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Letteratura scientifica selezionata sul tema "Engineering culture"

Autore: Grafiati

Pubblicato: 4 giugno 2021

Ultima modifica: 30 gennaio 2023

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Articoli di riviste sul tema "Engineering culture"

Hu, Wei-Shou. "Cell culture engineering". Trends in Biotechnology 6, n. 5 (maggio 1988): 83–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0167-7799(88)90061-3.

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KISS, R. "Cell culture engineering". Trends in Biotechnology 14, n. 6 (giugno 1996): 179–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0167-7799(96)30010-3.

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Ulloa‐Montoya, Fernando, Gargi Seth, Catherine M. Verfaillie e Wei‐Shou Hu. "Stem cell culture engineering". Journal of the Chinese Institute of Engineers 28, n. 7 (ottobre 2005): 1039–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02533839.2005.9671081.

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Aunins, J., M. Betenbaugh e J. Aunins. "Cell Culture Engineering VIII". Biotechnology Progress 19, n. 1 (7 febbraio 2003): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bp020149+.

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FUKUDA, Shuichi. "Japanese Culture and Engineering". Proceedings of Design & Systems Conference 2017.27 (2017): 2509. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmedsd.2017.27.2509.

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Brown, Alan S. "Penetrating the Engineering Culture". Mechanical Engineering 134, n. 10 (1 ottobre 2012): 42–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2012-oct-3.

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This article discusses ASME/Autodesk Sustainable Design Survey results and suggestions. The survey reveals that more engineers than ever before report working on an increasingly diverse range of sustainability projects. Companies are also showing growing interest in using recycled and renewable materials, and minimizing toxic and other substances of concern. The survey asked engineers to pick the two most important sustainable practices. However, several engineers used the survey to complain about government regulations. Suggestions provided by engineers and experts ranged from offering more college and on-the-job training courses in sustainability to sharing best practices and showcasing successful designs. Several engineers wanted a set of standards—definitions and measurements—to design against. The survey suggests that sustainable practices involve a change in mindset that is difficult to implement. Innovation always contains a certain element of risk, and minimizing risk is always at the forefront in business practice.

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Zeng, Prof Dr An-Ping, e Prof Dr Ing Ralf Pörtner. "Editorial: Cell Culture Engineering". Engineering in Life Sciences 15, n. 5 (luglio 2015): 457–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/elsc.201570053.

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Prewitz, Marina, Friedrich Philipp Seib, Martin Bornhaeuser e Carsten Werner. "Engineering Biomimetic Culture Systems: Impact On Human Bone Marrow-Derived Stem Cells." Blood 114, n. 22 (20 novembre 2009): 3628. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v114.22.3628.3628.

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Abstract Abstract 3628 Poster Board III-564 The bone marrow (BM) harbours haematopoietic stem/progenitor cells (HSCs) in anatomically distinct sites (niches) where HSCs are subjected to regulatory cues such as cytokines, cell-cell contacts and extra-cellular matrix (ECM) all of which control stem cell fate. In particular mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) are an integral part of the bone marrow and are known to be key regulators of the HSC niche. We have previously shown that bio-artificial scaffolds can have a significant impact on the in vitro behaviour of MSCs. Here, we are therefore focussing on the role of (native) ECM within the MSC-HSC microenvironment by building on our previous findings and published data (Seib et al.,Tissue Eng Part A., 2009 in press). Thus the aim of the current study is (a) to identify niche-specific ECM components and (b) the use of such ECMs for in vitro culture of BM-derived stem cells. To mimic the natural ECM composition of the BM, different ECM types were generated from BM-derived cells using (a) Dexter cultures, (b) standard MSC cultures, (c) MSCs subjected to osteogenic differentiation. After 10 days of culture those MSC-derived ECMs were decellularised using 0.5% Triton-X and 20mM NH4OH leaving only the ECM behind (verified by scanning electron microscopy). Those ECMs were used as a substrate for a second culture of MSCs, which were analysed for their proliferation and differentiation potential. Cell-free ECM from standard MSC cultures improved MSC proliferation compared to cells grown on regular tissue culture plastic (TCP) over the period of 8 days. Most notably, all cell-free ECM preparations lead to a significant difference in the cytoskeletal arrangement of MSCs during the first 2 days of culture compared to TCP controls. Cultivation of MSCs on native ECM provided a guiding structure for those cells to grow into, and helped to maintain an elongated cell shape compared to substantial cell spreading on TCP (roundness 0.2 versus 0.5 and cell area of 2.2 versus 8.2mm2, respectively, p<0.001, n=60. A factor of 1 was set to equate to a perfect circle). Next, we investigate if native ECM could either directly improve HSC cultures or maximise MSC feeder characteristics. For the latter set of studies MSCs were initially cultured for 7 days on cell-free ECM (from standard MSC cultures) and subsequently co-cultured with human peripheral blood CD34+ HSCs in serum free medium supplemented with cytokines (Tpo, Flt3, and SCF at 10ng/ml). Following a 14 day culture period up to 3.5-fold more CD34+ cells were present in ECM co-cultures compared to TCP co-cultures that was accompanied with an overall expansion of CD45+ cells of 109-fold versus 35-fold, respectively. Our data suggest that ECM preparations derived from MSCs might be useful to accomplish better expansion of HSCs under defined culture conditions. In addition, this system permits the identification of bimolecular key components that can be utilized in the future design of simple and robust carrier systems for improved HSC maintenance in vitro. Figure HSC-MSC co-culture on preformed ECM substrates. (A) MSC-derived ECM (from standard MSC culture) following cell lysis (complete absence of cells). (B) Growth of a new set of MSCs on ECM substrates as shown in (A). (C) HSC-MSC co-culture on ECM substrates. Scale bars at 2μm. Arrow heads point out ECM structures. Figure HSC-MSC co-culture on preformed ECM substrates. (A) MSC-derived ECM (from standard MSC culture) following cell lysis (complete absence of cells). (B) Growth of a new set of MSCs on ECM substrates as shown in (A). (C) HSC-MSC co-culture on ECM substrates. Scale bars at 2μm. Arrow heads point out ECM structures. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

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Villanueva Alarcón, Idalis, Robert Jamaal Downey, Louis Nadelson, Jana Bouwma-Gearhart e YoonHa Choi. "Light Blue Walls and Tan Flooring: A Culture of Belonging in Engineering Making Spaces (or Not?)". Education Sciences 11, n. 9 (18 settembre 2021): 559. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/educsci11090559.

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The motivation for this exploratory qualitative study is to understand what a culture of belonging may look like across six engineering education making spaces in institutions of higher education in the U.S. The research question for this study was: In what ways are the management, instructors, and staff operating engineering education making spaces influencing a culture of belonging (if any) for engineering students? We examined the transcripts of semi-structured interviews of 49 faculty members and 29 members of management/staff of making spaces, using thematic coding. From the data, we identified four themes that described the culture of belonging being created in these six engineering making spaces: (a) a ‘closed loop’ culture for inclusion, diversity, equity, and access; (b) a ‘transactional, dichotomous’ culture; (c) a ‘band-aid, masquerading’ culture; (d) a potential ‘boundary-crossing’ culture. Our primary conclusion was that created cultures in engineering making spaces are extensions of normative cultures found in traditional engineering classrooms. Additionally, while making spaces were attempting to change this culture in their physical infrastructures, it was deemed that the space leadership needs to expand hiring strategies, the nature of making activities, the ambient/physical appearance of the space, disciplines, and required expertise, to create a truly inclusive and equitable culture of belonging.

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DU, Dajiang, Shunsuke MIYAUCHI, Katsuko FURUKAWA, Kohei TSUCHIYA e Takashi USHIDA. "10204 OSCILLATORY PERFUSION SEEDING AND CULTURE FOR BONE TISSUE ENGINEERING". Proceedings of Conference of Kanto Branch 2006.12 (2006): 327–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmekanto.2006.12.327.

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Più fonti

Tesi sul tema "Engineering culture"

Kunda, Gideon 1952. "Engineering culture : culture and control in a high-tech organization". Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/45688.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Sloan School of Management, 1987.
MICROFICHE COPY AVAILABLE IN ARCHIVES AND DEWEY.
Bibliography: leaves 267-272.
by Gideon Kunda.
Ph.D.

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Meneses, Alvarez Fernando. "Engineering a culture that promotes innovation". Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/117938.

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Thesis: S.M. in Management of Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Sloan School of Management, 2018.
Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 69-71).
In today's world, innovation has become a well-worn, sometimes over-used buzzword. Much of today's innovation is mainly linked with new technologies. Many companies talk about innovation using new metrics like "innovation premium," and they would like to be on the "Top 100 Most Innovative" list published by Forbes every year. This thesis seeks to answer the following questions: Do the CEOs of the most innovative companies create a unique environment within their organizations? Do they create an internal culture that supports employees who have ideas for innovative products or services? What can a CEO do to influence the company's shared attitudes, values, goals, and practices which in turn promote innovation? What are the main elements that influence internal culture and make it more innovative? To answer these questions, I reviewed the research literature by scholars and researchers on innovation. I also reviewed literature about the kind of organizational culture that promotes innovation. In addition, I interviewed nine leaders from several companies generally regarded as being innovative to inquire how they fostered an innovative environment. From this study, I identified three main elements that I think are key to creating a culture that promotes innovation. After determining the critical elements necessary for innovation, I interviewed 17 individuals from P-Automotive (a pseudonym). I asked them to discuss how their internal innovation culture relates to the three main elements. Based on what I learned from the research literature, the innovative leader interviews, and the case study of P-Automotive, I provide several general recommendations and several specific recommendations (for P-Automotive) for fostering an innovative organizational culture.
by Fernando Meneses Alvarez.
S.M. in Management of Technology

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Ge, Cheng. "Novel technologies for cell culture and tissue engineering". Thesis, University of Oxford, 2016. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:ab1014cf-80a4-4675-b607-96dc52c39b17.

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Cell culture has been a fundamental tool for the study of cell biology, tissue engineering, stem cell technology and biotechnology in general. It becomes more and more important to have a well-defined physiochemical microenvironment during cell culture. Conventional cell cultures employ expensive, manually controlled incubation equipment, making it difficult to maximize a cultures yield. Furthermore, previous studies use qualitative methods to assess cell culture proliferation that are inherently inaccurate and labour intensive, thereby increasing the cost of production. In addition, three dimensional cell culture, in scaffold, has been shown to provide more physiological relevant information as it mimic more accurate conditions that are similar to the physiological conditions of the human body compared with two dimension, which has special interest to regenerative medicine. Therefore, a portable and automated total-analysis-system (Î¼TAS) was proposed with microenvironment control and quantitative analysis techniques to monitor cell proliferation and metabolic activity. The automated portable heating system was validated to be capable to maintain a stable physiochemical microenvironment, with little margin of error, for cellular substrate outside of conventional incubation. A standalone platform system was designed and fabricated with accurate temperature control by employing an optically transparent ITO-film with a large heating area. The transparency of the film is critical for continuous in-situ microscopic observation over long-term cell culture process. Previous studies have attempted to use ITO-film as a heating element, but were unable to distribute the heat evenly onto the microbioreactor platform. This nagging problem in the literature was improved through a novel film design. As a result, the ITO-film based heating system was evaluated and constructed successfully to serve as a heating element for long-term static cell culture with facilitated proliferation rate in gas-permeable PDMS microbioreactor outside of conventional incubation. In addition to maintaining a stable microenvironment, a non-invasive in-situ technology for monitoring cell viability and proliferation rate was constructed and developed based on bioimpedance spectroscopy (BIS). It was primarily focused on making decisions for structure and specification of proposed system-on a chip BIS measurement. The miniaturization of BIS system on microbioreactor platform was achieved by utilizing and integrating switching matrix array, impedance analyzer chip with reliable analogue-front-end circuitry. The realized system was verified with the DLD-1 cells and its monitored data were validated with conventional bioassays. Three dimensional cell cultures with scaffold is a key to the success of tissue engineering. Engineered cornea collagen scaffold may be feasible using re-seeding proper human cells onto a decellularized corneal scaffold. The quality of the scaffold and the interaction of the cells are critical to the key function (i.e transparency, haze and total transmittance) of final products. An integrated corneal collagen scaffold quality assessment system, via optical property inspection unit, was innovatively designed and realized with non-invasive and non-destructive characteristics. The H1299 cells were seeded onto inspected corneal scaffold and BIS system, which were realized in the previous chapter, were used to validate its applicability for 3D cell culture. The cell adhesion as an outcome at different scaffolds with different optical properties has revealed the importance of the microstructure of scaffold on the cell functions. The results showed the developed technologies can be used for the quality control of corneal scaffold and the fabricated Î¼TAS not only enabled environmental control but, with BIS-based in-situ assay, it also facilitate the function (i.e adhesion) and viability monitoring with quantitative and qualitative analysis in 3D-alike cell culture. Additionally, by considering its low decontamination and cost-effective nature with compatibility for high-throughput screening applications, the fabricated and integrated systems has significant applications in tissue engineering.

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Ferreira, Ana Raquel Santos. "A systems biology framework for pathway level culture media engineering: pplication to Pichia pastoris cultures". Doctoral thesis, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10362/9369.

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Dissertação para obtenção do Grau de Doutor em Engenharia Química e Bioquímica
Culture media (CM) formulations contain hundreds of ingredients in aqueous solutions that may be involved in complex interactions in the same or competing pathways within the cell. This thesis proposes a new methodology for determining the optimal composition of CM that migrates from an empirical to a mechanistic or hybrid mechanistic CM development approach. A framework consisting in the execution of an array of cell cultures, endpoint exometabolomic assays and bioinformatics algorithm were brought together into a platform for CM engineering called Cell Functional Enviromics. This technology consists of a largescale reverse engineering approach that reconstructs cellular function on the basis of measured dynamic exometabolome data. To support this concept, a computational algorithm, called “envirome-guided Projection to Latent Pathways”, was developed. This method yields envirome-wide Functional Enviromics Maps (FEM), with rows representing medium factors, columns representing elementary (orthogonal) cellular functions and color intensity values, the strength of up-/down- regulation of cellular functions by medium factors. This method was applied to optimize Pichia Trace Metal salts for the yeast Pichia pastoris to improve the expression of heterologous proteins. An array of shake flasks experiments of the P. pastoris X33 strain were performed and used to build a FEM. Then, optimized CM formulations were calculated targeting predefined single-chain Fragment variable antibody (scFv) production improvements. Experimental validation shows a scFv productivity increase of approximately twofold, in relation to the control BSM recipe proposed by Invitrogen. These results were further validated in 2 L bioreactor experiments. Thereafter, scale-up to 50 L bioreactors was developed a mathematical model for further optimization of BSM salts in experiments of P. pastoris GS115. Direct adaptive (DO)-stat feeding controller that maximizes glycerol feeding through the regulation of DO concentration at 5% of saturation was developed and applied to the 50 L bioreactor, with the fully optimized CM composition.
Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia - bolsa de doutoramento SFRH/BD/36285/2007

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Spears, Taylor Clancy. "Engineering value, engineering risk : what derivatives quants know and what their models do". Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/9839.

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This thesis examines the ‘evaluation culture’ of derivatives ‘quants’ working in the over-the-counter markets for interest rate derivatives tied to Libor. Drawing on data from interviews with quants, financial mathematicians, and economists conducted primarily in the United Kingdom and the United States, combined with fieldwork at derivatives ‘quant’ conferences and an extensive set of technical sources, this thesis explores the historical development and contemporary patterning of modelling practices that are used within derivatives dealer banks to price and hedge Libor-based interest rate derivatives. Moreover, this thesis uses the historical development of interest-rate modelling techniques, beginning in the late 1970s, as a lens through which to understand the establishment, differentiation and separation of this ‘derivatives quant’ evaluation culture as a body of knowledge and practice distinct from financial economics. The analysis is carried out in nine chapters. The thesis begins with an introductory chapter, a chapter reviewing the relevant sociological and historical literature on economic and financial modelling, and a chapter covering the research methodology employed in the thesis. In Chapters 4-5, I provide background on the mathematical techniques used by derivatives quants and financial economists, the social and institutional structure of the Libor derivatives markets, and the instruments that are traded in these markets. In Chapter 6, I explore the organisational patterning of modelling practices in these markets and highlight the tacit and experiential nature of quant expertise. In Chapters 7-8, I investigate the ‘social shaping’ of models that are currently used to price so-called ‘exotic’ Libor derivatives. These models originated within the discipline of economics and were designed for a set of purposes different from models currently used by derivatives quants. By tracing out how these models were adapted to serve as derivatives pricing ‘engines’ within banks, I highlight how modelling practices are shaped by the organisational contexts in which they are used.

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Murzi, Escobar Homero Gregorio. "Understanding Dimensions of Disciplinary Engineering Culture in Undergraduate Students". Diss., Virginia Tech, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/71775.

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The purpose of this study is to understand how engineering students perceive the patterns of culture at the disciplinary level using Hofstede's constructs (power distance, individualism, uncertainty avoidance, and masculinity). The methodology design for this study is mixed methods. More specifically, the design of this study is an explanatory sequential design that begins with the collection and analysis of quantitative data from a version of Hofstede's survey developed by Sharma (2010), followed by subsequent collection and analysis of qualitative data, with the qualitative analysis being informed by preliminary results from the initial quantitative phase. Results from the quantitative study led to a review of the literature regarding Hofstede's main critiques and how other authors have successfully implemented his model in different contexts, and qualitative data collection with semi-structured interviews with undergraduate students. There are three aims of this study, which are addressed and presented in three separate manuscripts. The first aim (Manuscript 1) was identifying if Hofstede's theory of dimensions of national culture can map to academic disciplines. Results from surveying 3388 undergraduate students provided scores on Hofstede's dimensions for each major. Responses matched the national culture of the students rather than the disciplinary culture; therefore, Hofstede's theory didn't map to explain cultural differences in academic majors. The second aim (Manuscript 2) of this study was to review the extensive available literature regarding the critiques of Hofstede's model and its implementation in different settings. Results provided with conceptual, and methodological critiques and misuse of his theory that allowed us to understand the value of his model to understand cultural differences at the national level, as well as the value of the dimensions to inform our qualitative research design. The third aim (Manuscript 3) of this study was to explore students' perceptions of disciplinary engineering culture and how it compared to other disciplines using a qualitative interview protocol that provided rich findings that complement the quantitative results. Results from interviewing 24 students in industrial and systems engineering, electrical and computer engineering, marketing, and industrial design provided with valuable information on how students perceive their disciplinary culture in terms of what it is valued, how they learn, how it is taught, why they learn, how it is going to be used in the workplace, and the reason for select the major. Implications for research and practice in the engineering education field are provided to inform how to make decisions on engineering curriculum, and engineering classrooms and try to find ways to improve some of the issues that engineering education has been facing for the last decades.
Ph. D.

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Ham, Stephanie Lemmo. "Engineering Tumor Models Using Aqueous Biphasic 3D Culture Microtechnology". University of Akron / OhioLINK, 2017. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=akron150470381711759.

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Boulais, Lilandra. "Cryogel-integrated hepatic cell culture microchips for liver tissue engineering". Thesis, Compiègne, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020COMP2561.

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L’un des enjeux de l’industrie pharmaceutique aujourd’hui est de développer des modèles de foie in vitro fidèles pour améliorer la prédictivité des études précliniques, notamment l’étude de la toxicité et de l’efficacité des médicaments candidats. Ces dernières années, l’ingénierie tissulaire, approche multidisciplinaire pour développer des tissus, a mené au développement de nouvelles méthodes de culture cellulaire. Parmi elles, les cultures de cellules en 3D ou en perfusion ont permis d’obtenir des activités hépatiques similaires à celles observées in vivo. L’objectif de cette thèse est de combiner ces deux méthodes de culture cellulaire pour créer un modèle de foie in vitro encore plus fidèle. Pour cela, nous cherchons à développer un cryogel d’alginate intégré en micropuce avec des propriétés mécaniques adaptables à celles du foie en fonction de l’état physiologique à reproduire (foie sain ou pathologique). Dans la première partie, nous développons et caractérisons le cryogel d’alginate au niveau microscopique et macroscopique, à l’extérieur (échantillons cylindriques) puis à l’intérieur de la biopuce. Trois paramètres sont étudiés ici : la température de cryopolymérisation, la concentration d’alginate ainsi que la quantité d’agents réticulants. Les propriétés mécaniques, la porosité, l’absorption, l’interconnectivité des pores et la résistance au flux sont analysés.La deuxième partie vise à cultiver des cellules hépatiques au sein de ce nouveau dispositif. Pour cette étude de faisabilité la lignée cellulaire HepG2/C3A est utilisée. Les résultats montrent des cellules viables et fonctionnelles (production d’albumine, transformation d’APAP). De plus, nous observons une structure tissulaire 3D, qui se maintient après retrait du cryogel d’alginate. La dernière partie a pour but de complexifier le modèle hépatique, notamment par des co-cultures. Pour se rapprocher de la structure du sinusoïde, des cellules hépatiques sont cultivées avec des cellules endothéliales (HUVEC) selon deux approches. De plus, la possibilité de suivre des cellules tumorales circulantes (MDA-MB-231) dans le système est étudiée
Today, one of the challenges for the pharmaceutical industry is to develop accurate in vitro liver models to improve the predictability of preclinical studies, in particular the study of the toxicity and efficacy of drug candidates. In recent years, tissue engineering, a multidisciplinary approach to develop tissues, has led to the development of new cell culture methods. Among them, cell cultures in 3D or in perfusion allowed to obtain hepatic activities similar to those observed in vivo. The objective of this thesis is to combine these two cell culture methods to create an even more accurate in vitro liver model. To do so, we are seeking to develop an alginate cryogel integrated into a microchip with mechanical properties adaptable to those of the liver depending on the physiological state to be reproduced (healthy or pathological liver).In the first part, we develop and characterize the alginate cryogel at the microscopic and macroscopic level, outside (cylindrical samples) and then inside the biochip. Three parameters are studied here: the cryopolymerization temperature, the alginate concentration and the quantity of cross-linking agents. Mechanical properties, porosity, absorption, pore interconnectivity and flow resistance are analyzed. The second part aims to culture liver cells within this new device. For this feasibility study the HepG2/C3A cell line is used. The results show viable and functional cells (albumin production, APAP transformation). In addition, we observe a 3D tissue structure, which is maintained after removal of the alginate cryogel. The last part aims to complexify the hepatic model, in particular by co-cultures. To get closer to the sinusoid structure, liver cells are cultured with endothelial cells (HUVEC) according to two approaches. In addition, the possibility to follow circulating tumor cells (MDA-MB-231) in the system is studied

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Samuels, Fallon M. (Fallon Michele). "Valuable bridges : cable-stayed bridges and value engineering in American civil engineering culture, 1969-1979". Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/41760.

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Thesis (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Architecture, 2007.
Page 109 blank.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 99-108).
A history and theory of cable-stayed bridges in the context of a cultural discourse on civil construction projects' value, this thesis studies the significance of cable-stayed bridge designs to 'value engineering' objectives for major highway bridge projects of the 1970s. This study of preliminary designs and feasibility studies for highway bridges presents the alternate bridge designs versus alternative bridge typologies selected during this period as one instance of American civil engineering culture adapting to major bridge projects the economically measured but industrial approach to choosing, reconfiguring and eliminating construction systems of value engineering. Only as analytical mechanisms of bridge construction that figure as economically competitive in prevailing market conditions do the high-capital and technologically innovative bridge designs of the Luling Bridge (LA, 1978) and the Pasco-Kennewick Bridge (WA, 1977) develop into physical constructions built almost exclusively with federal highway funds. This shift in cable-stayed bridge designs' fate from abandoned projects in the 1960s is discussed as the reflection of structural engineers' engaging in the post-capitalist practices of analytical and then physical systems building, decision analysis, speculation as well as the interdisciplinary cultures from which these concepts stem. Critical studies of preliminary designs and construction industry data circa 1970 reveal cable-stayed bridge type selections to be at once the linchpin to politicization of VE in American highway bridge building by 1979 and the Achilles heel of an American civil engineering culture that sought a renaissance in bridge engineering not a redefinition of its principles through a new method of planning for alternate futures.
by Fallon M. Samuels.
S.M.

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Chen, Guoping. "Design and Synthesis of Hybrid Biomaterials for Cell-Culture Engineering". Kyoto University, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/160822.

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本文データは平成22年度国立国会図書館の学位論文(博士)のデジタル化実施により作成された画像ファイルを基にpdf変換したものである
Kyoto University (京都大学)
0048
新制・課程博士
博士(工学)
甲第6840号
工博第1591号
新制||工||1064(附属図書館)
UT51-97-H224
京都大学大学院工学研究科材料化学専攻
(主査)教授升田利史郎, 教授砂本順三, 教授田中渥夫
学位規則第4条第1項該当

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Più fonti

Libri sul tema "Engineering culture"

Hu, Wei-Shou, a cura di. Cell Culture Engineering. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/11751571.

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Hu, Wei-Shou. Cell Culture Bioprocess Engineering. A cura di Wei-Shou Hu. Second edition. | Boca Raton : CRC Press, [2020]: CRC Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780429162770.

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Gupta, S. Dutta, e Yasuomi Ibaraki, a cura di. Plan Tissue Culture Engineering. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-3694-1.

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Betenbaugh, Michael J., Jeffrey J. Chalmers, Rob Arathoon, Frank W. R. Chaplen e Alison J. Mastrangelo, a cura di. Cell Culture Engineering VI. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-4786-6.

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Buckland, Barry C., John G. Aunins, Theodora A. Bibila, Wei-Shou Hu, David K. Robinson e Weichang Zhou, a cura di. Cell Culture Engineering IV. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-0257-5.

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Dutta Gupta, S., e Yasuomi Ibaraki, a cura di. Plant Tissue Culture Engineering. Berlin/Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/1-4020-3694-9.

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A, Goosen Mattheus F., Daugulis Andrew J. 1951- e Faulkner Peter 1929-, a cura di. Insect cell culture engineering. New York: M. Dekker, 1993.

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Creating a software engineering culture. New York, N.Y: Dorset House Pub., 1996.

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Pörtner, Ralf, a cura di. Cell Culture Engineering and Technology. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-79871-0.

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1949-, Hauser Hansjörg, e Fussenegger Martin, a cura di. Tissue engineering. 2^a ed. Totowa, N.J: Humana Press, 2007.

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Capitoli di libri sul tema "Engineering culture"

Yoon, Jeong-Yeol. "Cell Culture". In Tissue Engineering, 13–32. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-83696-2_2.

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de Castro Salgado, Luciana Cardoso, Carla Faria Leitão e Clarisse Sieckenius de Souza. "Semiotic Engineering and Culture". In Human–Computer Interaction Series, 19–42. London: Springer London, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-4114-3_2.

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Ennals, Richard. "Engineering, Culture and Competence". In Skill, Technology and Enlightenment: On Practical Philosophy, 265–72. London: Springer London, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-3001-7_26.

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Bhojwani, Sant Saran, e Prem Kumar Dantu. "Genetic Engineering". In Plant Tissue Culture: An Introductory Text, 199–226. India: Springer India, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-81-322-1026-9_15.

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Lucca, Paolo, e Ingo Potrykus. "Genetic engineering technology against malnutrition". In Plant Tissue Culture, 167–74. Vienna: Springer Vienna, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7091-6040-4_10.

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Trevelyan, James P. "Navigating social culture". In Learning Engineering Practice, 128–37. Boca Raton : CRC Press, [2021]: CRC Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/b22622-19.

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Pla, A., E. Sarró, M. Caminal, D. Peris, L. Vidal, J. J. Cairó e F. Gòdia. "Scaffolds for Articular Joint Tissue Engineering". In Cells and Culture, 727–33. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-3419-9_126.

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Schwamb, Sebastian, Robert Puskeiler e Philipp Wiedemann. "Monitoring of Cell Culture". In Cell Engineering, 185–221. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-10320-4_7.

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Spearman, Maureen, e Michael Butler. "Glycosylation in Cell Culture". In Cell Engineering, 237–58. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-10320-4_9.

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Seth, Gargi, Patrick Hossler, Joon Chong Yee e Wei-Shou Hu. "Engineering Cells for Cell Culture Bioprocessing – Physiological Fundamentals". In Cell Culture Engineering, 119–64. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/10_017.

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Atti di convegni sul tema "Engineering culture"

Ellsworth, Kyle, Spencer Magleby e Robert Todd. "A Study of the Effects of Culture on Refrigerator Design: Towards Design for Culture". In ASME 2002 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2002/edc-34383.

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In designing products, the needs and values of customers in foreign countries differ as influenced by their respective cultures. The authors present a new aspect to be considered in designing: Design for Culture. A case study is presented of the effects culture has on the design of refrigerators in regions of the world including United States, Europe, Japan, and Developing Countries such as Brazil.

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Onisiforova, Ekaterina Valer'evna. "ECONOMIC CULTURE IN ENGINEERING EDUCATION". In Управление человеческими ресурсами - основа развития инновационной экономики. Красноярск: Федеральное государственное бюджетное образовательное учреждение высшего образования "Сибирский государственный университет науки и технологий имени академика М.Ф. Решетнева", 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.53374/9785864338810_108.

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Wilczynski, Vincent, e Ronald Adrezin. "Higher Education Makerspaces and Engineering Education". In ASME 2016 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2016-68048.

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While originating in non-academic settings, the “Maker Movement” has quickly made inroads within academia. More significant than the facility that may be referred to as a makerspace is the makerspace culture, including the community that forms around the physical facility and the activities (programs) of that community. This paper reviews the history of the maker-phenomenon, details the development of higher education makerspace cultures over the last five years, and explores the impact of makerspace cultures on mechanical engineering education. The makerspace culture at two higher education institutions is used to illustrate the effect on engineering education within each institution. The paper concludes with a review of common practices within the higher education makerspace ecosystem.

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Katke, Nitinkumar, Vishwajit Ghatge e Ratish Kadam. "Instilling Safety Culture through Engineering Design". In SPE Oil & Gas India Conference and Exhibition. Society of Petroleum Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/178056-ms.

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Katke, Nitinkumar, Vishwajit Ghatge e Ratish Kadam. "Inculcating Safety Culture through Engineering Design". In SPE African Health, Safety, Security, and Environment and Social Responsibility Conference and Exhibition. Society of Petroleum Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/170204-ms.

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Brodie, Lyn, Frank Bullen e Peter Gibbings. "Developing an engineering education research culture". In 2011 IEEE Global Engineering Education Conference (EDUCON). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/educon.2011.5773139.

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Lee, Cynthia R., Mauro Alini e James C. Iatridis. "Organ Culture System for Mechanobiology Studies of the Intervertebral Disc". In ASME 2004 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2004-61248.

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The development of in vitro models is critical for furthering understanding of the intervertebral disc and the development of disc regeneration/tissue engineering. An in vitro culture system targeted towards mechano-biology studies of the intervertebral disc (IVD) was built and validated using bovine coccygeal discs. Discs were maintained in culture for up to one week with and without vertebral endplates. Water content and glycosaminoglycan content were found to be stable and cells were metabolically active when cultured under a 5kg static load.

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XUN, Jianfeng, Huichao QI, Yidan NIE e Dong YANG. "Study on the Relationship between Luban Culture and the Chinese Architectural Culture". In 2016 International Conference on Architectural Engineering and Civil Engineering. Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/aece-16.2017.43.

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Wang, Ziqiang, Junyu Li e Chaobo Xie. "Blend of construction of enterprise culture and sports culture in China". In International Conference on Information Engineering. Southampton, UK: WIT Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.2495/icie131672.

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Fraser, Steven, Luciano Baresi, Jane Cleland-Huang, Carlo A. Furia, Georges Gonthier, Paola Inverardi e Moshe Y. Vardi. "A publication culture in software engineering (panel)". In the 2013 9th Joint Meeting. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2491411.2505431.

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Rapporti di organizzazioni sul tema "Engineering culture"

Keyser, Ryan. Business Case - Achieving Healthy Attrition with Healthy Culture: A Cultural Framework for Los Alamos National Laboratory’s Engineering Services Division. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), settembre 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1887119.

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Lindquist, Christine, e Tasseli McKay. Sexual Harassment Experiences and Consequences for Women Faculty in Science, Engineering, and Medicine. RTI Press, giugno 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.3768/rtipress.2018.pb.0018.1806.

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In a qualitative study of 40 women faculty in sciences, engineering, and medicine (http://sites.nationalacademies.org/SexualHarrassment.htm), respondents at all career levels and fields reported a range of sexual harassment experiences, including gender-based harassment (e.g., gendered insults, lewd comments), unwanted sexual advances, stalking, and sexual assault by a colleague. Sexual harassment experiences often diminished study participants' scientific productivity as energy was diverted into efforts to process emotional responses, manage the perpetrator, report the harassment, or work to prevent recurrences. Many women who experienced sexual harassment adjusted their work habits and withdrew physically or interpersonally from their departments, colleagues, and fields. Study participants who disclosed harassment to a supervisor or department leader often reported that the reactions they received made them feel dismissed and minimized. Sympathetic responses were often met with dismissiveness, minimization, or sympathy, but active or formal support was rarely provided, and women were typically discouraged from pursuing further action. Formal reporting using university procedures was often avoided. University-level reporting sometimes damaged women's relationships with department colleagues. Women who disclosed their experiences often faced long-term, negative impacts on their careers. Study participants identified opportunities to address sexual harassment by (1) harnessing the power of university leaders, department leaders, and peer bystanders to affect the academic climate; (2) instituting stronger and better-enforced institutional policies on sexual harassment with clear and appropriate consequences for perpetrators; and (3) advancing the cross-institutional work of scientific and professional societies to change the culture in their fields.

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Eyal, Yoram, Gloria Moore e Efraim Lewinsohn. Study and Manipulation of the Flavanoid Biosynthetic Pathway in Citrus for Flavor Engineering and Seedless Fruit. United States Department of Agriculture, ottobre 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2003.7570547.bard.

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The proposal was aimed to identify and functionally characterize key genes/enzymes in the citrus flavanone neohesperidoside biosynthetic pathway and to use them as tools for metabolic engineering to decrease bitterness levels in grapefruit. The proposed section on fruit seediness was dropped as suggested by the reviewers of the proposal. Citrus flavor and aroma is composed of complex combinations of soluble and volatile compounds. The former includes mainly sugars, acids and flavanones, a subgroup of flavonoids that includes bitter compounds responsible for the bitter flavor of grapefruit and pummelo. Bitter species contain mostly bitter flavanone neohesperidosides, while non-bitter species contain mostly tasteless flavanone rutinosides. Both flavanone versions are diglycosides consisting of a rhamnose-glucose oligosaccharide a-linked at position 7 to the flavanone skeleton. However, in the bitter neohesperidosides the rhamnose is attached at position 2 of the glucose moiety, while in the tasteless rutinosides the rhamnose is attached at position 6 of the glucose moiety. Thus, the position of the rhamnose moiety, determined by the specificity of the last enzymes in the pathway- rhamnosyltransferase (1,2 or 1,6 specificity), is the determinant of the bitter flavor. Flavanones, like all flavonoids are synthesized via one of the branches of the phenylpropanoid pathway; the first committed step is catalyzed by the enzyme Chalcone synthase (CHS) followed by Chalcone isomerase (CHI). During the course of the work a key gene/enzyme in the biosynthesis of the bitter flavanones, a 1,2 rhamnosyltransferase (1,2RT), was functionally characterized using a transgenic cell-culture biotransformation system, confirming that this gene is a prime candidate for metabolic engineering of the pathway. This is the first direct functional evidence for the activity of a plant recombinant rhamnosyltransferase, the first confirmed rhamnosyltransferase gene with 1,2 specificity and the second confirmed rhamnosyltransferase gene altogether in plants. Additional genes of the flavanone pathway that were isolated during this work and are potential tools for metabolic engineering include (I) A putative 1,6 rhamnosyltransferase (1,6RT) from oranges, that is presumed to catalyze the biosynthesis of the tasteless flavanones. This gene is a prime candidate for use in future metabolic engineering for decreased bitterness and is currently being functionally characterized using the biotransformation system developed for characterizing rhamnosyltransferases. (2) A putative 7-0-glucosyltransferase presumed to catalyze the first glycosylation step of the flavanone aglycones. Silencing of gene expression in grapefruit was attempted using three genes: (1) The "upstream" flavonoid biosynthesis genes CHS and CHI, by antisense and co-suppression; and (2) The "downstream" 1,2R T, by an RNAi approach. CHS and CHI silencing resulted in some plants with a dramatically decreased level of the bitter flavanone neohesperidoside naringin in leaves. We have yet to study the long-term effect of silencing these genes on tree physiology, and on the actual bitterness of fruit. The effect of 1,2RT silencing on naringin content in grapefruit has yet to be examined, but a slow growth phenotype for these plants was noted. We speculate that silencing of the final glycosylation step of the flavanones delays their evacuation to the vacuole, resulting in accumulation of flavanones in the cytoplasm, causing inhibitory effects on plant growth. This speculation is yet to be established at the product level. Future metabolic engineering experiments are planned with 1,6RT following functional characterization.

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Prausnitz, John M. Towards breaking the silence between the two cultures: Engineering and the other humanities. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), gennaio 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/841547.

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Handa, Avtar K., Yuval Eshdat, Avichai Perl, Bruce A. Watkins, Doron Holland e David Levy. Enhancing Quality Attributes of Potato and Tomato by Modifying and Controlling their Oxidative Stress Outcome. United States Department of Agriculture, maggio 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2004.7586532.bard.

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General The final goal and overall objective of the current research has been to modify lipid hydroperoxidation in order to create desirable phenotypes in two important crops, potato and tomato, which normally are exposed to abiotic stress associated with such oxidation. The specific original objectives were: (i) the roles of lipoxygenase (LOX) and phospholipids hydroperoxide glutathione peroxidase (PHGPx) in regulating endogenous levels of lipid peroxidation in plant tissues; (ii) the effect of modified lipid peroxidation on fruit ripening, tuber quality, crop productivity and abiotic stress tolerance; (iii) the effect of simultaneous reduction of LOX and increase of PHGPx activities on fruit ripening and tuber quality; and (iv) the role of lipid peroxidation on expression of specific genes. We proposed to accomplish the research goal by genetic engineering of the metabolic activities of LOX and PHGPx using regulatable and tissue specific promoters, and study of the relationships between these two consecutive enzymes in the metabolism and catabolism of phospholipids hydroperoxides. USA Significant progress was made in accomplishing all objectives of proposed research. Due to inability to regenerate tomato plants after transforming with 35S-PHGPx chimeric gene construct, the role of low catalase induced oxidative stress instead of PHGPx was evaluated on agronomical performance of tomato plant and fruit quality attributes. Effects of polyamine, that protects DNA from oxidative stress, were also evaluated. The transgenic plants under expressing lipoxygenase (LOX-sup) were crossed with catalase antisense (CAT-anti) plants or polyamine over producing plants (SAM-over) and the lines homozygous for the two transgenes were selected. Agronomical performance of these line showed that low catalase induced oxidative stress negatively affected growth and development of tomato plants and resulted in a massive change in fruit gene expression. These effects of low catalase activity induced oxidative stress, including the massive shift in gene expression, were greatly overcome by the low lipoxygenase activity. Collectively results show that oxidative stress plays significant role in plant growth including the fruit growth. These results also for the first time indicated that a crosstalk between oxidative stress and lipoxygenase regulated processes determine the outcome during plant growth and development. Israel Regarding PHGPx, most of the study has concentrated on the first and the last specific objectives, since it became evident that plant transformation with this gene is not obvious. Following inability to achieve efficient transformation of potato and tomato using a variety of promoters, model plant systems (tobacco and potato cell cultures, tobacco calli and plantlets, and Arabidopsis) were used to establish the factors and to study the obstacles which prohibited the regeneration of plants carrying the genetic machinery for overproduction of PHGPx. Our results clearly demonstrate that while genetic transformation and over-expression of PHGPx occurs in pre-developmental tissue stage (cell culture, calli clusters) or in completed plant (Arabidopsis), it is likely that over-expression of this enzyme before tissue differentiation is leading to a halt of the regeneration process. To support this assumption, experiments, in which genetic engineering of a point-mutated PHGPx gene enable transformation and over-expression in plants of PhSPY modified in its catalytic site and thus inactive enzymatically, were successfully carried out. These combined results strongly suggest, that if in fact, like in animals and as we established in vitro, the plant PHGPx exhibits PH peroxidase activity, these peroxides are vital for the organisms developmental process.

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Enscore, Susan, Adam Smith e Megan Tooker. Historic landscape inventory for Knoxville National Cemetery. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), aprile 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/40179.

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This project was undertaken to provide the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs National Cemetery Administration with a cultural landscape survey of Knoxville National Cemetery. The 9.8-acre cemetery is located within the city limits of Knoxville, Tennessee, and contains more than 9,000 buri-als. Knoxville National Cemetery was placed on the National Register of Historic Places on 12 September 1996, as part of a multiple-property submission for Civil War Era National Cemeteries. The National Cemetery Administration tasked the U.S. Army Engineer Re-search and Development Center-Construction Engineering Research Laboratory (ERDC-CERL) to inventory and assess the cultural landscape at Knoxville National Cemetery through creation of a landscape development context, a description of current conditions, and an analysis of changes over time to the cultural landscape. All landscape features were included in the survey because according to federal policy on National Cemeteries, all national cemetery landscape features are considered to be contributing elements.

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Brenda R. Pace. Cultural Resource Assessment of the Test Area North Demolition Landfill at the Idaho National Engineering and Environmental Laboratory. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), luglio 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/910613.

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Baxter, Carey, Susan Enscore, Ellen Hartman, Benjamin Mertens e Dawn Morrison. Nationwide context and evaluation methodology for farmstead and ranch historic sites and historic archaeological sites on DoD property. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), marzo 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/39842.

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The Army is tasked with managing the cultural resources on its lands. For installations that contain large numbers of historic farmsteads, meeting these requirements through traditional archaeological approaches entails large investments of personnel, time and organization capital. Through two previous projects, Engineer Research and Development Center, Construction Engineering Research Laboratory (ERDC-CERL) cultural resource management personnel developed a methodology for efficiently identifying the best examples of historic farmstead sites, and also those sites that are least likely to be deemed eligible for listing on the National Register of Historic Places. This report details testing the applicability of the methodology to regions across the country. Regional historic contexts were created to assist in the determination of “typical” farmsteads. The Farmstead/Ranch Eligibility Evaluation Form created by ERDC-CERL researchers was revised to reflect the broader geographic scope and the inclusion of ranches as a property type. The form was then used to test 29 sites at five military installations. The results of the fieldwork show this approach is applicable nationwide, and it can be used to quickly identify basic information about historic farmstead sites that can expedite determinations of eligibility to the National Register.

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Porat, Ron, Doron Holland e Linda Walling. Identification of Citrus Fruit-Specific and Pathogen-Induced Promoters and Their Use in Molecular Engineering. United States Department of Agriculture, gennaio 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2001.7585202.bard.

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This one year BARD project was funded to develop methods to monitor promoter activity a gene expression patterns in citrus fruit. To fulfill this goal, we divided the research tasks between both labs so that the Israeli side evaluated the use of microprojectile bombardment ; a tool to evaluate transient gene expression in various citrus fruit tissues, and the US side optimized technical parameters required for Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of various citrus cultivars. Microprojectile bombardment appeared to be a very efficient method for transient gene expression analysis in citrus leaf tissues but was somewhat less applicable in fruit tissues. Nevertheless, we did succeeded to achieve significant levels of 35S-GUS gene expression in young green flavedo tissue. However, only single random spots of 35S-GUS gene expression were detected mature flavedo and in juice sacs and albedo tissue. Overall, we assume that following some more technical improvements particle bombardment could provide a useful technique to rapidly analyze promoter activity at least in the flavedo tissue. For Agrobacterium-mediated transformation, we found that shoot cultures of 'Washington' navel oranges,'Fairchild' mandarins,'Eureca' lemons,'Troyer' citrange and various grapefruits provided a more reliable and consistent source of tissue for transformation than germinated seedlings. Moreover, various growth media's (McCown, Quoirin & Lepoivre, DCR) further improved shoot and root growth relative to MS mineral media, which is commonly used. Also pure white light (using bulbs which do not emit UV or blue light) improved shoot growth in various citrus varieties, and paromomycin appeared to be a more efficient antibiotic for the selection of transgenic plants than Kanamycin. Overall, these optimizations improve transformation efficacy and shoot growth and rooting capacity. In addition to the development of transformation methods, both Israeli and US labs achieved progress in the identification of citrus fruit-specific promoters. In Israel, we isolated a 3.6 kb promoter fragment of the thiamine biosynthesis c-thi gene, which is highly expressed in fruit peel tissue, whereas in the US we isolated a 1.5 kb promoter fragment of the citrus seed-specific cDNA CssH. The identification of more fruit-specific cDNAs and their corresponding promoter regions is currently in progress.

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Norelli, John L., Moshe Flaishman, Herb Aldwinckle e David Gidoni. Regulated expression of site-specific DNA recombination for precision genetic engineering of apple. United States Department of Agriculture, marzo 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2005.7587214.bard.

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Objectives: The original objectives of this project were to: 1) evaluate inducible promoters for the expression of recombinase in apple (USDA-ARS); 2) develop alternative selectable markers for use in apple to facilitate the positive selection of gene excision by recombinase (Cornell University); 3) compare the activity of three different recombinase systems (Cre/lox, FLP/FRT, and R/RS)in apple using a rapid transient assay (ARO); and 4) evaluate the use of recombinase systems in apple using the best promoters, selectable markers and recombinase systems identified in 1, 2 and 3 above (Collaboratively). Objective 2 was revised from the development alternative selectable markers, to the development of a marker-free selection system for apple. This change in approach was taken due to the inefficiency of the alternative markers initially evaluated in apple, phosphomannose-isomerase and 2-deoxyglucose-6-phosphate phosphatase, and the regulatory advantages of a marker-free system. Objective 3 was revised to focus primarily on the FLP/FRT recombinase system, due to the initial success obtained with this recombinase system. Based upon cooperation between researchers (see Achievements below), research to evaluate the use of the FLP recombinase system under light-inducible expression in apple was then conducted at the ARO (Objective 4). Background: Genomic research and genetic engineering have tremendous potential to enhance crop performance, improve food quality and increase farm profits. However, implementing the knowledge of genomics through genetically engineered fruit crops has many hurdles to be overcome before it can become a reality in the orchard. Among the most important hurdles are consumer concerns regarding the safety of transgenics and the impact this may have on marketing. The goal of this project was to develop plant transformation technologies to mitigate these concerns. Major achievements: Our results indicate activity of the FLP\FRTsite-specific recombination system for the first time in apple, and additionally, we show light- inducible activation of the recombinase in trees. Initial selection of apple transformation events is conducted under dark conditions, and tissue cultures are then moved to light conditions to promote marker excision and plant development. As trees are perennial and - cross-fertilization is not practical, the light-induced FLP-mediated recombination approach shown here provides an alternative to previously reported chemically induced recombinase approaches. In addition, a method was developed to transform apple without the use of herbicide or antibiotic resistance marker genes (marker free). Both light and chemically inducible promoters were developed to allow controlled gene expression in fruit crops. Implications: The research supported by this grant has demonstrated the feasibility of "marker excision" and "marker free" transformation technologies in apple. The use of these safer technologies for the genetic enhancement of apple varieties and rootstocks for various traits will serve to mitigate many of the consumer and environmental concerns facing the commercialization of these improved varieties.

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