parks on larval dispersion in the extended Seine Bay. The impacts of the parks on the dispersion of both natural species (e.g., mussels and European green crabs) and introduced species (e.g., Japanese oysters and Asian shore crabs) are studied through a coupled physical-biological approach based on numerical modeling. The local scale around a single foundation or a cluster of foundations and then the regional scale of the extended Seine Bay (from the Franco-British maritime border to Hauts-de-France), including OWF of Courseulles-sur-Mer and Fécamp, have been examined. At this scale, the hydrodynamic effects of the foundations vary depending on their type and spatial arrangement. Dispersion simulations highlight a notable sensitivity to foundation geometry and the angle of incident current relative to it. At the regional scale, simulations have underscored their potential role as relay points for species. Larval dispersal from the wind farms has also shown connectivity between the parks themselves and the shores of the extended Seine Bay. To enhance the consideration of physical and biological realities in simulations, the integration of realistic biological parameters is beneficial, as well as considering the cumulative effects of multiple structures within offshore wind farms

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49

Davuluri, Raghava Sai Chaitanya. "Modeling of spallation phenomenon in an arc-jet environment". UKnowledge, 2015. https://uknowledge.uky.edu/me_etds/63.

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Space vehicles, while entering the planetary atmosphere, experience high loads of heat. Ablative materials are commonly used for a thermal protection system, which undergo mass removal mechanisms to counter the heat rates. Spallation is one of the ablative processes, which is characterized by the ejection of solid particles from the material into the flow. Numerical codes that are used in designing the heat shields ignore this phenomenon. Hence, to evaluate the effectiveness of spallation phenomenon, a numerical model is developed to compute the dynamics and chemistry of the particles. The code is one-way coupled to a CFD code that models high enthalpy flow field around a lightweight ablative material. A parametric study is carried out to examine the variations in trajectories with respect to ejection parameters. Numerical results are presented for argon and air flow fields, and their effect on the particle behavior is studied. The spallation code is loosely coupled with the CFD code to evaluate the impact of a particle on the flow field, and a numerical study is conducted.

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50

Yap, Choon Hwai. "The fluid shear stress environment of the normal and congenital bicuspid aortic valve and the implications on valve calcification". Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/45742.

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Calcific aortic valve disease is highly prevalent, especially in the elderly. Currently, the exact mechanism of the calcification process is not completely understood, limiting our ability to prevent or cure the disease. Ex vivo investigations, however, have provided evidence that the aortic valve's biological response is sensitive to mechanical forces, including fluid shear stresses, leading to the hypothesis that adverse fluid shear stress environment play a role in leading to valve calcification. This thesis seeks to investigate this hypothesis. A method for performing experimental measurement of time-varying shear stress on aortic valve leaflets under physiologic flow conditions was first developed, based on the Laser Doppler Velocimetry technique, and was systematically validated. This method was then applied to both the aortic surface and the ventricular surface of a normal tricuspid the aortic valve, and then on a congenital bicuspid aortic valve, using suitable in vitro valve models and an in vitro pulsatile flow loop. It was found that in the tricuspid valve, the peak shear stress on the aortic surface under adult resting condition was approximately 15-19 dyn/cm². Aortic surface shear stresses were elevated during mid- to late-systole, with the development of the sinus vortex, and were low during all other instances. Aortic surface shear stresses were observed to increase with increasing stroke volume and with decreasing heart rate. On the ventricular surface, shear stresses had a systolic peak of approximately 64-71 dyn/cm² under adult resting conditions. During late systole, due to the Womersley effect, shear stresses were observed to reverse in direction to a substantial magnitude for a substantial period of time. Further, it was found that a moderately stenotic bicuspid aortic valve can experience excessive unsteadiness in shear stress experienced by its leaflets, most likely due to the turbulent forward flow resulting from the stenosis, and due to the skewed forward flow. To demonstrate that the measured shear stresses can have an effect on the aortic valve biology, ex vivo experiments were performed in specific to determine the effects of these various shear stress characteristics on the biological response of porcine aortic valve leaflets, using the cone and plate bioreactor. It was found that unsteady shear stress measured in the bicuspid valve resulted in increased calcium accumulation. Further, it was found that low shear stresses and high frequency shear stresses resulted in increased calcium accumulation. Thus, shear stress was found to affect aortic valve pathology, and low and unsteady fluid shear stresses can enhance pathology.

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Tesi sul tema "Environmental fluid mechanics"

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