Tesi sul tema "Effets indésirables de médicaments"
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Tomasino, Jean-Marc. "Les effets indésirables digestifs des médicaments". Paris 5, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998PA05P124.
Testo completoPichavant, Corinne. "Médicaments et œil : effets indésirables ophtalmiques des médicaments et effets systémiques des collyres". Bordeaux 2, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995BOR2P088.
Testo completoBarbeau, Martin. "Coût des effets indésirables des médicaments antihypertenseurs". Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp04/mq26153.pdf.
Testo completoBellón, Molina Víctor. "Prédiction personalisée des effets secondaires indésirables de médicaments". Thesis, Paris Sciences et Lettres (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PSLEM023/document.
Testo completoAdverse drug reaction (ADR) is a serious concern that has important health and economical repercussions. Between 1.9%-2.3% of the hospitalized patients suffer from ADR, and the annual cost of ADR have been estimated to be of 400 million euros in Germany alone. Furthermore, ADRs can cause the withdrawal of a drug from the market, which can cause up to millions of dollars of losses to the pharmaceutical industry.Multiple studies suggest that genetic factors may play a role in the response of the patients to their treatment. This covers not only the response in terms of the intended main effect, but also % according toin terms of potential side effects. The complexity of predicting drug response suggests that machine learning could bring new tools and techniques for understanding ADR.In this doctoral thesis, we study different problems related to drug response prediction, based on the genetic characteristics of patients.We frame them through multitask machine learning frameworks, which combine all data available for related problems in order to solve them at the same time.We propose a novel model for multitask linear prediction that uses task descriptors to select relevant features and make predictions with better performance as state-of-the-art algorithms. Finally, we study strategies for increasing the stability of the selected features, in order to improve interpretability for biological applications
Florez, Suarez Edson Alejandro. "Détection des effets indésirables des médicaments dans les notes cliniques". Thesis, Université Côte d'Azur, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020COAZ4034.
Testo completoThe Information Extraction from clinical notes provides relevant information to identify adverse side effects in post-marketing surveillance of medications (Pharmacovigilance), which is more difficult to discover by traditional medical studies since patients are taking several treatments at the same time. In recent years, data mining techniques have allowed to discover knowledge stored in big datasets, such as the clinical records collected by hospitals throughout patient's life. The goal of this work is identify adverse side effects caused by treatments. Then, we have to identify relations between medications and Adverse Drug Events (ADE) entities, which is called Adverse Drug Reaction relation. This problem is divided Named Entity Recognition (NER) and Relation Extraction tasks. Nowadays, supervised approaches based on Deep Learning and Machine Learning algorithms solve this problem in the state of the art. These supervised systems require rich features in order to learn efficient models during training, therefore, we focus on building comprehensive word representations (the input of the neural network), using character-based word representations and word representations. The proposed representation improves the performance of the baseline model, and the final model reached the performances of state of the art methods. Then we have extracted contextual information through Deep Learning models and other different features obtained from the relations, in order to identify the Adverse Drug Reaction relations. The proposed model improved the overall accuracy and the extraction of Adverse Drug Reaction compared to the baseline, indicating the effectiveness of combining Deep Learning models and extensive feature engineering
Beauchaud, Yves. "Évaluation de la mortalité imputable aux effets indésirables des médicaments : étude rétrospective du Centre régional de pharmacovigilance de Saint Etienne du 1er janvier 1985 au 1er juin 1993". Saint-Etienne, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994STET6203.
Testo completoHubert, Nathalie. "Médicaments utilisés dans les traitements du cancer du sein : principaux effets indésirables et moyens de prévention". Bordeaux 2, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000BOR2P110.
Testo completoLacoste-Roussillon, Caroline. "Etude de l'incidence des effets indésirables médicamenteux graves en médecine générale". Bordeaux 2, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999BOR23072.
Testo completoApretna, Edwige. "Conséquences médicales, sociales et économiques des effets indésirables médicamenteux : étude réalisée au centre régional de pharmacovigilance de Bordeaux en 1999-2000". Bordeaux 2, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000BOR2P067.
Testo completoDjemili, Sam. "Notification spontanée des effets indésirables des médicaments : bilan d'une année d'activité du centre de pharmacovigilance de Saint-Etienne". Saint-Etienne, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990STET6221.
Testo completoFardeau, Vincent. "Les fièvres médicamenteuses : à propos du premier cas publié de fièvre au Vigilor". Saint-Etienne, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990STET6201.
Testo completoRobert, Laurine. "Contextualisation des effets indésirables liés aux médicaments à type d’hyperkaliémie et d’insuffisance rénale aiguë chez les personnes âgées". Thesis, Lille 2, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LIL2S028.
Testo completoThe prevention of adverse drug reactions (ADR) in older patients is a major public health issue due to their clinical and economic impacts. Studies that aimed at preventing these ADR focus mainly on so-called inappropriate prescriptions, i.e. with a negative benefit-risk ratio (validated standards). However, more than half of ADR are due to appropriate prescriptions, i.e. those that meet the recommendations of good practice, and are well tolerated by the patient.The objective of this thesis is to describe the mechanisms by which appropriate and tolerated chronic prescriptions are the source of ADR in older patients during intercurrent situations.This thesis is based on a historical cohort of more than 14,000 hospital stays in older patients (≥ 75 years old), established during the European PSIP project. Risk situations secondary to medication were automatically detected and then read back via the Scorecards® interface (independent double proofreading). We describe the results of 3 studies: (1) analysis of hospital hyperkalemia secondary to drugs; (2) analysis of community acute kidney injury secondary to drugs; (3) creation of risk profiles of hyperkalemia secondary to drugs for integration into a computerized decision support system
Le, Beller Christine. "Les effets indésirables médicamenteux chez l'enfant : bilan des cas recueillis entre 1990 et 1994 par le Centre régional de pharmacovigilance de Paris-Fernand-Widal". Paris 5, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995PA05P207.
Testo completoChalabi, Naïma. "Les effets indésirables des fluoroquinolones : étude de pharmacovigilance de quatre fluoroquinolones : péfloxacine, norfloxacine, ofloxacine, ciprofloxacine : à propos de 19 observations et revue de la littérature". Saint-Etienne, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995STET6208.
Testo completoKanagaratnam, Lukshe. "Effets indésirables médicamenteux chez les sujets âgés atteints de maladie d’Alzheimer ou syndromes apparentés". Thesis, Reims, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017REIMM202.
Testo completoAll forms of dementia, particularly Alzheimer’s disease, are increasing in line with population ageing. In this population, there are few data available regarding the prevalence and risk factors of adverse drug reaction (ADR). For this reason, one of the measures of the French government initiative for Alzheimer’s disease for the period 2008–2012 was to improve the state of the knowledge on ADR in this population. The aims of this PhD thesis were to describe ADRs, drug suspected in the occurrence of these ADRs and to identify the risk factors for the occurrence of ADR in older subjects hospitalised in an acute geriatric medicine ward specialised in the management of patients with dementia syndrome. An ad hoc study was conducted in this population. This study was completed by data from Regional Pharmacovigilance Center of Champagne-Ardenne and a systematic review of the literature. Caution is needed when prescribing angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors/angiotensin II receptor blockers, neuroleptics, antidementia drugs, or certain types of antiarrhythmics in patients suffering from dementia. Our findings underline the importance of taking into consideration the characteristics of the patients when prescribing drugs in this specific population. Early detection of dependency in cognitive impaired subjects and the implementation of home help could help to avoid ADRs related to errors in taking medications
Menard, Marie Line. "Évaluation de l’incidence des évènements indésirables sous traitement antipsychotique à partir d’une étude nationale multicentrique prospective en population pédiatrique naïve : étude ETAPE". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Côte d'Azur (ComUE), 2018. http://theses.univ-cotedazur.fr/2018AZUR4214.
Testo completoBackground In France, as in the rest of the world, the off-label prescription of antipsychotics is on the rise in the pediatric population. In the literature, we noticed a significant lack of data on drug safety and adverse events in the naïve pediatric population treated by antipsychotic in the short as well as in the long term. In addition, studies independent of pharmaceutical laboratories are lacking. Method ETAPE Study was a naturalistic prospective multicenter study conducted between April 2013 and May 2016. Type of AP, concomitant treatment, clinical evaluation and AEs were registered at inclusion and 3-, 6-, 9- and 12-months follow up. This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT02007928. The main objective was to determine the incidence rate of adverse events (AEs) in the antipsychotic-naïve pediatric population treated by antipsychotic (AP) during a 12-months. Outcomes A total of 190 patients were analyzed. The mean age was 12 ± 2.99 years, with 75% being males. At baseline, 91% of patients received AP monotherapy and 9% received at least two psychotropic drugs. Risperidone and aripiprazole were the most frequently prescribed AP. 20.5% of prescriptions were in label. Among the AEs potentially attributable to AP, 15.4% were neuromotor, 14.8% gastroenterological, 12.2% metabolic and 11.8% general symptoms. The overall incidence rate was 11.52 AE per person-years (IC 95% [9.83; 13.20]). In patients completing completed FU (n=108), 52.7% of AEs appeared during the first 3 months, but onset of AE was noted during the 12-months FU. 25.8 % of patients have been exposed to at least one severe or extreme severity AE. The persistence of AEs was stable during the 12-months FU.Interpretation The high incidence rate of AEs, the severity and the persistence of AEs justify the necessity of clinical and biological follow-up of AEs during at least 12-months of AP treatment
Sommet, Agnès. "Médicaments et vague de chaleur : approche pharmacoépidémiologique". Toulouse 3, 2009. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/592/.
Testo completoAn exceptional heat wave occurred during august 2003 in France, leading to more than 14,800 deaths estimated. We characterized all 'serious' adverse drug reactions (ADR) occurred in patients older than 70 years between 1st July and 31st August 2003, recorded in the French PharmacoVigilance Database, and related to excessive heat (n=68). The most frequently ADRs were metabolic. Drugs more frequently involved were diuretics, angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors, and antidepressants. During another summer with a heat wave in 2006, diuretics were more frequently involved, whereas the number of ADRs was similar. In 2007, we performed a multicentric case-control study in 3 university hospitals in France, to compare drugs taken by patients hospitalized for a 'serious' hyperthermia and/or dehydratation with controls. Cases took more drugs than controls (4. 3 vs 3. 9; p<0. 001), particularly neuroleptic drugs (3. 6% vs 0. 5%; p=0. 007), and presented more severe renal impairment. This pilot work could allow improving methodology of further studies on drugs during heat waves
Gouvernet, Brice. "De l'observance aux effets indésirables : étude des stratégies d'adaptation psychologique de personnes séropositives au VIH confrontées à des traitements antirétroviraux". Rouen, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008ROUEL633.
Testo completoIn this work, we study the relevance and the effectivity of a model integrating defense mechanisms and coping strategies for a global approach of the observance into antiretroviral treatments. We explore the relations between these elements, the perceived stress and the symptoms and adverse effects met. Our results show the possibility of considering the coping strategies and the defense mechanisms as a process : defenses would be automatic processes which would influence the manner of perceiving reality. The coping, strategies installed once the situation is evaluated, would be subject to the indirect influence of the defense mechanisms. The stress, like the coping, has less importance than defenses to understand the observance. Moreover, the defense mechanisms have an influence on the distress related to the impact of the adverse effects. It is not truly in term of quantity that one can analyse and measure the influence of the adverse effects. It is not truly in term of quantity that one can analyse and measure the influence of the adverse effects on the psychological distress lived by HIV patients : in fact the defensive, mature or immature styles are relevant to understand the distress that the adverse effects generate. A work centered on defenses seems particulary adapted with regard to the observance to antiretroviral treatments
Bouitbir, Jamal. "Étude des effets des statines sur la fonction mitochondriale des muscles cardiaque et squelettique". Strasbourg, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010STRA6258.
Testo completoStatins is very effective drugs in the treatment of hypercholesterolemia. However, statins induced deleterious effects including muscular pains. It was clearly established that mitochondria were a privileged target of statins and were the principal source of free radicals. However, no study concerned the effect of statins on this ROS production. The first part of my thesis demonstrated that in vitro, atorvastatin decreased mitochondrial respiration whatever the phenotype and increased the ROS production. On the other hand, a chronically endurance training decreased these deleterious effects in skeletal muscles. Besides, we demonstrated that on treated rats chronically with atorvastatin, the endurance capacities decreased. The second part of my thesis showed that statins acted according to the concept of “mitohormesis”. Indeed, statins induced in glycolytic muscle an important increase of ROS extending beyond the antioxidant system inducing a deactivation of the mitochondrial biogenesis and a decrease of muscular oxidative capacities. On the other hand, in the cardiac muscle where the antioxidant capacities are important, statins induced a moderate increase of ROS which allowed to the activation of the mitochondrial biogenesis. These works allowed understanding why and how statins acted differently in cardiac and skeletal muscles and opening perspectives in the treatment of the muscular pains following a treatment with statins
Thiessard, Frantz. "Détection des effets indésirables des médicaments par un système de génération automatisée du signal adapté à la base nationale française de pharmacovigilance". Bordeaux 2, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004BOR21184.
Testo completoEvaluation and improvement of drugs risk/benefit ratio in population implies their adverse reactions surveillance after marketing. Pharmacovigilance main objective is to detect drugs adverse reactions relied mainly on spontaneous notifications. The French pharmacovigilance is faced to a very large data flow while no automatic method is available to edit a list of potentially suspected drug/adverse drug reaction associations. Eight methods were studied : Proportional Reporting Ratio (PRR), Reporting Odds Ratio (ROR), Uule's Q, Sequential Probability Ratio Test (SPRT2), Poisson's probabilities, X2, Information Component (IC), and Empirical Baye's Method (EBAM). Signals obtained with each method were compared through simulated data, then through real data from the French pharmacovigilance database
Lacroix, Isabelle. "Pharmacovigilance chez la femme enceinte : aspects maternel et néonatal (exemple des substances psychoactives". Toulouse 3, 2009. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/579/.
Testo completoFirst, we have carried out two different surveys to study the incidence and the profile of adverse drug reactions (ADR) in pregnant women. These studies show that the incidence of ADRs is very low in pregnant women and underline the risk of anaphylactic reactions in pregnant women. Secondly, we have studied the effects of psychoactive drugs on the fetus. We have conducted a study called "NENUPHAR" to describe the impact of maternal psychotropic use or abuse on late pregnancy in newborns, using data from hospital laboratory (positive assay for psychoactive drugs). Fifty three newborns were included. Most of the cases have been exposed to benzodiazepines, opioids and cannabis. Ninety two and a half per cent had a neonatal disease. Neonatal withdrawal and respiratory disease were the most frequent neonatal pathologies. Many cases were exposed to cannabis which might increase neonatal disease risk. Finally, in order to investigate the effects of buprenorphine exposure during pregnancy, a prospective multicentric study comparing 90 buprenorphine exposed pregnant women and 45 methadone exposed pregnant women was also performed. No alarming results concerning pregnancy outcomes or neonatal withdrawal frequency and severity have been observed in this survey
Meille, Christophe. "Modélisation du risque des toxicités induites par l'administration de substances thérapeutiques". Aix-Marseille 2, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009AIX22952.
Testo completoMenard, Marie Line. "Évaluation de l’incidence des évènements indésirables sous traitement antipsychotique à partir d’une étude nationale multicentrique prospective en population pédiatrique naïve : étude ETAPE". Thesis, Université Côte d'Azur (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018AZUR4214/document.
Testo completoBackground In France, as in the rest of the world, the off-label prescription of antipsychotics is on the rise in the pediatric population. In the literature, we noticed a significant lack of data on drug safety and adverse events in the naïve pediatric population treated by antipsychotic in the short as well as in the long term. In addition, studies independent of pharmaceutical laboratories are lacking. Method ETAPE Study was a naturalistic prospective multicenter study conducted between April 2013 and May 2016. Type of AP, concomitant treatment, clinical evaluation and AEs were registered at inclusion and 3-, 6-, 9- and 12-months follow up. This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT02007928. The main objective was to determine the incidence rate of adverse events (AEs) in the antipsychotic-naïve pediatric population treated by antipsychotic (AP) during a 12-months. Outcomes A total of 190 patients were analyzed. The mean age was 12 ± 2.99 years, with 75% being males. At baseline, 91% of patients received AP monotherapy and 9% received at least two psychotropic drugs. Risperidone and aripiprazole were the most frequently prescribed AP. 20.5% of prescriptions were in label. Among the AEs potentially attributable to AP, 15.4% were neuromotor, 14.8% gastroenterological, 12.2% metabolic and 11.8% general symptoms. The overall incidence rate was 11.52 AE per person-years (IC 95% [9.83; 13.20]). In patients completing completed FU (n=108), 52.7% of AEs appeared during the first 3 months, but onset of AE was noted during the 12-months FU. 25.8 % of patients have been exposed to at least one severe or extreme severity AE. The persistence of AEs was stable during the 12-months FU.Interpretation The high incidence rate of AEs, the severity and the persistence of AEs justify the necessity of clinical and biological follow-up of AEs during at least 12-months of AP treatment
Duga, Alemayehu Lelisa. "Effets indésirables des médicaments de la tuberculose pharmaco-résistante en Eswatini et comparaison des caractéristiques des EI avec la base de données mondiale de pharmacovigilance : études prospectives et rétrospectives". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Bordeaux, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024BORD0163.
Testo completoDrug-resistant tuberculosis (DR-TB) is a critical public health concern, particularly in developing countries like Eswatini. The treatment of DR-TB requires the combination of several second-line TB medicines over several months, which can lead to adverse drug reactions (ADRs). Our thesis examined the safety profiles of DR-TB medicines at both global and national levels, using a multifaceted approach that provided a comprehensive understanding of the safety issues associated with these treatments. Firstly, we evaluated the magnitude and characteristics of DR-TB-related ADRs by analyzing reports from the World Health Organization (WHO) database (VigiBase). We then investigated the patterns of ADRs in patients with DR-TB in all treatment sites in the Kingdom of Eswatini. Finally, we analyzed ADRs associated with the use of repurposed medicines focusing on clofazimine (CFZ) and linezolid (LZD) in a prospective cohort study at one of the regions in Eswatini. The analysis of individual case safety reports (ICSR) from VigiBase revealed that pyrazinamide was the most reported medicine associated with ADRs, followed by ethionamide and cycloserine. The study found that almost half of the reports required complete withdrawal of the suspected medicine(s), which significantly impacts treatment adherence and ultimately leads to drug resistance. The study underlines the urgent need to remain alert for potential ADRs throughout treatment, emphasizing the immediate action required to prevent treatment failure. The retrospective cohort study provides crucial insights into the patterns of ADRs in 670 patients with DR-TB in Eswatini. The results reveal that 44% of patients experienced at least one ADR, with bedaquiline being associated with the highest number of ADRs. The study also identified age as a significant factor in the occurrence of peripheral neuropathy and arthralgia-related ADRs. These findings underscore the need for enhanced safety monitoring of patients undergoing DR-TB treatment to ensure prompt and appropriate ADR management, thereby reducing the risk of treatment failure. The findings of the prospective cohort study indicate that 80% of patients treated with CFZ or LZD experienced adverse drug reactions (ADRs). CFZ was associated mainly with mild ADRs, whereas LZD was linked to more serious ADRs, such as anemia, peripheral neuropathy, and optic neuritis. These findings underscore the importance of closely monitoring ADRs linked to these repurposed medicines throughout the duration of treatment. This thesis significantly contributes to understanding DR-TB medicines' safety profiles in various contexts. The studies underscore the critical importance of closely monitoring ADRs linked to these medicines throughout the treatment duration to ensure patient safety and positive treatment outcomes. Adverse drug reactions, whether they are directly related to medicines or not, might lead to low treatment adherence and discontinuation. Such outcomes can further compromise the effectiveness of the treatment regimen, leading to incomplete eradication of the bacteria and drug resistance. Therefore, it is important to monitor DR-TB medicines' safety to ensure ADR management, thus lowering the chance of treatment failure. Understanding the impact of ADRs and taking proactive measures to address them will significantly contribute to more favorable treatment outcomes and facilitate the comprehensive eradication of DR-TB, a global health priority
Ficheur, Grégoire. "Réutilisation de données hospitalières pour la recherche d'effets indésirables liés à la prise d'un médicament ou à la pose d'un dispositif médical implantable". Thesis, Lille 2, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LIL2S015/document.
Testo completoIntroduction:The adverse events associated with drug administration or placement of an implantable medical device should be sought systematically after the beginning of the commercialisation. Studies conducted in this phase are observational studies that can be performed from hospital databases. The objective of this work is to study the interest of the re-use of hospital data for the identification of such an adverse event.Materials and methods:Two hospital databases have been re-used between the years 2007 to 2013: the first contains 171 million inpatient stays including diagnostic codes, procedures and demographic data. This data is linked with a single patient identifier; the second database contains the same kinds of information for 80,000 stays and also the laboratory results and drug administrations for each inpatient stay. Four studies were conducted on these pieces of data to identify adverse drug events and adverse events following the placement of an implantable medical device.Results:The first study demonstrates the ability of a set of detection of rules to automatically identify adverse drug events with hyperkalaemia. The second study describes the variation of a laboratory results associated with the presence of a frequent sequential pattern composed of drug administrations and laboratory results. The third piece of work enables the user to build a web tool exploring on the fly the reasons for rehospitalisation of patients with an implantable medical device. The fourth and final study estimates the thrombotic and bleeding risks following a total hip replacement.Conclusion:The re-use of hospital data in a pharmacoepidemiological perspective allows the identification of adverse events associated with drug administration or placement of an implantable medical device. The value of this data is the amount statistical power they bring as well as the types of associations they allow to analyse
Laville, Solène. "Optimisation de la prise en charge thérapeutique des patients avec une maladie rénale chronique : étude de pharmacoépidémiologie dans la cohorte CKD-REIN Evaluation of the adequacy of drug prescriptions in patients with chronic kidney disease : results from the CKD-REIN cohort Adverse drug reactions in patients with chronic kidney disease". Thesis, université Paris-Saclay, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020UPASR004.
Testo completoChronic kidney disease (CKD) affects between 8% and 15% of the world's adult population and up to one third of the elderly. Compared to the population with normal kidney function, patients with CKD are at increased risk of hospitalization, adverse drug reactions (ADRs) and mortality. Data in summaries of product characteristics are limited in patients with impaired renal function as this population is excluded from the vast majority of clinical trials. CKD greatly alters the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of a large number of drugs that require contraindications and dosage adjustments with regard to kidney function.Based on data from the CKD-REIN cohort study, this thesis made it possible to provide new information about the use of drugs in the population of patients with moderate to advanced CKD under nephrology care.CKD-REIN is a representative prospective cohort study, based on 40 nationally public and private facilities. The CKD-REIN study included 3,033 patients with moderate to advanced CKD, 65% of whom were men, with a median age of 69 years [interquartile range (IQR), 60-76]. At baseline, 45% had an estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) of less than 30 mL/min/1.73m2.Polypharmacy concerned most of the patients in CKD-REIN at baseline. The median number of drugs prescribed per patient was 8 [IQR, 5-10]. In addition, we have shown that more than half of the patients included (52%) received at least one prescription that was contraindicated or with an overdosed dosage according to their renal function. The equation used to estimate the patient's eGFR at the time of prescription was of great importance in assessing the appropriateness of prescriptions. A low eGFR and the number of drugs were the main risk factors for exposure to inappropriate prescriptions.The study on ADRs showed that they were common in patients with CKD, whether serious or not (incidence rate: 14.4% person-years (PA) [confidence interval (CI) 95%, 12.6–16.5] for ADRs (all severity) and 2.7% PA [95%CI, 1.7–4.3] for serious ADRs). Drugs such as inhibitors of the renin-angiotensin system, antithrombotics or diuretics, frequently prescribed in this population, were the pharmacological classes with the most ADRs. Decreased eGFR, receiving more than 10 drugs, and poor treatment adherence were significant risk factors for undergoing ADRs.Finally, we focused on assessing the risks associated with the use of oral antithrombotics in this population with CKD. The risk of hemorrhage in patients receiving an oral anticoagulant was two and a half times greater than that in patients not receiving any oral antithrombotic (hazard ratio (HR) of 2.36 [95%CI, 1.44; 3.85]) and this risk was increased when taking concomitantly an oral anticoagulant and an antiplatelet agent (HR of 4.01 [95%CI, 2.23; 7.20]). An increased risk of acute kidney injury has also been associated with the take of an oral anticoagulant (HR of 1.89 [95%CI, 1.46; 2.44]). On the other hand, we did not find a significant association between taking oral antithrombotic medication and end-stage renal disease (HR of 1.37 [95%CI, 0.92; 2.04]).This thesis shows that the therapeutic management of patients with CKD is complex. It highlights many opportunities for optimizing the therapeutic management of patients with moderate to advanced CKD
Pétriat, Marie-Anne. "L'enfant de mère sous valproate". Bordeaux 2, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988BOR25132.
Testo completoHouédé, Nadine. "Recherche de stratégie biostatistique dans les essais cliniques de phase I/II d'association comprenant un agent non cytotoxique". Montpellier 1, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008MON1T007.
Testo completoBreton, Hélène. "Le syndrome d'hypersensibilité induit par la carbamazépine et l'oxcarbazépine : métabolisme chez le patient épileptique et évaluation in vitro de la stimulation de la sécrétion des cytokines par les métabolites réactifs". Montpellier 1, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006MON1T002.
Testo completoAsk, Kjetil. "Métabolisme pulmonaire et extrapulmonaire du nilutamide". Dijon, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003DIJOPE02.
Testo completoBertocchio, Jean-Philippe. "Activation du Récepteur Minéralocorticoïde vasculaire et néphrotoxicité de la ciclosporine". Thesis, Paris 6, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA066032/document.
Testo completoCyclosporine A (cyclo) is a widely used drug in kidney transplantation: its anticalcineurin actioninhibits T lymphocytes activation and prevents allograft rejection. Despite a huge benefit on graftsurvival, cyclo exerts a side effect that limits its use: nephrotoxicity. Vasculotoxicity appears to becentral: cyclo enhances renal vasoconstriction by altering vasoactive factors and vascular smoothmuscle cells (VSMC) response to vasoactive factors. Beyond its effects on sodium reabsorption,Mineralocorticoid Receptor (MR) acts on vascular tone by modulating both endothelial and VSMCresponses to vasoactive factors. Our working hypothesis was that MR could participate to cycloinducedvasoconstriction and that MR inactivating (pharmacologically or genetically) could alleviatecyclo-induced nephrotoxicity. Two genetically MR-knock out (MR-KO) were generated: inendothelial or VSMC. Only VSMC MR-KO mice were protected from cyclo-induced nephrotoxicity.We also show that such an effect was mediated by vascular tone modulation. This prevention was alsoconferred by the systemic pharmacological antagonism of MR (by canrenoate) in mice but not duringnephrotoxicity induced by tacrolimus (another anticalcineurine drug used in kidney transplantation).Then, we proposed to use MR pharmacological antagonism in humans (by eplerenone) during kidneytransplantation. We first had to prove its safety in such a population. Among 31 cyclo-treated patients,only 9 developed hyperkalemia (>5mmol/L) and none presented serious side effect. We propose akalemia higher than 4.35mmol/L at baseline to be the marker of a higher risk of developinghyperkalemia under treatment. The efficiency of eplerenone to prevent/alleviate cyclo-inducednephrotoxicity during kidney transplantation should be tested during a randomized controlled trial
Boudzoumou-Nganga, Pierre. "Médicaments à effet rénal administrés chez la mère pendant la gestation : néphrotoxicité éventuelle chez le nouveau-né : modulations pharmacologiques du développement fonctionnel rénal foetal et néonatal chez le rat après exposition in-utero à la Gentamicine ou au Furosémide". Nancy 1, 1990. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/SCD_T_1990_0550_BOUDZOUMOU_NGANGA.pdf.
Testo completoAminoglycosides (gentamicin) antibiotics well-known for their nephrotoxicity; and furosemide, a widely used diuretic, has been reported to induce a delay in the differentiation of renal glomeruli. We were interested to investigate if the developing kidney could be functionally altered in-utero after administration of either these drugs to the pregnant mother. Drugs were given during two keyperiods of pregnancy: days 7-11 (period of organogenesis) and days 14-18 (beginning of glomeruli differentiation) at the dose of 75mg/Kg/day by i. P. Route. The rat strain was WISTAR. Shortly after birth,variations were observed on diuresis, creatinine clearance, U/P creatinine ratio,fractional excretion of water fractional excretion of electrolytes. The gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity was reversible, the glomerular function being corrected earlier than the tubular urinary concentrating defect. Furosemide seemed to lead to a delay of development of loop of Henle, suggesting a functional adaptation of other segments of tubule, already mature and functionning. Furthermore, our results provide evidences of functional developmental disturbances (altered growth and urinary concentrating defect) in young rats, lately after prenatal exposure to furosemide or gentamicin. In conclusion, drug administration to mother during pregnancy can lead to a detrmental effect upon the kidney of the newborn and of the young animal
Chazard, Emmanuel. "Automated detection of adverse drug events by data mining of electronic health records". Phd thesis, Université du Droit et de la Santé - Lille II, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00637254.
Testo completoSaint, Fabien. "Marqueurs de la tolérance et de l'efficacité des instillations endo-vésicales de Bacille de Calmette-Guérin dans le traitement prophylactique des tumeurs urothéliales de vessie". Paris 11, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000PA11T050.
Testo completoBacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) instillations for high risk superficial bladder cancer remairr the most valuable advance in the conservative management for these tumors. Its mechanisms of action are unknown but have been attributed to local and systemic effects (T cell-dependent mechanisms (NK, BAK, LAK, gamma delta Lymphocytes) and immune mediators such as Thl urinary cytokines such as IL-2 produced by activated T lymphocytes). This therapy bas several limitations due mainly to the empiric schedule of instillation and dose used. Efficacy is probably associated with host and tumor factors, and therapeutic schedule. The objectives of this work were to defme sorne individual prognostic markers for a better individual therapeutic approach (ITA). The frrst step of this work was to further characterize the local response after intravesical BCG irnplicated in tumor rejection mechanisms. Our results support the immune escape hypothesis of bladder cancer development. Intravesical BCG instillation recruits specifie (CD8, MHC class I) and non specifie (CD4, APC, MHC class II) cellular effectors oftumor antigen. The transient nature of the local immune response in the bladder wall points to a need for maintenance BCG therapy. IL-2 urinary production is associated with antitumor activity (p=0,009). IL-2 monitoring may lead to a more rational basis for the originally arbitrary BCG treatment schedule, offering a more individualized and possibly more efficient instillation schedule. The second step of this work was the evaluation of tolerability and efficacy of maintenance therapy with BCG for the treatment of superficial bladder cancer and their prognostic markers associated. A maintenance protocol prevents the recurrence of high-risk superficial bladder cancer but adherence is hindered by the increasing severity of adverse reactions with each instillation. We tested a new scoring system for adverse reactions observed after the initial course (iAES) and for ali instillation given (tAES). The iAES correlated with the tAES (p=O,OOOl) and to the risk that the treatment should be stopped because of adverse events. Leucocyturia was the only prognostic factor for adverse events and efficacy of maintenance therapy by BCG (p=O,Ol; p=0,009). The fact that there is an overlap between leukocyturia threshold for efficacy and adverse effects suggest, as other studies have, that the tumor response to BCG instillation is associated with adverse effects. Leucocyturia as weil as the scoring system for adverse events could be proposed as a tool to defme the appropriate maintenance schedule where the effective tolerated dose is anticipated on an individual basis. Further studies of regulation markers of the host response to intravesical BCG irnmunotherapy (Nramp1 gene mapping) could be employed to defme which will benefit from good tolerance and good antitumor response
Jolivot, Pierre-Alain. "Latrogénie médicamenteuse et admissions en réanimation : investigation des principales causes". Thesis, Paris 6, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA066463/document.
Testo completoAdverse drug events (ADE) include adverse drug reactions (ADR), considered as not preventable and medication errors (ME), considered as preventable. The aim of this thesis is to describe ADE responsible for ICU admissions. First, we conducted a systematic review dealing with the incidence of ADE requiring ICU admission in adult patients. A total of 11 studies were included in the meta-analysis. The reported incidences of ADE requiring ICU admission ranged from 0.37 to 27.4%. Preventable events accounted for 17.5 to 85.7% of the events.To get more insight into this topic and to complete the published data, we performed a one-year observational study in a medical ICU of a teaching parisian hospital. The objectives of the study were to estimate the incidence of ICU admissions due to ADE, to assess preventability, severity and costs of these ADE and to determine the leading causes of medication errors (preventable ADE). A total of 743 admissions were included with 102 stays (13.7%) related to ME and 71 (9.6%) related to ADR. Medication non-compliance was the main leading cause of ME (n = 31/102). The 102 medication error-related admissions accounted for a total of 528 days of hospitalization in the ICU, requiring a mean of 1.4 ICU beds per day over the one-year period, with an associated total cost amounting to 747,651 €.This work concludes that further studies should be performed to assess ways to reduce the incidence of ADE responsible for ICU admissions
Mbwe, Mpoh Maurice. "Sécurité des antituberculeux utilisés dans la prise en charge de la tuberculose multirésistante". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Bordeaux, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023BORD0468.
Testo completoTuberculosis (TB) is a disease caused by Koch’s bacillus. It is the ninth leading cause of death worldwide, and the most common infectious cause of death, surpassing HIV/AIDS. The development of resistances due to misuse of anti-tuberculosis drugs has resulted in new forms of TB, including multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB). MDR-TB is a particularly dangerous form of tuberculosis, characterized by its resistance to both isoniazid and rifampicin, the two main and most effective anti-tuberculosis drugs. Developing countries, including Cameroon, are heavily affected. Effectively treating MDR-TB requires the combination of several drugs over several months. Indeed, from 2016 to 2020 the World Health Organization recommended the use of shorter treatment regimen for MDR-TB patients. This lasts for 9–11 months and is divided into two phases: An intensive phase, and a continuous ambulatory phase. The intensive phase involved 4–6 months of daily treatment with 6 antibiotics (moxifloxacin, protionamide, isoniazid high-dose, clofazimine, ethambutol, and pyrazinamide) associated with kanamycin or amikacin. The continuous ambulatory phase had a fixed treatment duration of 5 months with 4 antibiotics: Moxifloxacin, clofazimine, ethambutol, and pyrazinamide. The aim of this thesis was to assess the safety of anti-tuberculosis drugs used in the management of MDR-TB in Cameroon. Initially, we conducted a study to assess the safety profile of treatments used for MDR-TB in the main TB treatment center or hospital in Cameroon. This study identified aminoglycoside-related deafness as the main cause of treatment change or discontinuation. Secondly, we assessed compliance with WHO recommendations on MDR-TB treatment, as well as patient persistence with the program and the treatment. This study revealed very strong compliance with the WHO recommendations, although a progressive decline in persistence was recorded notably during the continuation phase. Finally, in view of the fact that during the course of our thesis, aminoglycosides were replaced by bedaquiline in the WHO-standardized MDR-TB treatment regimen, due to ototoxicity and other problems, we carried out a preliminary study on the safety and persistence of the new MDR-TB regimen. This work showed that ototoxicity problems disappeared, and that treatment persistence improved, while highlighting the risks of joint pain and cardiac problems associated with the new regimen. These results demonstrate that MDR-TB treatment regimens in Cameroon are consistently associated with adverse drug reactions despite changes in the medicines used. Thus, there is a need to implement a strong drug safety monitoring system which will allow health care providers and policy makers to continuously evaluate the safety profile of drugs in use and improve clinical outcomes. As the current treatment regimen is now bedaquiline-based, the strict monitoring of cardiovascular events is vital since other drugs like clofazimine, and moxifloxacin can also prolong the QT interval
Préaubert, Lise. "Reprotoxicité des nanoparticules : approche in vitro". Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018AIXM0749.
Testo completoThe fast development of nanotechnology gives rise to questions regarding the potential risks on human health. Cerium oxide nanoparticles (CeO2NP) are widely used, as diesel additive, as well as promising therapeutic in cancerology, yet scarce data are currently available on their toxicity. It has been shown that metal nanoparticles can cross biological barriers and accumulate into various organs including the gonads after in vivo exposure. Our objectives were to investigate CeO2NP’s genotoxicity on mouse spermatozoa and oocytes, human spermatozoa, and to study their possible impact on murine IVF.We showed a significant decrease of fertilization rate, during IVF carried out in culture medium containing CeO2NP at very low concentration (0.01mg/l). We also showed significant DNA damage induced in vitro by CeO2NP on mouse spermatozoa and oocytes at 0.01 mg/l using Comet assay. TEM did not detect any nanoparticles in the IVF samples at 0.01 mg/l, but showed, at high concentration (100 mg/l), their endocytosis by the cumulus cells surrounding oocytes and their accumulation along spermatozoa plasma membranes and oocytes zona pellucida. We showed significant DNA damage induced by CeO2NP on human spermatozoa. The genotoxicity was inversely proportional to the concentration. At 0.01 mg/l, the genotoxicity mechanisms involved oxidative stress and close interactions between spermatozoa and CeO2NP.We demonstrate for the first time the impact of CeO2NP on in vitro fertilization, as well as their genotoxicity on mouse gametes and human sperm, at very low nanoparticle concentration exposure. These results support several publications on metal nanoparticles reprotoxicity
Delacroix-Beaurain, Nathalie. "Conception et synthèse de dérivés benzothiopéniques impliquant les mécanismes mélatoninergiques". Lille 2, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001LIL2P004.
Testo completoRivière, Marie-Karelle. "Designs adaptifs de recherche de dose en oncologie dans le cadre de combinaisons de molécules et de molécules ciblées". Paris 7, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA077131.
Testo completoPhases I are usually the first stage of testing a new drug on human subjects. Phase I clinical trials in oncology evaluate the safety of the treatment and identify its side effects on patients with advanced cancer due to the harmfulness these treatments. The aim is to select a dose with a toxicity probability closest to a given target. In recent years, unlike standard chemotherapy, targeted therapies have emerged as another type of anti-cancer agents with different action mechanism. In this context, we have developed a Phase VII dose-finding design for molecularly targeted agents where the efficacy increases and can plateau. Our method focus on selecting the optimal dose, that is the dose associated with highest efficacy and if the plateau is reached, the one with the lowest toxicity. Methods for single agent are not appropriate for combination phase I trials as they are not designed to take into account the mufti-dimensionality. We studied several existing methods specifically designed for combination, and compared their performance. Based on a simulation study, model-based methods have high operational characteristics and seemed to perform better than algorithm-based's in terms of percentage of correct selection. We proposed a Phase I dose-finding design for combination based on a logistic model with an interaction term which efficient in a large variety of realities. Finally a new challenge in cancer development is to combine both cytotoxic and targeted therapy. Indeed, their action can be complementary, reduce cancer growth and killing cells, but also skirt drug resistance. We studied both toxicity and efficacy of the combination in a Bayesiar Phase I/II design
Yeh, Hui-Syuan. "Prompt-based Relation Extraction for Pharmacovigilance". Electronic Thesis or Diss., université Paris-Saclay, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024UPASG097.
Testo completoExtracting and maintaining up-to-date knowledge from diverse linguistic sources is imperative for the benefit of public health. While professional sources, including scientific journals and clinical notes, provide the most reliable knowledge, observations reported in patient forums and social media can bring complementary information for certain themes. Spotting entities and their relationships in these varied sources is particularly valuable. We focus on relation extraction in the medical domain. At the outset, we highlight the inconsistent terminology in the community and clarify the diverse setups used to build and evaluate relation extraction systems. To obtain reliable comparisons, we compare systems using the same setup. Additionally, we conduct a series of stratified evaluations to further investigate which data properties affect the models' performance. We show that model performance tends to decrease with relation density, relation diversity, and entity distance. Subsequently, this work explores a new training paradigm for biomedical relation extraction: prompt-based methods with masked language models. In this context, performance depends on the quality of prompt design. This requires manual efforts and domain knowledge, especially when designing the label words that link model predictions to relation classes. To overcome this overhead, we introduce an automated label word generation technique leveraging a dependency parser and training data. This approach minimizes manual intervention and enhances model performance with fewer parameters to be fine-tuned. Our approach performs on par with other verbalizer methods without additional training. Then, this work addresses information extraction from text written by laypeople about adverse drug reactions. To this end, as part of a joint effort, we have curated a tri-lingual corpus in German, French, and Japanese collected from patient forums and social media platforms. The challenge and the potential applications of the corpus are discussed. We present baseline experiments on the corpus that highlight three points: the effectiveness of a multilingual model in the cross-lingual setting, preparing negative samples for relation extraction by considering the co-reference and the distance between entities, and methods to address the highly imbalanced distribution of relations. Lastly, we integrate information from a medical knowledge base into the prompt-based approach with autoregressive language models for biomedical relation extraction. Our goal is to use external factual knowledge to enrich the context of the entities involved in the relation to be classified. We find that general models particularly benefit from external knowledge. Our experimental setup reveals that different entity markers are effective across different corpora. We show that the relevant knowledge helps, though the format of the prompt has a greater impact on performance than the additional information itself
Nguyen, Khac Dung. "Comparative analysis of French and Vietnamese pharmacovigilance databases with pharmacoepidemiological application and improvement of the underreporting of adverse drug reactions in Vietnam". Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018TOU30181.
Testo completoThe understanding and quantitative analysis in drug safety domain among developing countries remain still limited. The creation of the National Drug Information and Adverse Drug Reaction Monitoring Centre (NDIADRMC) of Vietnam in 2009 was a landmark for the pharmacovigilance activities in this country and allowed the registration of spontaneous adverse drug reaction (ADR) reports. The accumulation of National Pharmacovigilance Database of Vietnam (NPDV) requires a quantitative and qualitative analysis and generation of pharmacovigilance signals to better protect Vietnamese people's health. The main objectives of the thesis are: (i) describe the Vietnamese pharmacovigilance system, with the comparison to another developed pharmacovigilance system as a reference (France), (ii) apply a set of pharmacoepidemiological approaches to identify the specific drug-related risks, and (iii) improve the under-reporting issue in Vietnam. Firstly, we introduce a full-detailed overview of Vietnamese pharmacovigilance system with a series of lessons learned for the other countries sharing the similar limited-resource context. Some achievements and challenges for the sustainable development of the system were also equitably discussed. Secondly, we used the Vietnamese and French pharmacovigilance databases to compare the differences in characteristics of two types of ADR: anaphylaxis and Steven-Johnson's syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis (SJS/TEN) induced by medications. Next, we generated the first Vietnamese pharmacovigilance signals. The signals of drug-induced SJS/TEN were generated with allopurinol, carbamazepine, traditional or herbal drugs, colchicine, valproic acid and meloxicam which were similar to the other previously studies in literature. Furthermore, we also found the significant signals of cefixime and paracetamol. For drug-induced anaphylaxis, we identified 4873 (13.2%) cases in the Vietnamese database during the period 2010-2016 with an increasing trend over time. The antibiotics (especially the third-generation cephalosporins) were the main causes of drug-induced anaphylaxis in Vietnam. In addition, the signals were generated with several drugs such as alpha-chymotrypsin, amoxicillin/sulbactam and glucose or electrolyte solutions which were typical for the resource-restricted countries. On the other hand, the identification of ADR through the screening the laboratory test results could help to increase the ADR reporting rate in Vietnam. [...]
Mathieu, Muriel. "Les effets indésirables des fluoroquinolones". Paris 5, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996PA05P116.
Testo completoNazeyrollas, Pierre. "Effet cardio-protecteur de l'amifostine vis-à-vis de la cardio-toxicité induite par la doxorubicine chez le rat. Evaluation sur cultures cellulaires, coeur isolé et in vivo". Reims, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001REIMM205.
Testo completoIn the first part of our study, we review the data regarding doxorubicin cardiotoxicity and amifostine(WR 2721). Amifostine is an aminothiol compound with free radical scavenging properties and has demonstrated a protective effect of normal tissue submitted to alkylating agents and radiations. We have demonstrated a cardioprotective efficacy of amifostine against doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity in culture of neonate-rats cardiomyocytes, isolated rat hearts with constant pressure perfusion, and rats in vivo. The cardioprotective effect should now be evaluated during longer lasting doxorubicin treatments and should be compared to dexrazoxane's. However, our results give hints to important therapeutic perspectives, since cardiotoxicity is the main factor limiting anthracyclin prescription
Ferret, Laurie. "Anticoagulants oraux, réutilisation de données hospitalières informatisées dans une démarche de soutien à la qualité des soins". Thesis, Lille 2, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LIL2S016/document.
Testo completoIntroduction :Oral anticoagulants raise major issues in terms of bleeding risk and appropriate use. The computerization of medical records offers the ability to access large databases that can be explored automatically. The objective of this work is to show how routinely collected data can be reused to study issues related to anticoagulants in a supportive approach to quality of care.MethodsThis work was carried out on the electronic data (97,355 records) of a community hospital. For each inpatient stay we have diagnostic, biological, drug and administrative data, and the discharge letters. This work is organized around three axes:Axis I. The objective is to evaluate the accuracy of the detection of factors that may increase the anticoagulant effect of vitamin K antagonists (VKA), using rules developed in the PSIP european project (grant agreement N° 216130). A case review on one year enabled the calculation of the positive predictive value and sensitivity of the rules. Axis II. We conducted a cohort study on data from 2007 to 2012 to determine the major elements involved in raising the risk of bleeding related to VKA in clinical reality. Cases were the stays with an elevation of the INR beyond 5, the controls did not have.Axis III. We made data reuse serve a study of the quality of the prescriptions. On the one hand we assessed treatment of the thromboembolic risk recommendations in atrial fibrillation (AF) in the elderly, on the other hand we investigated the prescription of direct oral anticoagulants.Results : Axis I : The positive predictive value of the rules intended to detect the factors favoring the elevation of INR in case of treatment with VKA is 22.4%, the sensitivity is 84.6%. The main contributive rules are the ones intended to detect an infectious syndrome and amiodarone.Axis II : The major factor increasing the INR with VKA treatment highlighted by the cohort study are infectious syndrome, cancer, hepatic insufficiency and hypoprotidemia. The recommendations compliance rate in atrial fibrillation in the elderly is 47.8%. Only 45% of patients receive oral anticoagulants, 22.9% do not receive antithrombotic treatment at all and 32.1% received platelet aggregation inhibitors. Direct oral anticoagulants are prescribed at inadequate dosages in 15 to 31.4% of patients, respectively for dabigatran and rivaroxaban. These errors are mainly underdosages in the elderly with atrial fibrillation (82.6%).Discussion : The computerization of medical records has led to the creation of large medical databases, which can be used for various purposes as we show in this work. In the first work axis we have shown that rule-based decision support systems detect the contributing factors for VKA overdose with a good sensitivity but a low positive predictive value. The second line shows that we could use the data for exploratory purposes to identify factors associated with increased INR in patients receiving VKA in “real life practice”. The third line shows that the rule-based systems can also be used to identify inappropriate prescribing for the purpose of improving the quality of care. In the field of anticoagulation this work opens up innovative perspectives for improving the quality of care
Touré, Aminata. "Etude du polymorphisme génétique de la N-Acétyltransférase de type 2 dans la population sénégalaise : prévention de la toxicité et de l’échec thérapeutique de l’isoniazide dans la prise en charge de la tuberculose". Thesis, Lille 2, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012LIL2S042/document.
Testo completoXenobiotic biotransformation undergoes several stages of simultaneous or successive whose main attractions are the tissues at the interface between the organism and the external environment, namely: digestive, respiratory, kidney and liver. The latter being the most important functionally. The reaction phases constituting the main stages of detoxification, phase I, phase II and phase III, are possible only through the intervention of specific enzyme systems. Given the wide diversity of xenobiotics to which the organism is exposed, there are a multitude of enzymes with various specificities. The biotransformation reactions of xenobiotics are linked linearly rarely, because two or more lanes are often born from a given metabolite. It is therefore understandable that the existence of an enzyme variant defective for one of these reaction pathways can direct the metabolism of a given substance to another track. The latter, usually minor, will therefore important and polymorphisms that concern will guide the fate of metabolites thus formed. The N-acetyltransferases (NATs) is part of enzymes that primarily the conjugation reaction of phase II detoxification of xenobiotics. The polymorphism of NATS is one of the examples of pharmacogenetic variation described, and one of the most documented since its discovery in the early \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\'50s, along with the discovery of the high efficacy of isoniazid (INH) in the treatment of tuberculosis. The work of this thesis aimed to study the profile of the NAT2 acetylation in the Senegalese population in order to distribute them in slow acetylators and rapid acetylators, and determine the kinetics of isoniazid in tuberculous subjects correlated with the results of genotyping. The study of mutations of the NAT2 gene was performed by PCR-direct sequencing and allowed to identify 11 allelic variants in the Senegalese population. The enzymatic activity of NAT2 was determined by using caffeine test and the ratios of major metabolites allowed Senegalese classify fast and slow acetylators. The kinetics of isoniazid used UPLC-MS/MS chromatography
Menneret, Philippe. "Rétinoi͏̈des et peau : effets indésirables et toxicologie". Paris 5, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992PA05P147.
Testo completoCoppry, Maïder. "Bon usage des antibiotiques à l’hôpital : analyse des causes profondes et indicateurs". Thesis, Bordeaux, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020BORD0324.
Testo completoExcessive and inappropriate use of antibiotics leads to individual and collective consequences, including antimicrobial resistance. Antibiotic stewardship programs are implemented in health care facilities (HCF) with contrasting results on antibiotic use, probably due to unidentified or unaccounted for local factors. These local factors could be explored using a specific tool for root cause analysis (RCA) of inappropriate use of antibiotics. The objectives of this thesis work were: 1) to identify the human (prescriber and patient) and organizational factors influencing antibiotic use to be included in an RCA tool; 2) to identify situations that are consequences of inappropriate antibiotic use and that are monitored in hospitals, which would be eligible for a RCA; and 3) to define relevant indicators to measure the effect of performing RCA on the appropriate use of antibiotics. Our literature review identified 34 factors influencing antibiotic use to be included in a RCA tool: six prescriber-related, ten patient-related and 18 organizational factors. Our second work showed that pharmacovigilance reports would detect the occurrence of adverse drug reactions (ADRs) following inappropriate antibiotic use. The study showed that half of the ADRs attributable to co-trimoxazole were preventable, of which 70% were serious, two thirds were not in compliance with the SPC, and 30% of the prescriptions were not justified. A third work showed that apart from exposure to carbapenems, exposure to β-lactam inactive on P. aeruginosa, molecules frequently used for empirical treatments in intensive care units, was a significant risk factor for the acquisition of carbapenem resistance. Thus, laboratory results could help identifying the acquisition of resistance resulting from inappropriate antibiotic use. Finally, our work on indicators consisted in comparing three indicators, based on antibiotic consumption, for HCF benchmarking: ANSM, AWaRe-like and ECDC indicators. Across all types of ES, all three indicators were correlated, with a stronger correlation between the ANSM and AWaRe-like indicators. According to HCF type, the indicators were not always correlated, resulting in differences in HCF ranking. Our results suggested the use of two complementary indicators: the ECDC indicator more reflective of antibiotic selection pressure and the AWaRe-like indicator more perceived as being related to the quality of the prescription. The next step will be to elaborate the RCA tool and implement it in different eligible situations to guide the choice of interventions to improve antibiotic use in hospitals. The usefulness of the new indicators to measure improvements resulting from interventions and their ability to be understood by local stakeholders should be assessed. Finally, beyond the use at hospital level, findings from our work will inform decision makers to guide national policies on appropriate use of antibiotics and to adapt national surveillance systems to include new relevant indicators
Nguyen, Christiane. "Les mycoses : modes d'action et effets indésirables des antifongiques". Paris 5, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001PA05P039.
Testo completoDi, Meglio Antonio. "Health Behaviors and Breast Cancer Survivorship Body Weight and Return to Work Among Survivors of Early-Stage Breast Cancer. Changes in Weight, Physical and Psychosocial Patient-Reported Outcomes Among Obese Women Receiving Treatment for Early-Stage Breast Cancer: A Nationwide Clinical Study". Thesis, université Paris-Saclay, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020UPASL059.
Testo completoSurvivors of early-stage breast cancer (BC) often face relevant late and long-term health-related sequelae, downstream functional impact of treatments and persistent symptoms. This thesis gathers several projects exploiting data of the CANcer TOxicity study (CANTO; NCT01993498), to understand the potential of health behaviors (HB), including maintenance of a healthy body mass index (BMI), adherence to physical activity (PA) recommendations, tobacco abstinence and limitation of alcohol consumption, to improve overall health and preserve quality of life (QOL) of BC survivors. CANTO is a nationwide, prospective cohort of patients with stage I-II-III BC. Longitudinal clinico-behavioral (e.g., nurse-reported BMI, tobacco and alcohol use, PA [GPAQ-16]), psychological (HADS), socio-demographic, and treatment data are available at diagnosis and yearly afterwards. Treatment-related toxicities are extensively assessed by patient-reported outcomes (PROs; EORTC QLQ-C30, -BR23, and -FA12) and by provider’s evaluation (CTCAE). A number of statistical analytic methods were involved in this thesis, including multivariable linear and logistic regression, multinomial regression, random-effects mixed-models, and latent-class analyses (i.e., group-based trajectory models). In the first part, this thesis aimed at (1) describing HB over the survivorship period, focusing on risk factors for persistent unhealthy behaviors, and at (2) characterizing the evolution of treatment-related toxicities and defining their interplay with HB. We assessed QOL in two specific and frail populations, at risk of severe downstream treatment impact: (2a) among patients receiving adjuvant chemotherapy (CT) and (2b) among obese BC survivors, where we also specifically studied the social impact of BC and its relationship with BMI. Key findings included the following: (1) most women pursue a healthy lifestyle and some are prone to improvements after diagnosis, although unhealthy behaviors tend to persist, with varying clinico-demographic and psychological determinants by HB; (2a) there is great variability in trajectories of post-CT QOL, with a clinically relevant cluster of patients reporting severely deteriorating QOL, never recovering to pre-treatment levels for over 4 years, and being also particularly prone to unhealthy behaviors; (2b) among obese survivors, those that lose weight report less of a decline in PROs, without evidence of worsened functionality or symptomatology in any QOL domain. Moreover, excess weight seems to represent a barrier to occupational reintegration, and weight loss is associated with higher rates of return-to-work after BC. In its second part, the thesis explored a core case-study, cancer-related fatigue (CRF). First, (3) prevalence and risk factors for severe CRF were evaluated, analyzing global CRF and its physical, emotional, and cognitive dimensions. We then (4) characterized the uptake of recommended management strategies to improve CRF, including PA. Findings revealed that: (3) there is a high prevalence of post-treatment severe CRF, which stays persistently elevated over time, with a multitude of risk factors including psychological distress, concomitant symptoms, and unhealthy behaviors, particularly excess weight and tobacco use (preliminary predictive equations were generated); (4) recommendations uptake, including PA adherence, seems suboptimal and in need of implementation in clinical practice. The overarching goal of this thesis was to inform targeted behavioral interventions for patients at risk of persistent toxicities. This work resulted therefore in (5) the generation of a study protocol for a phase III randomized trial: “Motivating to Exercise and Diet, and Educating to healthy behaviors After breast cancer - MEDEA”. This study, aimed to evaluate the impact of a personalized telephone-based weight loss intervention on CRF in overweight and obese BC survivors, is currently ongoing (NCT04304924)
Belhareth, Rym. "Tabac et grossesse". Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016AIXM5007/document.
Testo completoActive smoking by the mother exposes the developing fetus to agents that can cross the placental barrier and interfere with placental functions. A wide range of immunological functions, including innate and adaptive immune responses, might be impaired. In this study, we assessed the effect of cigarette smoke extract (CSE) on macrophages isolated from human placentas (pMφs), which are major partners of innate feto-maternal immunity. I showed that CSE significantly inhibited the formation of multinucleated giant cells (MGCs). This property of CSE is specific to macrophages because the fusion of monocyte-derived macrophages is inhibited during the in vitro formation of granulomas. I also investigated particle uptake and cytokine production by pMφs exposed to CSE. CSE inhibited the uptake of zymosan, but not that of opsonized zymosan, suggesting that it interferes with phagocytic receptors, not with the phagocytic machinery of pMφs. CSE increased the release of Tumor Necrosis Factor and interleukin-33, and decreased that of interleukin-10, demonstrating that the balance between inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines is affected by CSE. Furthermore, CSE enhanced the expression of metalloproteinase (MMPs) genes such as MMP-1, MMP-10 and MMP-12, known to be involved in tissue remodeling including macrophage fusion. Finally, I showed that nicotine, one of the major compounds of tobacco, did not affect the functional properties of pMφs