Tesi: "Environmental enrichment"

1

King, Lesley Anne. "Environmental enrichment for broiler breeders". Thesis, University of Oxford, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.249541.

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Smith, Brittany L. "The Benefits and Costs of Environmental Enrichment". University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1479815083298321.

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3

Schmidt, Christiane. ""Environmental enrichment" für Laborratten und Labormäuse eine Literaturstudie /". [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2003. http://www.diss.fu-berlin.de/2003/239/index.html.

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4

Ogura, Tadatoshi. "Cognitive foundations of environmental enrichment for Japanese macaques". 京都大学 (Kyoto University), 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/152038.

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5

Dickie, Lesley A. "Environmental enrichment in captive primates : a survey and review". Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.311767.

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6

Wilkes, Luanne. "Potential environmental enrichment for zebrafish used in regulatory toxicology". Thesis, University of Exeter, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10036/3456.

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The aim of environmental enrichment is to alter the environment of a captive animal in a way that results in improved mental and physical welfare. The technique has been utilised effectively for many years for captive mammals in a variety of settings. However, until now it has never been considered as a way of improving the welfare of aquatic animals such as fish. Fish that are used in regulatory toxicology studies are at present maintained solely in barren tank environments. Little is known about how these types of environments affect the well-being of the animals residing there and whether they impact either physiological heath or behavioural repertoire. This thesis aims to address this gap in the knowledge regarding the potential for environmental enrichment to improve the welfare of fish used in regulatory toxicology. More specifically it looks at two types of enrichment and the effects of these on the commonly used model species, the zebrafish (Danio rerio). The first type of enrichment studied was glass rod structures of varying heights provided to increase tank complexity and provide refuge. The glass structures did not produce any quantifiable benefits in unstressed fish and appeared to delay the formation of stable social hierarchies. When fish were stressed by a period of chasing, the presence of the glass rods appeared to reduce the magnitude of the cortisol response. Whilst this could be viewed as a potential benefit, it was felt that it would not outweigh the costs of this type of enrichment. The second type of enrichment studied was provision of airstones. Again, no clear evidence was found that fish in tanks with airstones experienced an improvement in welfare. The main observation was the vast increase in mortality in tanks containing these airstones, in particular, those of a smaller size. Regardless of the physiological cause underlying this result, this can only be viewed as a negative consequence and one that appears to rule out airstones as an effective form of enrichment for this species and strain of fish. It was also observed that both stress and the presence of enrichment influenced the absolute deviation from the mean in several endpoints. Since changes in endpoint variation will have effects both on the number of animals required to statistically measure environmentally relevant effects this is a factor that should be considered when researching methods of environmental enrichment. Finally, results from these studies suggest the possibility that laboratory zebrafish do not require the addition of environmental enrichment to tanks in order to promote maximum welfare. Furthermore, as considerable costs would be involved in implementing many types of enrichment (relating to manufacture, cleaning, incompatibility of results with previous studies etc.) it is likely that observed benefits would have to be both substantial and well established in order for changes in regulatory guidelines to take place. For a species such as zebrafish that are extremely easy to breed and maintain in the laboratory with minimal amounts of disease, social problems or mortalities, it may be that current conditions are satisfactory.

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7

Beattie, Violet Emma. "The effects of environmental enrichment on the domestic pig". Thesis, Queen's University Belfast, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.239002.

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8

Rutter, Julie N. "Environmental Enrichment and Reinstatement of Alcohol Addiction in Mice". Marietta College Honors Theses / OhioLINK, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=marhonors1336358606.

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9

Kakol, Katarzyna. "Environmental enrichment for zoo-housed Icelandic reindeer (Rangifer tarandus)". Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Biologi, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-176030.

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Environmental enrichment is commonly used to improve the welfare of captive animals by offering options to increase behavioural diversity and normal behaviour patterns. The aim of this study was to assess if environmental enrichment has a positive effect on a group of four zoo-housed reindeer, Rangifer tarandus. Three types of environmental enrichment were used: food enrichment, olfactory enrichment, and tactile enrichment, with a spontaneous rotation to prevent habituation. Following a baseline period of ten days without enrichment, the animals’ behaviour was monitored for four months with enrichment. All behaviours shown by the reindeer during the study were categorized into locomotory behaviour, feeding behaviour, passive behaviour, social interactions, and behaviour towards enrichment. The overall level of activity of the reindeer almost doubled between the baseline period (40.8%) and the enrichment period (75.3%), with a significant increase in feeding behaviour (p < 0.001) and a significant decrease in passive behaviour (p < 0.001). Food enrichment had the strongest impact on the reindeer out of the three types of enrichment presented. Even though the reindeer showed a continuous interest towards tactile enrichment, it was low compared to the interest shown towards food enrichment. They also showed little interest in olfactory enrichment. Neophobia may explain the lack of interest by the reindeer to certain types of enrichment that were novel to them. Overall, the presentation of environmental enrichment made the behaviour of the captive reindeer clearly more similar to the behaviour of wild reindeer.

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10

Mainardi, Marco. "Environmental enrichment and visual system: thalamocortical and crossmodal plasticity". Doctoral thesis, Scuola Normale Superiore, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/11384/85979.

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It has been demonstrated that the complex sensorimotor and social stimulation achieved by rearing animals in an enriched environment (EE) can reinstate juvenile-like plasticity in the adult cortex. However, it is not known whether EE can affect thalamocortical transmission. In the first part of this work, I investigated this problem by recording in vivo field potentials from the visual cortex evoked by electrical stimulation of the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (dLGN) in anaesthetized rats. I found that a period of EE during adulthood shifted the input-output curves and increased paired-pulse depression, suggesting an enhanced synaptic strength at thalamocortical terminals. Accordingly, EE animals showed an increased expression of the vesicular glutamate transporter 2 (vGluT-2) in geniculocortical afferents to layer IV. Rats reared in EE also showed an enhancement of thalamocortical long-term potentiation (LTP) triggered by theta-burst stimulation (TBS) of the dLGN. To monitor the functional consequences of increased LTP in EE rats, I recorded visual evoked potentials (VEPs) before and after application of TBS to the geniculocortical pathway. I found that responses to visual stimulation were enhanced across a range of contrasts in EE animals. This was accompanied by an upregulation of the intracortical excitatory synaptic marker vGluT-1 and a decrease in the expression of the vesicular GABA transporter (vGAT), indicating a shift in the excitation/inhibition ratio. Thus, in the adult rat, EE enhances synaptic strength and plasticity of the thalamocortical pathway associated with specific changes in glutamatergic and GABAergic neurotransmission. Another interesting problem connected to EE, is the possibility that the multimodal sensory stimulation provided by this rearing protocol can affect functional relationships among different cortical areas, thus contributing to the effect observed on visual cortical plasticity. In the second part of my work, I explored this problem by looking for cortical areas monosynaptically connected with primary visual cortex (V1), using stererotaxic injections of cholera toxin β subunit. I found that primary visual cortex is connected with secondary motor cortex (M2, also known as frontal eye field), primary somatosensory cortex (S1) and primary auditory cortex (A1). These connections could explain how the sensorimotor stimulation provided by EE, which does not have a specific “visual” component, can affect visual function. Functional interactions between V1 and M2 or A1 were investigated using multichannel local field potential recordings in awake, freely moving mice, subjected to EE since birth. Quantitative analysis of LFP signals revealed that EE has opposite effects on V1-M2 and V1-A1 activity correlation, resulting in a decrease of functional coupling in the first case and in an increase in the second case. These data provide novel insights into the mechanisms by which EE shapes the adult brain.

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11

Case, Beth Catherine. "Environmental enrichment for captive eastern box turtles (Terrapene carolina carolina)". Connect to this title online, 2003. http://www.lib.ncsu.edu/theses/available/etd-04092003-152733/.

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12

Ross, Celia Mary. "Facilitating Environmental Enrichment in Senior Care Activities with Professional Development". ScholarWorks, 2017. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/3203.

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There is little known about the current state of professional development and continuing education practices for empowering activity professionals to better enhance environmental enrichment in long term care. The purpose of this qualitative study was to explore the activity professional's perceived role and best strategies for professional development to enrich the long-term care environment. The study used social cognitive theory as its theoretical framework to develop research questions focused on the views of activity professionals concerning professional development and continuing education to support care for long-term care residents. Using a narrative approach, 9 activity professionals were recruited through networking at the 2015 NAAP Education Summit in Kentucky, LinkedIn, and snowball sampling. Eligible participants who provided informed consent were interviewed by phone from August 2015 to February 2016. Data were analyzed using both hand coding and NVivo 10.0 software. Results showed the value of relevant certifications and the importance of training in a range of topics, especially dementia care. Connection to others and the environment emerged as key themes. This study is significant because it explores professional development in the long-term care environment, which can facilitate positive social change to provide the elderly, especially those in cognitive decline, with a comforting environment for special needs. This study contributes to the knowledgebase to inform the development of educational and training opportunities for activities professionals, especially those caring for individuals with severe / end-stage dementia.

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13

Alvey, Joshua. "Benzotriazole enrichment in snowmelt discharge emanating from engineered snow storage facilities". Thesis, University of Alaska Anchorage, 2014. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=1562333.

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Organic and inorganic contaminants accumulate on snow grain surfaces. In an urban environment, snowpacks can retain a high load of anthropogenic contaminants that, upon melting, can deliver concentrated contaminant pulses into the aquatic environment. In climates with an extended period of snowfall accumulation, such as in Anchorage, Alaska, contaminant amplification within meltwater may affect aquatic ecosystem health. A spatiotemporal study of benzotriazoles on snow, meltwater and soils was performed in association with three urban snow disposal facilities. Benzotriazole elution from engineered snow disposal sites behaved similarly to inorganic salt and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) during the initial melt period, with maximum concentrations between 2.23-7.39 μg/L; similar elution behavior was observed in creeks. Assays of disposal site soils revealed the presence of tolytriazole. Furthermore, using fluorescence spectroscopy and Parallel Factor Analysis (PARAFAC) analysis, a modeled component representative of benzotriazoles was identified, containing peaks at Ex/Em 200/306 and Ex/Em 270/387-402. It was determined that this component as well as another modeled component may be utilized as an indicator of anthropogenic input rather than a unique indicator for benzotriazole compounds. Confirmation of suspected consumer antifreeze and windshield wiping fluids containing benzotriazoles exhibited maximum tolytriazole concentrations of 644 mg/L and 138 μg/L respectively.

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14

Woodcock, Elizabeth Ann Psychology Faculty of Science UNSW. "Effects of environmental enrichment on fundamental cognitive processes in rats and humans". Awarded by:University of New South Wales. Psychology, 2004. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/20488.

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This thesis examined whether it is possible to enhance core elements of the information processing system with specific forms of environmental stimulation. The first series of experiments demonstrated that a preweaning environmental enrichment procedure that provided 60 minutes of daily multisensory stimulation accelerated the development of long-term contextual memory and enhanced inhibitory processing in young rats. That is, whilst stimulated and non-stimulated rats exhibited long-term memory of a context at 26 days of age, only stimulated rats showed this ability at 18 days of age. In addition, stimulated rats showed a faster rate of extinction of long-term contextual memory at 21 days of age, which was taken as evidence of enhanced inhibitory learning (i.e., context ??? no US) in these rats. Subsequent experiments with adult rats demonstrated that a combination of preweaning multisensory stimulation and postweaning rearing in an enriched environment improved the (1) specificity of long-term contextual memory, (2) speed of contextual information processing, and (3) availability of attentional resources. More specifically, enriched-reared rats demonstrated superior ability to discriminate between two similar contexts in comparison to standard-reared rats. In addition, enriched-reared rats showed superior memory of a context when there was limited time available to form a memory of that context. This finding was taken to indicate that rats that receive environmental enrichment are able to process contextual information more rapidly. Finally, standard-, but not enriched-, reared rats showed less conditioning to a discrete stimulus when it was presented in combination with a stronger stimulus during training compared to when it was presented by itself. The finding that enriched-reared rats did not show this overshadowing effect suggests that these rats have greater availability of attentional resources to divide between two stimuli that are competing for attention. The experiments with rats were followed by two experiments with children that investigated the effects of a computerised cognitive training procedure on information-processing speed. These experiments demonstrated that 30-minutes per weekday of training in rapid decision-making for three to five weeks improved children???s performance on two tests of processing speed (i.e., a choice reaction time and odd-man-out task). In addition, the speeded training improved children???s ability to sustain their attention and inhibit impulsive responses on a continuous performance test (Test of Variables of Attention). The cognitive training procedure had no effect on children???s performance on a measure of fluid intelligence (Raven???s Standard Progressive Matrices). The results of the experiments reported in this thesis suggest that a number of fundamental cognitive processes can be modified by environmental conditions that place increasing demands on the information-processing system. A neurobiological model, focusing on myelin, axon diameter, and the glutamatergic, glucocorticoid, noradrenergic, and cholinergic systems, was proposed in order to explain the observed effects of environmental stimulation on cognition in children and rats. The rationale for attempting to enhance fundamental cognitive processes was that improving these processes should ultimately improve general intellectual functioning. With respect to this aim, the correlational data from the present experiments with children revealed promising trends towards greater improvements on the tests of fundamental cognitive processes in those children in the training group with slower processing speed at the start of the intervention. This finding suggests that cognitive training may be even more effective at enhancing processing speed and other fundamental cognitive processes in children with intellectual impairments???who reportedly have slower processing speed than normal children. However, the extent to which training-related improvements in fundamental cognitive processes generalise to improvements in general cognitive functioning is unclear. That is, there is insufficient evidence that processing speed and other fundamental cognitive processes are causally related to intelligence. It is therefore essential that future cognitive training research is mindful of related developments within the intelligence and information processing literature.

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15

Rioldi, Emmanuela. "Innovative environmental enrichment method for Pallas cat (Felis manul)". Thesis, Mälardalens högskola, Akademin för hållbar samhälls- och teknikutveckling, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mdh:diva-8354.

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Due to the expansion of the human population we are an increasing threat to all wild animals. They are driven to exist in smaller areas and in the worst case scenario extinction. Zoos are being encouraged to improve the animal’s physical and social surroundings. Environmental enrichment is a term used for such improvements. In this behavioural study, the enrichment introduced to two Pallas cats (Felis manul) at Parken Zoo in Eskilstuna, Sweden, consisted of a fishing rod and a clothes peg with a dead mouse or chick attached. The intention was to see if the feeding enrichment could increase activity levels and how the cats were using their enclosure. The enclosure was divided into seven zones which have a varying degree of opportunities for the animals to climb, hide and rest above ground level. The environmental enrichment effects on the Pallas cats´ behaviour, activity levels and use of the enclosure were measured and recorded using instantaneous scan sampling, and the mean value was calculated for each individual. The behavioural and enclosure results proved that enrichment benefits the cats activity levels. The behaviours that showed a variation when presented with enrichment were: walking, climbing, grooming, aggressive behaviour, out of sight behaviour, crouching position, sitting and standing still. The results showed that the cats preferred the zones in the enclosure that offered a larger view of the nearby enclosures. This study shows that providing captive felids with inexpensive, easy to administer enrichment objects can have profound effects on activity behaviours and their enclosure.

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16

Elliott, Brenda M. "Environmental enrichment, performance, and brain injury in male and female rats /". Download the dissertation in PDF, 2004. http://www.lrc.usuhs.mil/dissertations/pdf/Elliott2004.pdf.

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17

Arndt, David L. "Environmental enrichment and serotonergic alterations on depressive-like states in rats". Thesis, Kansas State University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/17894.

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Master of Science
Department of Psychological Sciences
Mary Cain
Individuals suffering from depression primarily rely on pharmacological interventions to alleviate the incapacitating symptoms of the disorder. In addition to genetic differences underlying the etiology of depression, environmental factors play a key role as well. For example, environmental enrichment results in various neurotransmitter alterations, significantly affecting serotonin. To test the efficacy of novel antidepressant drugs in the preclinical laboratory setting, researchers commonly implement the forced swim test (FST) for rats or mice. However, the effect of environmental enrichment on the expression of depressive-like states in the FST is unclear, and it is unknown whether environmental enrichment or social isolation can alter the efficacy of the commonly prescribed antidepressant drug, fluoxetine. In the present study, locomotor activity and FST performance were measured after 30 days of rearing in enriched (EC), standard (SC), and isolated (IC) conditions. Results showed that regardless of the significant effect of fluoxetine on locomotor activity in EC, SC, and IC rats, fluoxetine failed to increase swimming and decrease immobility in all three environmental conditions, with enriched-fluoxetine rats displaying significantly less swimming behavior in the FST than enriched rats receiving vehicle control injections. These results suggest that differential rearing, specifically environmental enrichment, can alter the efficacy of antidepressants and may suggest that enrichment reverses the effects of fluoxetine.

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18

Parsley, Stephanie Leila. "The effect of environmental enrichment in the CaMKII^T286A mutant mouse". Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2006. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1445775/.

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The activity-dependent plasticity of synaptic strengths is believed to underlie learning and memory in the brain. One experimental form of synaptic plasticity is long-term potentiation (LTP), a phenomena that requires the actions of the highly abundant Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII). In support of the hypothesis that an LTP-like process may exist physiologically and be important for cognitive processing, hippocampal-dependent learning and memory are severely impaired in transgenic mice that possess a point-mutation (T286A) in the oc-isoform of CaMKII that blocks the ability of the kinase to autophosphorylate at residue Thr286 and exhibit Ca2+- independent activity. I have studied the properties of excitatory synaptic transmission in acute hippocampal brain slices from adult aCaMKIIT286A mutant mice and compared them to those from wild-type animals in order to investigate the consequences that may arise from the loss of CaMKII-dependent endogenous forms of synaptic plasticity. Surprisingly, no differences in the properties of evoked CA1 synaptic responses were found, suggesting that the loss of CaMKII function does not affect synaptic connectivity in these animals. To promote physiological brain plasticity and therefore the potential for detecting differences between the genotypes, mice were also raised in environmentally-enriched housing conditions. 3-5 weeks of enrichment did not affect the properties of evoked synaptic transmission in wild-type CA1 neurones and gross levels of excitatory input, assessed by median mEPSC amplitudes and measures of dendritic spine densities, were also unaffected. These neuronal properties were all significantly altered however, following environmental enrichment in the mutant animals. Thus, Thr286 autophosphorylation-independent forms of plasticity exist in vivo and are recruited by enriched experience in the mutant mouse. One explanation why such changes were not similarly observed in the wild-types may be that they are actively reversed by Thr286 autophosphorylation-dependent processes. In addition to impairing LTP, the T286A mutation may also impair homeostatic processes that act to maintain the properties of excitatory synaptic transmission in the mouse hippocampus.

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19

O'Connor, Angela May. "Environmental enrichment and the striatum: the influence of environment on inhibitory circuitry within the striatum of environmentally enriched animals and behavioural consequences". Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/13382.

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The nervous system is integral to the healthy and whole functioning of an organism, mediating interactions with and responses to an organism’s surroundings. Environmental enrichment (EE) provides stimuli above that usually experienced within the laboratory environment, and has been shown to greatly impact the nervous system. The maturation of inhibitory circuitry controls the level of neuroplasticity and functional maturity present within neural systems. This thesis investigates the effect of EE upon the development of inhibitory circuitry within the striatum. The striatum is the entry nucleus to the basal ganglia, and as such mediates various cognitive and sensorimotor behaviours. This thesis investigates the effect of EE upon striatally-mediated behaviours of both juvenile and adult animals. This thesis demonstrates that exposure to an enriched environment accelerates maturation of inhibitory circuitry within the striatum and increases the number of active inhibitory interneurons within the adult striatum; improves problem solving and goal-orientated learning; and influences animal behaviours within automated testing apparatus. This work sheds light on the mechanisms by which EE impacts an important nucleus within the brain, and has implications for potential treatments of neurological disorders. Determining the optimum environment for healthy brain development may also aid in early education and intervention programs targeted at young children.

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20

Abston, Marcus Chas. "Effects of Olfactory Enrichments on African Cheetahs (Acinonyx Jubatus)". OpenSIUC, 2017. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/theses/2218.

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AN ABSTRACT OF THE THESIS OF MARCUS C. ABSTON, for the Master of Science degree in ZOOLOGY, presented on 18 April 2017, at Southern Illinois University Carbondale. TITLE: EFFECTS OF OLFACTORY ENRICHMENT ON AFRICAN CHEETAHS (ACINONYX JUBATUS) MAJOR PROFESSOR: Dr. Carey Krajewski Environmental enrichment has been an essential part of felid husbandry in zoos, serving to reduce both physiological and psychological stress. Olfactory enrichment is one of many interventions used to prevent stereotypic behavior caused by stress in felids. However, little research has been done on this practice. The purpose of this study was to compare behavioral responses of four captive African cheetahs to six types of commercial fragrances used as olfactory enrichment stimuli. Three of these fragrances are marketed as “men’s cologne” and three as “women’s perfume”. The fragrances were also categorized as musky, spice, and floral types. Behavioral responses were recorded by live observations during 36 bouts at the St. Louis Zoo. There was a significant difference between cheetahs’ interaction time with male and female fragrances; they seemed to prefer male colognes. However, there was no significant difference in interaction time among fragrance types. Engagement behaviors varied among individuals (e.g. sniffing, scent rolling, pawing), but were similar to those reported by previous authors. These findings suggest that commercial fragrances may be a useful option for African cheetah olfactory enrichment.

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Espeso, Gil Sergio 1985. "The mouse cortex regulome. Effects of environmental enrichment on postnatal brain development". Doctoral thesis, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/552941.

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El reguloma està constituït per un sistema complex de factors que controlen el fenotip molecular de la cèl·lula, que al seu torn està influenciada pel medi ambient. Qualsevol pertorbació pot desencadenar canvis que poden implicar una regulació disfuncional. El cervell integra constantment una quantitat considerable d’informació motora, sensorial i cognitiva. Aquesta integració és particularment important en el desenvolupament postnatal, en què el cervell ha d'establir els compromisos moleculars necessaris per adaptar-se a un entorn canviant. L'objectiu d'aquest estudi és investigar com els factors ambientals poden influenciar en el reguloma de l'escorça cerebral durant el desenvolupament postnatal. Per tal d'estudiar la interacció entre el reguloma i el medi ambient, s’ha utilitzat el paradigma d'enriquiment ambiental en què s’exposa els ratolins a estímuls freqüentment canviants de manera constant durant un mes. En aquest estudi s'ha emprat seqüenciació d'última generació per poder analitzar l'epigenoma, regions obertes de la cromatina, interaccions cromosòmiques, el transcriptoma i el proteoma. En particular, s’observen canvis dinàmics en la cobertura de la modificació H3K79me2 neuronal, juntament amb un augment general d'accessibilitat en regions promotores i enhancers associats a gens importants per a l'aprenentatge. Complementàriament, les dades de transcriptòmica i proteòmica recolzen aquests resultats. Així mateix, s’ha implementat una estratègia particular en citometria de flux que ha permès esbrinar quines són les majors diferències en els canvis induïts per l'enriquiment ambiental en l'escorça cerebral i neurones corticals. En conjunt, i per primer cop, aquests estudis apunten que l'enriquiment ambiental indueix una sèrie de canvis en els mecanismes de regulació de les neurones corticals, relacionats amb un minuciós ajust sinàptic durant el desenvolupament postnatal.
The regulome constitutes a complex system of factors that control the molecular phenotype of the cell, which is influenced by the environment. Any disturbance can trigger a set of changes involving dysfunctional regulation. The brain constantly integrates a multitude of motor, sensory and cognitive information. This engagement is particularly important in postnatal development when the brain must establish the molecular commitments needed to adapt to a changing environment. The aim of this study is to investigate how environmental factors influence the cerebral cortex regulome during postnatal development. In order to study the interaction between the regulome and the environment, we used the paradigm of environmental enrichment (EE) in which mice received constant and novel stimulation during a month. Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) –based techniques were employed to analyze the epigenome, gene accessibility, chromosomal interactions, the transcriptome and the proteome. Notably, dynamic changes in neuronal H3K79me2 coverage were observed, together with a general gain of promoter and enhancer accessibility of learning-associated genes. These changes were also supported by transcriptomic and proteomic data. We followed a flow cytometry strategy that allowed us to highlight differences in EE-induced changes in the cerebral cortex and cortical neurons. Our research reveals for the first time that EE induces changes in the regulatory mechanisms related with synaptic fine-tuning in cortical neurons during postnatal development.

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Chu, Jennifer. "The Effects of Environmental Enrichment on Stress-Induced Eating Disturbances in Rats". Thesis, University of Canterbury. Psychology, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/1648.

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Eating disorders are serious psychological disorders associated with debilitating lifestyle, multiple health problems and high rates of suicidality and mortality. Despite extensive research, the aetiology of eating disorders still remains unclear. Amongst the identified risk factors for eating disorders, stress has been frequently studied. The purpose of the present study was to explore the possibility that tail-pinch administered to rats could provide an animal model of stress-induced eating disturbances in humans, and whether environmental enrichment might ameliorate the effects of stress. In Experiment 1, we compared eating behaviours of rats that were reared in either enriched or standard environments and later exposed to tail-pinch and allowed to eat when food deprived. The study showed that a single exposure to tail-pinch induced eating disturbances in most of the rats. When rats were not food deprived, but were conditioned to eating when placed in test chamber, tail-pinch suppressed eating in all rats, but significantly more for rats reared under standard than in enriched conditions. Experiment 2 used a between-subjects design in which rats were reared in either a standard or enriched environment, and were either exposed to tail-pinch or not exposed during sessions in which they were not food deprived and allowed to eat. Tail-pinch suppressed the food intake of rats reared in enriched but not standard environments. Although this finding appeared to contradict results of Experiment 1, analysis of body weight revealed that exposure to tail pinch suppressed increases in weight gain across sessions more for rats reared in standard than enriched environments. The suppression of food intake during test sessions for enriched but not standard rats exposed to tail-pinch was attributed to differences in contextual conditioning and discrimination of the test chamber from home cages. Overall, results of the present study suggest that rats reared in enriched environments were more resilient to the effects of tail-pinch as a stressor. Implications of these findings for the understanding of human eating disorders are discussed.

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23

Trapp, Stefanie. "Generalization and Extension of the Environmental Enrichment Hypothesis of the OFCI Model". Doctoral thesis, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18452/21951.

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Die vorliegende Dissertation widmet sich der Überprüfung und Generalisierung der Environmental Enrichment Hypothese des Openness-Fluid-Crystallized-Intelligence Model (OFCI Model, (Ziegler, Danay, Heene, Asendorpf, & Bühner, 2012). Laut Environmental Enrichment Hypothese würde das Persönlichkeitstrait Offenheit die Intelligenzentwicklung positiv beeinflussen. Personen mit höherer Offenheit würden sich in mehr Lernsituationen begeben. Fluide und kristalline Intelligenz würde gefördert werden (Investment-Hypothese). Da diese Hypothese bisher nur für das jüngere und ältere Erwachsenenalter geprüft wurde, möchte die vorliegende Arbeit die Gültigkeit für das gesamte Erwachsenenalter gilt. Die erste Studie betrachtet die Environmental Enrichment Hypothese aus struktureller Perspektive. Offenheit manifestiere sich in Lese- und Rechenaktivitäten manifestiert. Die Aktivitäten würden Personen in neue Lernsituationen bringen. So würde fluide Intelligenz i Rahmen der Investmenttheorie nach Cattell auch kristalline Intelligenz gefördert werden. Anhand einer repräsentativen Stichprobe könnte gezeigt werden, dass (1) die Environmental Enrichment Hypothese für da gesamte Erwachsenenalter gilt, (2) der positive Einfluss von Offenheit auf die Intelligenz über die Manifestation in ein bestimmtes Freizeit- und Arbeitsverhalten erfolgen kann, und (3) es keinen Unterschied den verschiedenen Verhaltensweise sich Offenheit gibt. Die zweite Studie betrachtet die Erweiterung der Environmental Enrichment Hypothese durch Lesen. Der Einfluss von Offenheit auf diese Aktivitäten wird in einem Längstschnittsdesign betrachtet. Des Weiteren wird geprüft, ob Offenheit auch während einer Arbeitslosigkeitsphase einen Effekt haben kann. Offenheit solle die negativen Auswirkungen von Arbeitslosigkeit auf das Lesen abpuffern. Der erstere Effekt konnte, aber der letztere Effekt konnte nicht gestützt werden. Zum Abschluss werden die Ergebnisse diskutiert und genutzt, um weitere Forschungsfragen zu generieren.
This dissertation wants to test and generalize the Environmental Enrichment Hypothesis of the Openness-Fluid-Crystallized-Intelligence model (OFCI model, (Ziegler, Danay, Heene, Asendorpf, & Bühner, 2012). This hypothesis assumes that the personality trait Openness fosters intellectual development. This is based on the idea that more open people with put themselves in more learning situations and promote fluid and crystalline intelligence (Investment Hypothesis). Since this hypothesis has only been tested for younger and older adults, the present work wants to show the generalization for the entire adult age. Furthermore, the underlying assumption of the manifestation of Openness in intelligence specific behavior (e.g. reading ) is tested. The first study in this paper considers the Environmental Enrichment Hypothesis from a structural perspective. It is assumed that Openness manifests in reading and calculating activities at work and during leisure time. Such activities would lead to people into new situations. According to Cattell's investment theory fluid intelligence would be used to build crystalline intelligence. On the basis of a representative sample it could be shown that (1) the Environmental Enrichment Hypothesis can be generalized over the entire adult age, (2) the positive influence of Openness on intelligence can be manifested in leisure and work activities, and (3) there is no difference in specific behaviors. The second study focuses on the extension of the Environmental Enrichment Hypothesis by reading. In this study the influence of Openness on these activities is considered in a longitudinal design. Additionally, it is examined whether Openness can also have a positive effect during unemployment. it is assumed that Openness should buffer the negative effects of unemployment on reading. The first effect could, but the second effect could not be supported. Finally, the results are discussed and used to generate further research questions.

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Johnson, Erica M. "Neuroprotection and Cognitive Enhancing Training Strategies: Environmental Enrichment and Motor Skills Training". University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2011. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1304692503.

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Anderson, Claes. "Habituation towards environmental enrichment in captive bears and its effect on stereotypic behaviours". Thesis, Linköping University, The Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-12570.

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The benefits gained by the presentation of environmental enrichment (EE) to captive animals are widely recognized. Few studies have, however, studied how to maximize the effect of EE. Repeated presentations of EE may cause a reduced interest towards the EE device, called habituation. To study the effect of habituation towards EE, behavioural data from 14 captive Sloth bears (Melursus ursinus) were collected during two different EE treatments. In treatment one, honey logs were presented for five consecutive days (ConsEE). In treatment two, the logs were presented every alternative day for five days (AltEE). The different treatments both showed a significant effect on responsiveness toward the EE, however, leaving gap days inbetween presentations in AltEE showed no reliable reduction in habituation. Both treatments significantly reduced stereotypies, however, only ConsEE reduced levels of stereotypies long term. Explorative behaviours, which are the most prominent behaviours in the wild, increased during both treatments. This is consistent with previous findings (Fischbacher & Schmid 1999, Grandia et al. 2001) that EE increases natural behaviours, which has been desribed as an indication of improved welfare (Carlstead et al. 1991 etc.). Other behavioural categories such as social and passiva behaviours were unaffected by the EE presentations. THe results show that it is possible to increase the effectiveness of EE by simple means in order to ensure animal welfare.

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Bredy, Timothy W. "Parental care, environmental enrichment, and hippocampal development and function in the adult rodent". Thesis, McGill University, 2004. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=85052.

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This thesis examines the effect of early parental care and environmental experience on hippocampal development and cognitive function in the adult rodent. Maternal care in the rat contributes to cognitive function through effects on neural systems known to mediate certain forms of learning and memory. The offspring of mothers that exhibit a low frequency of licking/grooming (Low-LG mothers) over the first week of life show decreased hippocampal synaptogenesis and N-Methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor mRNA expression, and poor spatial learning; relative to the offspring of mothers that exhibit high levels of maternal care. The results of cross-fostering studies provide evidence for a direct relationship between maternal behaviour and hippocampal development in the offspring of Low-LG mothers (Liu et al., 1997; 2000).
Indeed, peripubertal environmental enrichment reversed the effect of reduced maternal care on hippocampal-dependent learning and memory, synaptic density, and several genes encoding for glutamate receptor subunits. For example, hippocampal NR2A, NR2B, GluR1 and GluR3 mRNA expression was reversed, with the strongest effects occurring in area CA1 of the hippocampal formation. Interestingly, the effect of enrichment on GluR1 and GluR3 mRNA expression was lateralized to the right hippocampus. Environmental enrichment did not reverse the effect of reduced maternal care on NMDA receptor binding or long-term potentiation in the dentate gyrus. In every instance where reversal occurred after exposure to enrichment during adolescence, the effect was specific to the offspring of Low-LG mothers, with little or no effect on the offspring of High-LG mothers. It is suggested that an increased level of astrocyte expression in the hippocampus of Low-LG offspring at the time of weaning could account for the individual differences in sensitivity to environmental enrichment. The findings are extended with the presentation of a new model where the issue of a paternal contribution towards offspring cognitive development is addressed in the monogamous California mouse (Peromyscus californicus).

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Bailie, Carley Leigh. "The influence of environmental enrichment on the health and welfare of broiler chickens". Thesis, Queen's University Belfast, 2013. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.602414.

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The overall aims of research described within this thesis were to (1) to assess the effects of different types and levels of environmental enrichment on the behaviour, health and welfare of fast growing broiler chickens reared in intensive farming systems and (2) to provide comprehensive information on the prevalence of welfare-related issues in fast growing, intensively farmed broiler chickens reared within windowed houses. In Study 1 access to natural light led to a significant increase in activity levels; however no significant effects of straw bales were found. Both natural light and straw bales exerted positive effects on leg health. In Study 2 a significant increase in the percentage of lying birds provided with perches was apparent in flocks during weeks four and five of the rearing cycle. Improved walking ability was witnessed in birds provided with string during weeks three and five. In Study 3 latency to lie was significantly increased in birds provided with thirty bales compared to those provided with forty-five bales. The overall conclusions from this research were that inactivity and lameness persist as welfare problems in modern broiler flocks. Environmental enrichment, in particular the provision of natural light, has the potential to improve the welfare of intensively reared, fast growing 'broiler chickens. However, the mixed effects of different types of enrichment stimuli on broiler welfare suggest that it may prove difficult to implement methods of enrichment which will improve welfare significantly beyond the improvements already made in switching from artificially lit to windowed houses. Results also suggest that careful consideration should be given to the simultaneous provision of more than one kind of stimuli, the age at which stimuli are introduced and the optimal level of stimuli which must be provided in order to improve welfare.

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Graham, L. "The effects of environmental enrichment on the behaviour & welfare of kennelled dogs". Thesis, Queen's University Belfast, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.398157.

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D’ATRI, SARAH JUDITH. "THE ROLE OF ENVIRONMENTAL ENRICHMENT VIA SOCIALIZATION IN THE ENHANCEMENT OF CAT ADOPTABILITY". Thesis, The University of Arizona, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/612838.

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Individuals who are searching for a cat to adopt may be influenced by the behavior of their potential new pets. Thus, the Humane Society of Southern Arizona’s cat socialization program is expected to enhance the adoptability of participating cats. This study sought a correlation between frequency of socialization and time to adoption for cats in the socialization program, and it investigated the effect of socialization on cats’ positive and negative responses to humans. A significant association between frequency of socialization and reduction of negative behaviors was identified. An association between frequency of socialization and time to adoption was not found, possibly because adopters are more influenced by the presence of positive behaviors than the absence of negative ones.

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Traver, Kyle Leann. "Environmental Enrichment-Mediated Neuroprotection Against Traumatic Brain Injury:Role of Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor". Wright State University / OhioLINK, 2011. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=wright1307129480.

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Sparrow, Janice Elaine. "Environmental enrichment and expressive language : a case study of a totally blind E.S.L. student". Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/29593.

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This study investigates the acquisition of English in a nine year old totally blind student (Amanda) who has English-as-a Second Language (ESL). The study demonstrates the intricate relationship between language and interactive experiences. This case study will show the contrast in expressive language before and after a transition into a grade four class. In this classroom, Amanda was expected to participate and interact with her teacher and classmates. Data was collected on videotapes from I960-1967 and language samples were recorded from 1966-1990. Additional testing was also used to determine post transitional development. Language samples were analyzed and results of pre and post means of Mean Length of Utterance, Complete Sentence Usage, Function Word Usage, Braille Letter Recognition, and Braille Writing were determined. Results indicated that significant improvement occurred in Amanda's expressive language following transition into the grade four classroom.
Education, Faculty of
Educational and Counselling Psychology, and Special Education (ECPS), Department of
Graduate

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Sparling, Jessica E. "The consequences of gestational and postpartum environmental enrichment on behaviour in the mother rat". Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/28905.

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Environmental enrichment is known to influence an animal's well-being, provide opportunities for activity, and encourage behaviours appropriate to the species. Female Long-Evans rats were co-housed during their gestational and postpartum times in a colony housing environment comprising numerous cages, with interconnecting tubes, surrounding a multileveled enclosure with many objects scattered throughout. A control group of rats were housed in standard cages. The effects of the physical and social enrichment were determined by evaluating group differences in body weight, litter characteristics, elevated-plus maze performance during the gestational and postpartum periods, and Morris water maze behaviour (postpartum only). Results showed that enriched females were leaner and maintained a constant postpartum weight. Group differences in litter characteristics were observed, with enriched females having heavier but fewer offspring. Behavioural trends were observed in the elevated-plus maze with enriched rats showing greater change in behaviours over time. In the Morris water maze probe test, enriched rats performed less thigmotaxic and more middle maze swimming, as well as an increased tendency to enter the quadrant where the platform was located in non-probe trials. A housing environment, with complex physical and social stimulation, offered more opportunity for environmental interactions producing heartier pups and leaner mothers that displayed differential behavioural responses compared to control mothers. Studying maternal-offspring interactions in a more naturalistic environment allows one to observe a greater repertoire of behaviours that accommodates adequate normal or natural cognitive development than can be observed in the typical standard laboratory housing that limits experience and environmental engagement. Published as Sparling, Manhoney, Baker, & Bielajew, The effects of gestational and postpartum environmental enrichment on the mother rat: a preliminary investigation, in Behavioural Brain Research, 2010, 208, p.213-223.

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Trapp, Stefanie [Verfasser]. "Generalization and Extension of the Environmental Enrichment Hypothesis of the OFCI Model / Stefanie Trapp". Berlin : Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 2021. http://d-nb.info/1229435131/34.

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Ali, Seemaab. "Environmental enrichment mitigates hypothalamic inflammation and improves metabolic function across the lifespan of mice". The Ohio State University, 2020. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1587632494811204.

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Schlitt, Marjorie A., Elizabeth D. Cummins, Daniel J. Peterson e Russell W. Brown. "The effects of environmental enrichment on nicotine sensitization in a rodent model of schizophrenia". Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2014. https://dc.etsu.edu/honors/221.

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Environmental enrichment, for more than fifty years, has shown to increase learning in behaviors and to alter some brain structures (Renner and Rosenzweig). Some brain changes that occur when environmental enrichment is implemented include the following: increases in cortical thickness, especially the occipital cortex, increases in size of neuronal cell bodies, number of dendrites and dendritic spines, increases in astrocyte branching, increases in the number of brain blood capillaries, and increases in mitochondria (an indication of higher metabolic activity) (Stairs and Bard). It has been shown in research studies that rats in the environmental enrichment group are less sensitive to nicotine effects, both repeated and acute, than rats in isolated situations (Green et al). This is so because enrichment changes the intensity of the acute administration of drugs of abuse. Rats are stimulated by the environment, rather than a particular stimulant.

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Posta, Beth A. "The Effects of Housing and Enrichment on Zoo Elephant Behavior". Bowling Green State University / OhioLINK, 2011. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=bgsu1294168589.

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Fortress, Ashley M. "A PROFILE OF NEUROGENIC ACTIVITY IN THE AGING HIPPOCAMPAL FORMATION: A CLOSER LOOK AT THE ROLE OF EXERCISE AND ENVIRONMENTAL ENRICHMENT IN THE SAMP-8". Bowling Green, Ohio : Bowling Green State University, 2007. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=bgsu1178197418.

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Rosandher, Åsa. "Olfactory Enrichment for Captive Snow Leopards (Uncia uncia)". Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för fysik, kemi och biologi, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-18929.

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In this study I assessed the effect of objects and odors as environmental enrichment for two captive snow leopards (Uncia uncia) at Kolmården Wildlife Park. Five odors (lavender, lemon balm, cumin, cinnamon and catnip) were used to impregnate four different types of enrichment objects (boomer balls®, tennis balls, ropes, logs). During test sessions, one odorized and one non-odorized enrichment object of the same type were introduced in the snow leopards’ outdoor enclosure. The behavior, activity and location of the snow leopards were recorded and compared to their behavior during baseline sessions. During the test sessions I recorded the number and types of interactions with the enrichment objects. Both snow leopards interacted more often with odorized than with non-odorized enrichment objects. The number of interactions differed markedly between the types of enrichment objects and between the different odors. Both snow leopards interacted most often with boomer balls® and least often with logs. They interacted most often with cinnamon and least often with lemon balm (Brahma) and catnip (Binu). The results suggest that both the type of object and the odor play a role in capturing the interest of the snow leopards. The snow leopards behavioral diversity increased during the study and they could increase their performance of species-specific behavior. I did not see any indications of habituation during the testing period. The results indicate that enrichment objects impregnated with odors can be an effective environmental enrichment for captive snow leopards.

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Knowler, Duncan. "Valuing the commercial fishing benefits of joint environmental protection and fisheries management policies : a case study of the Black Sea". Thesis, University of York, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.313874.

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Costa, David Antonio. "Promoting and preventing alzheimer's disease in a transgenic mouse model : apolipoprotein e and environmental enrichment /". [Tampa, Fla.] : University of South Florida, 2005. http://purl.fcla.edu/fcla/etd/SFE0001179.

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Millar, Louise Natalie. "Improving captive animal welfare through the application of cognitive enrichment". Thesis, University of Exeter, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10871/15020.

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Welfare for captive animals in laboratory, farm, companion and zoo settings is difficult to assess and subject to interpretation. The perceived needs of animals change over time and according to budget, fashion and policy. The assessment of the value of environmental enrichment for captive animals is hampered by the lack of consistent, quantitative, objective and methodical research. Enrichment devices and other welfare improvement strategies lack long-term assessment or implementation. The concept of cognitive enrichment, or enabling captive animals to use their cognitive abilities to solve problems and meet challenges in their environment, is in the initial stages of development. Preliminary findings indicate that cognitive enrichment seems to be an effective method of improving captive animal welfare. In the research described in this thesis, several welfare measurement techniques including changes in activity budget, stereotypic behaviour and cognitive bias were compared and used to measure the effects of cognitive enrichment upon captive pigeons and dogs in order to obtain a useable cognitive enrichment paradigm that can be extrapolated to many types of captive animals. Key findings were that cognitive enrichment improved captive group-housed pigeon welfare and individually-kennelled dog welfare, indicated by significant changes in activity budget, increases in ‘optimism’, and reduction of stereotypic behaviour in subjects. Subjects used both low-tech and high-tech cognitive enrichments as intended and showed no sign of habituation. It is hoped that these findings will be used to improve captive animal welfare, and that the cognitive enrichment and cognitive bias paradigms developed will add to this field of research.

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Schlitt, M. A., Daniel J. Peterson, Elizabeth D. Cummins e Russell W. Brown. "The Effects of Environmental Enrichment on Adolescent Nicotine Sensitization in a Rodent Model of Schizophrenia". Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2014. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/974.

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Our lab has shown that neonatal treatment with quinpirole, a dopamine D2/D3 agonist, to rats resulted in an increase in dopamine D2‐like receptor sensitivity that persists throughout the animal’s lifetime without a change in receptor number, consistent with schizophrenia. Approximately 80‐85% of schizophrenics smoke cigarettes, and there is no delineated mechanism for this observation. Our lab has also shown more robust sensitization and accumbal dopamine release in response to nicotine in adolescent rats neontally treated with quinpirole compared to controls. This study analyzed whether environmental enrichment, known to reduce sensitization to psychostimulants, may also reduce or block enhanced sensitization to nicotine in this model. Male and female rats were treated with either quinpirole (1 mg/kg) or saline from postnatal day (P)1‐21. After weaning at P21, animals were raised in either environmentally enriched or isolated housing throughout the experiment. Beginning on P33, animals were ip administered either nicotine (0.5 mg/kg free base) or saline 10 min before placement in a square locomotor arena and behavioral activity measured every second day from P33‐49. Results revealed that animals given neonatal quinpirole treatment and reared in an enriched environment demonstrated more robust sensitization to nicotine than all other groups. Animals given neonatal quinpirole or saline treatment followed by nicotine in adolescence and raised in isolated housing conditions were equivalent, but demonstrated more robust sensitization compared to enriched rats Page 13 of 35 neonatally treated with saline and administered nicotine in adolescence. Results here show that environmental enrichment enhanced nicotine sensitization in rats neonatally treated with quinpirole, which is in contrast to the blockade of sensitization to nicotine which has previously been shown in normal animals. Importantly, these results show that increases in D2 receptor sensitivity interacts with environmental enrichment differently than in normal animals and the manner in which the animal responds to nicotine, which may have implications towards smoking cessation in schizophrenia.

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Chau, Kwok-chuen, e 周國銓. "Metal enrichment in the sediment profile of Deep Bay, Hong Kong". Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2013. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B50534245.

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Deep Bay is located in the northwestern coast of Hong Kong (HK), where brackish water from the Pearl River Estuary meets and interacts with fresh water from Shenzhen River and Yuen Long Creek. A review of published material in this study indicates rapid economic and industrial developments can be found in Hong Kong and Pearl River Delta (PRD) region in the last 60years, which would have contaminated the sediment in Deep Bay with heavy metals. To examine the nature of metal contamination history, two 2m-long sediment cores are collected from the mud flat of Deep Bay, and the chemical and physical properties of the sediment sequence analyzed. Small disturbance of sediment profile is observed by the fluctuation of 210Pb signal, and constant rate of supply (CRS) model is applied for the calculation of sedimentation rate which is estimated to be 1.82cm/year.137Cs dating resolves two peaks for the radionuclide at 28cm and 109cm, as well as the onset of excessive 137Cs activity at 135cm, which are connected to the Chernobyl accident in 1986 and the banning and beginning of atmospheric testing of nuclear weapons in 1963 and 1950 respectively. Particle size analysis shows the core sediments are predominantly silt (4-64μm) and clay(<4μm). Enrichment factor of metal concentration displays that Cd, Cr, Cu and Zn has been significantly enriched since the 1950s, and hence 3 phases of metal enrichment could be identified: 1) insignificant anthropogenic input in preindustrial period before 1950, 2) significant enrichment of metal from anthropogenic sources during industrial stage in HK from 1950 to 1980, and 3) a further increase of metal enrichment after the introduction of new town development in northwestern part of HK and Chinese economic reform since 1980. Among the metals in the sediments at depth over 70cm, Cu and Zn are found to be exceeded the Lower Chemical Exceedance Level of the sediment quality criteria given by the Hong Kong Environmental Protection Department; hence, the metals would impose threats to the natural environment once they are released back to water column by changes to physical conditions. To evaluate the extent of environmental threats, future studies could focus on the bioavailability of the metals and the interaction of metals in sediments and water with organisms in the ecosystem of Deep Bay.
published_or_final_version
Earth Sciences
Master
Master of Philosophy

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Schraepler, Anke. "Consumer demand experiments in group-housed mice with light as a negative reinforcer for environmental enrichment". [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2006. http://deposit.ddb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?idn=980915058.

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Breitschwerdt, Eva [Verfasser]. "Using enrichment planting to test for environmental filtering and niche differentiation in grassland communities / Eva Breitschwerdt". Halle, 2019. http://d-nb.info/1180387856/34.

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Salling, Michael C. "The effects of fluoxetine and environmental enrichment on recovery of function following focal dentate gyrus lesions". View electronic thesis, 2008. http://dl.uncw.edu/etd/2008-2/sallingm/michaelsalling.pdf.

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Meehan, Cheryl Lynne. "Environmental enrichment and behavioral development or orange-winged Amazon parrots (Amazona amazonica) : applications to animal welfare /". For electronic version search Digital dissertations database. Restricted to UC campuses. Access is free to UC campus dissertations, 2002. http://uclibs.org/PID/11984.

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Nilsson, Emma. "The effects of an activity ball and ropes on pigs’ behaviours". Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för fysik, kemi och biologi, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-79027.

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Rooting and exploring are two behaviours pigs in the wild spend considerable time doing. When kept in pens with limited access to bedding materials stress can originate and often lead to undesired behaviours. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether environmental enrichment in terms of ropes and an activity ball containing piglet food, can provide an outlet for their natural behaviours and thus reduce undesired behaviours. In total, 141 pigs were used and divided into three groups, control-, activity ball- and rope groups. The observation methods used were 1/0 recording and instantaneous recording with 15 second intervals. In the rope group a significant difference was seen in the interaction with enrichment, as it was higher on day 1. Between the three groups, a decrease in ear-, tail- and equipment biting was seen in the two enriched groups on day 1. On day 3 these difference could only be seen between the control group and the other two groups in equipment biting. However, few data ware collected and so we cannot confirm our hypotheses, concerning whether the environmental enrichments decreased the undesirable behaviours or not. However, most of our findings are in compliance with earlier studies as we among other things found that the rope worked better than the activity ball and that the interest of the enrichments decreased with time.

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Jiang, Jade. "The Effects of Housing Conditions on Anxiety-Like Behavior". Youngstown State University / OhioLINK, 2011. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ysu1328458742.

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LIU, RUI. "Travel Diary Semantics Enrichment of Trajectoriesbased on Trajectory Similarity Measures". Thesis, KTH, Geoinformatik, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-221426.

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Trajectory data is playing an increasingly important role in our daily lives, as well as in commercial applications and scientific research. With the rapid development andpopularity of GPS, people can locate themselves in real time. Therefore, the users’behavior information can be collected by analyzing their GPS trajectory data, so as topredict their new trajectories’ destinations, ways of travelling and even thetransportation mode they use, which forms a complete personal travel diary. The taskin this thesis is to implement travel diary semantics enrichment of user’s trajectoriesbased on the historical labeled data of the user and trajectory similarity measures.Specially, this dissertation studies the following tasks: Firstly, trip segmentationconcerns detecting the trips from trajectory which is an unbounded sequence oftimestamp locations of the user. This means that it is important to detect the stops,moves and trips of the user between two consecutive stops. In this thesis, a heuristicrule is used to identify the stops. Secondly, tripleg segmentation concerns identifyingthe location / time instances between two triplegs where / when a user changesbetween transport modes in the user's trajectory, also called makes transport modetransitions. Finally, mode inference concerns identifying travel mode for each tripleg.Specially, steps 2 and 3 are both based on the same trajectory similarity measure andproject the information from the matched similar trip trajectory onto the unlabeled triptrajectory. The empirical evaluation of these three tasks is based on real word data set(contains 4240 trips and 5451 triplegs with 14 travel modes for 206 users using oneweek study period) and the experiment performance (including trends, coverage andaccuracy) are evaluated and accuracy is around 25% for trip segmentation; accuracyvaries between 50% and 55% for tripleg segmentation; for mode inference, it isbetween 55% and 60%. Moreover, accuracy is higher for longer trips than shortertrips, probably because people have more mode choices in short distance trips (likemoped, bus and car), which makes the measure more confused and the accuracy canbe increased by nearly 10% with the help of reverse trip identifiable, because it makesa trip have more similar historical trips and increases the probability that a newunlabeled trip can be matched based on its historical trips.

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