Tesi sul tema "Électrodes en mousse 3D"
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Adjez, Yanis. "Stimulation of Electrocatalytic Reduction of Nitrate by Immobilized Ionic Liquids". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2024. https://accesdistant.sorbonne-universite.fr/login?url=https://theses-intra.sorbonne-universite.fr/2024SORUS337.pdf.
Testo completoNitrate pollution in water represents a significant environmental challenge and is one of the top ten most common water quality violations worldwide. This challenge offers an opportunity for the circular economy as nitrate electrolysis has been suggested as a sustainable method for valorization of nitrate-contaminated effluents by simultaneous decentralized ammonia production (a commodity chemical). In particular, the electrochemical reduction of nitrate (ERN) is a promising and sustainable strategy for addressing the critical issue of nitrate pollution in water sources. Several earth abundant materials such as copper and tin have been suggested as suitable electrocatalytic materials for ERN. Mostly fundamental electrochemical studies under potentiostatic conditions are reported so far. In contrast, this study presents ERN evaluation under galvanostatic conditions for achieving more representative operational conditions for larger engineered systems. However, this provokes the appearance of the concomitant hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), which takes place at a similar thermodynamic potential than ERN. Thus, faradaic efficiency for ERN significantly diminishes under realistic galvanostatic conditions due to the competition with HER. This project addresses this fundamental challenge in electrocatalysis and proposes a novel strategy based on the immobilization of imidazolium-based ionic molecules on the surface of the cathode to selectively inhibit HER and enhance ERN. Notably, this research explores a range of hybrid cathode materials, including 2D plate and 3D foam carbon- and metal-based electrodes, which are recognized for their potential in real world applications for ERN. The success of the ionic organic layer immobilization onto the cathodes was confirmed through different physicochemical characterization techniques and subsequent electrocatalytic activity and selectivity evaluation, which demonstrated an enhanced selectivity and faradaic efficiency for ammonia production on hybrid cathodes twice as much as the bare electrode material for ERN under the same experimental conditions
Espert, Alexandre. "Mélanges polyélectrolytes-tensioactifs : du film de savon isolé à la mousse 3D". Bordeaux 1, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998BOR10598.
Testo completoBounor, Botayna. "Micro-supercondensateurs 3D tout solide à électrodes hiérarchiques fabriqués à l'échelle du wafer". Thesis, Nantes, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019NANT4024/document.
Testo completoOur study focuses on the fabrication of micro-supercapacitors based on hierarchical electrodes with a large surface area. These electrodes combine top down and bottom up approaches in order to develop important specific area by combining the surface gain of the 3D microstructures (top down / etching) and the nanowires (bottom up / growth). 3D microstructures etched within silicon substrate (microtubes / micropiliers / micromurs) forme the base of these hierarchical electrodes. Two aspects was explored to decorate 3D microstructures with nanowires. The first route is based on the hydrothermal synthesis of ZnO nanowires from a nanometric seed layer deposited by ALD on these 3D microstructures. The second explored route is based on a fast annealing process (<10 min) at high temperature (1000 ° C) of a SiO2 / Pt stack. This rapid annealing allowed therefore the formation of silica nanowires. The pseudocapacitive materials was then deposited electrolytically on these hierarchical electrodes. The method of elaboration of these electrodes was coupled with that of manufacturing complete MSCs in order to obtain high surface energy densities never before reached (> 100 uWh / cm2) while maintaining reasonable power density performances. (> 10 mW / cm2) by the use of thin films (~ 200 nm). This thesis was conducted between 3 laboratories of the RS2E: IMN, ICGM and IEMN
Papillon, Justine. "Fabrication, caractérisation et intégration de matériaux innovants pour électrodes de piles à combustible microbiennes". Thesis, Lyon, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LYSEI080/document.
Testo completoMicrobial Fuel Cells (MFCs) allow a portion of the energy contained in biodegradable substrates to be converted directly into electricity through the formation of an electroactive biofilm on the surface of their anode. Future energy harvesting solutions, these bioelectrochemical systems could thus, for example, be used for the autonomous power supply of sensors in isolated zone or be more generally located within wastewater treatment plants. Nevertheless, after about twenty years of development, the performances of PACMs tend to stagnate. The solution frequently used to improve their results is to develop new anode materials by optimizing their structure or their surface but very often neglecting the criteria of longevity, price and transferability on an industrial scale, essential for this application. The objective of this study is to propose efficient anodes, with a simple manufacturing process, cheap and stable over time. Consisting of entangled 304L stainless steel monofilaments, the anodes we develop were initially characterized mechanically (by odometric compression) and from a microstructural point of view (by X-ray tomography). Then, their integration into prototypes of MFCs inoculated with activated sludge made it possible to measure the influence of various architectural parameters of the fuel cell (distance between electrodes, electrode surface, ...) and of the anode ( pore size, wire diameter, ...) on electrical performance, with the main objective of maximizing their specific surface area while limiting their clogging. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy measurements were also carried out in order to study in more detail the different electrochemical phenomena involved. These innovative 3D anodes are promising because they have made it possible to obtain power densities of the order of 200 mW / m² with an electrode cost, compared to the literature, considerably reduced
Freixas, Jérémy. "Microbatteries 3D zinc-air ou comment repousser les limites des technologies lithium-ion". Thesis, Nantes, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018NANT4014/document.
Testo completoThe studies presented in the frame of this thesis are focused on zinc-air battery miniaturization, an electrochemical energy storage system that shows a higher volumetric and gravimetric energy density than the lithium-ion technology, mostly investigated in literature. The micromachining of a silicon substrate allows designing a high specific surface scaffold: 3D geometrical gain enhances the properties of charge storage for the electrodes of the microbattery. 3D microstructures exhibiting various geometrical designs have been studied: for instance, silicon micro-tubes (4,2μm outer diameter) 109 μm-depth (60:1 aspect ratio) provide a specific surface to the footprint ratio close to 70. Then, this scaffold is coated by the active materials using conformal depositions methods. This process leads to a 3D zinc metallic anode (300nm-thick) exhibiting a surface capacity of 1mAh.cm-2 in aqueous electrolyte (potassium hydroxide 0,7M). Cell voltage is 1,2V. For the first time in literature, a miniaturized air electrode has been manufactured, based on a porous microchannel network on the front side of silicon substrate, and the etching of a cavity on the back side. Once silicon wafer is micromachined, a platinum conformal thin film provides the conductive properties to the electrode while a manganese dioxide layer enhances the catalytic activity. This original concept of 3D air electrode presents a behavior similarly to a commercial one, but with a significant reduced size
Portois, Clément. "Comportement de la mousse en milieu poreux pour confiner une source de pollution : potentialités, contraintes et démonstration en site réel". Thesis, Bordeaux 3, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018BOR30002.
Testo completoThe presence of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) in groundwater is particularly problematic because it can contaminate them for decades. The treatment of these sites, whose pollution is often mixed and complex, requires the development of reliable techniques. Particularly in the context of a heterogeneous aquifer, conventional techniques suffer from the low potential for pollution sweeping by remedying agents. In situ foam generation is an innovative technique to control the mobility of these agents. The general approach of the thesis concerns the development of foam injection and its applicability. in the context of an industrial site in activity contaminated by chlorinated solvents. The originality of this work concerns the use of foam as a confining agent (hydraulically) of a source zone within the plant itself. The first objective of this thesis is to define the origin of pollution and the processes responsible for the transport of dissolved compounds in a multilayered and heterogeneous aquifer system. In this context, a 3-dimensional transport model has been developed and constrained based on geological data (3D structure), hydrogeological data (piezometry, groundwater velocity measurement), and chemical data (chlorinated solvent and major ions). The combination of these approaches had a real impact on the understanding of the hydrogeological dynamics of the underground system present at the study site, and allowed us to define the foam injection zone. In parallel with site characterization, experimental work in laboratory allows to define the mechanisms responsible for reducing the water-relative permeability by injecting foam. Through a multi-scale approach, we (i) define a formulation (surfactant concentrations and composition) and injection parameters (foam quality, injection rate, injection mode ) to generate a foam favorable to the reduction of water saturation (column 1D). This saturation decrease led to a reduction of the water relative permeability by a factor greater than 100. (ii) Estimate the behavior of the foam along an injection profile and its impact on the reduction saturation in water a few centimeters from an injection point (2D decimetric pilot). (iii) Verify the 3D applicability of the developed injection system and to follow the evolutions of the impact of the foam in an aquifer (test on a real piezometer). Finally, a continuous foam injection test during 96 hours at the source zone of the contaminated industrial site was carried out. Conducting a pumping test (post injection) in the center of the confined zone, coupled with contaminant fluxes measurements (pre and post injection) and implemented in a 2D model, highlighted the real impact of the injected foam over a radius greater than 2m with a reduction of the flow of pollutant downstream by a factor 4.5. The various laboratory and modeling work highlight the advances and limitations of the developed technique and make it possible to propose ways of improvement
Bossard, Cédric. "Elaboration et caractérisation d’un hybride organominéral à base de polycaprolactone et de bioverre sous forme de mousse macroporeuse pour la régénération osseuse". Thesis, Université Clermont Auvergne (2017-2020), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018CLFAC068/document.
Testo completoThe increase in life expectancy results in the decline of seniors’ health conditions and the resurgence of chronic diseases. Among the expressions of senescence, disorders of the musculoskeletal system are particularly disabling and considerably accelerate the state of dependency. This is also the case for young people who suffer from traumatic injuries or pathologic conditions. Thus, about 2.2 million bone grafts are performed worldwide every year. Yet, the level of postoperative complications remains high and is estimated at 15% of surgical operations. These facts outline a major societal concern: animal-based materials present a risk of histocompatibility issues and pathogenicity that may lead to implant failure. This is the reason why research efforts focus on the development of synthetic biomaterials capable of promoting bone regeneration. Currently, commercialised bone substitutes are mainly made of bioactive “ceramics” (calcium phosphates, bioactive glass) that are known to be biocompatible, to spontaneously bond to bone tissues, to promote bone cell adhesion and finally to be bioresorbable. However, despite these remarkable properties, the brittleness of these materials limits their applications. An ingenious solution to this brittleness can be learned from the particular structure of bone tissue. Bone tissue intimately blends an inorganic phase, the bone mineral, which is made of apatite crystals (resorbable calcium phosphates), with an organic phase that is mainly collagen. Such a structure associates the stiffness of the inorganic part with the toughness of collagen fibres. Therefore, in order to obtain implants with mechanical properties similar to that of bone, the strategy consists in combining bioactive ceramics with organic matter. To this end, the Biomatériaux team from the Laboratoire de Physique de Clermont (LPC) recently developed an innovative process that allows the synthesis of tridimensional organic-inorganic hybrids comprised of bioactive glass and biocompatible polymer. The objective of the thesis was to exploit this process in order to develop a hybrid bone substitute with optimal properties. First of all, polycaprolactone was selected as the polymer, especially because of its adequate degradation rate for long-term applications such as bone regeneration. Then, the synthesis process was improved (in particular, the calcium source was changed), the macroporous structure was optimised and the organic-inorganic ratio was chosen. Afterwards, elements that are known to induce an osteogenic effect were incorporated in the hybrid at low doses (< 5% of total weight): an inorganic doping was performed using strontium ions and an organic doping was performed using nutrients such as fisetin or hydroxytyrosol. The resultant hybrid scaffolds were eventually characterised in vitro in order to determine their physicochemical and biological properties and in vivo in order to evaluate their performance. After 3 months of implantation in a mouse calvarial critical defect, results demonstrate the potential of this bone substitute: compared to the reference commercial material (treated bovine bone) that leads to a bone reconstruction of 16% (± 5%), the hybrid allows a reconstruction going from 32% (± 3%) when it is not doped, to 55% (± 7%) and even 58% (± 7%) when it is doped respectively with fisetin or strontium. This thesis paves the way to promising perspectives like the association of doping agents and the 3D printing of polycaprolactone-bioactive glass hybrid scaffolds
Sahli, Rihab. "Formation contrôlée de monocouches auto-assemblées via le dépôt électrochimiquement assisté de disulfures sur or et assemblage 3D de centres redox". Paris 7, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA077231.
Testo completoIn this work, we report the development of a novel electrochemically assisted method for controlling and monitoring the formation of dense self-assembled monolayers on the surface of a polycristalline gold electrode. Ferrocenylalkyl cyclic disulfides, derived from lipoïc acid, were used as redox labeled adsorbates. The two sulfur atoms of anchoring site enhance the stability of the formed self-assembled monolayers (SAMs). Moreover, the presence of the electroactive ferrocenyl group, allowed real time monitoring of the chemisorption process. Under electrode polarization, we were able to perform in situ control of the SAM formation. In fact, when the electrode surface was held at a moderate cathodic potential (E= -0. 4 V vs. SCE), a homogenous and dense monolayer was obtained very quickly with reproducible, high surface concentration and a good organization according to the PM-IRRAS measurements. On the contrary, a moderate anodic potential prevented chemisorption of the disulfide moiety and even induced desorption of an already existing SAM. The desorption phenomena, which was not observed in the case of ferrocene-labeled alkanethiols at the same potential, revealed a specific adsorption mechanism of disulfide permitting on/off switching of the gold electrode. Various parameters of the method (time, applied potential, concentration) were optimized and kinetic as well as thermodynamic studies were conducted thoroughly. Moreover, our novel method was used to control the elaboration of mixed SAMs. Click chemistry on the elaborated SAMs via a layer-by-layer strategy allowed the assembly of a organized 3D network containing two redox centers
Njeugna, Yotchou Nicole Suzie. "Contribution au développement et à l'industrialisation d'un système non-tissé 3D". Phd thesis, Université de Haute Alsace - Mulhouse, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00487989.
Testo completoZhu, Shijie. "3D SMA Foams : Geometrical Reconstitution, Modelling and Numerical Simulation". Thesis, Troyes, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018TROY0021.
Testo completoCellular foams structures in Shape Memory Alloys (SMAs) are particularly interesting for their potential to provide superelasticity and shape memory effect in a lightweight material. The objective of the thesis is to design the 3D structure of NiTi foams using cell units most representative of the microstructure of the representative volume element. Three reconstruction methods are proposed: A reconstruction using the Computer Aided Design (CAD) method; a reconstruction using the tomodensitometry (CT) method and a mixed method CT-CAD. Reconstruction algorithms integrating random geometric characteristics and cell distributions are developed and integrated into a design-modeling approach with adaptive mesh. The numerical analyzes are performed on the reconstructed porous structure by using thermomechanical model of SMAs including phase transformation, martensitic orientation, and twin accommodation mechanisms describing superelasticity and Shape Memory Effect. The effects of porosity, size, orientation and cell dimensions on the super-elasticity of open and closed foams SMAs are studied numerically. The homogenization technique based on the Mori-Tanaka model is proposed to simulate the superelasticity behavior of homogeneous material. Comparisons with CAD models in terms of stiffness and transformation for relatively low porosity foams < 40% are performed
Engels, Laurent. "Acquisition en temps réel, identification et mise en correspondance de données 3D". Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/209852.
Testo completoDoctorat en Sciences de l'ingénieur
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
Uhercik, Marian. "Surgical tools localization in 3D ultrasound images". Phd thesis, INSA de Lyon, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00735702.
Testo completoOziat, Julie. "Electrode 3D de PEDOT : PSS pour la détection de métabolites électrochimiquement actifs de Pseudomonas aeruginosa". Thesis, Lyon, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LYSEM026/document.
Testo completoDuring infections, microorganisms fast identification is critical to improve patient treatment and to better manage antibiotics use. Electrochemistry exhibits several advantages for rapid diagnostic: it enables easy, cheap and in situ analysis in most liquids. Its use for bacterial identification is recent and comes from the discovery of molecules giving strong redox signals in the bacterial supernatant of the Pseudomonas genus.This thesis focuses on the supernatants analysis of the bacterium Pseudomonas aeruginosa. This bacteria is the fourth cause of nosocomial infections in Europe. First, the interest of supernatants electrochemical analysis for identification was evaluated. For this, after the study of four redox biomarkers of this bacterium in model solutions, supernatant electrochemical analysis of several strains of P. aeruginosa was performed. The results are promising. They highlight a complex strain-dependant electrochemical signature of the supernatant.Following, we focused in the amplification of the electrochemical detection through the use of the conductive polymer PEDOT: PSS. This polymer was chosen for its good electrochemical properties, its biocompatibility and its easy shaping. It was first used as a thin films to confirm its amplification power through biomarker adsorption. Then, a 3D electrode was made by freeze drying. The use of this type of electrode can further amplify the detection by increasing the exchange surface as well as confining the bacteria in the electrode
Zhang, Tao. "Imagerie multi-résolution par tomographie aux rayons X : application à la tomographie locale en science des matériaux". Phd thesis, Université de Grenoble, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00876871.
Testo completoLeroy, Pierre. "Les mousses adaptatives pour l'amélioration de l'absorption acoustique : modélisation, mise en oeuvre, mécanismes de contrôle". Phd thesis, Université de Provence - Aix-Marseille I, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00352363.
Testo completoMoussaoui, Hamza. "Microstructural optimization of Solid Oxide Cells : a coupled stochastic geometrical and electrochemical modeling approach applied to LSCF-CGO electrode". Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019GREAI028/document.
Testo completoThis work aims at better understanding the impact of Solid Oxide Cells (SOC) microstructure on their performance, with an illustration on an LSCF-CGO electrode. A coupled 3D stochastic geometrical and electrochemical modeling approach has been adopted. In this frame, a plurigaussian random field model and an in-house sphere packing algorithm have been adapted to simulate the microstructure of SOCs. The geometrical models have been validated on different electrodes reconstructed by synchrotron X-ray nano-holotomography or focused ion-beam tomography. Afterwards, semi-analytical microstructural correlations have been proposed and validated on a large dataset of representative synthetic microstructures. These relationships allow establishing the link between the electrode ‘basic’ parameters (composition, porosity and grain size), to the ‘key’ electrochemical parameters (Triple Phase Boundary length density and Specific surface areas), and are particularly useful for cell manufacturers who can easily control the first set of parameters. Concerning the electrochemical part, a reference symmetrical cell made of LSCF-CGO has been tested in a three-electrode setup. This enabled the validation of an oxygen electrode model that links the electrode morphological parameters to its polarization resistance, taking into account the thermodynamic data. Finally, the coupling of the validated models has enabled the investigation of the impact of electrode composition, porosity and grain size on the cell electrochemical performance, and thus providing useful insights to cell manufacturers
Monteux, Cécile. "Adsorption et rhéologie interfaciale de complexes polyélectrolytes-tensioactifs". Phd thesis, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, 2004. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00007353.
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