Letteratura scientifica selezionata sul tema "Effect of politics on Salvation Army"
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Articoli di riviste sul tema "Effect of politics on Salvation Army"
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Martin, Lowry. "Defiant Deviance and Franco-Moroccan Cinema's Queer Representations of Masculinity". Journal of Bodies, Sexualities, and Masculinities 1, n. 1 (1 marzo 2020): 80–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/jbsm.2020.010106.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
AbstractIn the last decade, Franco-Moroccan directors have begun to explore culturally taboo and unrepresented sexual communities within Morocco. This article examines how two pioneering films, Abdellah Taïa's Salvation Army and Nabil Ayouch's Much Loved, contribute to an emerging cultural politics in the Arab-speaking world that is reframing marginalized or invisible sexualities. While these films address issues of sexual tourism, incest, and prostitution, among others, the focus of this article is on the films’ critiques of internalized homophobia, sexual tourism, and the sociopolitical power structures that occlude, marginalize, or shame those males outside of the heterosexual matrix. Analyzing the films’ portrayal of the semiotics of forbidden desire, internalized homophobia, and the circulation and spatialization of queer sexualities in Morocco, this article argues that Salvation Army and Much Loved complicate our understanding of Arab masculinities and add to a growing queer visibility that stretches from the Maghreb to the Gulf.
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Walker, Pamela J. "‘A Carnival of Equality’: The Salvation Army and the Politics of Religion in Working-Class Communities". Journal of Victorian Culture 5, n. 1 (gennaio 2000): 60–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/jvc.2000.5.1.60.
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Georgis, Dina. "A Muffled Scream: Queer Affects in Abdellah Taïa’s Salvation Army". Kohl: A Journal for Body and Gender Research 2, n. 1 (dicembre 2015): 56–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.36583/kohl/1-2-7.
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This paper reads Abdellah Taïa’s Salvation Army, a semi-autobiographical film that chronicles the coming of age of a Moroccan boy through its queer affects. Set in both Morocco and Switzerland, Taïa’s protagonist is neither a victim nor oppressed by the socio-economic and patriarchal conditions of his existence. His sexuality is naive and perverse, exploited and exploitative. Queer knowledge in this film breaks down at many levels. The effect of this confusion is the film’s insistence on reading the narrative outside of easy sexual epistemologies. This paper defines “queer” not simply in terms of sexual orientation but as an affective relationship to loss. Borne from the traces of sexual being, queer affects resist the domestication of the sexual for social recognition. They are the parts of us that refuse to be colonized into affable, upright subjects. In Salvation Army, the protagonist grows up to be gay, as we have come to understand this word, but his subjectivity remains ambivalent and in mourning.
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Eli, Shari. "Income Effects on Health: Evidence from Union Army Pensions". Journal of Economic History 75, n. 2 (giugno 2015): 448–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022050715000674.
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To what extent do rising income levels explain the decline in adult mortality rates experienced in the United States a century ago? I explore this question by investigating the income effect of the country's first wide-scale entitlement program: the Union Army pensions. Documenting that Republican Congressional candidates boosted pensions to secure votes, I exploit exogenous increases in income stemming from patronage politics to estimate the semi-elasticity of disease onset with respect to pensions. Income effects are large for cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, and respiratory illnesses.
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Ismail, Amrizarois, e Hotmauly Sidabalok. "Kajian Environmental Justice dalam Konflik Rohingya". PRAXIS 1, n. 1 (7 settembre 2018): 93. http://dx.doi.org/10.24167/praxis.v1i1.1623.
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Conflict in Rakhine Myanmar involving local majority ethnic minorities has seized the world's attention. Mainstream media generally preach this conflict as a racial conflict dilator dilakangi by history, politics and trust. However, when further examined under the Environmental Governance study, the conflict is also not separated from the natural resource management dispute which is suspected to start from the state policy to open the door of foreign investment. Included in Libraryan Reaserch, this study uses research methods that refer to library research, which is data collection based on written sources of scientific journals, mainstream media, books and other scientific sources. In addition, this research uses descriptive data analysis method. In writing this scientific paper the authors use the Environmental Governance approach focused on the study of Environmental Justice to analyze data that is not numerical. In explaining the factors causing the Rakhine and Rohingya ethnic conflicts in Myanmar in 2012, the authors use John Rawls about Justice, that justice is needed when ther is cracuty “Scarcity of material”. The results show that Rohingya and Rakhine ethnic conflicts can not be separated from the problem of environmental injustice. the factors causing the conflict are seen from the structural factors of the state policy on the investment of natural resources by foreign and ethnic geography, by conducting space politics "Place and Space politics", the government issued a policy of citizenship in the Citizenship Act which ultimately makes the state seem to have no legitimacy in granting civil rights to the Rohingyas. in the form of political discrimination, political elites controlled by the military junta with the omission and provocation by utilizing racial and religious sentiment with the aim of modernizing Rakhine Province with the existence of the Shwe gas exploration project. In addition, a massive exodus of the Rohingyas from Rakhine emerged, until the last armed movement called Arakan Rohingya Salvation Army (ARSA) emerged as a response of ethnic spirits as a crisis response.
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Chaplin, Gregory. "Beyond Sacrifice: Milton and the Atonement". PMLA/Publications of the Modern Language Association of America 125, n. 2 (marzo 2010): 354–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1632/pmla.2010.125.2.354.
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In Paradise Lost, Milton imagines a cosmos at odds with orthodox theology, making a heretical departure that parallels his reluctance to dwell on the Crucifixion and his Arian Christology. Belief in a plurality of worlds threatens the integrity of the Trinity: it exalts the omnipotence of the creator, while it limits the significance of the redeemer. In effect, it produces a tension best resolved by Milton's position that the Father and the Son are two distinct beings—the former uncreated, infinite, and immutable and the latter created, finite, and changeable. This distinction enables Milton to fashion a theory of salvation that transforms Christ's sacrifice from a singular, traumatic event to an ethical decision that other created beings can emulate. These heterodox views constitute the theological underpinnings of his radical republicanism, which embraces an idea of human dignity and agency antithetical to the tyrannical politics of torture and blood sacrifice.
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Rubel, Mohammad, e Md Sazzad Hossain. "Analyze The Causes of The Russian-Ukraine War with Waltz's Three Images (Individual, Domestic Politics, International System)". Journal of Sosial Science 3, n. 5 (26 settembre 2022): 1113–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.46799/jss.v3i5.407.
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No one is calling the Russia-Ukraine conflict is considered the commencement of World War III right now. But all analyzes see it as Europe's biggest conflict since World War II as the war dragged on and it assumed a different character as well. The opening weeks of Russia's invasion of Ukraine were a war of military strategy. On the other hand, the Ukrainian troops-built resistance was necessary to stop the enemy's advance. In military strategy, a well-trained and efficient army is necessary to conduct war properly. Over the past six years, with the help of Western allies, Ukraine has been able to build a military capable of such a war. As part of such a war, where resistance is needed (such as in Kyiv), the Ukrainian military has done so. Again, the army has withdrawn from where it is necessary to retreat (Donetsk and Luhansk). The Russian - Ukraine war can be considered a multi-dimensional disaster, which is likely to get much worse in the foreseeable future because while a war is successful, little attention is paid to its causes, but when the outcome is disastrous, understanding how it happened becomes paramount. All in all, this study intends to provide an overview of the Russia-Ukraine war and its causes with Waltz's three Images as Individual, Domestic Politics, and international systems as well. In addition to this, it also has attempted to understand the long-term effect(s) on world politics as well.
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Branch, Adam. "Uganda's Civil War and the Politics of ICC Intervention". Ethics & International Affairs 21, n. 2 (2007): 179–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-7093.2007.00069.x.
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The International Criminal Court‘s intervention into the ongoing civil war in northern Uganda evoked a chorus of confident predictions as to its capacity to bring peace and justice to the war-torn region. This optimism is unwarranted, however. The article analyzes the consequences for peace and justice of the ICC's intervention, dividing them into two categories: those resulting from the political instrumentalization of the ICC by the Ugandan government, and those resulting from the discourse and practice of the ICC as an institution of global law enforcement.As to the first, the article argues that the Ugandan government referred the conflict to the ICC in order to obtain international support for its militarization and to entrench, not resolve, the war; the ICC, in accepting the referral and prosecuting only the Lord‘s Resistance Army, has in effect chosen to pursue a politically pragmatic case even though doing so contravenes the interests of peace, justice, and the rule of law. As to the second, the article reveals the harmful effects that ICC intervention can have on the capacity for autonomous political organization and action among civilian victims of violence, specifically how it leads to depoliticization by promoting a political dependency mediated by international law. The article draws from this analysis disturbing implications about ICC interventions generally, and concludes by asking whether ICC practice may be reformed so as to avoid these negative consequences.
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Cronley, Courtney, e Youn kyoung Kim. "Intentions to turnover". Leadership & Organization Development Journal 38, n. 2 (3 aprile 2017): 194–209. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/lodj-10-2015-0227.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to advance the knowledge base by testing the hypothesis that job satisfaction mediates the relationship between perceived organizational culture and intentions to turnover, and that employee characteristics moderate this relationship. Design/methodology/approach Data were drawn from a cross-sectional online survey of employees at one Area Command of The Salvation Army in the USA (N=250, 66.8 percent female, 26.4 percent African American). The study implemented two different techniques to incorporate methodological triangulation to test the mediation model: a three-step regression analysis and a bootstrapping technique in which direct and indirect effects are tested at once. Also, a conditional process analysis was used to test the moderated mediation model. Findings Results supported the hypothesized mediation relationship and showed that lower mean organizational culture scores were significantly associated with lower job satisfaction, and thus, higher intentions to turnover. Additionally, office location moderated the indirect effect of organizational culture on intentions to turnover through job satisfaction. Practical implications Findings highlight the variability in how organizational culture affects employees across the work environment. Interventions, which are subtly tuned to the variation in workplaces, may be the most effective at building strong and positive organizational cultures. Originality/value The current study extends prior empirical work by testing the hypothesis that employee characteristics moderate the mediating effect of organizational culture and job satisfaction on intentions to turnover. Results showed that work location moderated the relationship between organizational culture and job satisfaction; organizational culture had a stronger effect on job satisfaction among employees working at the administrative office compared to those in community-based centers. Findings underscore the need for leadership to create a strong culture that permeates all work sectors in order for it to be effective.
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Gul, Shabnam, Muhammad Faizan Asghar e Munib Khalid. "Shifting National Security Paradigm of Pakistan from Geo Politics to a Geo Economics Era". Global Economics Review VI, n. I (30 marzo 2021): 81–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/ger.2021(vi-i).07.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Pakistan being one of the most populous Muslim states, is characterized by unique features. It is home to the seventh-largest army in the world, but strangely enough, it stands in 2018 (slightly better than previous rankings )as one of the 20th most fragile nations of the world. Pakistan bears a key geopolitical position in South Asia, linking it with the Middle East, surrounded by Russia, China, India, and Iran as well. Traditionally, Pakistan national security has been analyzed through geopolitical and geostrategic perspectives, but with the primacy of economic factors, the geo-economic approach has taken the lead in analyzing the national security of Pakistan. Most underdeveloped and developing countries heavily depend upon external resources and regional connectivity for economic development, but both can jeopardize their security in one way or the other. So Pakistan is no exception in this regard. That's why the article is going to analyze the hazards to Pakistan's national security by focusing upon the growing Pakistan China economic connectivity and Indian fears and apprehensions and Afghanistan's instability, and its prospective looming effect on China Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC).
Tesi sul tema "Effect of politics on Salvation Army"
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Garland, Dennis, University of Western Sydney, College of Social and Health Sciences e School of Applied Social and Human Sciences. "The Salvation Army and the state of welfare : an analysis of text and narrative : an analysis of the discourses influencing the development of Salvation Army policy". THESIS_CSHS_ASH_Garland_D.xml, 2004. http://handle.uws.edu.au:8081/1959.7/582.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
This research arose out of the author's concern that the Salvation Army and its social services in Australia were being influenced by government and society at the expense of its own Christian beliefs and internal rhetoric. The Army's rhetoric is explored through an analysis of Salvation Army's texts. The study findings verify the proposition of Kress (1985) and others, that institutions transform and are transformed through their use of discourse. It is confirmed that William and Catherine Booth (the Army's founders) were not independent from the state and from external influence as required by Booth. It was found that just as William and Catherine Booth reworked the discourses of their time, they were influenced in turn by these discourses and the organization they created , namely, The Salvation Army was transformed through the use of discourse. The research found that modern texts produced in the Army in Australia, are influenced by the dominant discourses of the modern Australian welfare state, and that as a consequence the Army, in transforming these discourses for their own purposes, is also being transformed and in the process becoming increasingly colonised by governments in Australia.Master of Arts (Hons)
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Garland, Dennis. "The Salvation Army and the state of welfare : an analysis of text and narrative : an analysis of the discourses influencing the development of Salvation Army policy". Thesis, View thesis, 2004. http://handle.uws.edu.au:8081/1959.7/582.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
This research arose out of the author's concern that the Salvation Army and its social services in Australia were being influenced by government and society at the expense of its own Christian beliefs and internal rhetoric. The Army's rhetoric is explored through an analysis of Salvation Army's texts. The study findings verify the proposition of Kress (1985) and others, that institutions transform and are transformed through their use of discourse. It is confirmed that William and Catherine Booth (the Army's founders) were not independent from the state and from external influence as required by Booth. It was found that just as William and Catherine Booth reworked the discourses of their time, they were influenced in turn by these discourses and the organization they created , namely, The Salvation Army was transformed through the use of discourse. The research found that modern texts produced in the Army in Australia, are influenced by the dominant discourses of the modern Australian welfare state, and that as a consequence the Army, in transforming these discourses for their own purposes, is also being transformed and in the process becoming increasingly colonised by governments in Australia.
Libri sul tema "Effect of politics on Salvation Army"
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Tran, Canh Thi Minh. The book of Canh: Memoirs of a Vietnamese woman, physician, CIA informant, People's Salvation Army commander-in-chief, and prisoner of war. Milford, Conn: Published by Canh Tran and Lani Hayduk, 1996.
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Christian Warfare in Rhodesia-Zimbabwe: The Salvation Army and African Liberation, 1891-1991. Pickwick Publications, 2015.
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Hill, Harold, Norman Murdoch e Ngwabi Muluge Bhebe. Christian Warfare in Rhodesia-Zimbabwe: The Salvation Army and African Liberation, 1891-1991. Wipf & Stock Publishers, 2015.
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Murdoch, Norman H. Christian Warfare in Rhodesia-Zimbabwe: The Salvation Army and African Liberation, 1891-1991. Lutterworth Press, 2015.
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Hill, Harold, Norman Murdoch e Ngwabi Muluge Bhebe. Christian Warfare in Rhodesia-Zimbabwe: The Salvation Army and African Liberation, 1891-1991. Wipf & Stock Publishers, 2015.
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Murdoch, Norman H. Christian Warfare in Rhodesia-Zimbabwe: The Salvation Army and African Liberation, 1891-1991. Lutterworth Press, The, 2015.
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Department of Defense. Defeat of the 7th Cavalry: Impact on the Nation - Custer's Little Bighorn Loss in the 1876 Indian Campaign, Early Indian Policy, Post Civil War Focus, Effect of the Massacre on the Army, Politics. Independently Published, 2017.
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Harlow, Luke E. Social Reform in America. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199683710.003.0019.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Any discussion of nineteenth-century religious Dissent must look carefully at gender. Although distinct from one another in important respects, Nonconformist congregations were patterned on the household as the first unit of God-given society, a model which fostered questions about the relationship between male and female. Ideas of gender coalesced with theology and praxis to shape expectations central to the cultural ethos of Nonconformity. Existing historiographical interpretations of gender and religion that use the separate spheres model have argued that evangelical piety was identified with women who were carefully separated from the world, while men needed to be reclaimed for religion. Despite their virtues, these interpretations suppose that evangelicalism was a hegemonic movement about which it is possible to generalize. Yet the unique history and structures of Nonconformity ensured a high degree of particularity. Gender styles were subtly interpreted and negotiated in Dissenting culture over and against the perceived practices and norms of the mainstream, creating what one Methodist called a ‘whole sub-society’ differentiated from worldly patterns in the culture at large. Dissenting men, for instance, deliberately sought to effect coherence between public and private arenas and took inspiration from the published lives of ‘businessmen “saints”’. Feminine piety in Dissent likewise rested on integration, not separation, with women credited with forming godly communities. The insistence on inherent spiritual equality was important to Dissenters and was imaged most clearly in marriage, which transcended the public/private divide and supplied a model for domestic and foreign mission. Missionary work also allowed for the valorization and mobilization of distinctive feminine and masculine types, such as the single woman missionary who bore ‘spiritual offspring’ and the manly adventurer. Over the century, religious revivals in Dissent might shift these patterns somewhat: female roles were notably renegotiated in the Salvation Army, while Holiness revivals stimulated demands for female preaching and women’s religious writing, making bestsellers of writers such as Hannah Whitall Smith. Thus Dissent was characterized throughout the Anglophone world by an emphasis on spiritual equality combined with a sharpened perception of sexual difference, albeit one which was subject to dynamic reformulation throughout the century.
Capitoli di libri sul tema "Effect of politics on Salvation Army"
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Mackenzie, S. P. "The Effect of Army Education, 1917–1919". In Politics and Military Morale, 32–39. Oxford University Press, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198202448.003.0003.
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Ware, Anthony, e Costas Laoutides. "Recent Violence and Significance". In Myanmar's 'Rohingya' Conflict, 35–66. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190928865.003.0002.
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This chapter illustrates the tripartite nature of this conflict, by exploring the interrelated outbreaks of serious violence in Rakhine State, Myanmar over the past five years. These are the 2012 intercommunal violence between ethnic Rakhine and ‘Rohingya’, the 2015-16 Arakan Army armed insurgency between Rakhine and the Burman-led state, and the 2016-17 insurgency Arakan Rohingya Salvation Army and its backlash, which was primarily between the Burman-led military (Tatmadaw) and the ‘Rohingya’. Documenting each of these clashes and power struggles in specific detail, it highlights the multi-polar nature of this conflict and illustrates some of the key fears, grievances and deep social fault lines making any resolution complex. The chapter concludes by discussing the significance of this conflict on Myanmar’s domestic politics, economic and political transition, and international support.
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Bonham, Claire. "Building an inclusive community through social capital: the role of volunteering in reaching those on the edge of community". In Social Determinantsof Health. Policy Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1332/policypress/9781447336846.003.0009.
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This chapter examines the role of volunteers in bringing those on the edge of community into their social networks. Social capital is a multifaceted concept that can be useful for thinking about civil society. Generally speaking, social capital starts from the viewpoint that relationships matter: social networks are a way of creating cohesive communities that have shared norms and values, and fostering cooperation within and between groups. Using the lens of social capital, the chapter demonstrates how volunteering can build inclusive communities. It also considers whether volunteering has a transformational effect on both volunteers and beneficiaries and society as a whole by looking at volunteer-involving community programmes run by the Salvation Army in the UK.
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Perkoski, Evan. "Conflict in Northern Ireland". In Divided Not Conquered, 73–106. Oxford University PressNew York, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197627068.003.0003.
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Abstract This chapter evaluates the book’s theory qualitatively. It presents a case study of two splinter organizations that operated in Ireland and Northern Ireland during the Troubles (1968–1998): the Irish National Liberation Army and the Real Irish Republican Army. Drawing upon months of field work and visits to archives in Dublin, London, and Belfast, it traces how the preceding internal politics affected the membership, decision-making, organizational structure, and overall trajectory of these two breakaway groups. It also evaluates and systematically rejects a host of completing explanations for their behavior. In effect, this chapter reveals the causal mechanisms underlying the book’s theory that link a splinter’s earliest formation to its eventual behavior.
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Arshad, Mehak, e Youshib Matthew John. "Pakistan". In Christianity in South and Central Asia, 107–18. Edinburgh University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474439824.003.0010.
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Pakistan culminated from the concept that religion is the main denominator identifying and unifying Muslims in the subcontinent, and therefore Hindus and Muslims are two distinct nations. Christians strongly supported the Muslim League in its pursuit of a separate homeland. Through the historical influence of Christian missions there were 3,912 ‘native’ Christians by 1881, and by 1941 this number had increased to 511,299 in Central Punjab. The largest church in the country is the Catholic Church (Latin rite). In 1970 the Church of Pakistan brought together Anglicans, Methodists and some Presbyterians, each with an extensive network providing education, healthcare and pastoral care. Other denominations in Pakistan include the Salvation Army, Pentecostals, Full Gospel Assemblies, Adventists, among others. However, Christians in Pakistan today are maligned, regarded as part of the lowly ‘sweeper community’, with a small number of seats reserved for them in politics. Christians are threatened by the Blasphemy Law, meant to safeguard Islam. At least 700 girls are kidnapped annually and forced to marry Muslims. Nevertheless, the Christian community has demonstrated vitality; with thousands studying in Christian schools and many receiving medical care from Christian hospitals, the Christian community remains committed to engage positively in inter-faith dialogue.
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Krallis, Dimitris. "The Politics of War: Virtue, Tyche , Persuasion and the Byzantine General". In Generalship in Ancient Greece, Rome and Byzantium, 284–305. Edinburgh University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474459945.003.0017.
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Forged on the anvil of conflict and raised in the provinces the strategos leading the armies of Romanía – the Roman polity we have come to call Byzantium – is often conceived as the photonegative of the urbane court official. He was a Digenis Akritas type of character, reveling in manly deeds and sneering at the erudite mandarins that ran the Queen of Cities. This chapter suggests that Byzantine commanders and their craft should also be studied through a different prism. Much like educated officials writing from the safety of Constantinople, Romanía’s strategoi were mindful of tyche and the effect of the unexpected on campaigns and battles. Campaigning and fighting thus emerges in our source material as a process aimed at the effective management of tyche through the deployment of a surprisingly political form of virtue. The chapter focuses on generalship as a discursive practice, relying to a certain extent on brawn but also on the very same skills so valued by the urbane mandarins of the imperial capital: oratory, persuasion, and reasoned argumentation. Faced with fortune’s curveballs the Byzantine general proceeded in battle with a convinced army, reasoned with and politically engaged like a proper Roman assembly.
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Woodruff, Paul. "Messianic Leadership". In The Garden of Leaders, 29–36. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190883645.003.0003.
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Joan the Maid, known in our time as Joan of Arc, led a French army to victory by inspiring them to work together for the goal of freedom for France. She was brilliantly successful at the start. But Joan was limited by her ignorance and lack of education—an innocent, totally unprepared for the politics of the situation in which she had thrust herself. Her kind of messianic leadership would not survive school learning, and it cannot function well for long in the real world. We can learn both positive and negative lessons from her story. The positive lesson arises from the galvanic effect that her message had on a dispirited army; her vision brought it together and made it a powerful fighting force. She was able to do this without any military or civilian authority. The negative lesson comes from her failure to understand the diplomatic reality on which true victory would depend. Looking at her failure, we can sketch out the education that a more successful leader would need.
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Woods, Colleen. "State Violence and the Problem of Political Legitimacy". In Freedom Incorporated, 59–93. Cornell University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9781501749131.003.0003.
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This chapter explores how the remobilization of colonial anticommunism in postwar politics was fundamentally connected to the legitimation of state violence and the strategic and symbolic value of the Philippines to U.S. empire in the age of decolonization. The upsurge and demand for social change in the postwar Philippines took many forms, from protests across barrios and villages of Central Luzon to large-scale labor strikes and the formation of new political parties. One particular group, the Hukbo ng Bayan Laban sa Hapon—the People's Army against the Japanese—had fought against the Japanese occupation but had no intention of welcoming colonial elites back into power. As a consequence, Filipino political elites and their U.S. allies, intent on rebuilding the social order constructed during the U.S. colonial period, deemed the Hukbalahaps, or Huks, as threats to national—and eventually international—security. In effect, postwar U.S. policies in the Philippines not only helped to recriminalize peasant, labor, and progressive social movements, but they also helped fuel a nearly six-year-long civil war that would have long-standing effects on how both Americans and Filipino politicians and policymakers conceived of the Cold War and the wars of decolonization in Southeast Asia.