Tesi sul tema "Énergie – Matériaux"
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Hassler, Ulf. "Tomographie X bi-énergie de matériaux composites". Grenoble INPG, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997INPG0049.
Testo completoAl-Kaddour, Ghassan. "Propagation de fissure dans un matériau orienté : tenacité et énergie de rupture". Bordeaux 1, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990BOR10609.
Testo completoZhong, Wenli. "Préparation de matériaux à base de nitrure de bore pour des applications 'énergie'". Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012MON20186.
Testo completoEnergy developments have brought hexagonal boron nitride-based materials increasing interest for future materials and technologies. The objective of this thesis concerns the preparation of BN shapes for energy applications including fiber-reinforced BN composites, BN-based nanocomposites and BN foams. Fiber-reinforced BN composite and BN nanocomposites display potential as tiles for protection limiters for the Ion Cyclotron Range Frequency antennas in fusion nuclear reactors. Porous BN materials have interests as host material for hydrogen storage and as catalyst supports. The Polymer-Derived Ceramics route which offers new preparation opportunities in chemistry and ceramic sciences is applied to manufacture shaped BN-based materials.Firstly, in the context of C/BN composite, polyborazylene vacuum-assisted infiltration and pyrolysis process was successfully introduced. We focused on the design, elaboration and properties of the C/BN composite through the study of the (1) synthesis and polymerization of borazine, (2) the polyborazylene-to-boron nitride conversion, (3) the morphological texture and mechanical properties of derived C/BN composites. We firstly demonstrated that it is possible to obtain dense-derived C/BN composites (density: 1.773 g cm-3, open porosity: 5.09%) by tuning the viscosity of polyborazylene in the infiltration process. SEM observation presented a very strong bonding between fibers and matrix. TGA under air analysis confirmed the improved oxidation resistance property of C/BN composite compared with C fiber.Secondly, we investigated the design, processing, and properties of transition metal-containing boron nitride nanocomposites from polymetalloborazine. With proper choice of boron nitride precursor, and by controlling the B/M ratio (M = Ti, Zr, Hf), a set of representative polymetalloborazines has been prepared as precursors of nanocomposites. In the reaction of BN source with metal precursor leading to polymetalloborazines, two main mechanisms are mainly concerned: N-H and B-H units of BN percursor react with N-alkyl groups presented in metal precursors. After its pyrolysis under ammonia up to 1000 oC then nitrogen from 1000 to 1500oC, the derived nanocomposites reveal the presence of metal nitride nanocrystales with an average diameter of 6.5 nm homogeneously embedded in a poorly crystallized boron nitride matrix. A preliminary study is presented on the preparation of monolith-type nanocomposites from selected polytitanoborazines. Finally, we applied two PDCs route-based strategies to prepare hierarchically porous and micro cellular BN foams. In the first strategy, monolith-type BN foams with a hierarchical porosity were synthesized from polyborazylene using an integrative chemistry combined-based sequence set-up that consists of the impregnation of silica and carbonaceous templates followed by pyrolysis process and elimination of the template. These novel porous BN architectures display hierarchical and high porosity (76 %) with an open-cell interconnected macroporosity and a surface area up to 300 m2g-1. In the second strategy, a sacrificial processing route has been proposed to fabricate micro cellular BN foams with a porosity of 79 % from a mixture of polyborazylene and poly(methylmethacrylate) (PMMA) microbeads by warm-pressing followed by pyrolysis consisting of the burn-out of PMMA while polyborazylene is converted into BN. These novel BN foams display potential as catalyst supports and host material for hydrogen storage
Zhang, Qi. "Récupération de micro-énergie renouvelable par couplage multiphysique des matériaux : applications aux bâtiments". Phd thesis, Université de Grenoble, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00629695.
Testo completoCollet-Foucault, Florence. "Caractérisation hydrique et thermique de matériaux de génie civil à faibles impacts environnementaux". Rennes, INSA, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004ISAR0016.
Testo completoThis work deals with hydric and thermal characterization of cob, hemp and lime coating, hemp mortar and hemp wool. The first part deals with environmental quality of building materials and presents the ones studied. Their structural physical characteristics are given. The wet fixing and transfer are then studied by sorption and permeability measurement. The results obtained are compared with the porous structure and are coupled in order to calculate the isothermal hydric diffusivity coefficient. Lastly, the thermal characteristics of the materials are measured for three wet contents. The results are compared with those obtained for other materials. Simulations enable to compare the heating needs of a building with walls made of different materials (insulated concrete blocks, cob, hemp mortar). The results show that the heating needs for the studied materials are similar for lower environmental impacts all the building life cycle long
Liu, Li. "Propriétés photo-physiques de nouveaux matériaux moléculaires pour la conversion de photons en énergie". Thesis, Strasbourg, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017STRAE010/document.
Testo completoVarious photo-induced energy and energy transfer processes were investigated in solution and in the film by transient absorption and fluorescence spectroscopies for two types of solar cells. Combined with other experiments and through a global analysis, those ultrafast phenomena with their lifetimes were observed and the photo-induced scenarios were determined. The insight understanding of molecular materials could help chemists to design efficient solar cells.The first study about the influence of chemical designs on charge formation and separation involves different donor moieties and different solvents and the results were explained by Marcus-Jortner theory combined with quantum calculationThe second investigation is about Fe(II) complexes as photosensitizers for dye-sensitized solar cells. A series of homo- and heteroleptic Fe(II) complexes with carbene and terpyridine ligands have been studied in solution and in the film. The record triplet metal-to-ligand charge transfer state lifetime of Fe(II) complex is achieved in solution. The further understanding in the film is in progress
Morel, Alban. "Matériaux nanocomposite pour le stockage de l'énergies". Nantes, 2015. https://archive.bu.univ-nantes.fr/pollux/show/show?id=98e08281-f7e6-4d77-bbab-26384f79814f.
Testo completoThis thesis is specifically aimed at studying the feasibility and the performance of a hybrid device VN/KOHaq/Co3O4 so as to enhance the volumetric energy and power density of electrochemical capacitor (ECs). The two electrode materials present a density 8 times larger than the usual capacitive carbon material, used in ECs, as well as a larger capacity per mass unit due to their pseudocapacitive (VN) and faradaic (C0304) properties. Considering that high power density and long cycle life make ECs attractive for some applications, it is important to ensure that each material fulfills these specifications. As a first step, the feasibility of establishing a molecular bridge between Co3O4 nanoparticles and carbon fibers and its effect on the electrochemical performance of the nanocomposite material were investigated. In a second phase, this films of vanadium nitride were prepared in order to determine the suitable conditions required to ensure a long cycle life of the electrode. Moreover, the charge storage processes of these VN electrodes were investigated in different electrolytes. Finally, a VN/KOHaq lCo3O4 microdevice was realized and electrochemically characterized
Kchit, Nadir. "Piézorésistivité des matériaux composites magnétorhéologiques". Nice, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008NICE4075.
Testo completoWe have studied the conductivity of the composite material made of micron-sized nickel particles embedded in a silicone elastomer matrix in response to the applied pressure, temperature and magnetic field. The composite was cured at 80°C or at the ambient temperature and in the presence of an external magnetic field, in such a way that the magnetic particles formed structures aligned with the field. The samples cured at room temperature appeared to be non-conductive at zero pressure but very sensitive to the applied pressure. The resistance of these samples can vary from a few G at zero pressure to a few for a pressure ranging between 20 and 200 kPa, depending on the nature of conductive particles. For the same type of the composite, we have also obtained a very strong magnetoresistance - more than four orders of magnitude variation in resistance for a field ranging between 0 and 200 kA/m. However, the samples structured at 80°C show a low initial resistance at the end of cooling, and are much less sensitive to the applied pressure. We used these samples to study the thermoresistance: while heating, the resistance increases from a few to a few G We have developed a model to predict the behavior of these piezoresistive materials, which takes into account the surface roughness and the thickness of the oxide layer. Using this model, we characterized the residual thickness of the polymer layer between particles as well as the behaviour of such surface layer in the presence of a mechanical stress
Sum, Jérémy. "Matériaux pour conversion et stockage simultanés de l'énergie". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022SORUS122.
Testo completoOur approach to alleviate the solar intermittency is to combine, in a single photo-electrochemical cell, solar energy conversion and storage. Starting from a Li-ion battery configuration, we propose to use Li-ion host photo-electrodes, which could both harvest solar energy and store it. We will be presenting the case of mesoporous TiO2 anatase, as a positive electrode. The illumination of the lithiated electrode (after discharge) induces a lithium-ion extraction reaction (i.e. the recharge of the battery), opening the way to Li-ion photo-rechargeable batteries. Photo-extraction of lithium ions at open circuit voltage and during electrochemical cycling was demonstrated. The holes’ photo-generated seems to oxidize the Ti3+ into Ti4+ resulting in the extraction of the lithium ion, however the fate of the photo-electrons was not elucidated. In this thesis, we chose to control and orient the fate of the electrons by adding water as a photo-electron acceptor, thereby choosing a water-based electrolyte (i.e. water-in-salt, WIS) to also be able to access a large storage capacity of lithium ions and produce a storage molecule, the dihydrogen. Depending of the state of charge of the battery, the electrode composition varies a lot: from a single crystalline phase to a two-phase material. The impact of this composition change in the dynamics of, the production of hydrogen and the light-induced processes, both will be discussed in this thesis. This work constitutes a proof of concept that low potential Li-ion batteries could solely be recharged by exposure to light
Covas, Maria Ramos. "Étude d'un procédé de recuit rapide et de chauffage de matériaux semiconducteurs par énergie microonde". Toulouse, INPT, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993INPT151H.
Testo completoMontagne, Jean-Eucher. "Laser à exciplexes KrF impulsionnel de grande énergie : effets du rayonnement ultra-violet sur matériaux". Aix-Marseille 2, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992AIX22099.
Testo completoEl, Maiss Janwa. "Conception des matériaux à faible énergie de surface : une nouvelle étape pour la production durable". Thesis, Nice, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015NICE4073.
Testo completoTwo types of Low surface energy materials LSEMs can be recognized; those which are firstly applied on solid surfaces to elaborate superhydro/oleophobic surfaces that are micro and nano structured, and secondly at the water/air interface to synthesize new ecofriendly surfactants. LSEMs are essentially made from fluorinated compounds due to their unique properties of being both hydro and oleophobic as well as, their thermal and chemical stability in corrosive media. This project shows that the creation of superhydrophobic materials with high oleophobic properties does not necessarily require the utilization of long and bioaccumulative perfluorocarbon chains. Two approaches were adopted in this field. The first strategy was to develop ProDOT derivatives bearing short fluorinated chains to study the influence of the fluorinated chain length on the surface wettability. The proceeding part was to explore the effect of the introduction of a hydrocarbon tail and study the effect of their type and chain length on the surface properties. Another important aspect of this research involves the application of LSEMs on soft materials like surfactants as alternatives to toxic perfluorinated homologues. This study was done to explore the effect of the variant hydrocarbon chains with a short fluorinated tail of hybrid surfactants as well as the effect of the polar head. In this area, two families of hybrid sulfate and bisulfates were synthesized. Their physico-chemical properties were investigated and interesting results were obtained
Ahmim, Smail. "Conversion de la chaleur fatale de bas niveau en énergie électrique par effet magnétocalorique". Thesis, université Paris-Saclay, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020UPAST015.
Testo completoThe main objective of my thesis is the design and development of a device suitable to recover, and scavenge, low grade heat to produce electrical energy and thus supply small autonomous systems (μW to mW). The developed generator converts energy in three steps. First of all, thermal energy is converted into magnetic energy through a thermodynamic cycle operated by a magnetocaloric material. This first conversion is closely linked to the second, conversion of magnetic energy into mechanical energy, because the displacement of the magnetocaloric material also controls the applied field and the heat exchanges with the reservoirs. It is the interweaving of these two cycles, thermodynamic and dynamic, which allows the system to self-oscillate. The mechanical energy of the pseudo-oscillating system is converted into electrical energy via piezoelectric elements. My experimental, theoretical and numerical works aimed to maximize the electrical energy recovered while ensuring the self-oscillation of the structure. All devices developed are able to self-oscillate for temperature difference of 35 °C while producing electrical energy. Our most efficient prototype has an energy of 10.6 μJ per cycle for a frequency of 0.41 Hz, i.e. a power of 4.2 μW (240 μW/cm3). This work, especially, focuses on the cycles associated with energy conversion
Ray, Erwan. "Matériaux oxynitrures pour l'énergie : applications à la photocatalyse visible et à la catalyse hétérogène". Rennes 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011REN1S084.
Testo completoFocusing on prospective and applied approaches, this thesis work deals with the synthesis of nitride type materials with original compositions for heterogeneous catalysis and visible-light photocatalysis. A significant part of the work was assigned to the characterization of powders from structural and optical viewpoints. AlPOxNy nitridophosphates, with tunable acido-basicity, have been tested as heterogeneous catalysts in the transesterification reaction of vegetable oils to produce biodiesel. For visible-light-driven photocatalysis, original colored oxynitrides phases containing transition metals have been explored and the first photocatalytic tests have been realized. The measured activities are promising but need to be improved regarding the optimization of the synthesis for both purity and crystallization state
Tilioua, Mouhcine. "Comportement asymptotique de matériaux ferromagnétiques minces avec énergie de surface et/ou couplage d'échange inter-couches". Palaiseau, Ecole polytechnique, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003EPXX0005.
Testo completoCelasun, Yagmur. "Synthèse et caractérisation de nouveaux matériaux d'électrode positive pour des applications Li-ion à haute énergie". Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020GRALI047.
Testo completoThis thesis focuses on the development of overlithiated disordered rocksalts for high-energy Li-ion systems. Firstly, synthesis parameters have been optimized to improve the performances of the disordered rocksalt Li2.2NiTi0.2Nb0.6O4. To examine its high irreversibility (35%) at the first cycle, in situ advanced structural and electrochemical analyses have been performed. Results show that a structural change and disordering happen during the first charge. In a second part, the disordered rocksalt Li2TiS3 has been prepared with our patented process. To improve cycling stability of the cells, Li2TiS3 has been partially substituted with selenium and new Li2TiSexS3-x compositions have been prepared. Li2TiSexS3-x cells have large discharge capacities at slightly lower potentials. Reversible sulfur redox activity is confirmed by electrochemistry and ex situ surface analyses, however further characterizations are required to elucidate the relatively complex selenium redox process
Liscio, Fabiola. "Nanostructures magnétiques auto-assemblées sur des surfaces à faible énergie par épitaxie par jets moléculaires". Grenoble INPG, 2009. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00391031.
Testo completoNanostructures of MxPt1x (M=Co and Fe) alloys have perpendicular magnetic anisotropy which makes them good candidates as high density magnetic recording media. In this thesis work, the structural and magnetic properties of these nanostructures were studied as a function of the substrate (structure, symmetry and surface energy) and the co-deposition temperature. The nanostructures were prepared by co-deposition of transition metal atoms on low energy surfaces WSe2(0001) and NaCl(001) by molecular beam epitaxy. This led to the formation of stress-free nanostructures whose properties were characterized by techniques including X-ray diffaction, XAFS, GISAXS, TEM, STM and SQUID magnetometry. The chemical order effects at short- and long-range and the in uence of morphology and growth direction on magnetic properties were clearly shown
Luna, Cornejo Ollin Alan. "Formulation de matériaux électrostrictifs par voie émulsion pour la récupération d'énergie". Thesis, Bordeaux, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016BORD0012/document.
Testo completoThe aim of this work is to develop near percolated networks of conductive nanoparticles such as carbon nanotubes (CNT) or graphenesheets within an elastic polymer matrix, such as polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS). A novel emulsion formulation route is employed to achieve a fine control over the inner structure of the materials. Graphene or CNT aqueous dispersions are integrated in the continuous phase of an emulsion made of PDMS droplets in water. After water removal, the nanoparticles are segregated in between the PDMS droplets at the Plateau borders of the emulsion. The morphology of the networks formed by the particles is controlled by the size of the emulsion droplets. The dielectrics properties of such materials are governed by (i) the droplets size, (ii) the filler concentration and (iii) the aggregation state. The optimization of such factors by the emulsion approach leads to giant dielectric permittivity (ϵ'r≈104 à 100Hz). In addition, we developed accurate characterization devices to study the material dielectric properties in response to a mechanical stress (i.e. electrostriction). Particularly high electrostrictive coefficients of M33 ≈ 10-11 m2/V2 at 100Hz are measured. To our knowledge, these are the highest values in the literature to date. The electrostrictive materials developed in the present work can be implemented in variable capacitors for conversion of mechanical energy into electrical energy. They are promising candidates for ambient mechanical energy harvesting; however, the optimization of some parameters remains to be studied
Nguyen, Khanh-Son. "Comportement thermo-chimique de matériaux minéraux : Application à la protection incendie". Rennes, INSA, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009ISAR0006.
Testo completoThe present PhD study is related to the European project FIREMAT (CRAFT 2002-2005) dedicated to the development of new fireproofing materials. Our study focus on a numerical modelling to simulate heat transfer in mineral materials with or without phase transition. The simulated results are compared with experimental measurements, essentially based on fire test requiring temperatures of the conventional fire curves such as ISO 834, HCM (Hydrocarbon Modified), etc. The modelling used a thermo-chemical combination approach to explain the behavior of materials at high temperature. Kinetic conversion of material is used for the calculation. The reliability of our numerical solution has been validated by numerical-experimental comparison of fire tests. The parameters of the proposed model and modified model are determined for different transformations in composite compounds : single kinetic reaction, uncombined kinetic or two combined reactions and several kinetic reactions (three reactions). Furthermore, the thermo-chemical approach is combined to a mechanical approach. The evolution of internal stress depends strongly on blocking distortion, especially at the edges of the tested panel. It's also explain our observation of early cracking during fire test in laboratory. Kinetics parameters identification of all inorganic compounds is necessary to use the developed numerical tool in a consistent manner. Thermogravimetric analysis (TG) (micro and macro scale of sample) are realised and a database is deduced of thermal conversion of minerals compounds like gypsum, calcite, portlandite, gibbsite, brucite and phosphate binder. The results are generally quite good and provide a database in order to simulate materials behavior under thermal exposures and also environmental deterioration (e. G. Alteration by carbonation process). Moreover, different experimental results allow us to study the influence of the state of the material (powder state compared to solid state) on the results of modeling. A significant difference between analysis results of micro and macro scale is noted. To circumvent some difficulties related to modeling assumptions (boundary conditions, effects of mechanical degradation, etc. ) and bring the overall behavior of materials, another numerical method is developed. Such model is used to identify all significant parameters and not related to the kinetics conversion based on experimental results of fire tests. An inverse approach is developed from the easiest measured experimental data, e. G. Temperature field. The parameters values are finally deduced after minimisation of the gap between numerical and experimental data. The use of such numerical tools for industrial application is now available:pre-design technical solution before real scale tests proceeding application of kinetic database, prediction of test results under fire conventional ISO 834 from fire HCM results
Preda, Ioana. "Modélisation et caractérisation des matériaux nanocomposites par des méthodes diélectriques". Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013MON20013/document.
Testo completo“There's plenty of room of the bottom!” said Richard Feynman in his talk on top-down nanotechnology in 1959, bringing into the spot light a new world of science and technology ! The idea of using nanoparticles in order to improve the dielectric properties of the polymers that were already in use attracted the interest of researchers for the last two decades. Nanofillers such as silica, alumina, titania etc, but also larger particles such as clays or carbon nanotubes were mixed with the “classic” polymers in order to improve the properties of polyethylene, epoxy resins, polypropylene etc. Since nowadays the energy conversion efficiency of electrical generators is restricted by thermal and electrical issues, these limitations can be related to the electrical insulator tapes themselves. Thus, innovative insulating tapes based on nanostructured material scenarios to address the energy saving concern are intended and the purpose of this work is to investigate these innovative materials and to compare their properties with those of the materials already in use, in order to help choosing the best composite material for the future tapes.This works begins with a state of the art regarding the properties of epoxy polymers. Their chemical, thermal and dielectric properties are presented. Afterwards, the chosen fillers and their specific properties are presented. The influence of the chosen fillers as well as different steps of the nanocomposite materials manufacturing process are presented and the discussion ends with a debate on the phenomena appearing at the nanometric scale and their possible influence on the properties of the finite composite material .Different materials groups of epoxy based composites filled with nanometric silica, organoclay or boron nitride are analyzed afterwards. In order to characterize and interpret their properties, several tools were used: imaging microscopy, thermal characterization as well as high and low electric field investigation methods. A debate trying to distinguish between so called “general” or “specific” behavior of the composite materials with respect to the normal, unfilled polymer is also presented. The influence of the type of filler, its treatment or its weight total percentage will be are chosen as comparison criteria. Finally, a numerical model based on Finite Element Method approximation was used in order to predict the dielectric response of the composite materials as well as the specific parameters (size, permittivity) of the interphase, the magic “ingredient” of the matrix-filler mix. The presented model allowed us to give a connection between the different materials and validate the experimentally obtained results. This manuscript ends with conclusions on the presented work and suggests possible future works in the complex analysis of polymer nanocomposites
Jordan, Catherine. "Etude de la réticulation d'un système époxy-amine sous apport d’énergie micro-ondes : Application à l’élaboration de matériaux composites". Lyon, INSA, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992ISAL0098.
Testo completoAn investigation was carried out into the effect of a microwave cure (frequency 2,45 GHz) on a polyepoxy matrix,. Compared to a standard thermal cure. The micro-wave process was adjusted in order to realize homogeneous samples. However, the samples were only partially cured with this treatment. It is the reason why a previous study consisted in the realization and the characterization of partially cross-linked networks. The Di Benedetto equation has been used to calculate the degree of cure with the measurement of the glass transition temperature. The mechanical properties were related to the degree of conversion of 90% is due to the vitrification state of the network at this step of the treatment. The knowledge 0f the matrix behaviour allowed the elaboration of glass fibre reinforced composite materials. Mechanical tests such as torsion, three point bending were used in order to characterize the fibre/matrix interface
Sari-Bey, Sana. "Mise au point de nouveaux matériaux à changement de phase pour optimiser les transferts énergétiques". Thesis, Paris Est, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PEST1158.
Testo completoResearch in the field of innovative materials with improved energy efficiency have a major environmental issue. One way to save energy is storage. The use of phase change materials (PCM) is a solution for absorbing, storing and releasing large amounts of energy. This study focuses on the experimental study of the thermophysical properties and phase changes of polymer matrix composite materials containing microencapsulated PCM and the optimization of their thermophysical properties. Composite containing different mass fractions of paraffin microcapsules were first characterized. To improve heat transfer, paraffin microcapsules metallized with silver were then used. A new set of samples was elaborated. In the composite the selected polymer matrix is polycaprolactone (PCL), this polymer has a particularly low melting point (53°C), which allows to mix the microcapsules without damaging them. The polymer/microcapsules mixtures were prepared using a blender, they were then pressed to obtain plates of composites. The homogeneity of the samples was verified by scanning electron microscopy observations and density measurements. The phase change material used is a mixture of paraffins having a phase change temperature of 26°C, in microencapsulated highly crosslinked PMMA, and marketed by BASF under the trade name of Micronal®DS 5001 X. PCL has a melting temperature lower than the softening temperature of PMMA. One objective of this study was to obtain a material that remains solid even when the paraffin melts. Microencapsulation has avoided that the paraffin in the sample diffuses out during successive cycles, it also avoids convection when paraffin is liquid. On the other hand, another goal was to see if metallization of the particles allowed to improve the thermal properties by significantly increasing the thermal conductivity and diffusivity. DSC was used to determine the temperatures and enthalpies of the phase changes and the materials Cp between -20 and 40 ° C. An experimental technique, developed in the laboratory (DICO), can simultaneously measure the thermal conductivity (λ) and thermal diffusivity (a) at room temperature. A recent development of this system now allows to make measurements in ramp between -15°C and 180°C. The measures of the change in thermal conductivity and diffusivity as a function of temperature have been carried out by heating and cooling. Phase changes observed in DSC are found on the evolution of thermal conductivity and thermal diffusivity plotted as a function temperature. It also shows the impact on these properties of solid or liquid state of the paraffin contained in the microcapsules. Finally the evolution of the volumetric heat capacity was calculated from the results obtained with DICO (Cp=λ/a) and compared with the evolution of the specific heat capacity measured by DSC. Globally, heat transfer was improved for composites containing silver but their storage capacity is lower than for the composites containing only Micronal®
Popa, Florin. "Elaboration et étude de poudres magnétiques douces (Ni-Fe, Ni-Fe-X, Ni-Fe-X-Y) à l'état nanocristallin par broyage mécanique de haute énergie". Phd thesis, Grenoble 1, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008GRE10019.
Testo completoThe Ni3Fe intermetallic compound and the 79Ni16Fe5Mo and 77Ni14Fe5Cu4Mo (wt. %) alloys have been obtained by high energy mechanical milling. For the given conditions, the minimum time needed for theirs formation has been established. The alloys formation has been followed by X-ray and neutron diffraction and thermomagnetic analyses. For the Ni3Fe intermetallic compound the annealing effect on his formation has been proved; the annealing temperatures were 400 °C and 450 °C. The recrystallization temperature and formation enthalpy of Ni3Fe have been obtained by differential scanning calorimetry. The coercitive field evolution with milling time and crystallite size is also discussed. A formation mechanism of the Ni-Fe alloys under the temperature and magnetic field is proposed. A extended milling – annealing – transformation diagram for the Ni3Fe formation is given. For the NiFeMo alloy, the magnetisation evolution with the milling time is showed; also the reproductibility of magnetic properties for different alloys series is discussed. The sensibility of neutron diffraction has been used to show the iron contamination by the containers and/or balls for the long milling times. For the NiFeCuMo alloy, the spontaneous magnetisation evolution with the milling time is analyzed. The long time milling influence to the alloy composition is showed. For the long milling times, a difference between the Curie temperature at heating and cooling is observed and discussed
Popa, Florin. "Elaboration et étude de poudres magnétiques douces (Ni-Fe, Ni-Fe-X, Ni-Fe-X-Y) à l'état nanocristallin par broyage mécanique de haute énergie". Phd thesis, Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00258428.
Testo completoNauleau, Élodie. "Évolution au cours du temps des propriétés physiques et mécaniques des matériaux cimentaires d'un puit géothermique basse énergie". Phd thesis, Université Paris-Est, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00920098.
Testo completoFregard, Florence. "Rôle des interactions hydrophobes et électrostatiques dans l'adhésion de bactéries méthanogènes aux matériaux de faible énergie de surface". Lille 1, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991LIL10047.
Testo completoSimoneau, Louis, e Louis Simoneau. "Réparation de pièces et développement de matériaux à gradients fonctionnels à l'aide de la déposition sous énergie dirigée". Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/36959.
Testo completoLa fabrication additive regroupe une famille de procédés de mise en forme des métaux permettant la fabrication de pièces à géométrie complexe qui n’étaient pas réalisables auparavant. Selon l'industrie, cette nouvelle technologie est intéressante au niveau économique et au niveau des nouvelles possibilités de conception de pièces que celle-ci rend maintenant possible. Parmi les nombreux procédés de fabrication, la Déposition sous Énergie Dirigée (DED) se distingue des autres technologies de fabrication additive par sa méthode de déposition de matière particulière. Utilisant une puissante source d’énergie sous la forme d’un laser, d’un faisceau d’électrons ou d’un arc plasma, celle-ci permet de créer des pièces en 3 dimensions à l’aide de poudre ou de fil d’apport. La DED est notamment reconnue pour sa capacité à réparer des pièces de manière efficace et sa facilité à créer des pièces présentant des gradients de composition chimique. Ces deux applications particulières ont fait l’objet de trois projets de recherche distincts qui composent ce mémoire de maîtrise. Le premier s’intéresse aux propriétés mécaniques de composites à matrice métalliques d’alliage detitaneTi-6Al-4V renforcés à l’aide de carbures de tungstène conçus à l’aide d’un appareil de type DED. Le second explore les propriétés mécaniques et la microstructure de pièces d’acier inoxydable 316L-Si entièrement construites et réparées avec un appareil DED. Finalement, le dernier ouvrage s’intéresse aux propriétés mécaniques et à la microstructure de pièces d’alliage d’aluminium AlSi7Mg entièrement construites et réparées grâce à la DED.
Additive Manufacturing (AM) is a novel manufacturing process that allows the creation of complex shaped metallic parts from scratch in a layer-by-layer fashion conversely to conventional subtractive processes. This new technology is interesting for many manufacturing industries since it can enable significant cost savings and allows the creation of completely new and more efficient designs that were not achievable before. Directed Energy Deposition (DED) is a sub-category of AM processes that set itself apart from the others with its clever deposition process design.Using a high-density energy source such as an electron beam, a laser or a plasma arc, this process melts feedstock in powder or wire form onto a base plate the create a dense depositand a final part in an iterative way. Thanks to its deposition process, DED apparatuses can create Functionally Graded Materials (FGM) parts exhibiting varying mechanical or physical properties within their volume and repair defective or broken parts. These two main applications were the subject of three different studies that are presented in this master’s thesis. In the first one, complex shaped Ti-6Al-4V Metal Matric Composites (MMC) reinforced with different fraction of tungsten carbides (WC) created with a DED apparatus were studied in terms of mechanical behavior and wear properties.The next paper looked at tensile properties and microstructure of completely built and repaired 316L-Si stainless steel parts with DED. Finally, the last one studied the microstructure and the mechanical properties of entirely built and repaired AlSi7Mgparts using DED.
Additive Manufacturing (AM) is a novel manufacturing process that allows the creation of complex shaped metallic parts from scratch in a layer-by-layer fashion conversely to conventional subtractive processes. This new technology is interesting for many manufacturing industries since it can enable significant cost savings and allows the creation of completely new and more efficient designs that were not achievable before. Directed Energy Deposition (DED) is a sub-category of AM processes that set itself apart from the others with its clever deposition process design.Using a high-density energy source such as an electron beam, a laser or a plasma arc, this process melts feedstock in powder or wire form onto a base plate the create a dense depositand a final part in an iterative way. Thanks to its deposition process, DED apparatuses can create Functionally Graded Materials (FGM) parts exhibiting varying mechanical or physical properties within their volume and repair defective or broken parts. These two main applications were the subject of three different studies that are presented in this master’s thesis. In the first one, complex shaped Ti-6Al-4V Metal Matric Composites (MMC) reinforced with different fraction of tungsten carbides (WC) created with a DED apparatus were studied in terms of mechanical behavior and wear properties.The next paper looked at tensile properties and microstructure of completely built and repaired 316L-Si stainless steel parts with DED. Finally, the last one studied the microstructure and the mechanical properties of entirely built and repaired AlSi7Mgparts using DED.
Braga, Delfin. "Etude des phénomènes de charge des matériaux isolants sous faisceau d'électrons de basse énergie (200 eV-30 keV)". Paris 11, 2003. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00004341.
Testo completoCharging phenomena of insulating materials were studied thanks to a scanning electron microscope which allows the injection of few electrons doses in a large domain of energies and the measurements of the secondary electron emission and the induced current created in the sample holder by the charges generated in the sample. The results shown that the secondary electron emission yield is a very sensitive parameter to characterise the charging state of an insulator and they allowed to class these materials in two groups relatively to their ability to relax the generated charges: the "trapping insulators", presenting high resistivities, in which the charges are trapped in a stable way during several months and the "conductive insulators", presenting lower resistivities than the "trapping" ones, in which the charges relaxation occurs more or less rapidly depending on the density and the mobility of intrinsic charges of the material. The fundamental parameter controlling the charging kinetic is the current density J0. For "trapping insulators", different regimes (self-regulated, ageing, degradation) function of J0 and the domain of energy considered were observed. The study of "conductive insulators" revealed that a permanent current exist in these materials which is characterised by a steady state yield [sigma]∞ which fix the maximum value of J0 withstanding by a "conductive" without charge accumulation beneath its surface. These results allowed to define what kind of materials should be used from an electrical angle to reduce indeed to cancel the deviation of electrons due to spacers in field emission displays, and also to introduce a new characterisation process of the internal field created by thermal poling in glasses samples. We also developed a new exploration way of spatial and time evolution of trapped charges in "trapping insulators" thanks to an electrostatic force microscope. Firsts results show the very high stability of trapped charges in these materials
Nauleau, Élodie. "Évolution au cours du temps des propriétés physiques et mécaniques des matériaux cimentaires d’un puit géothermique basse énergie". Thesis, Paris Est, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PEST1132/document.
Testo completoIn low energy geothermal wells (up to 2000 meters deep), cement is used in the annular space, between the casing and surrounding geological formations. Its role is to ensure the zonal isolation, the mechanical strength of the layers and the protection of the casing. The quality and stability over time of these cements are important. Given the geothermal gradient, water circulations loaded in chemical elements in the aquifer and strong confining stresses due to the depth, cement hydration is likely to be significantly influenced. Indeed, these factors may in the long term contribute to premature degradation of the well. The objective of this work is to examine the effects of environmental conditions of geothermal wells (temperature, pressure and concentrations of NaCl) on the physical and mechanical properties of cement pastes and microstructural inverstigations. Several grouts were sampled on a geothermal project in Ile de France. On this project, the class G cement grout and cement with bentonite grout are used throughout the well. Hardened cement pastes prepared in the laboratory were studied using a methodology based on non-destructive (ultrasonic wave velocity, resonance frequency, permeability) and destructive measurements (Young's modulus, compressive strength, thermal conductivity). Thermal and physico-mechanical properties of hardened cement pastes from these measures were coupled with microstructural observations by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and mercury intrusion porosimetry. The results showed that the microstructural analyses concur with the physico-mechanical properties and are good indicators of the state of the cement in the well. This thesis proposes a reliable testing methodology. Indead, many tests and analyses provide relationships that predict the compressive strength of cement pastes a geothermal well. Finally, and irrespective of the environmental conditions applied, empirical relationships have been proposed. These link relations the results of non-destructive methods with those from destructive tests and can be used to determine the properties of cement pastes without carrying out destructive tests in geothermal wells
Menigault, Thierry. "Etude des transferts de chaleur couples dans un lit poreux bicouche sélectif chaud : application à la conversion de l'énergie solaire concentrée". Perpignan, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1995PERP0198.
Testo completoBeldjoudi, Guillaume. "Approche multi-énergies associée à un détecteur spectrométrique rayons X pour l'identification de matériaux". Phd thesis, INSA de Lyon, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00708579.
Testo completoPotop, Alexandra-Iulia. "Imagerie par rayons X résolue en énergie : Méthodes de décomposition en base de matériaux adaptées à des détecteurs spectrométriques". Thesis, Lyon, INSA, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014ISAL0096/document.
Testo completoScintillator based integrating detectors are used in conventional X-ray imaging systems. The new generation of energy-resolved semiconductor radiation detectors, based on CdTe/CdZnTe, allows counting the number of photons incident on the detector and measure their energy. The LDET laboratory developed pixelated spectrometric detectors for X-ray imaging, associated with a fast readout circuit, which allows working with high fluxes and while maintaining a good energy resolution. With this thesis, we bring our contribution to data processing acquired in radiographic and tomographic modes for material components quantification. Osteodensitometry was chosen as a medical application. Radiographic data was acquired by simulation with a detector which presents imperfections as charge sharing and pile-up. The methods chosen for data processing are based on a material decomposition approach. Basis material decomposition models the linear attenuation coefficient of a material as a linear combination of the attenuations of two basis materials based on the energy related information acquired in each energy bin. Two approaches based on a calibration step were adapted for our application. The first is the polynomial approach used for standard dual energy acquisitions, which was applied for two and three energies acquired with the energy-resolved detector. We searched the optimal configuration of bins. We evaluated the limits of the polynomial approach with a study on the number of channels. To go further and take benefit of the elevated number of bins acquired with the detectors developed in our laboratory, a statistical approach implemented in our laboratory was adapted for the material decomposition method for quantifying mineral content in bone. The two approaches were compared using figures of merit as bias and noise over the lengths of the materials traversed by X-rays. An experimental radiographic validation of the two approaches was done in our laboratory with a spectrometric detector. Results in material quantification reflect an agreement with the simulations
Nachtane, Mourad. "Énergies marines renouvelables et étude des performances des matériaux composites : cas d'une hydrolienne". Thesis, Brest, École nationale supérieure de techniques avancées Bretagne, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019ENTA0010.
Testo completoRecently, Renewable Marine Energies (RME) has emerged as a tremendous opportunity for a real ecological and industrial choice to meet the growing demands for energy and also to fight global warming. The study conducted in this thesis is with in this framework of research and is focused on the investigation of one of the most promising categories of RMEs which is tidal current turbine. A new hydrofoil for the turbine was designed using BEM (Blade Element Momentum) methods and CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics) calculations with improved hydrodynamic efficiency. Furthermore, a series of numerical studies were conducted to investigate and examine the damage behavior of composite materials under critical loadings by developing DLOAD and VUMAT routines. This numerical study assisted in understanding the problems of structural lightening, resistance to fatigue and impact loading, and other degradation phenomena of themechanical properties of a composite turbine in severe marine environments and solving the needs of the manufactures. Moreover, study about the dynamic behavior of a composite/composite bonded assembly was also conducted because joint assembly plays a vital role in reducing the mass of the structure which is of extreme relevance in the field of marine and offshore structures. Another important obstacle regarding the application of composite and bonded structures in marine was the control of hygro-mechanical coupling. Therefore in this context, additional campaign of tests was carried out on bonded composite specimens by studying the hygrothermal effect on their dynamic behavior at different deformation rates using Hopkinson bar method. This hybrid study of hygro-thermal effect of the dynamic properties of the bonded composites will aid in optimization of the structures and to move into the commercial phase with a substantial gain in LCOE (Levelized Cost of Energy) in future
Jacomine, Leandro. "Étude de l’influence de l’implantation ionique à haute énergie sur les propriétés de revêtements biocéramiques poreux". Strasbourg, 2010. https://publication-theses.unistra.fr/public/theses_doctorat/2010/JACOMINE_Leandro_2010.pdf.
Testo completoThe increase of life expectancy in developed countries led to enhance prosthetic elements utilization for bone joints and dentistry applications. Depending on the patient and his pathology, their replacement may be necessary more or less prematurely, due to necrosis between bone and implant surface. The application of a bioceramic thin film onto the implant surface, followed by a treatment with high energy ions, can significantly reduce the replacement of prosthetic elements. In this thesis, we search for improve the mechanical properties and adhesion of hydroxyapatite layers deposited by pulsed laser deposition using a surface treatment of the deposit by using a beam of high energy particles. Three different doses were carried out : 5'1015 1016 and 2'1016 ions·cm-2. Improvement of mechanical properties of the layers were verified using nanoindentation and nanoscratch techniques; changes of physicochemical properties were measured by RBS, NRA, DRIFTS, GXRD and EDX techniques; and surface morphologies have been access by AFM and SEM techniques. At last, dissolution tests in biological environment have been implemented. The high energy ion implantation, applied to an optimal dose and adapted acceleration energy for a given implanted species leads to changes in topography, increasing mechanical properties and layer microstructural modifications. All these changes promote cell growth in in vitro dissolution test
Rapontchombo, Omanda Jessie. "Performances de garnitures frittées métalliques à basse teneur en cuivre pour les applications de freinage ferroviaire haute énergie". Thesis, Lille 1, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LIL1I039/document.
Testo completoHigh energy railway brake materials are metallic matrix composite with complex and highly heterogeneous formulations. The technological choice towards this type of material for brake pads stems from the many performances that disc brake system must ensure: tribological performances (friction coefficient, wear), thermomechanical performances (integrity in temperature), acoustic performances (squeal). New international environmental standards, lead to evolutions of pad formulations, consisting of reduce copper content. Because of complexity of the formulations, the developments are empirical. It is proposed in this work to develop methodologies that improve the understanding of the link between the formulation of friction materials and their braking performances. The first part of the works consists of microstructural characterizations of the materials on new materials and after braking solicitations showing significant evolutions. The characterizations are coupled with measurements of the thermophysical properties. The second part of the study concerns reduced scale tests that achieve similar solicitations to full scale performance braking tests. Reduced scale samples simplify tribological analysis. The last part of the work focuses on vibroacoustic aspects by studying squeal tendency of a simplified system that highlight the role of the tribological circuit. In addition to these methodological contributions, the study shows the impact of the development axes of the new formulations. Explanations are given on the links between the formulation, properties and performances: thermomechanical, vibroacoustic and tribological. As the proposed methodologies, they must allow to improve prospective material developments
Boukerma, Kada. "Propriétés interfaciales de nouveaux composites conducteurs à base de polypyrrole utilisés comme charge pour des polymères thermoplastiques". Paris 7, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005PA077198.
Testo completoIn this work, we report first on the preparation of a series of PPy powders by oxidative polymerization in aquous soulution with mixed doping (Cl/AOT) and (HSCVAOT) by using an anionic surfactant, sodium bis(2-ethylhexyl) sulfosuccinate (AOT). Elemental Analyses and XPS confirmed that the surfactant is incorporated into the PPy structure. The addition of AOT enhance the conductivity of PPy with an optimal value corresponding to molar ratio Py/AOT =7/1. Moreover the surfactant has the effect to minimize the surface energy of PPy, which improves their dispersion and their adhesion in a matrix of polypropylene as well as the conductivity of the final composite obtained PP/PPy-AOT. In the second time, we investigated the physico-chemical properties of new clay/PPy and silicon carbide/PPy composites. We characterized them in terms of chemical composition on the surface and the bulk by XPS and elemental analysis, and conductivity measurements. In addition the morpholocical and mechanical properties were investigated for this new composites filled polymers. We have shown the surfactants (here DBSA) has a dramataic effect on these physicochemical properties and that they constitute an essentiel building block in the development of novel fillers based on polypyrrole
Ernst, Emil. "Le principe de Saint-Venant, théorème et axiome. Une approche énergétique". Montpellier 2, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995MON20094.
Testo completoKoutti, Lahcen. "Étude de la densité électronique des phases paramagnétique et antiferromagnétique des monosulfures NiS, CoS et FeS de structure hexagonale dans l'approximation de la densité locale de spin". Metz, 1999. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/UPV-M/Theses/1999/Koutti.Lahcen.SMZ9917.pdf.
Testo completoGuévelou, Simon. "Caractérisation des propriétés thermo-radiatives de mousses à structure numériquement contrôlée : vers le design d'absorbeurs solaires". Nantes, 2015. https://archive.bu.univ-nantes.fr/pollux/show/show?id=c466828e-38ff-4587-93c6-fb3b0099a5f0.
Testo completoAs part of the ANR SEED OPTISOL the Laboratoire de Thermocinétique de Nantes (LTN) was tasked to guide the design of innovative solar absorbers based on refractory open-cells foams. The goal is to help material science research teams (laboratory CIRIMAT, Sicat company) to develop foams having selective radiative properties (high absorptivity in the visible range, low emissivity in the infrared range) from energy requirements set by the PROMES laboratory. These foams must allow to supply hot air to a gas turbine to produce electricity. This topic on renewable energy development has great potential for development. During this thesis, the LTN has developed, in collaboration with the laboratory IUSTI at Marseille, some numerical methods for designing foams with prescribed microstructure (porosity, density surface geometry / pore size and strands). We can then have a consistent set of foams from which we made the link between the radiative properties and major textural parameters through a numerical code iMorphRad, (C++, Monte-Carlo ray tracing). We have established robust laws connecting radiative properties (absorptance, absorption coefficient, scattering coefficient, scattering phase function) to the main textural parameters. The results of this numerical approach allows ultimately the validation of analytical models to determine the optimal solar-heat conversion through a judicious choice of a foam with pertinent textural properties
Lê, Ngọc Huyền Trân. "Transformation de la biomasse aérienne de Miscanthus giganteus : aptitude à la dégradation enzymatique et valorisation des coproduits en agro-matériaux". Amiens, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011AMIE0100.
Testo completoThe use of plant resources in renewable materials and energy is receiving increased interest. In this respect, Miscanthus (Miscanthus giganteus) is a perennial grass showing great potential as a raw material for bioethanol production. The plant biomass can be harvested at different dates, in autumn (early harvest) in order to maximize yield, and in winter (delayed harvest). The main objectives were first to evaluate the impact of harvesting date (early, late) on the chemical composition susceptibility to enzymatic saccharification of miscanthus aiming at production second generation bioethanol, second to explore the use of lignocellulosic byproduct into agromaterials. The proportion of soluble fraction is mainly affected by the harvesting date while few change occurred in the cell wall composition. Chemical heterogeneity according to the type of organ leads to variation in susceptibility to saccharification. Owing to its high recalcitrance towards enzymatic conversion, a chemical pretreatment is required. Ammonia pretreated biomass is more prone to saccharification compared to acid treated samples. Following ammonia treatment, early harvested biomass is shown to be more efficiently converted by enzymes than a diluted acid pretreatment. Then the use of solid byproducts into cementitious material and self-binding fiberboards is explored. The obtained cementitious material had a great workability and interesting mechanical properties. Enzymatic treatment does not improve the delay in the setting time of the lignocellulosic composite. In contrast to the raw miscanthus, fiberboards are obtained by hot-pressing of byproducts from the saccharified biomass. Nevertheless, industrial applications would still require further improvements of the composites properties
Bonfante, Gwenaël. "Electromouillage et fiabilité : investigation de matériaux diélectriques et de couches minces hydrophobes". Thesis, Lyon, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LYSE1289.
Testo completoIn order to increase the technologies reliability using electrowetting, this work aims to study the mechanisms of ageing on dielectric and hydrophobic materials used in electrowetting as well and to apply this study to new materials. This thesis is composed of three parts.First, to be able to characterize precisely the hydrophobic properties of these surfaces and especially their surface polarity, we established a method to measure the surface polarity based on wettability of two liquids on a surface permitting a better precision with less measurements. In a second part, we studied different films used in electrowetting before and after ageing around 90°C for one week in order to simulate a long term ageing at an ambient temperature. Widely used hydrophobic coating used in optical systems and lab-on-chip will be mainly characterized such as Fluoropel©, Cytop© and parylène C. This work shows the visible alteration of material performances in a reproducible way. Wetting hysteresis and natural contact angle with the cohesive properties of the coatings are studied in order to establish critical parameters for the life time.Finally, we tried to establish a method to deposit a hydrophobic metal oxide coating by two ways, sol-gel technic with dip-coating deposition and by PVD. A precursor sol made of the metal usable to deposit its oxide thin films has been elaborated. The solution is prepared from the synthesized precursor and stabilized by chelatant (acetylacetone). The solution stability as well as the deposition method used are presented and the annealed coatings deposited by sol-gel and PVD are characterized by XRD and morphologically (SEM, optic microscope …). By the sol-gel method, covering coatings of about 300nm have been made. However, because of the roughness, no electrowetting experiments could have been achieved. By PVD, we have deposited coatings of 400nm thickness, very smooth and usable in electrowetting. These coatings give very good results in electrowetting on plane substrates and liquid lenses
Jullien, Céline. "Caractère hygiènique des matériaux utilisés dans les agro-industries - Contribution des caractéristiques de surface des micro-organismes (spores de BACILLUS) et des matériaux". Compiègne, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001COMP1372.
Testo completoBacterial adhesion is a well known and frequently observed phenomenon described in a wide range of applications. In the food industry, bacterial adhesion can be a potential risk for food contamination, and consecutive food spoilage or infectious disease. Bacillus spores, more particularly these of Bacillus cereus, are frequently isolated from food processing equipment surfaces. This micro-organism exhibits a high ability to adhere and to resist to heat and chemical treatments. Among solutions considered to prevent or reduce the potential risks of contamination, the hygienic conception of equipment has been taken into account by regulatory authorities in the European Union "Machine Directive" 98/37/EC (EU Council Directive, 1998). In this context, the main objective of this thesis work was to put in evidence the respective influence of material and spore surface properties on adhesion and resistance to Cleaning In Place (CIP) procedures. Materials with various (glass, steel and polymers) or similar (stainless steels) chemical structures were studied. The role of spore morphological structures (exosporium or curli) was investigated, and methods to detect adhering micro-organisms or soils were elaborated. Among topographic and physicochemical properties, RA and Rz as well as acido-basic components appeared significant on adhesion ; whereas Rz and RPK were the only parameters related to the hygienic level of stainless steels. It also seemed that bacterial surface hydrophobicity as well as curli and exosporium enhanced spore attachment and resistance to cleaning procedures. An ageing procedure was performed on materials by successive soiling and CIP procedure on a pilot plant. This conditioning procedure was found to induce the growth of an organic homogeneous film on stainless steel surfaces, not only localised in the surface defaults, raising the evidence of lowered hygienic level of the surface. This study allowed to conclude that the level of adhering spores was more influenced by micro¬organisms surface characteristics (Bacillus cereus or Bacillus subtilis spores) than by the material surface itself. Conversely, material surface characteristics appeared to influence the resistance of adhering spores to CIP procedures. Finally, it clearly appeared that ageing procedure should be taken into account for further investigations on hygienic properties of the surfaces
Debeaux, Sébastien. "Récupération d'énergie issue des déformations de structures aéronautiques à l'aide de matériaux piézoélectriques". Mémoire, Université de Sherbrooke, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/11143/6169.
Testo completoBenmedakhene, Salim. "Étude phénoménologique du comportement à l'impact des matériaux composites". Compiègne, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996COMPD918.
Testo completoGharbi, Tasnim. "Bicouches Cuivre/oxyde : propriétés optiques, géométriques et structurales, énergie d’activation et SPR". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Troyes, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022TROY0009.
Testo completoThe main purpose of this thesis is to determine simultaneously the thicknesses and the relative permittivity of copper and oxide bilayers from absorbance measurements. We compare and analyze the assumptions on oxide type and air inclusion models. We discuss the best models in terms of goodness off it to experimental data to provide the structure of the materials. We solve this inverse problem by using metaheuristics:PSO (Particle Swarm Optimization), ABC (Artificial Bee Colony) and EM (Evolutionary Method). We compare these methods including hybridization with the gradient and Nelder-Mead methods. We use the results obtained to evaluate and discuss theactivation energy of copper oxide and to study theproperties of an SPR (Surface Plasmon Resonance) sensor using this type of copper/oxide bilayer
Salameh, Chrystelle Mounir. "Synthèse de matériaux nitrures fonctionnels à base de bore ou d'aluminium pour des applications en énergie (production et stockage de l'hydrogène)". Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014MON20157/document.
Testo completoPorous inorganic materials are of great interest owing to their potential in energy applications. The general objective of the present thesis concerns the development of functional (carbo)nitrides for hydrogen generation and storage (material design, elaboration, properties and applications). The PDCs route, which offers a large number of opportunities in chemistry and ceramic sciences, has been applied to produce functional (carbo)nitrides materials. Firstly, we prepared porous binary systems such as AlN and BN by replicating the structure of CMK-3 and that of activated carbon. After pyrolysis and removal of the template, we demonstrated the feasibility of producing nitrides with tailored porosity. Moreover, by coupling the PDCs route with the aerogel technology, we succeeded in preparing polymer-derived AlN and BN aerogels. We assessed the potential of these porous AlN and BN materials in nanoconfinement of two chemical hydrides, namely sodium alanate and ammoniaborane, respectively. In both cases, the nanoconfinement destabilized the network of the hydride and favored the release of H2 at low temperature. Besides, in the case of nanoconfined ammoniaborane, no evolution of undesired gaseous by-products was observed, which means that pure hydrogen was produced in our conditions. Secondly, we prepared porous quaternary systems through the association of AlN/BN with Si-based ceramics. In particular, we investigated the preparation of SiAlCN with tailored porosity by using two approaches: the “molecular building block” and “single-source precursor” approaches. Concerning the former, we investigated the preparation of ordered mesoporous materials to be used as catalytic supports for hydrolysis of alkaline solution of sodium borohydride. We succeeded in generating high amounts of H2 with attractive kinetics. Concerning the latter approach, the work was focused on the investigation of the chemistry of SiAlCN and SiBCN materials with a particular focus on the elaboration of SiAlCN microcellular foams by a sacrificial processing route
Talbourdet, Anaëlle. "Structures textiles piézoélectriques à base de PVDF pour la conversion d’énergie mécanique en énergie électrique". Thesis, Lille, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LIL1I067.
Testo completoThis study is part of the Autonotex project and aims to develop a connected and autonomous energy textile. The textile is intended for the manufacture of medical sheets monitoring patients and professional underwear. The main objective is to overcome the traditional batteries in smart textiles and develop a textile that will use the movements of the human body as a battery to power sensors placed strategically on clothing. To meet this challenge, the Autonotex project is focused in part on the development of new piezoelectric fibers. These materials generate a high electrical potential when subjected to mechanical stresses. In this new context, poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) polymer can be used to produce multi-filaments by melt spinning process. This polymer is known for its piezoelectric property linked its crystalline forms. The first issue of the PhD subject is to optimize this phase during the process of production of the filaments. Subsequently, two strategies were considered. In a first case, the 100% PVDF filaments are used for the production of textile fabrics which, once instrumented by electrodes, generate an electrical output voltage. A first prototype of a piezoelectric fabric coupled to electrodes by 3D-printing allows checking the feasibility of the plan. The second strategy was to develop a tri-component filament formed by the piezoelectric polymer and two layers of conducting polymer composites acting as external/internal electrodes
Jakani, Mohamed. "Etude par photoélectrochimie de matériaux photosensibles au rayonnement visible : oxydes présentant des transitions d→d, f→d et d→s". Bordeaux 1, 1985. http://www.theses.fr/1985BOR10578.
Testo completoBeldjoudi, Guillaume Nordine. "Approche multi-énergies associée à un détecteur spectrométrique rayons X pour l’identification de matériaux". Thesis, Lyon, INSA, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011ISAL0082/document.
Testo completoThe development of X-ray photon counting detectors based on semiconductors has grown up over the last ten years, and applications in medicine, in security and in nondestructive testing are under study. These detectors make it possible to perform measurements at multiple energies in a single acquisition, with an excellent energetic separation. Since the years 2008-2009, it seems that a real race started for the development of detectors performing multi-energetic measurements on an increasing number of energy bands. However, today, within the works already done, the interest of performing measurements on a large number of energies has not been demonstrated for material identification. As part of a study in homeland security, we assessed the interest of using Xray counting detectors that perform measurements on multiple energy bands. The considered field of interest is material identification in the luggage of travelers. We first developed an original method for identifying single materials. This method is applicable to any type of multi-energy detector. In a first time, we studied in simulation the evolution of the performance for identifying materials with the increasing number of energy bands. An optimization process was carried out to determine, for certain configurations, an optimal geometry of the energy bands.In a second step, the consequences of taking into account the detector response function were quantified by simulating different sensors effects (charge sharing, energy resolution). An experimental validation has been performed by using a counting spectrometric detector. From the measurements experimentally obtained with such a detector, combining the data allowed us to evaluate the identification performance that would have detectors possessing a different number of energy bands. Finally, we conducted a preliminary study on the transposition of the identification method initially developed for radiography to the multi-energy computed tomography. This imaging modality allows to identify superimposed materials
Santugini-Repiquet, Kévin. "Matériaux ferromagnétiques : influence d'un espaceur mince non magnétique, et homogénéisation d'agencements multicouches, en présence de couplage sur la frontière". Phd thesis, Université Paris-Nord - Paris XIII, 2004. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00007857.
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