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Letteratura scientifica selezionata sul tema "Electrolytes"

Autore: Grafiati

Pubblicato: 4 giugno 2021

Ultima modifica: 23 novembre 2024

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Articoli di riviste sul tema "Electrolytes"

Şahin, Mustafa Ergin. "An Overview of Different Water Electrolyzer Types for Hydrogen Production". Energies 17, n. 19 (2 ottobre 2024): 4944. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en17194944.

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While fossil fuels continue to be used and to increase air pollution across the world, hydrogen gas has been proposed as an alternative energy source and a carrier for the future by scientists. Water electrolysis is a renewable and sustainable chemical energy production method among other hydrogen production methods. Hydrogen production via water electrolysis is a popular and expensive method that meets the high energy requirements of most industrial electrolyzers. Scientists are investigating how to reduce the price of water electrolytes with different methods and materials. The electrolysis structure, equations and thermodynamics are first explored in this paper. Water electrolysis systems are mainly classified as high- and low-temperature electrolysis systems. Alkaline, PEM-type and solid oxide electrolyzers are well known today. These electrolyzer materials for electrode types, electrolyte solutions and membrane systems are investigated in this research. This research aims to shed light on the water electrolysis process and materials developments.

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Jansonius, Ryan, Marta Moreno e Benjamin Britton. "High Performance AEM Water Electrolysis with Aemion® Membranes". ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-01, n. 39 (7 luglio 2022): 1723. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-01391723mtgabs.

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By 2030 up to 50% of energy is expected to be carried in the bonds of H2. Global electrolysis capacity must increase from the current 240 MW to an anticipated 300 GW in 2030 and 3500 GW in 2050 to enable this transition. Alkaline and PEM electrolyzers are commercially mature with the currently market share of new installations roughly an equal split between these technologies. However, each of these electrolyzers are associated with challenges – alkaline electrolyzers operate at low current density, and require high concentration electrolytes (30 wt% KOH) to conduct hydroxides through the porous electrode separator (I.e., Zirfon). PEM electrolyzers use a proton conductive membrane to enable high current densities, however, running the reaction in acidic electrolyte requires platinum group catalysts and component coatings that hinder scalability at 2050 targets. AEM water electrolyzers address both of these challenges by pairing anion exchange membrane with alkaline electrolyte to enable high current density operation, at high pressure, without noble metal catalysts. These attributes enable the most cost-effective green hydrogen - bringing the DOE hydrogen shot target of $1/kg within reach. Anion exchange membrane chemistries have previously hindered this type of electrolyzer – AEMs based on quaternary amines, or pendant imidazolium groups chemically degrade in concentrated alkaline electrolyte, and mechanically degrade (from swelling) in low concentration alkaline media. Ionomr’s Aemion+ membranes are based on a sterically-protected polybenzimidazole chemistry and are chemically robust (stable in up to 10 M KOH), and exhibit low swelling to enable operation in low concentration electrolytes. These membranes are an enabling technology for long duration water and CO2 electrolysis. This talk highlights how Ionomr’s Aemion+ membranes enable performance in excess of 1 A/cm2 at 1.8 V with non-PGM catalysts and a variety of configurations, and >4000 hours of durability in continuous operation. Figure 1

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Kee, Robert J., Huayang Zhu, Sandrine Ricote e Greg Jackson. "(Invited) Mixed Conduction in Ceramic Electrolytes For Intermediate-Temperature Fuel Cells and Electrolyzers". ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2023-02, n. 46 (22 dicembre 2023): 2216. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2023-02462216mtgabs.

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High-temperature fuel cells and electrolyzers (e.g., T > 700 ˚C) rely on oxide electrolytes such as stabilized cubic zirconia that conduct a single defect, oxygen vacancies. Intermediate-temperature electrochemical cells (e.g., T < 650 ˚C) utilize mixed conducting ceramic electrolytes, that conduct multiple defects. Operating at T < 600 ˚C facilitates lower-cost interconnect materials and balance-of-plant components, but the mixed conductor behavior can reduce fuel cell voltages and lower electrolyzer faradaic efficiencies. Predicting behavior of these mixed conductors, even at open-circuit voltage, requires modeling the coupled transport of the multiple conducting defects in the electrolyte. Detailed models of mixed conductors coupled to porous electrode models can simulate cell performance over a broad range of operating conditions. This presentation highlights models of two types of cells with mixed conducting oxide electrolytes. Firstly, gadolinium-doped ceria (GDC) primarily conducts oxygen vacancies but also some electrons via a reduced-ceria small polaron, but it performs well in intermediate temperature solid-oxide fuel cells [1]. Secondly, yttrium-doped barium zirconates (BZY) primarily conducts protons but also oxygen vacancies and small polarons, which contribute to electronic leakage. Variants of BZY electrolytes perform well in fuel cells and electrolyzers [2-4]. This paper focuses on cell-level models of these mixed-conductors and how to identify favorable regions for high performance in fuel cells and electrolyzers. Zhu, A. Ashar, R.J. Kee, R.J. Braun, G.S. Jackson, “Physics-based model to represent the membrane-electrode assemblies of solid-oxide fuel cells based on gadolinium-doped ceria,” J. Electrochem. Soc., Under revision, 2023. J. Kee, S. Ricote, H. Zhu, R.J. Braun, G. Carins, J.E. Persky, “Perspectives on technical challenges and scaling considerations for tubular protonic-ceramic electrolysis cells and stacks ,” J. Electrochem. Soc. 169:054525 (2022). Zhu, Y. Shin, S. Ricote, R.J. Kee, “Defect incorporation and transport in dense BaZr0.8Y0.2O3-d membranes and their impact on hydrogen separation and compression,” J. Electrochem. Soc., Under revision, 2023. Zhu, S. Ricote, R.J. Kee, “Thermodynamics, transport, and electrochemistry in proton-conducting ceramic electrolysis cells,” in High Temperature Electrolysis, W. Sitte and R. Merkle, Editors, IOP Publishing, 2023.

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Aquigeh, Ivan Newen, Merlin Zacharie Ayissi e Dieudonné Bitondo. "Multiphysical Models for Hydrogen Production Using NaOH and Stainless Steel Electrodes in Alkaline Electrolysis Cell". Journal of Combustion 2021 (19 marzo 2021): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/6673494.

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The cell voltage in alkaline water electrolysis cells remains high despite the fact that water electrolysis is a cleaner and simpler method of hydrogen production. A multiphysical model for the cell voltage of a single cell electrolyzer was realized based on a combination of current-voltage models, simulation of electrolyzers in intermittent operation (SIMELINT), existing experimental data, and data from the experiment conducted in the course of this work. The equipment used NaOH as supporting electrolyte and stainless steel as electrodes. Different electrolyte concentrations, interelectrode gaps, and electrolyte types were applied and the cell voltages recorded. Concentrations of 60 wt% NaOH produced lowest range of cell voltage (1.15–2.67 V); an interelectrode gap of 0.5 cm also presented the lowest cell voltage (1.14–2.71 V). The distilled water from air conditioning led to a minimum cell voltage (1.18–2.78 V). The water from a factory presented the highest flow rate (12.48 × 10−1cm3/min). It was found that the cell voltage of the alkaline electrolyzer was reduced considerably by reducing the interelectrode gap to 0.5 cm and using electrolytes that produce less bubbles. A maximum error of 1.5% was found between the mathematical model and experimental model, indicating that the model is reliable.

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Gerhardt, Michael Robert, Alejandro O. Barnett, Thulile Khoza, Patrick Fortin, Sara Andrenacci, Alaa Y. Faid, Pål Emil England Karstensen, Svein Sunde e Simon Clark. "An Open-Source Continuum Model for Anion-Exchange Membrane Water Electrolysis". ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2023-01, n. 36 (28 agosto 2023): 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2023-01362002mtgabs.

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Anion-exchange membrane (AEM) electrolysis has the potential to produce green hydrogen at low cost by combining the advantages of conventional alkaline electrolysis and proton-exchange membrane electrolysis. The alkaline environment in AEM electrolysis enables the use of less expensive catalysts such as nickel, whereas the use of a solid polymer electrolyte enables differential pressure operation. Recent advancements in AEM performance and lifetime have spurred interest in AEM electrolysis, but many open research areas remain, such as understanding the impacts of water transport in the membrane and salt content in the electrolyte on cell performance and degradation. Furthermore, integrating electrolyser systems into renewable energy grids necessitates dynamic operation of the electrolyser cell, which introduces additional challenges. Computational modelling of AEM electrolysis is ideally suited to tackle many of these open questions by providing insight into the transport processes and electrochemical reactions occurring in the cell under dynamic conditions. In this work, an open-source, transient continuum modelling framework for anion-exchange membrane (AEM) electrolysis is presented and applied to study electrolyzer cell dynamic performance. The one-dimensional cell model contains coupled equations for multiphase flow in the porous transport layers, a parameterized solution property model for potassium hydroxide electrolytes, and coupled ion and water transport equations to account for water activity gradients within the AEM. The model is validated with experimental results from an AEM electrolyser cell. We find that pH gradients develop within the electrolyte due to the production and consumption of hydroxide, which can lead to voltage losses and cell degradation. The influence of these pH gradients on potential catalyst dissolution mechanisms is explored and discussed. Finally, initial studies of transient operation will be presented. This work has been performed in the frame of the CHANNEL project. This project has received funding from the Fuel Cells and Hydrogen 2 Joint Undertaking (now Clean Hydrogen Partnership) under grant agreement No 875088. This Joint undertaking receives support from the European Union's Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation program, Hydrogen Europe and Hydrogen Europe Research. Some of this work has been performed within the MODELYS project "Electrolyzer 2030 – Cell and stack designs" financially supported by the Research Council of Norway under project number 326809.

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Ovechenko, Dmitry, e Alexander Boychenko. "Transformation of the Nanoporous Structure of Anodic Aluminium Oxide and its “Nonelectrolysis” Electroluminescence". Solid State Phenomena 312 (novembre 2020): 166–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.312.166.

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On a film of aluminum oxide (Al2O3) formed by electrolytic oxidation in distilled water (DW), the growth, transformation of its nanoporous structure, and the generation of electroluminescence (EL) in ketones and related compounds containing carbonyl groups were studied. For those contributing to the brightest EL – acetylacetone and methylpyrrolidone, it was found that the processes described in these electrolytes proceed with the highest intensity. Under the same electrolytes and conditions, similar processes, but with a lower intensity, proceed for A2O3 formed on pure aluminum. It was found that, with the external voltage, thermodynamic and geometrical parameters of the electrolytic system being constant, the brightness characteristics of the EL of the anodic Al2O3 are influenced by its structural organization and the electrophysical characteristics of the electrolyte surrounding the oxide film, which is proposed to be arbitrarily called “nonelectrolysis” because electrolysis products are not revealed in it.

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Ashraf, Juveiriah M., Myriam Ghodhbane e Chiara Busa. "The Effect of Ionic Carriers and Degree of Solidification on the Solid-State Electrolyte Performance for Free-Standing Carbon Nanotube Supercapacitor". ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-02, n. 7 (9 ottobre 2022): 2490. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-0272490mtgabs.

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To eliminate electrolyte leakage, the development of safe and flexible supercapacitors necessitates solid-state electrolytes which integrate both high mechanical and electrochemical capabilities. Quasi-solid-state electrolytes, which constitute a polymer matrix along with an aqueous electrolytic phase, are a viable answer to this problem. Recently, gel electrolytes have gained a lot of attention in flexible and wearable electronic devices due to their remarkable advancements. However, the limitation in the multi-functional abilities and high-performance in such gels hinders the practical usage of such devices. On the electrochemical perspective, the performance of the gel electrolyte depends on the type of ionic carrier (acidic, alkaline, or salt-based), size of the ion, solvent concentration, type of polymer, as well as the interaction between the polymer and other components. Moreover, the performance of the electrolyte differs with the electrode-electrolyte interface and thus is highly dependent on the electrode material. For this reason, it is vital to carry a parametric study to evaluate the effect of the above stated. The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of changing the ionic carrier (namely H3PO4, KOH and LiCl) as well as the solvent concentration on architecturally engineered PVA-based electrolytes’ performance in free-standing CNT supercapacitor using a bio-based compound, cellulose as a binder. The dependence of the electrolyte’s mechanical structure for long term stability is further evaluated by using the optimized concentration of each (H3PO4, KOH and LiCl) by freezing and de-freezing the gel to form membrane-like films, as a result of the increased physical cross-linking. The supercapacitors are studied for their capacitance, charge/discharge capabilities as well their long-term stability and also compared with aqueous electrolyte for the three aforementioned ionic carriers.

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Kumar Gupta, Pankaj, Akshay Dvivedi e Pradeep Kumar. "Effect of Electrolytes on Quality Characteristics of Glass during ECDM". Key Engineering Materials 658 (luglio 2015): 141–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.658.141.

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Electrochemical discharge machining (ECDM) is an ideal process for machining of nonconductive materials in micro-domain. The material removal takes place due to combined action of localised sparks and electrolysis in an electrolytic chamber. The electrolyte is most important process parameter for ECDM as it governs spark action as well as electrolysis. This article presents a comparison of three preferred electrolytes used in ECDM viz. NaCl, KOH and NaOH on drilling of glass workpiece material. The quality characteristics measured are material removal rate (MRR) and hole overcut. Results reveal that NaOH provides 9.7 and 3.8 times higher MRR than NaCl and KOH respectively. MRR and hole overcut are found significantly affected by spark characteristics.

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Li, Pengsong, Shiyuan Wang, Imran Ahmed Samo, Xingheng Zhang, Zhaolei Wang, Cheng Wang, Yang Li et al. "Common-Ion Effect Triggered Highly Sustained Seawater Electrolysis with Additional NaCl Production". Research 2020 (24 settembre 2020): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.34133/2020/2872141.

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Developing efficient seawater-electrolysis system for mass production of hydrogen is highly desirable due to the abundance of seawater. However, continuous electrolysis with seawater feeding boosts the concentration of sodium chloride in the electrolyzer, leading to severe electrode corrosion and chlorine evolution. Herein, the common-ion effect was utilized into the electrolyzer to depress the solubility of NaCl. Specifically, utilization of 6 M NaOH halved the solubility of NaCl in the electrolyte, affording efficient, durable, and sustained seawater electrolysis in NaCl-saturated electrolytes with triple production of H2, O2, and crystalline NaCl. Ternary NiCoFe phosphide was employed as a bifunctional anode and cathode in simulative and Ca/Mg-free seawater-electrolysis systems, which could stably work under 500 mA/cm2 for over 100 h. We attribute the high stability to the increased Na+ concentration, which reduces the concentration of dissolved Cl- in the electrolyte according to the common-ion effect, resulting in crystallization of NaCl, eliminated anode corrosion, and chlorine oxidation during continuous supplementation of Ca/Mg-free seawater to the electrolysis system.

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Prokhorov, Konstantin, Alexander Burdonov e Peter Henning. "Study of flow regimes and gas holdup in a different potentials medium in an aerated column". E3S Web of Conferences 192 (2020): 02013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202019202013.

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A generation of hydrogen and oxygen bubbles by of aqueous solutions of electrolytes was carried out. Two electrolysis modifications was study: electrolysis without a membrane to production of oxygen and hydrogen and membrane electrolysis with separation of catholyte and anolyte. The influence of the model conditions of the experiment such as electrolyte pH, concentration, and current density and the distribution of bubble sizes and gas holdup in the column are discussed. An inverse dependence of the hydrogen bubbles diameter in the catholyte medium on the current density and a direct dependence on the concentration of electrolytes are experimentally investigated. The oxygen bubbles tend to become larger with increasing current density and electrolyte concentration in anolyte medium. In electrolysis without a membrane, bubbles become smaller with increasing current density and decreasing the electrolyte concentration.

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Tesi sul tema "Electrolytes"

Van, Heerden D. P. "Degradation of the beta-alumina electrolyte in a zebra cell". Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/17666.

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Bibliography: pages 103-106.
Beta-alumina solid electrolytes studied were subjected to charge and discharge cycles in a secondary, high energy density Na/beta-alumina/NaAlCl₄/FeCl₂ cell (known as the Zebra cell) at 250⁰ C. These electrolytes were studied by means of optical microscopy, as well as SEM and EDS analyses to est ablish possible failure modes. After cycling little discolouration, or impurity pickup was found to have occurred in the electrolyte. The forms of degradation of the beta-alumina electrolyte identified appeared to be a result of inherent flaws in the beta-alumina electrolyte tube, problems due to protracted storage of the tubes, or an apparent interfacial film on the cathode/electrolyte interface. A lead wetting agent was used in the cells to enhance the wetting of the beta-alumina electrolyte by the liquid Na. A study of the coating after cycling of the cell showed that the coating was adherent irrespective of the number of cycles completed. The coating did not appear to influence cracking of the electrolyte during cycling. Cracking of the beta-alumina electrolyte was found to have initiated from the Na/electrolyte interface. No evidence of crack initiation nor internal damage was found on the cathode/electrolyte interface. The cracks through the beta-alumina electrolyte wall were found to have sealed by the formation of a plug consisting largely of Na and Cl. On the basis of EDS analyses of the fracture surface of the sealed crack possible sealing mechanisms are proposed.

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Sorrie, Graham A. "Liquid polymer electrolytes". Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 1987. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk/R?func=search-advanced-go&find_code1=WSN&request1=AAIU499826.

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This thesis is concerned with ion-ion and ion-polymer interactions over a wide concentration range in polymer electrolytes with a view to shedding new light on the mechanism of ion migration. Additionally, the electrochemical stability window of these electrolytes on platinum and vitreous carbon electrodes has been thoroughly investigated. The final part of this thesis is concerned with determining the feasibility of polymer electrolytes as electrolytes in a new type of energy storage device, a double layer capacitor which incorporates activated carbon cloth electrodes. Conductivities and viscosities of solutions of Li, Na and K thiocyanates in low-molecular-weight, non-crystallizable liquid copolymers of ethylene oxide (EO) and propylene oxide (PO) have been measured. The curves of molar conductance versus sqrt c show well-defined maxima and minima. The conductivity is independent of copolymer molecular-weight but is enhanced by raising the EO content of the copolymer. The results are interpreted in terms of a model for ion migration in which ion association and redissociation effects play an important role. It is proposed that the characteristic properties of liquid polymer electrolytes can only be satisfactorily explained if the current is largely anionic. The electrochemical stability window of these electrolytes on platinum is dominated by the presence of a water reduction peak starting at approximately -1.0V which limits the overall stability to approximately 2V. The onset of water reduction is displaced to more negative potentials (-3.0V), thus increasing the stability window, on vitreous carbon electrodes. The value of the double layer capacitance on vitreous carbon electrodes (15-30muF cm-2) agrees well with published data. The double layer capacitance of activated carbon cloth electrodes is lower than anticipated. The importance of faradaic charging and discharging currents to the successful operation of double layer capacitors is indicated but no problems relating to the specific use of polymer electrolytes in such devices were found.

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Stuart, Paul Anthony. "The synthesis and evaluation of proton conducting electrolytes for high temperature steam electrolysers". Thesis, Imperial College London, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/5571.

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Proton conducting ceramics based on acceptor doped perovskites are the subject of investigation as candidate electrolyte materials for Solid Oxide Electrolyser Cells (SOECs). Specifically, BaCe0.9Y0.1O3-[delta](BCY10) and BaZr0.9Y0.1O3-[delta](BZY10) were investigated. Samples with greater than 95% of the maximum theoretical density were successfully prepared using a BCY10 commercial powder. It was found that when small additions of ZnO were added to a BZY10 commercial powder, a density of greater than 95% of the theoretical maximum was achievable whereas without ZnO addition, the maximum achievable density was 85%. BCY10 was found to have a total conductivity approximately one order of magnitude greater than Zndoped BZY10 over the entire temperature range studied. Spray pyrolysis and sol-gel methods were used successfully to prepare single phase pure BZY10 powders. The sintering behaviours of the powders produced by spray pyrolysis were found to alter significantly with changes in powder processing parameters. BCY10 and Zn-doped BZY10 cells were tested in electrolysis and fuel cell modes and the effects of varying operating conditions on cell performances were studied. At 750oC, the Area Specific Resistances (ASR) of a BCY10 cell in electrolysis mode was found to be lower when the anode compartment was humidified to [approximately equal]83% than to[approximately equal]3%. Below this temperature, ASR values were greater when using increased humidity levels. It was concluded that a degree of oxide ion conduction may be beneficial to the operation of proton conducting electrolysers. Post-test, BCY10 cell cross-sections were imaged using scanning electron microscopy and analysed using Energy Dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy. Significant erosion of grain boundaries regions close the electrode-electrolyte interfaces was observed and EDX spectroscopy results suggested the formation of a secondary phase in these regions, possibly Y:CeO2. Had testing continued over an extended period of time it is probable that BCY10 cells would have undergone mechanical failure.

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McLennaghan, A. W. "Linear segmented polyurethane electrolytes". Thesis, University of Strathclyde, 1987. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.382418.

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Klein, Jeffrey M. "Electrode-Electrolyte and Solvent-Solute Interfaces of Concentrated Electrolytes: Ionic Liquids and Deep Eutectic Solvents". Case Western Reserve University School of Graduate Studies / OhioLINK, 2021. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=case1620213066452923.

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Wauters, Cary N. "Electrolytic membrane recovery of bromine from waste gas-phase hydrogen bromide streams using a molten salt electrolyte". Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/10131.

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Zhao, Xin. "Electropolishing of Niobium in Sulfuric Acid-Methanol Electrolytes: Development of Hydrofluoric Acid-Free Electrolytes". Diss., Virginia Tech, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/28507.

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Niobium (Nb) has the highest superconducting transition temperature (9.2 K) of the pure metals, which makes it the most used material for the construction of superconducting radio frequency (SRF) accelerators. The performance of the accelerator is critically dependent upon the quality of Nb surface. Electropolishing (EP) in hydrofluoric acid (HF)-containing electrolytes is the currently accepted treatment process. The presence of HF is necessary for the removal of the passive oxide surface film formed in aqueous electrolytes. But HF is hazardous and must be contained without human exposure and eliminated in an environmentally appropriate manner. In the present dissertation project, HF-Free EP of Nb was performed in sulfuric acid-methanol electrolytes. Sulfuric concentrations of 0.1 M, 0.5 M, 1 M, 2 M, and 3 M were used. Cyclic voltammetry and potential hold experiments were performed in cells of both two-electrode and three-electrode setups to evaluate the electrochemical process. The influence of electrolyte concentration, temperature, and EP duration was investigated. At room temperature, both the corrosion rate and the surface quality obtained were comparable to those currently obtained with HF-based processing. With decreasing temperature, the mean current level decreased and the surface quality improved substantially. For a desired average material removal of 100 μM, nanometer scale surface roughness was obtained under multiple conditions. Mechanism of EP was also investigated by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The EIS diagram indicates the presence of a compact film during EP at mass transport controlled limiting current and a film-free surface during EP at ohmic controlled current. Transfer from a film-free surface to an anodic film precipitation with decreasing temperature was also observed. Microsmoothing is only achieved under mass transport control. Nb⁵⁺ ions are determined to be the mass transport limiting species.
Ph. D.

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Schlindwein, Walkiria Santos. "Conducting polymers and polymer electrolytes". Thesis, University of Leicester, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/2381/33889.

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Polymers are mostly used as insulator materials. Since the late sixties, two new classes of polymeric materials possessing either ionic or electronic conductivities have been extensively studied. The work carried out in this thesis concerns of the study of polymer electrolytes based on poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) complexed with divalent salts (ionic conductors) and polypyrroles (PPy) electrochemically and chemically prepared (electronic conductors). Different techniques were used to study their properties including Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), Variable Temperature Polarising Microscopy (VTPM), Extended X-ray Absorption Fine Structure (EXAFS), a.c. Impedance, Cyclic Voltammetry, and Fourier Transform Infra-Red Spectroscopy (FTIR). Water-cast films of PEOn:ZnX2 (X = C1, Br, I) were prepared at a range of stoichiometries. The effects of either residual presence of water or thermal treatment related to the formation of high melting crystalline materials were investigated. The morphology of the zinc halides films differs from similar films cast from acetonitrile/methanol mixtures. The presence of high melting crystalline material in the water cast samples is influenced mostly by the concentration, type of anion and drying procedure applied to the samples. The high melting crystalline materials in the zinc samples are more affected by the drying regime. In some cases, solvent effects can be removed by using a high temperature (e.g. 180°C) drying regime. The presence of water normally depresses the melting temperature of the crystalline structures. Films of PEOn.:CaBr2 and PEOn:NiBr2 cast from water were also examined. The high melting crystalline materials in the calcium samples are more affected by the presence of water. The nickel samples are highly crystalline and the presence of high melting material does not seem to be influenced by either the presence of solvent or the drying procedure. EXAFS was used as a suitable technique to probe the local structure surrounding the cation. The results of the zinc halide samples gave some indication of the interionic and polymer-cation interactions. It was demonstrated that the halogen provides the most substantial contribution for the total EXAFS spectrum and the oxygen contribution is much less significant, except in the case of PEOn:ZnC12 samples. This could be due to the size of the nearest neighbour atoms and/or to the interaction polymer-cation. The presence of neutral "ion pairing" is suggested for the PEOn:ZnBr2 samples. The EXAFS results for the samples containing NiBr2 indicated a strong interaction between polymer-salt and the local structure was dependent on concentration, unlike the zinc samples. The polymerisation of pyrrole was investigated by using chemical and electrochemical oxidation routes. The structural characterisation of the compounds obtained was limited by their insolubility. The electrochemically prepared samples presented higher conductivity than the ones which were chemically prepared. The EXAFS results at the Fe K-edge of the PPyFeCl4 sample, which was prepared by direct chemical oxidation, suggested that the iron is coordinated to oxygens at a distance 1.97 A, chlorines at 3.08 A and perhaps nitrogens at 3.72 A. The iron local structure of the composite PVA/PPy doped with FeCl3 was different from the PPyFeCl4 sample. The iron in the composite sample was coordinated to oxygens at 1.98 A and chlorines at 2.18 A. Alternatively, the presence of a distorted FeCl4- is considered.

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Edwards, William. "Structural Dynamics in Novel Electrolytes". Thesis, University of Kent, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.499827.

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Worboys, M. R. "Ionic transport in polyether electrolytes". Thesis, University of Kent, 1985. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.353186.

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Più fonti

Libri sul tema "Electrolytes"

Külpmann, Wolf-Rüdiger, Hans-Krister Stummvoll e Paul Lehmann. Electrolytes. Vienna: Springer Vienna, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7091-4439-8.

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Royal Society of Chemistry (Great Britain)., a cura di. Polymer electrolytes. Cambridge: Royal Society of Chemistry, 1997.

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Chernecky, Cynthia C. Fluids & electrolytes. Philadelphia: Saunders, 2001.

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Chernecky, Cynthia C. Fluids & electrolytes. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders, 2002.

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Lippincott Williams & Wilkins., a cura di. Fluids & electrolytes. Ambler, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2006.

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Denise, Macklin, e Murphy-Ende Kathleen, a cura di. Fluids & electrolytes. 2^a ed. St. Louis: Elsevier Saunders, 2006.

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Nagasawa, Mitsuru. Physical chemistry of polyelectrolyte solutions. Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2015.

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H, Dautzenberg, a cura di. Polyelectrolytes: Formation, characterization, and application. Munich: Hanser Publishers, 1994.

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Lobo, Victor M. M. Handbook of electrolyte solutions. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1989.

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Garrett, Bernie. Fluids and Electrolytes. Abingdon, Oxon; New York, NY: Routledge, 2017.: Routledge, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781315157825.

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Capitoli di libri sul tema "Electrolytes"

Wang, Tao, Jinyi Wang, Pengjie Wang, Zhibo Ren e Chao Peng. "Electrolysis Visualization and Performance Evaluation Platform for Commercial-Sized Alkaline Water Electrolyzer". In Proceedings of the 10th Hydrogen Technology Convention, Volume 1, 390–400. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-8631-6_38.

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AbstractAlkaline water electrolysis (AWE) is promising for large-scale commercial production of green hydrogen, but large overpotential hinders their promotion. In order to reduce energy consumption, structure design of bipolar plate is crucial, which calls for a deep understanding of the flow behavior such as flow distribution and product bubble motion inside of the electrolyzers, thus requiring electrolysis visualization and evaluation. But due to challenge of structure design and proper sealing performance, related system/devices for commercial-sized electrolyzer are rare. In the present work, we construct an electrolytic visualization and performance testing system by using 3D computer aided design. Using precision CNC machining of transparent electrolyzer, the internal flow of different structures can be visualized, and the performance of the electrolyzer can be tested simultaneously. Based on the system, two common structured electrolyzer design are investigated, namely concave and convex bipolar plate (CCBP) and metal mesh support electrolyzer. The results indicate that a better flow uniformity is crucial for lower overpotential and the inferior performance of mesh structured electrolyzer at large current density results from bubble impediment in the mesh structure. The current platform can be applied as a general tool for convenient multi-phase investigation and performance evaluation of different structure design components during water electrolysis at a low cost.

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Weinberger, Myron H. "Electrolytes". In Handbook of Research Methods in Cardiovascular Behavioral Medicine, 133–43. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-0906-0_9.

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Komorsky-Lovrić, Šebojka. "Electrolytes". In Electroanalytical Methods, 309–30. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-02915-8_16.

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Komorsky-Lovrić, Šebojka. "Electrolytes". In Electroanalytical Methods, 279–300. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-04757-6_15.

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Proske, Uwe, David L. Morgan, Tamara Hew-Butler, Kevin G. Keenan, Roger M. Enoka, Sebastian Sixt, Josef Niebauer et al. "Electrolytes". In Encyclopedia of Exercise Medicine in Health and Disease, 272–76. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-29807-6_61.

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Estell, Krista E. "Electrolytes". In Interpretation of Equine Laboratory Diagnostics, 67–74. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118922798.ch10.

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Barton, Linda, e Rebecca Kirby. "Electrolytes". In Monitoring and Intervention for the Critically Ill Small Animal, 73–94. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118923870.ch6.

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Tannenbaum, Lloyd, Rachel E. Bridwell e Brannon L. Inman. "Electrolytes". In EKG Teaching Rounds, 85–98. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-06028-1_5.

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Paolella, Andrea. "Electrolytes". In Green Energy and Technology, 9–16. Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-63713-1_2.

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Fisher, Rod. "Electrolytes". In Evidence Based Equine Nutrition, 286–313. GB: CABI, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789245134.0013.

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Atti di convegni sul tema "Electrolytes"

Sakhnenko, Mykola, Gulsara Zhamanbayeva, Tatyana Nenastina, Aiman Kemelzhanova e Lyazzat Dalabay. "KINETIC REGULARITIES OF OBTAINING ELECTROLYTIC NANO-COATINGS AND COBALT COMPOSITES WITH REFRACTORY METALS". In 23rd SGEM International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference 2023. STEF92 Technology, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.5593/sgem2023/6.1/s24.05.

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Electrodeposition of composite coatings based on cobalt alloys from citratepyrophosphate electrolytes is investigated. The features of the co-reduction of cobalt with refractory metals (Mo, W, Zr) directly from the electrolyte solution are due to the mutual influence of thermodynamic and kinetic characteristics of alloy-forming components. Modern electrochemical technologies for surface treatment of titanium alloys to create protective, antifriction, dielectric, and catalytically active materials are considered. The physicochemical fundamentals of the processes of plasma-electrolytic formation of conversion and composite electrolytic coatings are highlighted. Separate stages of electrode reactions, regularities of the influence of electrolyte components, and electrolysis parameters on the composition, structure, and morphology of synthesized materials are examined in detail. Considerable attention is paid to improving the synthesis of multicomponent alloys and composites based on cobalt from aggregative stable and stable electrolyte solutions, and flexible control of the composition and functional properties of materials is an urgent scientific and technical problem, the solution of which is the presented study.

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Gitzhofer, F., M.-E. Bonneau e M. Boulos. "Double Doped Ceria Electrolyte Synthesized by Solution Plasma Spraying with Induction Plasma Technology". In ITSC2001, a cura di Christopher C. Berndt, Khiam A. Khor e Erich F. Lugscheider. ASM International, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.cp.itsc2001p0061.

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Abstract In the continuing progress of fuel cell technology, CeO2 double doped electrolytes appears to be promising for lowering the SOFC's working temperatures. Ceria electrolytes have better ionic conductivities than YSZ but, at low oxygen partial pressures, the chemical reduction of ceria leads to increasing electronic conduction. Double doping of the ceria increases the electrolytic conduction range without changing its conductivity. To avoid stress development within the ceria crystallographic structure, the dopants mix must have a mean ionic radius as close as possible to the critical ionic radius. Ceria electrolytes with various compositions and dopant concentrations are synthesized with a combinatorial chemistry approach. To synthesize new electrolytes, solution plasma spraying with nitrate salt precursor is used. The reaction is completed and nanocrystalline thin layers of ceramic are formed in the plasma. Comparative studies of plasma spraying techniques, with YSZ powder plasma spraying as electrolyte reference, were performed. Also, comparative impedance spectroscopy measurements are to be performed to validate the double doping hypothesis and thence to identify the best electrolytes in the suite of over 300 new materials.

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Lee, Sangyup, Eunji Kim, Paul Maldonado Nogales e Soon Ki Jeong. "Spectroscopic Analysis of Electrolyte Solutions with Diverse Metal Ions for Aqueous Zinc-Ion Batteries". In International Conference on Advanced Materials, Mechanics and Structural Engineering. Switzerland: Trans Tech Publications Ltd, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/p-wksz7w.

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The water-in-salt method, recognized for regulating metal ion solvation structure, garners attention in secondary batteries for its potential to broaden the electrolyte's operational range and reduce side reactions. However, the understanding of how anion size variations impact metal ion solvation structure remains limited. This study addresses the gap by employing mixed electrolytes with diverse anion sizes, investigating the effects of electrolyte concentration and anion size on the solvation structure of zinc cations crucial in electrochemical reactions. Various analytical techniques, including FT-IR, Raman, and NMR spectroscopy, are utilized. Mixed electrolytes are formulated by dissolving ZnCl2 and Zn (NO3)2 in water (1.0 mol kg‒1), with the addition of LiCl and LiNO3 (0.1 to 19.0 mol kg‒1). FT-IR and Raman analyses reveal weakened hydrogen bonds with increasing electrolyte concentration. Elevated concentration disrupts bonds between Li+ ions and water molecules, resulting in alterations in solvation structure. NMR and FT-IR spectra exhibit distinct behaviors, suggesting influences from molecular bonding structure and anion size, intricately linked to the specific salt used in electrolyte preparation.

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Dibua, Ohiremen, Vikram Mukundan, Beth Pruitt, Ali Mani e Gianluca Iaccarino. "Demonstrating the Potential of a Novel Model to Improve Open-Loop Control of Electrostatic Comb-Drive Actuators in Electrolytes". In ASME 2017 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2017-71092.

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Electrostatic comb-drive actuators in electrolytes have many potential applications, including characterizing biological structures. Maximizing the utility of these devices for such applications requires a model capable of accurately predicting their behavior over both micron and submicron scales of displacement. Classic circuit models of these systems assume that the native oxide is a pure dielectric, and that the ion concentration of the bulk electrolyte is constant. We propose augmented models that separately address these assumptions, and analyze their ability to predict the displacement of the electrostatic actuators in electrolytic solutions. We find that the model which removes the assumption that the native oxide is a pure dielectric most accurately predicts comb-drive actuator behavior in electrolytes.

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Nagai, J. "Liquid electrolytes". In Institutes for Advanced Optical Technologies, a cura di Carl M. Lampert e Claes-Göran Granqvist. SPIE, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2283626.

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Fang, Xudong, e Donggang Yao. "An Overview of Solid-Like Electrolytes for Supercapacitors". In ASME 2013 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2013-64069.

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Supercapacitors with an electric double-layer design have attracted great attention in the recent years because they are promising energy storage devices for a number of applications, particularly for portable electronics and electric automobiles. They utilize the interface between the electrode and the electrolyte to store energy, resulting in energy storage devices with high power density but low energy density compared to batteries. To improve the performance and reduce the cost, researchers have made significant progress in increasing energy density, electrode voltage, and cycle life. The increase of the energy density is considered to be achieved mainly by increasing the effective specific interface between the electrodes and the electrolyte. Various electrodes with porous structure have been attempted to increase the specific surface area. The increase of electrode voltage is realized primarily via the change of liquid electrolytes to gel, solid and composite ones. In this overview, they are summarized as solid-like electrolytes. This paper reviews the materials adopted and the processing methods developed for solid-like electrolytes, as well as the general characteristics of supercapacitors employing such electrolytes.

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Gupta, Prateek, e Supreet Singh Bahga. "Stability Analysis of Oscillating Electrolytes". In ASME 2015 13th International Conference on Nanochannels, Microchannels, and Minichannels collocated with the ASME 2015 International Technical Conference and Exhibition on Packaging and Integration of Electronic and Photonic Microsystems. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icnmm2015-48075.

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We present an investigation of instabilities that occur in a class of electrolytes, called oscillating-electrolytes, which become unstable under the effect of electric field. We analyze the onset of instability by modeling growth of small perturbations in concentration field of a binary electrolyte. Our analysis is based on linearizing the nonlinear species transport equations, which include the effects of electromigration, diffusion, and acid - base equilibria on electrophoretic transport of ions. Our linear stability analysis shows that, the growth rate of low wavenumber concentration disturbances increases with increase in wavenumber. Whereas, the growth rate of high wavenumber disturbances decreases with increasing wavenumber due to stabilizing effect of molecular diffusion. Our analysis also yields scaling for growth rates and the wavenumber of most unstable mode with electric field. The growth rates and scaling predicted by our linearized model compare well with those predicted by fully nonlinear simulations. In addition, we show that the oscillatory behavior is exhibited only over a range of species concentrations. We also discuss the physical mechanism that causes concentration disturbances to grow in oscillating electrolytes. We show that oscillations result when the binary electrolyte consists of a multivalent species with unusually high electrophoretic mobility in higher ionization states. Presence of such species causes abnormal variations in electrical conductivity due to concentration disturbances, which in turn alter the electric field in a way that destabilizes the electrophoretic system.

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Dunham, Joshua, Dominic Frisone, Mahdi Amiriyan, Eman Hassan, Jung Feng Hu, Rashid Farahati e Siamak Farhad. "Effect of Pressure and Temperature on the Performance of Argyrodite Li6PS5Cl0.5Br0.5 Electrolyte for All-Solid-State Lithium Battery". In ASME 2021 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2021-73735.

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Abstract Solid state electrolytes are promising materials for use in lithium-ion batteries for applications in electric vehicles and aircraft. One of the most promising solid electrolytes are the Argyrodite materials, Li6PS5X(X = Cl, Br, I). Among Argyrodites, Li6PS5Cl0.5Br0.5 crystalline material has high ionic conductivity, good processability and excellent electrochemical stability. It is reported in literature that the pelletization pressure and operating pressure and temperature significantly affect the ionic conductivity of argyrodite electrolytes and the cell performance. The focus of this paper is on Li6PS5Cl0.5Br0.5, a crystalline electrolyte material, and the goals are to systematically investigate effects of the pelletization pressure and operating pressure and temperature on the ionic conductivity of this material. The results of this study help to understand the range of pelletization, and operating pressures of all-solid-state lithium sulfur batteries made with Li6PS5Cl0.5Br0.5 crystalline electrolyte material.

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Persky, J., D. Beeaff, S. Menzer, D. Storjohann e G. Coors. "Spray Coating of Electrolyte Films for Solid Oxide Fuel Cells". In ASME 2008 6th International Conference on Fuel Cell Science, Engineering and Technology. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fuelcell2008-65100.

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Fabrication of defect free co-sintered electrolytes with thickness between 12 μm and 40μm has been demonstrated on planar and tubular cells produced via a spray coating process. Leak testing using a helium leak method showed low diffusional leak rates for cells using optimized spray parameters. The electrolytes were characterized using scanning electron microscopy to qualitatively assess pin holes. Average open circuit voltages (OCVs) of 1080 mV were obtained on tubular cells with spray-coated electrolytes using 3% humidified hydrogen as the fuel. This paper presents spray coating as a viable, cost effective method for electrolyte application in co-fired, anode supported SOFCs.

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Polyakov, V. Yu. "ELECTROLYTES GALVANIC BRONZING". In Современные проблемы регионального развития. ИКАРП ДВО РАН – ФГБОУ ВО «ПГУ им. Шолом-Алейхема», 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.31433/978-5-904121-22-8-2018-271-274.

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Rapporti di organizzazioni sul tema "Electrolytes"

Giannelis, Emmanuel P. Nanocomposite Polymer Electrolytes. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, novembre 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada387289.

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Wu, Bingbin, Witness Martin e Ruozhu Feng. Safe Electrolytes for Batteries. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), settembre 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/2004426.

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Beavers e Gerst. GRI-00-8717 Effect of Soil Constituents on Near Neutral pH SCC Propagation. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), febbraio 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0011249.

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The objectives of the research were to verify the preliminary observation from the previous TCPL research that some soils contain constituents that promote near-neutral pH SCC and to identify possible constituents. Crack growth tests were performed on samples of susceptible line pipe steel in two of the most potent cracking soils from a previous research project performed for TransCanada Pipelines, followed by analyses of the soil/electrolyte environments at the completion of the tests.� Corrosion potential and corrosion rate measurements also were performed on specimens of the line pipe steel in the electrolytes.

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Harlan U. Anderson, Fatih Dogan e Vladimir Petrovsky. LOW TEMPERATURE CATHODE SUPPORTED ELECTROLYTES. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), marzo 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/834041.

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Harlan U. Anderson, Wayne Huebner e Igor Kosacki. LOW TEMPERATURE CATHODE SUPPORTED ELECTROLYTES. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), settembre 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/834064.

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Harlan U. Anderson. LOW TEMPERATURE CATHODE SUPPORTED ELECTROLYTES. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), marzo 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/834065.

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Harlan U. Anderson, Wayne Huebner e Igor Kosacki. LOW TEMPERATURE CATHODE SUPPORTED ELECTROLYTES. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), marzo 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/834066.

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Harlan U. Anderson, Fatih Dogan e Vladimir Petrovsky. LOW TEMPERATURE CATHODE SUPPORTED ELECTROLYTES. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), marzo 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/834067.

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Harlan U. Anderson, Wayne Huebner e Igor Kosacki. LOW TEMPERATURE CATHODE SUPPORTED ELECTROLYTES. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), settembre 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/834069.

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Vestergaard, B. Organic Electrolytes for Sodium Batteries. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, settembre 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada260242.

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