Tesi sul tema "Effets anthropiques"
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Barbier, Pierrick. "Déterminisme du recrutement des bivalves sous contraintes environnementales et anthropiques". Paris, Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016MNHN0001.
Testo completoThe objective of this thesis is to analyze the determinism of the bivalve recruitment in a temperate coastal environment through the nursery function of benthic habitats, anthropogenic constraints of mussel farming and recreational hand-raking fishing, and the qualitative and quantitative variations of the available trophic resources. Juveniles of bivalve from benthic habitats structured by engineer species have better physiological condition, although they feed on the same trophic resource. While the mussel farming locally increases the heterogeneity of bivalve recruits assemblage, the practice of raking negatively impacts the primary fixation of these organisms. My work reveals the particular importance of post-fixation process. Finally, the triggering of the settlement phase is marked in the environment by changing the fatty acid composition of the particulate organic matter indicating the occurence of planktonic picoeukaryotes
Aouadi, Hocine. "La végétation de l'Algérie nord-orientale : histoire des influences anthropiques et cartographie à 1/200 000". Grenoble 1, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989GRE10119.
Testo completoBourgeois, Timothée. "Effets des perturbations anthropiques sur la biogéochimie dans l'océan côtier à l'échelle globale". Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017SACLV015/document.
Testo completoThe coastal ocean suffers from the convergence of multiple anthropogenic stressors with climate change at the forefront. Combined stresses from global warming, ocean acidification, eutrophication and deoxygenation threaten coastal ecosystems and thus their services that humans rely on. Unfortunately, the coastal ocean's large spatiotemporal heterogeneity limits our understanding of the biogeochemical processes involved and their responses to anthropogenic perturbations. The current database of coastal observations remains insufficient, and global biogeochemical ocean models have long been inadequate to the study of the global coastal ocean. Indeed, the spatial resolution of these models has been too coarse to resolve key small-scale coastal processes. However, continual improvements in computational resources now allow global simulations to be made with sufficiently high model resolution that begins to be suitable for coastal ocean studies. In this thesis, we propose to study the evolution of the coastal ocean biogeochemistry at the global scale over recent decades using higher resolution versions of the global physical-biogeochemical model NEMO-PISCES. After evaluating of the global representation of the coastal biogeochemistry in this ocean model, we estimate the current role of the coastal ocean in the ocean uptake of anthropogenic carbon and we study the impact of the anthropogenically driven changes in riverine inputs on the coastal biogeochemistry. From simulations made at 3 different spatial resolutions (200 km, 50 km, 25 km), we esteem that the 50-km model grid offers the best compromise between quality of results and computational cost. The upgrade to 25 km does not appear to provide significant improvement in model skill of simulating coastal biogeochemical fields. After evaluating the model, we provide an estimate of the coastal-ocean sink of anthropogenic carbon, the first study to do so with a global 3-D model. In our simulation, the coastal zone absorbs only 4.5% of the anthropogenic carbon taken up by the global ocean during 1993-2012, less than the 7.5% proportion of coastal-to-global-ocean surface areas. Coastal uptake is weakened due to a bottleneck in offshore transport, which is inadequate to reduce the mean anthropogenic carbon concentration of coastal waters to the average level found in the open-ocean mixed layer. Finally, the anthropogenic perturbation in riverine delivery of nutrients to the ocean has limited impact on the coastal carbon cycle when integrated across all coastal regions, but locally it can induce sharp biogeochemical contrasts. For example, the North Sea shows minor biogeochemical changes following the moderate local trend in nutrient riverine inputs, which is in dramatic contrast to the East China Sea where extensive deoxygenation and acidification are driven by sharp increases in riverine nutrient inputs
Bourgeois, Timothée. "Effets des perturbations anthropiques sur la biogéochimie dans l'océan côtier à l'échelle globale". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017SACLV015.
Testo completoThe coastal ocean suffers from the convergence of multiple anthropogenic stressors with climate change at the forefront. Combined stresses from global warming, ocean acidification, eutrophication and deoxygenation threaten coastal ecosystems and thus their services that humans rely on. Unfortunately, the coastal ocean's large spatiotemporal heterogeneity limits our understanding of the biogeochemical processes involved and their responses to anthropogenic perturbations. The current database of coastal observations remains insufficient, and global biogeochemical ocean models have long been inadequate to the study of the global coastal ocean. Indeed, the spatial resolution of these models has been too coarse to resolve key small-scale coastal processes. However, continual improvements in computational resources now allow global simulations to be made with sufficiently high model resolution that begins to be suitable for coastal ocean studies. In this thesis, we propose to study the evolution of the coastal ocean biogeochemistry at the global scale over recent decades using higher resolution versions of the global physical-biogeochemical model NEMO-PISCES. After evaluating of the global representation of the coastal biogeochemistry in this ocean model, we estimate the current role of the coastal ocean in the ocean uptake of anthropogenic carbon and we study the impact of the anthropogenically driven changes in riverine inputs on the coastal biogeochemistry. From simulations made at 3 different spatial resolutions (200 km, 50 km, 25 km), we esteem that the 50-km model grid offers the best compromise between quality of results and computational cost. The upgrade to 25 km does not appear to provide significant improvement in model skill of simulating coastal biogeochemical fields. After evaluating the model, we provide an estimate of the coastal-ocean sink of anthropogenic carbon, the first study to do so with a global 3-D model. In our simulation, the coastal zone absorbs only 4.5% of the anthropogenic carbon taken up by the global ocean during 1993-2012, less than the 7.5% proportion of coastal-to-global-ocean surface areas. Coastal uptake is weakened due to a bottleneck in offshore transport, which is inadequate to reduce the mean anthropogenic carbon concentration of coastal waters to the average level found in the open-ocean mixed layer. Finally, the anthropogenic perturbation in riverine delivery of nutrients to the ocean has limited impact on the coastal carbon cycle when integrated across all coastal regions, but locally it can induce sharp biogeochemical contrasts. For example, the North Sea shows minor biogeochemical changes following the moderate local trend in nutrient riverine inputs, which is in dramatic contrast to the East China Sea where extensive deoxygenation and acidification are driven by sharp increases in riverine nutrient inputs
Boissier, Olivier. "Impact des pressions anthropiques sur les communautés de frugivores et la dispersion des graines en forêt guyanaise". Paris, Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012MNHN0039.
Testo completoTropical rain forests are threatened by many anthropogenic pressures that endanger not only species but also ecosystem processes such as mutualistic interactions. This thesis focused on the impact of hunting and logging on communities of frugivorous and granivorous mammals and birds and on seed dispersal at two forest sites in French Guiana. Densities of several major seed dispersers were greatly reduced at the hunted and impacted site, where a very significant reduction of rates of seed removal underneath fruiting trees was observed at the same time. The impact of anthropogenic pressures on seed dispersal and removal, which so far has been known at the species level, was shown at the level of endozoochorous tree communities. The method developed here can be used to assess the health status of tropical forests, in a conservation perspective
Dufour, Simon. "Contrôles naturels et anthropiques de la structure et de la dynamique des forêts riveraines : exemples de différents hydrosystèmes rhodaniens". Lyon 3, 2005. https://scd-resnum.univ-lyon3.fr/out/theses/2005_out_dufour_s.pdf.
Testo completoIn this thesis, we analyse, quantitatively, the impact of the hydro-morphological evolution of the channel on water and sediments fluxes, and thus on floodplain forests of Rhodanian hydrosystems. At the landscape scale, we show that abandonment of forestry and pastoral practices can lead to an increase in floodplain vegetation cover. At the individual scale, the altitude of a site, modifying by bed mobility, is the most important control on the degree of hydrological connection. At the community level, we demonstrate that ecological conditions are also influenced by the geometrical evolution of the bed: degradation; embankment. The examples developed constitute a significant argument for promoting a consistent management strategy for fluvial systems and floodplain forests and to discuss the concepts of physical connection, human pressures, and riparian path
Daeden, Jonathan. "Analyse des pressions anthropiques sur l’environnement littoral européen et français". Thesis, La Rochelle, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LAROS019/document.
Testo completoCoastal management and conservation require the synthesis of geographic data on the distribution and intensity of human activities and their combined impacts on marine and terrestrial coastal ecosystems. Currently, across the European or French coasts, few studies provide a global view of risks on terrestrial and marine habitats. How are human pressures on biodiversity distributed? How to define the littoral system and thus improve management of this territory? At the European level, using 24 human pressures from EUROSTAT across the NUTS classification, we cut the European coasts in strips of 10 km to a limit of 100 km and identified the distribution and relative intensity pressures on coastal environments. We have shown that the great majority of the pressures occurs directly on the coastline and in the first 30 kilometers, then decreases sharply to the limit of 100 km. This division of the European coasts has also allowed us to use factorial correspondence analyses coupled with a hierarchical cluster analysis to divide the coastal territories in 4 coherent groups with the same pressures and relative intensities across Europe. At the French level, we have also developed a spatial model weighted by expert opinions based on geolocation of 15 human pressures on 81 marine and terrestrial biophysical habitats present on the metropolitan French coasts. The information is synthesized in the form of impact score applied to a mesh composed of 26000 cells (25 km²). This method of cumulative anthropogenic impacts scoring in an additive model shows areas with higher risks on both the marine and land territory. Again, the most affected areas by the human disturbances are close to the coast. Conversely, the least affected areas are those with a strong bathymetry and those with a significant elevation. We finally developed a participatory website that includes integrated GIS that allows the collection and dissemination of analysis of these human pressures on France following our additive model and allows at more local scales to return our analysis from any type of user. In the end few areas are not affected by human activities (0.1%) and a rather large fraction present very high risk (4.8%). The nearer the coastline, the more the risks are high. These analyses and maps are tools that give better understanding of conservation issues for the implementation of a socio-ecosystems coastal management and that will target the priorities in the conservation of our territories at a continental, national or local scale
Girardot, Benjamin. "Effets de perturbations naturelles ou anthropiques sur la structure et la dynamique d'un réseau trophique : approche par modélisation". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Aix-Marseille, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021AIXM0228.
Testo completoUsually, the relationships between, on the one hand, the fragility offood webs and their structure, and on the other hand, the generativeprocesses responsible for these structures, are treated separately. Wedevelop in this thesis an eco-evolutionary assembly model that allows usto study these two relationships in a unified framework. For each ofthese relationships, three levels of organization are considered: thenetwork, the network motif (*i.e.* the triplets of species in thenetwork), and the species. We study the role of the evolutionary historyof communities in the emergence of these structures, as well as theirfragility. We first highlight a key role of evolutionary environmentalrichness on the emerging structures of food webs and their associatedfragilities. We also show that this environmental richness of evolutionplays an important role in the type of controls ("bottom-up" *vs*"top-down") present in the communities. Particularly fragile networksubstructures are then highlighted; substructures that, in combinationwith other species-level indicators, can be used to strengthenpredictions about the fragility of these species. Finally, we study theemergence of the characteristic distribution of these substructures, ornetwork motifs: although common patterns are observed, for example inthe order of appearance, or "fixation", of some of these motifs, weshow that the speed of emergence seems to depend on abiotic conditionsof evolution
Guo, Chuanbo. "Modélisation des effets des changements climatiques et des activités anthropiques sur les assemblages des poissons des lacs en Chine". Toulouse 3, 2014. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/2333/.
Testo completoKnowledge of the spatial distribution of species and communities in ecosystems is an essential prerequisite for the understanding of ecosystem functioning and processes as well as conservation and spatial planning issues. During the last several decades, in the context of global change, climate change and anthropogenic activities have long been acknowledged as the two main determinants which drive the fish diversity and distributions patterns, and ultimately affect the aquatic ecosystem properties and structure. However, up until now, very few efforts aimed at the fish diversity and ecosystem in the lakes across China. Consequently in the present study, we contribute to highlight the effects of climate change and anthropogenic activities on fish diversity and distribution patterns as well as the ecosystem properties with the approach of several ecological modelling. Specifically, we first build the global perspective on the fish distribution and assemblage patterns for a total of 425 fish species (subspecies) in 135 lakes across China using a novel multi-species approach fitted by the Multivariate Regression Tree (MRT). Five fish assemblages were defined by the constrained clustering, 107 indicator species were thus identified. Species diversity showed significantly differences among each assemblage: fish species richness in plateau lakes was significantly lower than plain lakes; however the diversity of the whole assemblage in plateaus was higher than other regions. Altitude, minimum temperature of the coldest month, annual temperature range and precipitation during the driest month were found to be the most important determinants affecting fish assemblages and distribution patterns in Chinese lakes. Then, MRT model was used to predict both species richness and species distribution in order to improve the management and conservation of fish species in China. Our results showed that MRT is a reliable and ideal community-based predictive technique for multi-species prediction. At the species composition level, altitude was the main determinant for the prediction, followed by precipitation of the driest month, temperature annual range and annual mean temperature. While at the richness level, precipitation of driest month, maximum temperature of warmest month and lake area were the main drivers for the prediction of the fish species richness pattern. Thirdly, we examine the capacity and uncertainty of ensemble modelling in predicting fish species distribution and diversity. Potential impacts from two main kinds of uncertainty sources were thus considered: species characteristics (contained species prevalence, altitude range, temperature range and precipitation range) and model techniques (calibration technique and evaluation technique). Finally, our results highlight that predictions from single SDM were so variety and unreliable for all species while ensemble approaches could yield more accurate predictions; we also found that there was no significant influence on the model outcomes from the evaluation measures; we emphasized that species characteristics as species prevalence, altitude range size and precipitation range size would strongly affect the outcomes of SDMs, but temperature range size didn't show a significantly influence; our findings finally verified the hypothesis that species distributed with a smaller range size could be more accurately predicted than species with large range size to be plausible in aquatic ecosystems. Lastly, a case study focused on evaluating the lake ecosystem properties and foodweb structure as well as the effects in a typical shallow macrophytic lake (Bao'an Lake, distributed in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River basin), using the Ecopath model. Finally, the results showed that all the commercial fish suffered from high fishing pressure while forage resources such as attached algae, submerged plants and molluscs were not fully utilized. Moreover, we highlight that the Bao'an Lake ecosystem was a mature system according to Odum's theory. However when compared with some other lake ecosystems, the Bao'an Lake ecosystem, as well as some China lake ecosystems, showed extremely low values of CI (Connectance Index), FCI (Finn's Cycling Index) and SOI (System Omnivory Index), indicating that the ecosystem functions and food web structure of these Chinese lake tended to be simpler and linear than lake ecosystems in other countries. Consequently, this study indicated an urgent need for the adjustment and management of artificial fishery stocking in such type of lakes. Our present study have pictured the global perspective of lake fish diversity and distribution patterns in China, defined the main determinants, and examined the potential effects of climate change and anthropogenic activities on fish diversity and ecosystem properties. Our results will benefit the conservation and management of fish resources, biodiversity, as well as the lake ecosystems all over the world
Tran, Thao. "Les perturbations anthropiques contemporaines : dans les mangroves du sud Viêt-Nam : entre nature, civilisations et histoire". Paris 4, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2007PA040020.
Testo completoThis study proposes a geohistorical approach of the mangrove ecosystems in the South Viêt-Nam. It will allow to understand its developments, considering environmental, sociological and economical characteristics. The Mekong Delta region, shaped wetlands and rice fields, was originally based on a civilization that converts the flat areas, thanks to hydrological and hydraulic progress. From 1860, the colonial Cochinchina history has contributed to change the structures, the forestry landscapes and country life. Regarding others modifications, the French Indochina War (1945-1954) and Viêt-Nam War (1945-1975) have contributed to destructions, disruptions, loss of biodiversity in the terrestrial biomes and aquatic ecosystems. On this conflict territory, the distant, enclaved and unhealthy regions became, between engagement and clandestinity, the refuge of the survival Viêt-Minh. The forests, on the alluvium soils - Cân Giò next Saïgon, Cà Mau in the southern tip of Viêt-Nam - were deeply damaged. The spraying of herbicides and defoliants during the chemical war (1961-1971), on the forests and paddy fields, has caused ecological and health effects, bringing about long term consequences. From test sites, spatial modeling and spatial analysis have allowed to rediscover the former landscapes before the wars, understand natural and managed dynamics of vegetation, estimate the post war evolutions. In fact, the conflicts have involved disturbances, change in landscape scale and created new forestry structures. French management, war’s impact on the resources and since 1970, fast expanding aquaculture in the mangrove forests, are so many disruptions
Cateau, Eugénie. "Réponse des coléoptères saproxyliques aptères aux perturbations anthropiques des forêts et des paysages". Thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016INPT0045/document.
Testo completoTo enable species migration in a global warming context, public policies try to improve European natural network (Green and Blue infrastructure, old trees network...). These measures might be adapted to the high-dispersal species, but there is a lack of knowledge concerning the ability of the low-dispersal species to move using these networks. Lots of these species remain poorly known. Considering forest ecosystems, ightless saproxylic beetles are supposed to be dispersal limited species because of they are small, unable to y and have trophic exigencies. The aim of this study is to understand how dispersal limited species evolve temporally and spatially in the landscape. Flightless saproxylic beetles have been sampled by sieving litter in front of ten trees per stand, using a modied Winkler and extracted through an adapted Berlese. This standardization of the methods lead to sample an average of 97,2% of the species targeted in each forest. A monthly survey during two years has shown that the species are present in the litter throughout the year and that they are stable over two years. The best season to sample them appeared to be autumn and spring. Comparison between old growth forests and harvested stands in the French Pyrénnées has shown that harvesting does not impact signi cantly the target species. Their repartitions were highly dierent between the studied valleys, which is assumed to result from the dierence in the past human impact. In the highly fragmented landscape (Coteaux de Gascogne, SW France), very few ightless saproxylic species have been sampled. Surprisingly, this experiment has shown that the landscape characteristics explain better these dispersal limited species' repartitions than the forest characteristics. For half of them, landscape composition in the 1850's explain better the repartition than the current one. A threshold of 15% of forest cover appeared to be determinant for one species (Dienerella clathrata). We showed that the studied species use the edges (at least to move through them) whatever their characteristics may be. As soon as they are present in the forest, they are in the connected edge. Moving abilities of 3 species have been approached by measuring the running speed in laboratory. This experiment showed a mean of running speed of 1,6m.h -1. These dierent elements lead us to conclude that the ightless saproxylic beetles are mobile in the landscape. All these results, and the fact that species richness is correlated to the landscape anthropisation, leads us to conclude that this taxonomic group can support human impact at small spatial and temporal scale, but are poorly resilient to large and long anthropisation
De, Oliveira Nascimento Nilo. "Appréciation à l'aide d'un modèle empirique des effets d'actions anthropiques sur la relation pluie-débit à l'échelle d'un bassin versant". Phd thesis, Ecole Nationale des Ponts et Chaussées, 1995. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00569059.
Testo completoOliveira, Nascimento Nilo. "Appréciation à l'aide d'un modèle empirique des effets d'actions anthropiques sur la relation pluie-débit à l'échelle d'un bassin versant". Marne-la-vallée, ENPC, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995ENPC9526.
Testo completoRobert, Alexandre. "Effets combinés des facteurs naturels et anthropiques sur la diversité fonctionnellle des vasières à langoustines (Nephrops norvegicus) du golfe de Gascogne". Thesis, Rennes, Agrocampus Ouest, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017NSARH101/document.
Testo completoThis PhD thesis aims at increasing the knowledge on factors influencing the benthic community structures of the « Grande Vasière » (GV) of the Bay of Biscay. Particular attention has been paid to the role of bottom trawling whose intensity has been estimated using VMS data. At the scale of the GV, our results suggest that bottom-trawling is the main driver of the megabenthic community structure (> 10mm). However, this hypothesis has not been formally demonstrated due to the co-variations between the trawling intensity and certain environmental characteristics. Hence, works continued on a restricted part of the GV that displayed minimal variations of environmental characteristics while exhibiting a wide gradient of trawling intensityResults suggest that bottom-trawling induces seasonnal and transient modifications on the mega and macrobenthic (> 1mm) communities. These changes could be due to an increase of food availability for the megabenthic predator-scavengers and to changes of sedimentary characteristics for macrofauna. However, investigation about functional diversity showed that these changes did not have major consequences on ecosystem functioning. We concluded that decades of bottom trawling may have shaped the benthic ecosystem of the GV and that it is currently adapted to frequent disruptions
Trigui, Rima Jihane. "Influence des facteurs environnementaux et anthropiques sur la structure et le fonctionnement des peuplements benthiques du Golfe Normano-Breton". Phd thesis, Muséum national d'histoire naturelle - MNHN PARIS, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00466280.
Testo completoDuclos, Vanessa. "Facteurs responsables de l'arrêt de la régénération des espèces arborescentes suite à des perturbations anthropiques en forêt tropicale humide". Thesis, Université Laval, 2012. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2012/29138/29138.pdf.
Testo completoRambaud, Maëlle. "Impact des activités anthropiques sur la dynamique et l’état de conservation d’un habitat naturel : exemple de la chenalisation des Rivières à renoncules (UE 3260)". Paris, Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008MNHN0024.
Testo completoFrance must assess the state of conservation of its natural habitats in reply to Directive Habitats. We therefore looked at the impact of pressures such as channelization, on physico-chemistry and on 3 communities (birds, plants, invertebrates) of the habitat EU 3260, or “Streams with Water Crowfoot”. 17 reaches (6 control/11 channelized) in 4 rivers, were monitored seasonally in 2006-07. Channelization led to physical changes of the habitat in several spatial scales: reach, riffle-pool sequence, and microhabitat. For the 3 communities, richness was lower in channelized reaches than in control reaches. Dominant taxa were ubiquitous and resistant. Plants was an informative community because they reacted to the 3 spatial scales. Adaptive strategies of plant taxa were more diverse in channelized reaches due to the modifications of the dynamic of the EU 3260 habitat. Our study clears tools and measurements of management to preserve the state of conservation of the habitat EU 3260
Sylla, Adama. "Variabilité inter-annuelle à décennale et réponse aux forçages anthropiques de l’upwelling sénégalo-mauritanien". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SORUS675.
Testo completoThe oceanic region located off the Senegalese and Mauritanian coasts is one of the most productive one in the world ocean. This is due to the upwelling system, which occurs during the winter season in this region. This seasonality is very specific. In particular, it differs from the well-known upwelling systems located along the eastern coast of the tropical oceans but further poleward such as along Morocco and the Iberian peninsula, the Californian coast, the Peru-Chili and the Benguela. These upwelling systems are maximum in summer. Several studies have investigated their sensitivity to global warming. Early studies have suggested that their intensity may increase in the future, but recent observations do not clear give robust evidence of this behavior. The winter senegalo-mauritanian upwelling system has been largely excluded from these studies, in spite of its crucial role for the socio-economical development of the populations of the surrounding region, whose food and income strongly depend on the halieutic resources. In this context, this study proposes an evaluation of the representation of this system in the CMIP5 climate models, and its response to climate change. Our analysis is based on characteristics of the upwelling in terms of wind forcing and sea surface temperature signature. In spite of some diversity in the model’s ability to represent the senegalo-mauritanian upwelling system, the results suggest that its intensity may rather decrease in the future, primarily because of a reduction of the wind forcing. In a second hand we propose an analysis of the inter-annual to decadal variability of the intensity of the upwelling based on recent reanalyses. This study focuses on the link with the monsoon and with large scale climate modes such as the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO), Atlantic Multi- decadal Oscillation (AMO). The link with the decadal variations of the West African Monsoon (WAM) during the opposite season is relatively clear. It is associated with anomalous trajectories of the ITCZ. The indices characterizing the upwelling are not always correlated with each other, showing that they are not yet very robust. They nevertheless indicate a marked variability at the decadal timescale partly associated with the AMO
Rabdeau, Juliette. "Impacts des activités anthropiques sur le comportement et les traits d’histoire de vie d’une espèce patrimoniale". Thesis, La Rochelle, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LAROS032.
Testo completoThe decline of populations for many animal species in the last century has been linked to anthropogenic activities. The species overexploitation or even habitat fragmentation are the major causes but other human activities may have more subtle effects on animals and indirectly may impact their survival and reproduction. Anthropogenic disturbance represents any disruption due to human presence, anthropogenic objects or noise that induce stress for animals. Animal behaviour and physiology linked to life-history traits could be affected by this disturbance but differently among individuals from a same population depending on their personality. In this way, the anthropogenic disturbance may contribute to the population decline. The Montagu’s harrier (Circus pygargus) is a flagship species that nests on the ground in cereal crops exposing it to agricultural practices, recreative activities and anthropogenic noise. Moreover, the population monitoring on the study site, the Zone Atelier Plaine et Val de Sèvre, involves several nest visits and repeated measures on chicks that may induce a disturbance. My thesis work has been focused on the impacts of human activities and infrastructures on the behaviour and life-history traits of Montagu’s harriers and how these impacts may vary depending on behavioural inter-individual differences within the population. Through an experimental approach, a sensitization phenomenon has been highlighted in chicks handled by the same experimenters over repeated nest visits. Thereafter, male and female boldness (personality and plasticity) was characterized. A positive assortative pairing pattern for boldness was highlighted within the population. However, this pattern did not provide fitness benefits which questions about its origin. This result suggests that other process than sexual selection could explain the pairing pattern. Then, the parental association in boldness has been linked to prey provisioning from pairs, and to nestling body and physiological conditions. Less plastic pairs in boldness provided a higher proportion of insects to their offspring that could explain greater carotenoids concentrations found for their chicks. Any effect of behavioural similarity within pairs has been shown on nestling quality. Finally, Montagu’s harrier nests were differently distributed in relation to infrastructures depending on female boldness. Shy females would avoid more buildings through nest site selection than bold females. This difference in spatial distribution of phenotypes could result in the positive pairing pattern. The path density around nest negatively affected the reproductive success regardless of female boldness. This result needs further investigations to identify the disturbance nature and limit its effects. This thesis work provides some answers on the direct and indirect effects of anthropogenic disturbance and allows questioning certain practices in the population monitoring to improve them. Finally, the assessment of disturbance effects depending on inter-individual differences is essential to better understand the consequences on population dynamic
Archambault, Benoît. "Modélisation du cycle de vie des ressources marines exploitées : une approche intégrée pour quantifier les effets relatifs des différentes pressions anthropiques et environnementales". Rennes, Agrocampus Ouest, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014NSARH094.
Testo completoMarine fish populations are subject to various environmental and anthropic pressures, from fishing mortality to habitat degradation and global change, that impact populations at different stages of their life cycle. Improving our knowledge of the different ecological processes and a fair assessment of consequences of the environmental and anthropic pressures associated with each life history stage is required to help the sustainable management of fish populations. In the case of nursery-dependant species, hydroclimatic conditions influence the survival and the dispersal of eggs then larvae. The quality and the availabilty of nursery grounds further impact juvenile survival, determining the carrying capacity of these essential habitats and in fine the maximum size of the population. Last, fishing activities target mostly adults. This thesis ultimately aims at investigating the functioning of these nursery-dependant species through a life cycle modeling approach that integrates the different pressures in their spatial dimensions along the life cycle. The methods largely rely on hierarchical Bayesian models, which are well adapted to integrate complex ecological models within a statistical approach, accounting for various sources of information (prior knowledge and data) together with the different sources of uncertainty in the process and the observations. The first part of the thesis analyzes the relationship between the spawning biomass and the recruitment success for flatfish (Pleuronectiforms), known to concentrate in restricted nursery grounds during the juvenile stage. We propose a modeling approach which integrates two successives phases in the recruitment process: a density-independent phase corresponding to the pelagic eggs and larval stages followed by a benthic juvenile phase, where density-dependent processes occur. Using a metanalytical approach (39 populations for 12 flatfish species) centered on the analysis of the variance of this relation, we show that (i) flatfish display a lower interannual variance in the recruitment success compared to other exploited orders of marine fishes, (ii) the variance of recruitment success decreases with increasing stock level, which is consistent with the hypothesis of density-dependent process during the juvenile phase of the life cycle. In the second part of the thesis, we rely on results from the the first stage (plus expert knowledge and existing work) to develop a life cycle model for the Eastern Channel common sole which accounts for both the stage-specific pressures described previously and the spatial functioning of the population at the successives stages. The population displays a consistent spatial segregation between pool of individuals along the whole life cycle, due to the combination of (i) moderate pelagic diffusivity and larval retention, (ii) juvenile containment in nurseries, and (iii) limited adults’ movements. We compared two contrasted hypotheses about the spatial structure of the population. The first hypothesis considers that after the juvenile phase characterized by spatial segregation on specific nurseries, the adult population forms one single homogeneous pool in the Eastern Channel. This is the hypothesis used buy the ICES stock assessment Working Group. The second hypothesis considers that the spatial segregation persists after the juvenile phase, within three adults sub-components. Althought it is not possible to quantify the relative likelihood of those different hypotheses, we emphasize how changing from one hypothesis to the other impacts estimation of key population dynamics parameters. Considering these three sub-components with isolated dynamics emphasizes the importance of spatialized management scenarios. Finally, in the third part of the thesis, we rely on the model developed previously to simulate realistic scenarios on the different pressures (i. E. Hydroclimate, habitat, fishing) in order to quantify their respective and/or combined effects (e. G. Climate and fishing pressure). Results emphasize the importance of nursery habitat availability and quality for these species. Realistic restoration scenarios of the Seine estuary lead up to an increase in biomass and catch potential. Fishing however remains the main source of population depletion and adapting fishing mortality to MSY levels leads to substantial increases in biomass and catches. We also show how hydroclimatic conditions are susceptible to interact with these two “manageable” pressures, e. G. Overfishing increase the sensitivity to unfavorable hydroclimatic conditions. Overall, the thesis provides insights towards the understanding of the population dynamics of nursery-dependent species, and provides a substantial contribution to develop tools to evaluate the performance of spatialized management scenarios in a multi-pressures context
Bernard, Maud. "Les habitats rocheux intertidaux sous l'influence d'activités anthropiques : structure, dynamique et enjeux de conservation". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Brest, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012BRES0010.
Testo completoRecreational and professional activities are intensifying on the rocky intertidal. The overturning of boulders and the trampling associated with human activities, have consequences on the structure and dynamic of rocky intertidal communities. Through the identification of species and descriptors that respond more to the disturbances “trampling of mediolittoral rock platforms” and “the overturning of low eulittoral boulders by hand-fishermen”, SMART indicators (Simple, Measurable, Achievable, Realistic, and Time limited indicator) can be created for the assessment of the conservation status of these habitats. The effects of trampling were tested with control approach. Experiments in situ underlined very complex interactions between species during the ecological processes of degradation of biocenoses. High thresholds of disturbance were also observed. They were particularly related to the protection played by structuring brown algae on other species. The study of boulder’s overturning highlighted a step of almost total mortality of fixed or low mobile organisms that live on upper or lower surfaces of boulders. Results also showed a low resilience of the habitat. The use of appropriate reference situations and of the most sensitive species to the boulder’s overturning, led to the creation of two ecological indicators. Declined to two different spatial scales, they may be applied routinely by scientists and managers of marine protected areas
Houngnandan, Fabrice. "Rôle des pressions anthropiques et de l’environnement dans l’état des herbiers de posidonies de Méditerranée française". Thesis, Montpellier, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020MONTG029.
Testo completoHuman activities are the main cause of global changes with adverse impacts on all biodiversity, both terrestrial and marine. In this context, many countries, including France, wish to stop this problem by improving networks for monitoring and managing ecosystems using new methods and approaches that aim, in particular, to achieve good ecological status of their water masses. This is the main objective of this thesis project, focusing on a Mediterranean sentinel ecosystem, the Posidonia oceanica seagrass. P. oceanica is an underwater plant endemic to the Mediterranean, and an indicator of the quality of its environment. By linking its spatial distribution with biological data and anthropogenic pressures, it is possible to develop new indicators that are easy to measure at the scale of the entire French coastline (1800 km).Through a multidisciplinary approach, combining participatory mapping, analysis of old images and current ecological data, we have been able to identify the location of former P. oceanica seagrass that have now disappeared and quantify the extent of the decline (70% in 66 years for example in Agde and Rochelongue). Our results also show that the indices of landscape composition and configuration reflect well the state of conservation of a P. oceanica seagrass. Using these landscape indices, we have developed a new approach to define key conservation areas for the management of P. oceanica based on the influence of environmental variables and human activities. Finally, we have also shown that by degrading the P. oceanica seagrass, human activities favour the installation of invasive exotic algae, but can also act as a barrier to invasions by modifying local environmental conditions and making them unfavourable to invasive species.These results suggest multiple applications to improve the management and monitoring of the marine environment in the French Mediterranean
Garagnon, Julia. "Effet de l'urbanisation sur la qualité de l'eau de sub-surface en ville. Reconstitutions par l'étude de molécules organiques des carbonates secondaires des souterrains parisiens". Electronic Thesis or Diss., université Paris-Saclay, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024UPASJ010.
Testo completoWater resource preservation is a major environmental concern in the current context of intense anthropic pressure. The aim of this thesis is to investigate the impact of urbanization on sub-surface water quality in Paris through the study of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), contaminants mainly produced by human activities. PAHs but also organic carbon and organic matter (OM) were studied in secondary carbonate, deposited in aqueducts and underground quarries.A temporal and spatial study was carried out to determine the origin, factors, and trends (over the last few decades or centuries) in the transfer of organic contaminants from surface areas. Natural samples (carbonate deposits and soils) from three Parisian sites with an urbanization gradient were studied. Organic molecules were analyzed using analytical chemistry methods (HPLC-Fluo, COT-meter) coupled with UV spectroscopy methods (LIF, TRES) requiring a significant amount of development, and cross-referenced with inorganic trace element signals (ICP-QMS). Variations in both the quantity and quality of PAHs and OM in seepage water were recorded during the different phases of urbanization over the last three centuries for the site studied in Northern Paris. A change in source has also been observed since the second half of the XXth century, with an increase in high-molecular-weight PAHs, known to be the most toxic. The sorption properties of PAHs onto OM are the main driver of their transfer. However, this work has also shown the important role played by organic soil, as its sealing hinders the retention and storage of PAHs, and thus facilitates their mobility with runoff water
Bernard, Maud. "Les habitats rocheux intertidaux sous l'influence d'activités anthropiques : structure, dynamique et enjeux de conservation". Phd thesis, Université de Bretagne occidentale - Brest, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00720611.
Testo completoBoukra, Mohamed-Amine. "Caractérisation intégrée de la matière organique dissoute : recherche d'empreintes physico-chimiques pour tracer les sources de pollutions anthropiques". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Lyon 1, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023LYO10094.
Testo completoAnthropogenic activities at the scale of a watershed can be very numerous (e.g. agricultural practices, industries, transport, and tourism). These activities generate pressures that result in the input of pollutants to the watercourse (e.g. major elements, organic micropollutants, trace metals). The identification of these sources of pollutants in watercourses remains a challenge to date. Organic matter in its dissolved fraction (DOM) constitutes a complex mixture of molecules whose composition and physicochemical properties depend on its origin, whether natural or anthropogenic, terrigenous or autochthonous, diffuse or point source. Because of its ubiquity, the DOM present in the rivers could be used as a tracer of the anthropic activities and thus of the sources of pollutants at the scale of a catchment. In this context, the objective of this thesis is to identify markers based on physico-chemical properties of DOM (that are characteristic of natural (e.g. terrigenous inputs, autochthonous production) and anthropogenic (e.g. wastewater treatment plant discharges, urban runoff, agriculture and livestock activities) sources at the watershed scale. For this purpose, an original database was built with more than 130 water samples representative of these different sources and analyzed with a wide range of analytical techniques (dissolved organic carbon determination, analysis by UV-Visible spectroscopy and fluorescence excitation-emission, analysis by steric exclusion chromatography coupled with UV and fluorescence detection - HPSEC/UV-fluorescence - , and molecular analysis by liquid chromatography coupled with high resolution mass spectrometry - LC-HRMS - ). The exploitation of the database allowed to improve the characterization of DOM with the identification of new optical (HPSEC/UV-fluorescence) and molecular (LC-HRMS) indicators. A protocol for processing complex data from non-targeted LC-HRMS analysis was developed and validated using quality control in order to extract the most relevant molecular compounds to differentiate DOM sources. This work also validated a sampling methodology specific to land-based diffuse sources in relation to land use to build their footprints at the watershed scale. Finally, the integrated multi-analytical and multi-source approach developed in the framework of the thesis allowed the construction of specific fingerprints of the selected sources of DOM (natural, anthropogenic, diffuse, point). The results of this work clearly show that DOM can be considered as a tracer of the origin of the water masses and the associated pollutions in the rivers
Bertrand, Olivia. "Enregistrement molécularie de changements d'usage des sols et de pressions anthropiques : l'exemple d'un étang piscicole (Lansquenet, Lorraine)". Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012LORR0352/document.
Testo completoThe sedimentary series, collected in terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems, constitute records or archives of the state of a system at a given moment of the past and relate its evolution in relation to natural disturbances and anthropogenic pressure. In the following manuscript, the sedimentary record of a fish pond has been studied using a multidisciplinary approach. In particular, the characterization at the molecular and macromolecular scale of the organic matter in sediments of the pond Lansquenet allowed to reconstruct the history of its watershed. On the basis of biomarkers and molecular ratios (terrestrial to aquatic ratio: TAR(HC), C29/C27(ST), aquatic/macrophyte proxy: Paq, perylene, syringyl/vanillyl, cinnamyl/vanillyl, acid/aldehyde of syringyl and vanillyl units), this work has enabled us to understand, at the scale of a watershed, the changes in organic matter origins (terrestrial and/or aquatic, natural and/or anthropogenic) over a period of several centuries. Moreover, the results unraveled the depositional conditions as well as preservation conditions in the sedimentary profile, directly influenced by land use and human activities. The confrontation of organic geochemical data with sedimentological, mineralogical and palynological data was a real benefit and validated the use of a series of organic compounds as relevant and sensitive biomarkers regarding environmental and paleoenvironmental modifications. This study highlighted thus the succession of use of the Lansquenet site from a swampy area to the settlement of a fish pond punctuated by drier periods
Ourgaud, Mélanie. "Influence des apports anthropiques sur les flux de carbone et de contaminants dans les réseaux trophiques de 'poissons' de l'écosystème à Posidonia oceanica". Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015AIXM4097/document.
Testo completoThe marine ecosystems undergo frequent disturbances. In the current socio-economic context characterized by intensive urban development and industrialization, it is of primordial importance for the management of the environment to achieve a better understanding of the functioning and the transfer of contaminants within these ecosystems. The study of the transfer of organic matter and contaminants to the interfaces is thus a crucial issue. The main objectives are to characterize the fish fauna and to determine the food webs; to establish the levels and patterns of spatial variability of contamination by trace elements TEs and persistent organic pollutants POPs; and to identify the sources and the processes having an influence on the levels of contamination throughout the food webs. The characterization of the fish populations and the trophic relations between the compartments of the ecosystem is necessary in order to understand the levels of contamination in TEs and POPs. For the fishes, it is difficult to provide evidence of the phenomenon of bioaccumulation of TEs, except for mercury, but the influence of diet, size and physiological and metabolic requirements is obvious. The great stability, liposolubility and persistence of the POPs confer on them significant bioconcentration and bioamplification capabilities. The concentrations in TEs and POPs recorded, and the detection of banned toxic pesticides, attest to the necessity of paying close attention to this pollution
Juhel, Jean-Baptiste. "Base de référence, impacts anthropiques et mesure s de protection pour les requins récifaux de Nouvelle - Calédonie". Thesis, Nouvelle Calédonie, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016NCAL0002/document.
Testo completoAnthropogenic impacts on coral reefs are largely documented through changes in functional diversity, ecosystem services or resilience. Among trophic groups, apex predators in general and sharks in particular are the most sensitive to disturbance due to conservative life history traits (e.g. slow growth, late sexual maturity, low fecundity). By some estimates, shark populations have declined by >90% worldwide. To ensure the sustainability of their populations and their functional role in the reef community, appropriate management measures must be implemented. The aims of this thesis are 1) to assess reef shark populations in New Caledonia; 2) to evaluate the efficiency of stereo baited remote underwater video systems (S-BRUVS) in surveying shark distribution comparing them to underwater visual censuses (UVC) and to evaluate their potential improvements ; 3) to evaluate the impact of human proximity on diversity, abundance and behaviour of reef sharks and 4) to determine the efficiency of management measures currently in place in New Caledonia to protect reef shark populations. The results of S-BRUVS and UVC were congruent and revealed a dramatic decline of shark abundance of ~90% along the anthropogenic gradient in a country where shark fishing is historically absent. An important behavioural alteration of the grey reef shark (Carcharhinus amblyrhynchos) towards bait was highlighted. Individuals remained farther from the device, exhibited more cautious approaches, interacted less with the bait and took longer to bite it as human proximity increased. Human proximity was the main driver of the abundance decline (46 to 71%) and the behavioural alteration towards shier individuals (50 to 80%). Globally, MPAs in New Caledonia are not effective in protecting reef sharks. However, the oldest and most restrictive MPA (Merlet) hosts shark abundance close to that of some remote reefs of the archipelago and partially protect the behaviour of individuals. These results 1) emphasize the unique role of remote coral reefs as the last refuges for sharks ; 2) reveal that in absence of shark fishing, human proximity condition shark abundance and behaviour with potential ecological consequences and 3) indicate that the MPAs efficiency to ensure the protection of reef sharks is effected by their ability to exclude human presence over a sufficiently large area
Curie, Julien. "Les travertins anthropiques, entre histoire, archéologie et environnement : étude geoarchéologique du site antique de Jebel Oust (Tunisie)". Thesis, Dijon, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013DIJOL032/document.
Testo completoTravertine, known as lapis tiburtinus during Roman times, are continental limestones precipitated in calcareous environments from thermal waters of hot springs (travertine) or cool waters of karstic springs (calcareous tufa). This phenomenon is well-known during Classical Antiquity and had been described by several ancient authors (Strabo, Pliny the Elder, Vitruvius) who depicted a stone that forms extremely rapidly, a stone that outlines the landscape and which is largely used for construction (e.g. The Colosseum in Roma, the Greek temple at Segesta in Sicily). These deposits are widespread on Earth’s surface showing various morphologies and are great sedimentary records of climatic and hydrologic conditions. Thus they represent valuable proxies for palaeoenvironmental studies. The notion of anthropogenic travertine takes into consideration human impact on these deposits and on travertine-depositing waters. It is documented by the study of the roman site of Jebel Oust, Tunisia, where the exploitation of a hot spring is attested from the first century A.D. to the end of Late Antiquity. The site is characterized by a temple settled around the spring’s vent associated with Roman baths located downstream and supplied with hot water via an aqueduct. Our geoarchaeological approach brings to light the anthropization of the regional geosystem expressed by an entire control over the hot spring and its associated deposits. Furthermore the study of travertines preserved in the archaeological structures reveals precious and original information about water cult and bathing practices during Antiquity (thermal rooms function, water management, repair phases, states of neglect and decay). Moreover, geoarchaeology of anthropogenic travertine intends to offer a new approach of research‘s problematic dealing with water managements and integrating human impact on travertine’s development
Declerck, Louise. "Influence de forçages anthropiques sur la circulation atmosphérique du niveau géopotentiel 500 hPa et sur la diffusion et les concentrations de polluants sur la région Nord-Pas-de-Calais au XXIème siècle". Thesis, Lille 1, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012LIL10122/document.
Testo completoThe growth of human activities causes significant emissions of gaseous and particulate species in the atmosphere. Greenhouse gases contribute to increase the average global temperature, it’s called anthropogenic forcing. This temperature increase modifies the various components of the Earth’s climate system. In this thesis, the atmosphere is our topic of interest. The objective of this thesis is to answer two questions on a multidisciplinary basis: (1) can anthropogenic radiative forcing influences atmospheric circulation and more specifically, its variability? (2) And can it affects the spatial distribution of pollutants? This work is based on the comparison of two periods: one from 1960 to 1989 representing the climate without scenarios forcing; the other from 2070 to 2099 considering different scenarios of anthropogenic forcing. The first step is to characterize the atmospheric circulation variability, in wintertime, from the 500 hPa geopotential height at North Atlantic and European scale. The main structures of variability we studied are the so-called modes of variability and weather regimes. In our study, the scenarios do not change their structure in space but rather their frequency of occurrence and mean residence time. The second step concerns modeling of air quality over the French Northern region. Analysis of simulations reveals that actual and future concentrations of particulate matter and nitrogen dioxide increase, but no direct correlation between changes of variability modes and spatial distribution of pollutants is detected
Youego, Sihon Joëlle Reine. "Impacts des facteurs lithologiques et anthropiques sur la qualité des eaux en zone tropicale urbanisée : cas du bassin versant de la Mefou (Cameroun, Afrique centrale)". Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2019. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/5127/.
Testo completoThis research addresses the influence of human activities on tropical hydro-ecosystems. Its purpose is to assess the impact of urbanization on water resources. It aims to improve our knowledge of geochemical processes and material transfers in urban and peri-urban areas. The study was conducted in the Mefou river basin (840 km2, Central Africa), a tributary of the Nyong River. This basin includes the entire urban and peri-urban area of the city of Yaoundé, the capital of Cameroon, with a population of about 2.8 million inhabitants, and classified as the country's second largest metropolis. Concentrations of major and trace elements in the dissolved fraction, dissolved and particulate organic carbon, and metals in suspended solids were measured in groundwater and runoff water from the Mefou basin heads to the Nyong River. The results present the interactions between water/rock/soil and the effects of urbanization. The normalization of concentrations with the Upper Continental Crust (UCC) shows the influence of the granito-gneissic bedrock on the composition of groundwater and surface water in the Mefou catchment area. There is an enrichment in alkalis (Na, K), alkaline earths (Ca, Mg), transition metals (Mn, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd, Pb) and REEs (La, Ce, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Yb, Lu). The remarkable enrichment of surface waters in Eu is explained by the alteration of plagioclases. Comparison of the Mefou catchment area with the reference sites, the Nsimi catchment area (source and stream of the Mengong) and the Nyong River monitored for more than twenty years under the SNO MTROPICS, shows a very significant enrichment of the waters in major elements (Cl, SO4, NO3, Na, K, Ca, Mg). Human activities lead to water contamination by nutrients and metals, and influence the dynamics of processes such as the absence of metal complexation by organic matter, probably due to the absence or low concentration of humic and fulvic acids. In groundwater, Mn, Al, Ba, Zn, Zn, Fe are the dominant transition metals and nitrate contamination (942 ± 127 µmol/L) is noted with concentrations above the standard set by the World Health Organization (806 µmol/L), and to a lesser extent by some metals like Al, Mn. In surface waters, Fe, Mn, Ba, Al, Zn, Cu are the most important metallic trace elements. However, the average concentration of Mn (4.1 ± 0.8 µmol/L) and the maximum concentration of Fe (267 µmol/L) are higher than the recommended standards (1.8 µmol/L and 35.8 µmol/L, respectively). Pollution is gradually decreasing from Mfoundi (a tributary of the Mefou River in town) to the Mefou River and the Nyong River. This natural self-regulation process is due to the dilution, sedimentation, degradation and adsorption of elements in lowland areas and in the riverbed occupied by macrophytes with a phytoremediator role. Indeed, the large volumes of water from the other tributaries of the Mefou and Nyong rivers, which drain areas with little or no anthropisation, dilute the concentration of elements in the highly mineralised waters from the urban area. The flat relief downstream of the Mefou basin slows the flow of the river and favours the deposition of suspended particles loaded with pollutants. The roots of the macrophytes in this vast and highly developed swampy area trap the organic and mineral pollutants of the Mefou River and contribute to the decrease in their concentration in the river's water
Chassiot, Léo. "Forçages naturels et anthropiques sur la sédimentation holocène en domaine lacustre : application aux lacs d’Auvergne et aux réservoirs des bassins versants de la Loire et d’Adour Garonne". Thesis, Orléans, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015ORLE2056/document.
Testo completoIn order to assess the consequences of global warming, lacustrine systems are well-indicated to infer past natural (climate and tectonic) and anthropogenic interactions over long time scales. Targeting a poorly documented area, the Auvergne region and the Loire and Adour-Garonne watersheds, this work clarifies relationships between sedimentary dynamics and natural and anthropogenic forcings during the Holocene with a regional multi-sites comparison including natural lakes and reservoirs. Through multi-proxies analyses performed within the lake - catchment continuum, results highlight: (1) sedimentary events related to various forms of natural hazards (earthquakes, debris flow and limnic eruptions) and (2) a background sedimentation related to Holocene climatic fluctuations and human activities during the Late Holocene. For the last 700 years, the reconstruction of soil erosion rates underlines a large disparity between studied sites, mainly connected to site effects and the intensity of human impact at local scale. The limnogeologic study of reservoirs shows similar sedimentary processes than in natural lakes, but highlights a wide range of sedimentary architectures related to the impoundment geometry and the reservoir management
Bouahim, Siham. "Usage et conservation des mares temporaires méditerranéennes : cas des mares temporaires de la région de Benslimane (Maroc occidental)". Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010MON20131/document.
Testo completoThis thesis focuses on the study of the relationship Man-Temporary pool. A multidisciplinary approach integrating ecology and sociology has been adopted to provide appropriate responses to the problems related to these ecosystems and to allow their sustainable development. The first section aims at evaluating the key factors determining the vegetation richness within regional pools. The obtained results reveal the predominant influence of local factors, with a significant effect of regional factors and the vulnerability of pools to use, on the expression of the vegetation. Human activities affect differently the richness in preferential pool species. The second section focuses on the major causes of the regression of pools, by coupling threats assessment and a socio-economic survey. The results point out the anthropocentric perception of pools. This translates the high level of threat concerning the temporary pools of Benslimane region. The thr eat assessment, which shows that 22 % of pools are vulnerable, and 23 % are threatened of destruction of the short term, highlights the urgent need for new environmental policies and innovative approaches of temporary pools management. Finally, the third section concerns the impact of grazing on the vegetation of temporary pools. The results demonstrate that grazing affects the vegetation of pools, both at the regional and the local scale. These results are interpreted as a result of the selective influence of herbivores, and the differential tolerance of species to disturbance. At the end of the present study, the integrated management of pools appears as the most appropriate means for the sustainable development of this complex eco-socio-system, by combining the economic development and the ecological status of resources, and by linking environmental, economic and social issues
Déandreis, Céline. "Impact des aérosols anthropiques sur le climat présent et futur". Paris 6, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PA066139.
Testo completoLaval, Lucie. "Les intégrons comme marqueurs de pollution anthropique dans l'environnement". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Limoges, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022LIMO0083.
Testo completoAntimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a major public health issue. It is now necessary to tackle AMR globally, in humans, animals and in the environment (« One Health » approach). Among genetic elements involved in AMR, integrons play a key role. Integrons are bacterial genetic elements able to capture and express antibiotic resistance genes in the form of gene cassettes and are distinguished according to several classes. In the environment, class 1 integrons are considered as a good marker of anthropogenic pollution and are used to study AMR dissemination; however, little is known about their genes cassettes content (or « cassettome »). In the first part of this thesis, we studied the « cassettomes » of integrons in the effluents of healthcare facilities of the Nouvelle-Aquitaine Region and showed that they were stable over times and similar to each other despite large differences in healthcare activities between the facilities. The « cassettomes » were mainly composed of aminoglycosides and β-lactams resistance gene cassettes, the last one being the main antibiotics delivered in hospitals. We also characterized the « cassettomes » of slaughterhouse effluents and showed that the « cassettomes » of class 1 integrons were different from those of healthcare facilities effluents. The second part of this thesis work showed different prevalences of integrons in Aeromonas strains infecting/colonizing fish subjected to different antibiotic selective pressures. We showed that integrons were more prevalent in fish populations subjected to stronger antibiotic selective pressure contrary to Aeromonas from wild fish where they were not detected. Our work shows that integrons and more specifically « cassettomes » are good markers in the environment to differentiate different types of effluents (healthcare facilities versus slaughterhouses) and secondly to reflect an antibiotic selective pressure exerted on fish
Mateo, Santos Maria. "Réponses adaptatives des anguilles tempérées à l’hétérogénéité environnementale : mécanismes évolutifs, menaces liées au changement global et conséquences pour la conservation". Thesis, Bordeaux, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017BORD0713/document.
Testo completoThe worldwide decline of temperate eels is due to a synergistic combination of several anthropogenic pressures. However, eels display very specific life-cycles and amazing adaptation capacities that impair our ability to assess the relative effects of each pressure. Temperate eels are three catadromous species with large spatially distribution area during their continental growth stage. Their panmixia and the passive larval drifts impair the possibility of local adaptation; however life history spatial patterns are correlated with environmental gradients at both river catchment and distribution area scales. ThisPhD aims (i) to explore whether these life history spatial patterns may result from two adaptive responses: genetic polymorphism and adaptive phenotypic plasticity, and (ii) to revisit the effect of different components of global change in consideration to these adaptive responses. In this context,GenEveel, an individual-based optimization model was developed. The model postulates that genetic dependent habitat selection and phenotypic plasticity are mechanisms to address environmental heterogeneity. With such assumptions, the model was able to mimic observed spatial patterns in length-at-silvering, sex ratio and distribution of ecotypes. Moreover, different types of anthropogenic pressures (glass eel fishery, silver eel fishery, obstacles to upstream migration, and mortality due to hydropower facilities) were integrated in the model. Then, the model was used to assess their impacts on the number of escapees and their attributes: sex ratio, repartition between genotypes, mean lengthat-silvering, and overall egg production. The results showed that the pressure that induces the highest direct mortality has not necessarily the greatest influence on the spawning biomass and does not necessarily exert the strongest selective pressure on the ecotypes. This demonstrates that phenotypic plasticity can be a source of resilience for the population and mitigates the effect of some but not all the pressures. It also suggests that management should not only focus on numbers and direct mortalitybut on the preservation of diversity within populations. Finally, a demo-genetic model is described summarizing our understanding of eel populations. Such model can be used in the future to explore the ecological conditions in which genetic polymorphism and phenotypic plasticity have been selected through generations and provide new insights for the conservation of endangered eel species
Assan, Sabina. "Vers une répartition améliorée des sources de méthane anthropique". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017SACLV079.
Testo completoMethane has the second largest contribution to global radiative forcing impact of anthropogenic greenhouse gasses. Since 2007 its atmospheric growth rate, after a period of stability, has again been rising rapidly. Anthropogenic methane emissions hold a large mitigation potential, promoting efforts to curb emissions in accordance with the Paris Agreement. However, the considerable uncertainties regarding methane contributors, drivers and emission estimates even at local scales, hinder the effective implementation of methane mitigation strategies. While many approaches have been established to measure total methane fluxes, the partitioning and characterisation of methane sources by region and processes still need to be better constrained.This thesis presents practical methods for characterising different CH4 sources in ambient air measurements at industrial sites, as well as developing more targeted tools. The first chapter focuses on improvements to a CRDS instrument that is commonly deployed for CH4 and δ13CH4 field measurements. We propose a calibration scheme to correct for C2H6 interference on δ13CH4, and enable robust C2H6 measurements. The results of this work are then used to explore the added value gained when implemented on data from a natural gas compressor station, a site where high correlation of C2H6 and CH4 is expected. The second chapter continues the investigation of CH4 sources at the same site; with focus shifted towards the application and comparison of different source apportionment methods from time series analysis based on measurements of multiple species, some co-emitted with CH4. Here the CH4 and Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC) source contributions are explored through the use of isotopic analysis, receptor model analysis (PCA and PMF), metrological data and direct samples of natural gas. The third chapter applies a selection of the developed CH4 source apportionment methods to ambient measurements at biogenic CH4 sites in the Ile de France region and helps complete the survey of the most relevant anthropogenic CH4 sources.This thesis identifies and reports local δ13CH4 source signatures for livestock, wastewater, landfill and natural gas and studies their spatial and temporal variability to aid the constraint of emission inventories. Our findings suggest that source apportionment from δ13CH4 is robust, and adaptable to the majority of sites. Using a combination of tools is ideal for more specific source determination and for an understanding of long and short term variability. The work presented in this thesis offers example applications of these new tools to directed investigations of anthropogenic methane emissions and lays the foundation for future work in this field
Delaval, Marguerite. "Impacts des perturbations d'origine anthropique sur les peuplements de chauves-souris en Guyane française". Paris 6, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004PA066386.
Testo completoLasserre, Frédéric. "Modélisation du cycle d'aérosols naturels et anthropiques en Asie orientale". Phd thesis, Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand II, 2006. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00691228.
Testo completoAssan, Sabina. "Vers une répartition améliorée des sources de méthane anthropique". Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017SACLV079/document.
Testo completoMethane has the second largest contribution to global radiative forcing impact of anthropogenic greenhouse gasses. Since 2007 its atmospheric growth rate, after a period of stability, has again been rising rapidly. Anthropogenic methane emissions hold a large mitigation potential, promoting efforts to curb emissions in accordance with the Paris Agreement. However, the considerable uncertainties regarding methane contributors, drivers and emission estimates even at local scales, hinder the effective implementation of methane mitigation strategies. While many approaches have been established to measure total methane fluxes, the partitioning and characterisation of methane sources by region and processes still need to be better constrained.This thesis presents practical methods for characterising different CH4 sources in ambient air measurements at industrial sites, as well as developing more targeted tools. The first chapter focuses on improvements to a CRDS instrument that is commonly deployed for CH4 and δ13CH4 field measurements. We propose a calibration scheme to correct for C2H6 interference on δ13CH4, and enable robust C2H6 measurements. The results of this work are then used to explore the added value gained when implemented on data from a natural gas compressor station, a site where high correlation of C2H6 and CH4 is expected. The second chapter continues the investigation of CH4 sources at the same site; with focus shifted towards the application and comparison of different source apportionment methods from time series analysis based on measurements of multiple species, some co-emitted with CH4. Here the CH4 and Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC) source contributions are explored through the use of isotopic analysis, receptor model analysis (PCA and PMF), metrological data and direct samples of natural gas. The third chapter applies a selection of the developed CH4 source apportionment methods to ambient measurements at biogenic CH4 sites in the Ile de France region and helps complete the survey of the most relevant anthropogenic CH4 sources.This thesis identifies and reports local δ13CH4 source signatures for livestock, wastewater, landfill and natural gas and studies their spatial and temporal variability to aid the constraint of emission inventories. Our findings suggest that source apportionment from δ13CH4 is robust, and adaptable to the majority of sites. Using a combination of tools is ideal for more specific source determination and for an understanding of long and short term variability. The work presented in this thesis offers example applications of these new tools to directed investigations of anthropogenic methane emissions and lays the foundation for future work in this field
Boussougou, Boussougou Guy Fidèle. "Vulnérabilité des paysages forestiers en relation avec les activités humaines et la variabilité climatique en Tanzanie : analyse prospective des dynamiques de l'occupation du sol des réserves forestières de Pugu et de Kazimzumbwi". Thesis, La Réunion, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LARE0035/document.
Testo completoThe objective of this work is on one hand to show the vulnerability of forest landscapes in relation to climate variability at the scale of Tanzania and on the other hand to analyze forest dynamics in order to carry out a prospective study of the dynamics of land use in the forest reserves of Pugu and Kazimzumbwi. Analysis of the TRMM data over the period from 2001 to 2013 has allowed revealing a seasonal and inter-annual variability in precipitation across the country. The inter-annual precipitation maps have made it possible to distinguish the years with low rainfall (2003, 2005, 2012 ), the years of high rainfall (2002, 2007, 2006, 2011) and the years of intermediate rainfall (2001, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2013). It has also help to distinguish 11 types of rainfall regimes marked by different patterns of seasonal variability at the scale of Tanzania. There are oppositions between the rainfall regimes of the central savannah region on one hand marked by low annual heights over an important period of seven dry months, also more affected by inter-annual variability, and the northern, southern and eastern forest regions are more humid and presenting low deficits of heights inter-annual rainfall. The sensitivity of plant phenology to rainfall variability has been analyzed by the examination of the spatio-temporal relationships between the standardized vegetation index NDVI-MODIS and rainfall (rain TRMM). The rain / NDVI correlation maps show an opposition between the dry regions of the center marked by savannah landscapes highly vulnerable to rainfall variability and the southern regions of moist forests, mountains and coastal regions, mangrove forests Reacting poorly to this rainfall variability. In the savannah regions of the center, the intensity of rain / NDI dependence is measured by a correlation coefficient of 0.70. A monitoring of the analysis of human pressures on forest reserves was carried out using the example of the Pugu and Kazimzumbwi forests during the period 1995-2015 using SPOT 6 (high resolution) and LANDSAT imagery. The land use classifications were realized from the object oriented method. The forest review shows that in 2015 (55% of which 32% is dense forest), from the two reserves only the reserve of Pugu still preserves nearly the half of its surface in forest while the reserve forest of Kazimzumbwi contains only 5% of its area. Over the entire period studied, the sub-period 2009-2014 was the most critical in terms of forest loss. In fact, within five years the forest reserves of Pugu and Kazimzumbwi have almost lost the double of their area. Based on the increased vulnerability of human pressures in the Pugu and Kazimzumbwi forest reserves and their periphery, a multicriteria analysis has made it possible to identify areas of high and low human pressures. The most vulnerable areas remain those located close to the communication axes and cities. Consequently forest reserves are more vulnerable in their eastern parts, close to major roads and major urban centers such as Pugu and Kazimzumbwi. The use of a model for prospective modeling in 2050 has required the integration of the explanatory variables of the observed changes and the land use maps of 1995 and 2014. The model is validated from a predicted map and a real map. The result shows an exact simulation at 72%, based on this hypothesis of an increase in anthropogenic human pressures on the two forest reserves over time; we have predicted the land use map of 2050 under the effect of explanatory variables. This prospective modeling therefore envisages, by 2050, an expansion and densification of artificial surfaces, notably at the north-eastern periphery of the reserve of Pugu and on the south in the kazimzumbwi reserve. This growth in artificial surfaces will result in a significant decline in existing forest areas within reserves
Pillet, Valentin. "Détection et attribution des changements morphologiques côtiers récents en milieu insulaire tropical (Polynésie française, Caraïbe)". Thesis, La Rochelle, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LAROS019.
Testo completoLow-lying reef islands and coastal areas of tropical mountainous islands are highly vulnerable to the impacts of tropical cyclones and the expected effects of climate change. However, while the French metropolitan coasts have benefited from a significant effort to assess their long-term changes, French overseas islands are the least documented areas in French Territory. Based on this observation, this thesis examines the respective contribution of natural and anthropogenic drivers in the past evolution of reef islands (French Polynesia) and mountainous island beaches (Northern Lesser Antilles). This study relies on a combined approach between geomatic and fieldwork. From a multi-scalar (spatial and temporal) analysis, we detect and attribute the planimetric changes experienced by the sedimentary systems of the studied islands. Results on reef islands are comparable to those of previous studies which established that most of the islands have been stable or in expansion over the last decades. They allow to suggest conceptual models of long-term trajectories and examine the respective contribution of the drivers considered in this study. On mountainous island beaches, this study shows that local settings explain the high longitudinal variability detected in various climatic situations. In addition, this study contributes to the global samples of studied islands and to move forward on the understanding of past coastal changes in French overseas islands
Delsinne, Nicolas. "Evolution pluri-millénaire à pluri-annuelle du prisme sédimentaire d'embouchure de la Seine : facteurs de contrôle naturels et d'origine anthropique". Caen, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005CAEN2051.
Testo completoGonnet, Adrien. "Du plateau au fond de vallée : apport de l'étude de trois sites archéologiques à la compréhension des dynamiques géomorphologiques holocènes en Normandie". Thesis, Normandie, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017NORMR109/document.
Testo completoSince the end of the Pleistocene, the variations of environmental and anthropic conditions influenced the morpho-sedimentary dynamics of North-Western european catchments. The small hydrosystem are very sensitive to these evolutions, recorded in sedimentary archives. Our approach confronts geoscience, archaeology and geomorphological data, in order to apprehend the interrelationships between Human activity, climate and environment during the Holocene in Normandy. By studying the sedimentary archives from three settlements, from the plateau to the valleys, our aim is to discriminate climato-anthropic forcing for each episode of erosion and sedimentation. The three sites, located in small catchments, give pedo-sedimentary references for each geosystemic unit. The study a loessic plateau shows an intense erosion of Holocene luvisol since the end of La Tene period. The colluvial deposits, accumulated in a dry valley show the continuity of detrital sedimentation, and the intensification of erosional processes during modern times. At the bottom of a slope, the study of Brionne’s sedimentary archives reveals the Late Glacial sequence and the tufa diagenesis at the early Holocene. The Holocene sequence on a small coastal valley, la Scie, allows to reconstruct its diachronical evolution, the morphosedimentary dynamics and the landcape evolution. The diachronical evolution of these three sites shows the synchronicity of events, even if some ones appear to be local. These data enter in the well-documented context of the Paris Basin. Comparing those sequences has revealed the spatial and chronological complexity of the landscape responses to the human and climate forcing
Caminade, Cyril. "Rôle de l'océan et influence des émissions d'origine anthropique sur la variabilité climatique en Afrique". Toulouse 3, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006TOU30239.
Testo completoGolcher, Benavides Christian. "Qualité des eaux d’une rivière urbaine : Suivi réglementaire versus Perception des riverains Le cas du río Liberia (Costa Rica)". Thesis, Paris, AgroParisTech, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018AGPT0014.
Testo completoThe impact of human activities on rivers status is most often assessed through the monitoring of regulatory water quality indicators. The definition of regulatory action networks is constrained by technical or practical aspects. As a result, diagnoses are made on the basis of limited knowledge. Can studying the relationship between residents and rivers be used to improve scientific knowledge on the pressures and state of the river, and therefore in the medium term to improve the definition of control and restoration actions? The thesis is based on the study of the Liberia River (30 km long, 46 km2 catchment area) in Costa Rica - North Pacific Region. The river flows downstream through the urban area of the city of Liberia (39 000 inhabitants). The thesis is based on the coupling of two approaches: (a) the regulatory diagnosis of water quality and the characterization of anthropogenic pressures on the river; (b) the study of the perception and practice of the river by residents. Firstly, fifteen water quality measurement campaigns were carried out in accordance with Costa Rica's regulations, on a network of seven stations along the Liberia River between 2013 and 2015. The physico-chemical, biological and bacteriological indicators show an upstream-downstream gradient of the river state, from slightly to highly polluted. These indicators are not very variable according to hydrological conditions - as seen by a previous rainfall index - but are influenced by anthropogenic pressures, as seen by land use and riparian condition indices. The quality of the river is severely degraded when crossing the urban area. Secondly, a survey was carried out in 2016, among 100 inhabitants and 32 professionals. A map of the river, in terms of use and perception, was carried out. In general, the inhabitants cross the river every day via the various bridges, while the professionals occasionally participate in collective restoration actions. The river is perceived as a degraded and dangerous space by the majority of residents. However, the upstream part of the river, and some urban sites, are appreciated for their good quality. Thirdly, knowledge from the monitoring network and results of the perception survey were analysed jointly. The level of degradation from monitoring stations is consistent with the point of view of residents that identify all the locations of the stations. In addition, inhabitants point new hot spots of degradation that makes it possible to strengthen the monitoring network. Thus, new stations were implemented during a campaign carried out in 2017. The spatial variability of water quality and riparian zones was refined. As a conclusion, residents’ perceptions can be used to improve the assessment of the quality of an urban river. This thesis is a first step in diagnosing the quality of an urban river, combining hydrological approaches, through regulatory indicators, and socio-geographic indicators, through survey of residents. However, it is necessary to better understand both dynamics of water quality, in relation to hydrology, and those of anthropogenic pressures, as well as the temporal variability of the perception of the river by residents. Finally, conditions for involving residents in monitoring and restoring the quality of the river remain to be analyzed, in order to develop a real participatory approach
Wawrzyniak, Vincent. "Étude multi-échelle de la température de surface des cours d’eau par imagerie infrarouge thermique : exemples dans le bassin du Rhône". Thesis, Lyon 3, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012LYO30092.
Testo completoIn a context of global warming, understanding the thermal regime of rivers is a key issue. By measuring the radiation in the electromagnetic spectrum of thermal infrared (TIR: 0.4-14µm), TIR remote sensing offers the possibility of obtaining surface temperature maps at multiple scales. The multi-scale approach is thus the guiding principle of this work.First we use satellite thermal infrared images from Landsat ETM+ to investigate longitudinal and temporal variations in the thermal patterns of a large river continuum, the French Rhône (500 km). An automated water extraction technique is developed to remove pixels contaminated by terrestrial surfaces. This method improves the accuracy of our data. The images allow us to understand the thermal effects of tributaries and nuclear power plants: the Isère is the main source of cold water while the Bugey, Saint-Alban and Tricastin nuclear power plants warm the river. We show temperature differences within the largest hydroelectric bypass facilities between the bypass section and the canal. The factors responsible for these differences are the length and minimum flow of the bypass section as well as tributaries coming into this reach.Second, we focus on a shorter river (50 km): the lower Ain in France where four airborne TIR surveys are performed. Based on a statistical analysis of temperature differences between overlapping images we calculate the measurement uncertainty associated with TIR derived profiles. This uncertainty allows for the discrimination between artifacts and real longitudinal thermal trends. To understand these trends, we use a 1D determinist model which predicts water temperature at an hourly time step along a 21 km reach. The model considers heat fluxes at the water-air interface as well as the geometrical and hydraulic characteristics of the river. Based on TIR images, groundwater inputs associated with backwaters and lateral seepages are identified. They are inserted into the temperature model. These groundwater inputs can mitigate high water temperatures during the summer by cooling the river up to -0.6°C when they represent 15.7% of the total discharge.A finer scale is finally explored. The work focuses on nine braided reaches located in the French Alps (1 km) where very high spatial resolution TIR images are acquired. By characterizing the spatial distributions of water temperature, we identify two types of reaches. The first type shows a very low thermal spatial variability throughout the day. Rivers of this type often have a proglacial hydrological regime with high summer flows, which tends to homogenize the temperature. The second type exhibits a higher thermal variability with changes during the day. The temperature of flowing channels changes during the daytime according to the air temperature. In contrast, the temperature of groundwater-fed channels exhibits smaller changes which creates thermal variability over space and time. We propose a method which does not require TIR images in order to identify reaches showing high thermal variability.Through this work, we show that it is essential to combine both spatial and temporal approaches to understand river temperature. Thermometers have been used for many years. Thus, the spatial aspect has often been ignored. TIR remote sensing has allowed a better characterization of spatial thermal patterns. However, to understand these patters it is necessary to consider temporal changes of water temperature. It is also necessary to integrate a more physical approach in order to simulate different scenarios and to assess the importance of the different factors affecting water temperature
Assamoi, Abé Yapo Eric-Michel. "Emissions anthropiques d'aérosols carbonés en Afrique en 2005 et en 2030 : élaboration d'inventaires et évaluation". Phd thesis, Université Paul Sabatier - Toulouse III, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00585492.
Testo completoCheikh, Mohamed Fadel Mohamed Fadel Aghdhafna. "Gouvernance littorale et changements climatiques en Mauritanie". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lille (2022-....), 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023ULILA020.
Testo completoCoastal ecosystems and coastlines are subject to intense pressure, caused by growing human activity and climatic trends that are sometimes irreversible. In Mauritania, the coastal zone is home to 47% of the country's population (mainly in Nouakchott and Nouadhibou) and concentrates almost 80% of the industrial infrastructure on which 98.4% of the country's exports depend.Therefore, more than other countries in the sub-region, rising sea levels are putting a large part of Mauritania's population, infrastructure, ecosystems and maritime resources at risk. Indeed, the vulnerability of Mauritania's coastline no longer needs to be demonstrated. The IPCC has cited this area of the West African coast as one of the very first to suffer from marine submersions in the near future.In view of the importance of this potential for Mauritania's economic structure and the risks affecting it, particularly those linked to climate change, we rise the subsequent problematic: what governance should be put in place for the Mauritanian coastline, specially by the State, local authorities and Mauritania's partners?It is in this context that this thesis aims to the following questions: (i) What are the vulnerable areas on the coast and what are the various threats? (ii) What are the existing methods of managing the coast and how can they respond to the ever-increasing constraints caused by climate change and its interactions with human activity?Given its complexity, the size of Mauritania's coastline and the diversity of stakeholders with conflicting interests, improving coastal governance must be based on consultation, transparency and equity. This requires a legal framework and appropriate consultation, coordination and cooperation mechanisms. Management, research, observation, information, communication and monitoring & evaluation capacities must also be consolidated and strengthened.The results obtained will contribute to (i) improving knowledge about the Mauritanian coastline; (ii) establishing sustainable and appropriate management of the coastline; (iii) contributing to the fight against climate change.Key words: Governance, Coastline, Climate change, Mauritania
Baudoin, Jean-Marc. "Biodiversité et fonctionnement de cours d'eau forestiers de tête de bassin : effet de l'acidification anthropique et d'une restauration". Phd thesis, Université de Metz, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00175540.
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