Articoli di riviste: "Effect of imprisonment on"

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Faani, Hadi Noruzi and Reza. "The effect of penalogical teaching on alternative penalties of imprisonment". International Academic Journal of Humanities 05, n. 01 (1 giugno 2018): 203–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.9756/iajh/v5i1/1810021.

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Tamza, Fristia Berdian. "Prison Penalty In Providing A Determination Effect For Criminal Actions Of Corruption". Corruptio 3, n. 2 (7 novembre 2022): 87–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.25041/corruptio.v3i2.2736.

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The case of corruption as a phenomenon of deviation from social, cultural, social and state life has many scientists and philosophers who study and criticize it. One of the world's famous philosophers is Aristotle who has formulated what he calls moral corruption. Moral corruption refers to various forms of constitution that have deviated, so that the rulers of the regime are included in the democratic system, no longer led by law, but no longer serving themselves. The problem in this research is How Effectiveness of Imprisonment for Criminal Acts of Corruption is? and Does Imprisonment Can Have a Deterrent Effect for Perpetrators of Criminal Acts of Corruption? This paper is a normative legal research. This normative legal research method is used because the approach in this paper is carried out by means of a case approach and a statute approach. The prison sentence is threatened for someone who has committed a crime. Imprisonment itself: life imprisonment and temporary imprisonment or imprisonment for a certain time. The temporary prison sentence is a minimum of one day and a maximum of fifteen years, however, the temporary imprisonment may be imposed for twenty years if the crime committed by a person is punishable by death or life imprisonment, or is threatened with imprisonment of 20 (twenty) years or if there is a combination of several criminal acts (samenlop) Should the perpetrators of criminal acts of corruption deserve the death penalty, because being given the death penalty will provide a deterrent effect and also be a lesson for others not to do the same thing (corruption). in general, almost no judges impose the death penalty because it is associated with aggravating or mitigating reasons and the mitigating factor is far more dominant in terms of the highest sentence limit, education, and others.

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Tarling, Roger. "Editorial: The Effect of Imprisonment on Crime". Journal of the Royal Statistical Society: Series A (Statistics in Society) 157, n. 2 (marzo 1994): 173–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-985x.1994.tb00562.x.

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Runwen, Wang, e Ye Chao. "Study on the effect of radiation imprisonment". Microwave and Optical Technology Letters 1, n. 2 (aprile 1988): 58–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mop.4650010205.

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Baay, Pieter, Marieke Liem e Paul Nieuwbeerta. "“Ex-Imprisoned Homicide Offenders: Once Bitten, Twice Shy?” The Effect of the Length of Imprisonment on Recidivism for Homicide Offenders". Homicide Studies 16, n. 3 (20 giugno 2012): 259–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1088767912450012.

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This study aims to examine recidivism patterns and the influence of imprisonment length for all homicide offenders who have been convicted in the Netherlands between 1996 and 2004. In addition, we tested whether imprisonment effects differed between homicide offenders with different characteristics. Analyses on 621 homicide offenders indicate that longer imprisonment systematically increases recidivism frequency, not recidivism speed. We find some indications that imprisonment length increases recidivism to a greater extent for offenders with an intimate partner, with a Western ethnic background and for offenders with a relatively shorter detention history prior to the homicide.

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Besemer, Kirsten L., Steve G. A. van de Weijer e Susan M. Dennison. "Risk Marker or Risk Mechanism? The Effect of Family, Household, and Parental Imprisonment on Children and Adults’ Social Support and Mental Health". Criminal Justice and Behavior 45, n. 8 (27 giugno 2018): 1154–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0093854818782711.

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There is robust evidence of associations between parental imprisonment (PI) and a variety of harms to children, but the consequences of other forms of family imprisonment are largely unknown. Using Household, Income, and Labour Dynamics in Australia (HILDA), a nationally representative Australian data set, this article looked at the direct effects of PI, household member imprisonment (HI), or close family member imprisonment (CFI) on the social support and mental health of nonincarcerated adults and young people. Recent PI, HI, or CFI had no association with social support. Recent CFI did increase men’s risk of poor mental health, but not women’s or young people’s. We consider the implications of these findings in the context of strong negative effects of paternal imprisonment on mothers in the United States.

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Ferrer, Marayca Lopez I. "The Effects of Imprisonment". Contemporary Justice Review 11, n. 4 (dicembre 2008): 467–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10282580802482819.

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Williams, Marian R. "The Effect of Pretrial Detention on Imprisonment Decisions". Criminal Justice Review 28, n. 2 (settembre 2003): 299–316. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/073401680302800206.

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HAUSKEN, KJELL, e JOHN F. MOXNES. "THE DYNAMICS OF CRIME AND PUNISHMENT". International Journal of Modern Physics C 16, n. 11 (novembre 2005): 1701–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129183105008229.

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This article analyzes crime development which is one of the largest threats in today's world, frequently referred to as the war on crime. The criminal commits crimes in his free time (when not in jail) according to a non-stationary Poisson process which accounts for fluctuations. Expected values and variances for crime development are determined. The deterrent effect of imprisonment follows from the amount of time in imprisonment. Each criminal maximizes expected utility defined as expected benefit (from crime) minus expected cost (imprisonment). A first-order differential equation of the criminal's utility-maximizing response to the given punishment policy is then developed. The analysis shows that if imprisonment is absent, criminal activity grows substantially. All else being equal, any equilibrium is unstable (labile), implying growth of criminal activity, unless imprisonment increases sufficiently as a function of criminal activity. This dynamic approach or perspective is quite interesting and has to our knowledge not been presented earlier. The empirical data material for crime intensity and imprisonment for Norway, England and Wales, and the US supports the model. Future crime development is shown to depend strongly on the societally chosen imprisonment policy. The model is intended as a valuable tool for policy makers who can envision arbitrarily sophisticated imprisonment functions and foresee the impact they have on crime development.

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Jaworska, Anetta, e Robert Parol. "Attitudes towards Work among Prison Inmates and the Long-Term Unemployed". International Letters of Social and Humanistic Sciences 52 (maggio 2015): 61–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.18052/www.scipress.com/ilshs.52.61.

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The article includes an analysis of differences in attitudes towards work in conditions of imprisonment and among employed and long-term unemployed men not detained in prison.The results of the analysis showed a moderate interaction effect of the factors: imprisonment and unemployment (F (1.407) = 6.16, p <0.05, Eta 2 = 0.36). It turned out that the environment of prison isolation and unemployment are mutually related, and the least favorable attitudes towards were shown by the men serving imprisonment sentence, having at the same time no employment opportunities.

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Windzio, Michael. "Is there a deterrent effect of pains of imprisonment?" Punishment & Society 8, n. 3 (luglio 2006): 341–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1462474506064701.

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DeFina, Robert H., e Thomas M. Arvanites. "The Weak Effect of Imprisonment on Crime: 1971–1998". Social Science Quarterly 83, n. 3 (settembre 2002): 635–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1540-6237.00106.

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Freiburger, Tina L., e Brian M. Iannacchione. "An examination of the effect of imprisonment on recidivism". Criminal Justice Studies 24, n. 4 (7 novembre 2011): 369–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1478601x.2011.625699.

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Harmon, Mark G. "“Fixed” Sentencing: The Effect on Imprisonment Rates Over Time". Journal of Quantitative Criminology 29, n. 3 (5 settembre 2012): 369–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10940-012-9182-x.

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Tuliglovich, M. A. "Sentencing to Life Imprisonment". Pravosudie / Justice 2, n. 4 (25 dicembre 2020): 44–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.37399/2686-9241.2020.4.44-61.

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Introduction. After declaring a moratorium on the death penalty in Russia life imprisonment has turned to be the most severe of the applied criminal punishments. In order to respect the rights and interests of all parties of the criminal process, the court when passing a sentence shall con¬sider all the characteristic features of this kind of imprisonment. Taking into account the processes of self-organization, the lack of common approaches to the imprisonment for life in law, the use of evaluation categories that are not explained in the prac¬tice of the highest court, as well as the presence of gaps in certain provisions of the criminal law, leads to the fact that the courts in different regions in text justify and substantiate the sentence of life imprisonment form their own experience. The problem of sentencing in the form of life imprisonment has become the subject of the article. The author’s approach is based on the analysis of the first instance courts sentences and the examination of their features. Theoretical Basis. Methods. The work is carried out with the use of such general scientific research methods as comparative legal, dialectical, formal legal, and hermeneutical methods are applied. The above methods are used in conjunction in order to obtain a synergistic effect of the research. Results. When passing a life sentence, it is important to describe thoroughly the exceptional dan¬ger of the defendant. Failure to comply with this requirement may result in the cancellation of the sentence. The author also analyzes the circumstances that are to preclude the possibility of life imprisonment, deals with the features of life verdict in the case of a combination of crimes or sen¬tences in the particular situation, takes up the questions of determining the type of correctional facility for a person sentenced to this type of punishment. Discussion and Conclusion. Based on the author’s research, the article offers legal options for describing the exceptional danger of the person committed the crime, reflecting in the sentence the punishment imposed for a combination of crimes and sentences, one of which is life impris¬onment.

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Wermink, Hilde, Paul Nieuwbeerta, Anke A. T. Ramakers, Jan W. de Keijser e Anja J. E. Dirkzwager. "Short-Term Effects of Imprisonment Length on Recidivism in the Netherlands". Crime & Delinquency 64, n. 8 (12 gennaio 2017): 1057–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0011128716687290.

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This article assesses the relationship between imprisonment length and recidivism. The data come from a unique longitudinal and nationwide study of Dutch prisoners, serving an average of 4.1 months of confinement ( N = 1,467). A propensity score methodology is used to examine the dose–response relationship for three types of registered recidivism (i.e., reoffending, reconviction, and reincarceration) within a 6-month follow-up period. Findings indicate that length of imprisonment exerts an overall null effect on future rates of recidivism and that this conclusion holds across the various types of recidivism. These findings contribute to continuing scholarly debates over the social and economic costs of imprisonment.

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Harding, David J., Jeffrey D. Morenoff, Anh P. Nguyen e Shawn D. Bushway. "Short- and long-term effects of imprisonment on future felony convictions and prison admissions". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 114, n. 42 (2 ottobre 2017): 11103–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1701544114.

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A substantial contributor to prison admissions is the return of individuals recently released from prison, which has come to be known as prison’s “revolving door.” However, it is unclear whether being sentenced to prison itself has a causal effect on the probability of a subsequent return to prison or on criminal behavior. To examine the causal effect of being sentenced to prison on subsequent offending and reimprisonment, we leverage a natural experiment using the random assignment of judges with different propensities for sentencing offenders to prison. Drawing on data on all individuals sentenced for a felony in Michigan between 2003 and 2006, we compare individuals sentenced to prison to those sentenced to probation, taking into account sentence lengths and stratifying our analysis by race. Results show that being sentenced to prison rather than probation increases the probability of imprisonment in the first 3 years after release from prison by 18 percentage points among nonwhites and 19 percentage points among whites. Further results show that such effects are driven primarily by imprisonment for technical violations of community supervision rather than new felony convictions. This suggests that more stringent postprison parole supervision (relative to probation supervision) increases imprisonment through the detection and punishment of low-level offending or violation behavior. Such behavior would not otherwise result in imprisonment for someone who had not already been to prison or who was not on parole. These results demonstrate that the revolving door of prison is in part an effect of the nature of postprison supervision.

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Thorburn, Hamish, e Don Weatherburn. "Effect of Indigenous status on sentence outcomes for serious assault offences". Australian & New Zealand Journal of Criminology 51, n. 3 (4 gennaio 2018): 434–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0004865817748179.

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Recent studies have found evidence of a racial bias in sentencing in Australia despite previous work showing the opposite. However, in some cases, these studies fail to adjust properly for differences in offence seriousness and in others fail to control for important covariates. Our aim in this study was to investigate the relationship between Indigenous status and likelihood of imprisonment for serious assault offences, matching on offence seriousness and controlling for additional covariates. Multivariate logistic regression with generalized estimating equations was used to explore the effect of Indigenous status on the likelihood of a prison sentence while controlling for the other sentence-relevant factors. Interaction effects were examined by fitting a logistic regression model with all covariates separately for Indigenous and non-Indigenous offenders and comparing the coefficient of each covariate for differences. The results show that the marginal increase in the risk of a prison sentence for Indigenous offenders is less than one percentage point (3.40% for Indigenous offenders compared with 2.45% for non-Indigenous). Significant interaction effects between Indigenous status and whether or not the offence was domestic violence related ( p = .024), whether or not the offence was committed after 2011 ( p = .020) and whether or not the offender had previously been issue a community service order for a serious assault offence ( p = .025) were found, each of which altered the probability of imprisonment. Despite this, no interaction effect was found that resulted in a difference in marginal probability of imprisonment greater than 1.2 percentage points between Indigenous and non-Indigenous offenders. We conclude that while there is a significant effect of Indigenous status on sentencing, the effect is vastly reduced when controlling for additional covariates.

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Zakiyah, Ninik. "HAZAIRIN DAN PENGHAPUSAN PIDANA PENJARA PENDEK". Al-Ahkam 26, n. 2 (2 dicembre 2016): 249. http://dx.doi.org/10.21580/ahkam.2016.26.2.996.

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This writing describes Hazarin thought of the ineffectiveness of short imprisonment in Indonesia and the study of possibility replacement of short prison sentences with social penalties. Hazarin said that short imprisonment is ineffective to give deterrent effect, and may even lead to negative stigmas and consequences such as the prisoners will become more virulent after being released from prison, that make people reject the presence of ex-prisoners. Hazarin offers the concept of criminal work in the public interest without being paid in lieu of imprisonment. He also offers customary or Islamic law penalty to replace the short imprisonment as an alternative. Thus the replacement of the short sentence of imprisonment is in accordance with Islamic law and the first principle of Pancasila, the divinity of the God, the Almighty, who gives the human soul religious consciousness. Besides that, it is also in accordance with the fifth principle of Pancasila, the development of human awareness through moral education and justice for peace and justice social life. However, with the current conditions in Indonesia, the Hazainin thought doesn’t seem applicable.

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Babayan, S. L. "Ways to improve the incentive impact on life imprisonment convicts". Institute Bulletin: Crime, Punishment, Correction 13, n. 2 (19 luglio 2019): 168–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.46741/2076-4162-2019-13-2-168-172.

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The article reveals some issues of application of incentive norms and institutions that stimulate law-abiding behavior of convicts sentenced to life imprisonment. It is proposed to supplement the penal enforcement legislation with a provision providing for the transfer of positively characterized convicts to life imprisonment to a penal colony of strict regime after serving at least 20 years in a correctional colony of special regime for life imprisonment. In order to increase the effectiveness of the incentive effect on convicts it also seems appropriate to provide for the possibility of transferring convicts from the strict regime to the colony-settlement for the following categories of persons: convicted with a particularly dangerous relapse of crimes; convicted to life imprisonment; convicted persons who have been commuted to the death penalty by way of pardon. The possibility of transfer to the colony-settlement for these categories of convicts will contribute to the maintenance and restoration of their socially useful ties and successful adaptation to the conditions of life in society. In addition it is necessary to change the mechanism of grant of parole and provide for this incentive institution only in respect of positively characterized convicts to life imprisonment, transferred by a court decision from the special regime for convicts to life imprisonment in the strict regime.

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Murray, Joseph, e David P. Farrington. "Parental imprisonment: Long-lasting effects on boys' internalizing problems through the life course". Development and Psychopathology 20, n. 1 (2008): 273–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954579408000138.

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AbstractQualitative studies suggest that children react to parental imprisonment by developing internalizing as well as externalizing behaviors. However, no previous study has examined the effects of parental imprisonment on children's internalizing problems using standardized instruments, appropriate comparison groups, and long-term follow-up. Using prospective longitudinal data from the Cambridge Study in Delinquent Development, we compared boys separated because of parental imprisonment during their first 10 years of life with four control groups: boys who did not experience separation, boys separated because of hospitalization or death, boys separated for other reasons (usually parental disharmony), and boys whose parents were only imprisoned before the boys' births. Individual, parenting, and family risk factors for internalizing problems were measured when boys were ages 8–11 years. Separation because of parental imprisonment predicted boys' internalizing problems from age 14 to 48, even after controlling for childhood risk factors including parental criminality. Separation because of parental imprisonment also predicted the co-occurrence of internalizing and antisocial problems. These results suggest that parental imprisonment might cause long-lasting internalizing and antisocial problems for children.

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Hutabarat, Rugun Romaida. "Problematika Lembaga Pemasyarakatan dalam Sistem Peradilan Terpadu". Jurnal Muara Ilmu Sosial, Humaniora, dan Seni 1, n. 1 (10 maggio 2017): 42. http://dx.doi.org/10.24912/jmishumsen.v1i1.333.

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Correctional criminal justice system be seen from the issue of crime system, the idea of coaching, over capacity, and the adverse effects of imprisonment. The new alternative of imprisonment to be important. This study uses normative. This paper will discuss the implementation of associated ideas correctional imprisonment in Indonesia current legislation and the future alternative accordance with the idea of humanity. The answer above problems: first, over capacity in prisons into correctional implications have not been the implementation of selective and limited idea. Second, in the future should give consideration criteria such as medical, family, professional or social considerations that force/urgent. Considering there are still many problems in the implementation of imprisonment, over capacity, not the realization of the idea of correctional, adverse effects of imprisonment and global criticisms, then alternative imprisonment integrating the idea of humanity, saving, rehabilitation and selective expected to realize the integrated criminal justice system. Keywords: policy, correctional ide, integrated criminal justice system

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Spohn, Cassia. "The Deterrent Effect of Imprisonment and Offenders' Stakes in Conformity". Criminal Justice Policy Review 18, n. 1 (marzo 2007): 31–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0887403406294945.

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Kamil Miszewski. "On the harmful/harmless effect of long-term imprisonment on the mental and physical health of prisoners". Archives of Criminology, n. XXXIX (2 gennaio 2017): 197–230. http://dx.doi.org/10.7420/ak2017g.

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In his 1940 book, The Prison Community, Donald Clemmer introduced the term ‘prisonisation’ into criminal science. This notion expresses the view that as the inmate continues to serve their sentence, their mental and physical health sees a continual decline; the inmate becomes more and more involved in destructive activity as part of the prison subculture, prisons as such being responsible for these negative developments. Erving Goffman, who coined the term ‘total institution’, speaks in a similar tone, describing prison as a place where the individual self is forcibly remoulded. We could also add Gresham Sykes to this group of theorists, with his conception of the ‘pain of imprisonment’, i.e. types of deprivation that every inmate experiences while in detention. But are these gentlemen not exaggerating? Does the prisoner really stand no chance of adapting to imprisonment in a way that would leave his or her mental and physical health intact?The European Committee on Crime Problems, set up in 1957, is an organ of the Council of Europe. It has drafted many international agreements and European conventions, including Resolution 76/2 on the Treatment of Long-term Prisoners, adopted by the Council of Europe Committee of Ministers on 17 February 1976. The resolution draft was preceded by a report from two years of research on, inter alia, the consequences of long-term imprisonment, including psychiatric and psychological studies. As Elżbieta Janiszewska-Talago writes, the psychiatric studies indicated that after 4-6 years of imprisonment inmates were subject to the occurrence of a functional psycho-syndrome which could be called the isolation syndrome, leading to overall decline of intellectual function, lower concentration, stereotypical and monotonous reactions, and loss of one’s sense of reality. The occurrence of this syndrome depended on the personality of the inmate, their age, how long they had been detained, and the routine (rules) followed in the penitentiary facility. The longer the term of imprisonment and the more intense the isolation, the more the nervous defence mechanisms of the inmate deteriorated and the symptoms enumerated above became more frequent. Yet, as Janiszewska-Talago continues, the psychological research indicated quite the contrary. ‘It did not discover any case of loss of overall intelligence that would be proportional to the length of time spent in prison, in fact to the contrary – a statistically significant improvement was noted. Meanwhile motor reactions had declined and a significant drop in the averages pertaining to extraversion was reported. As a result, no mental decline was found to have occurred among long-term prisoners, nor was there any advanced deterioration of cognitive function or personality traits during the time in prison’ (Janiszewska-Talago 1980: 39). In light of these discrepant findings, the Committee concluded that the consequences of long-term imprisonment depended on the convict’s personality, the social circle they belonged to in prison, their opportunities to interact, develop and make decisions regarding themselves as well as the strictness of the rules followed in the prison. Since the 1960s there has been ongoing discussion in English-language literature regarding the harmfulness of imprisonment (it continues today [Hulley, Crewe, Wright 2015]). To my knowledge no one has yet unequivocally proven that such harmfulness is the case. What is striking, moreover, is that the condition of many long-term prisoners actually improves. This does not mean that mental or physical deterioration never occurs, but no one really knows what factors are responsible. Laying the blame on long-term imprisonment is a shortcut, an oversimplification that proves true every once in a while, seemingly at random. I try to present a comprehensive overview of the large body of works on this subject. At the end I present my own findings from research on long-term prisoners carried out in Polish prisons. Although my research did not relate directly to the issue of the harmfulness/harmlessness of long-imprisonment (I studied inmates’ ways of adapting to prison conditions over the course of at least 20 years, their involvement in work, study, ways of spending free time, strength of attachment to family, relations with prison staff and many other issues), yet is casts a certain light on the problem.

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Perricone, Annalise, Arielle Baskin-Sommers e Woo-kyoung Ahn. "The effect of neuroscientific evidence on sentencing depends on how one conceives of reasons for incarceration". PLOS ONE 17, n. 11 (2 novembre 2022): e0276237. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0276237.

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Neuroscientific evidence is increasingly utilized in criminal legal proceedings, prompting discussions about how such evidence might influence legal decisions. The effect of neuroscientific testimony on legal decisions remains uncertain, with some studies finding no effect, others reporting that neuroscience has a mitigating impact, and some indicating neuroscience evidence has an aggravating effect. The present study attempts to explain these divergent findings by showing that the effect of neuroscience evidence on sentencing interacts with beliefs about the goals of the criminal legal system. Using a between-subjects design, participants (N = 784) were asked to assume different rationales for imprisonment, before receiving neuroscientific evidence about antisocial behavior and its potential relation to the defendant. Participants recommended a sentence for the defendant prior to and after reading the neuroscientific evidence. Participants who were given the rationale of retribution as the primary goal of imprisonment significantly decreased their sentencing recommendations. When the goal of imprisonment was to protect the public from dangerous people, participants provided longer post-testimony sentences. Lastly, when the goal was to rehabilitate wrongdoers, participants also increased sentences from pre to post. Thus, the impact of neuroscientific evidence is not monolithic, but can lead to either mitigated or aggravated sentences by interacting with penal philosophy.

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Geis, Gilbert. "Book Review: The effects of imprisonment". Punishment & Society 9, n. 1 (gennaio 2007): 101–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1462474507070557.

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Grounds, Adrian T. "Understanding the Effects of Wrongful Imprisonment". Crime and Justice 32 (gennaio 2005): 1–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/655352.

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Raaijmakers, Ellen A. C., Thomas A. Loughran, Jan W. de Keijser, Paul Nieuwbeerta e Anja J. E. Dirkzwager. "Exploring the Relationship between Subjectively Experienced Severity of Imprisonment and Recidivism". Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency 54, n. 1 (1 agosto 2016): 3–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022427816660588.

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Objectives: This study assessed to what extent differences in the subjectively experienced severity of imprisonment (SESI) affect postrelease offending behavior. Methods: Interview and questionnaire data from the Prison Project, a sample of 1,344 Dutch inmates who were incarcerated for up to two years. Results: Bivariate analyses indicate that inmates who experience their imprisonment as more aversive are less likely to be reconvicted following release. While this relation persists after accounting for the duration of confinement, it disappears once potential confounders are accounted for. Conclusions: Even when accounting for the SESI, more severe prison sentences do not deter offenders from subsequent involvement in crime. Hence, while a growing number of scholars argued that accounting for the SESI would result in a different conclusion about the specific deterrent effect of imprisonment than previously assumed, this body of skepticism is not grounded in empirical evidence.

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Lee, So Hee, Jin-Won Noh, Kyoung-Beom Kim, Hae-Woo Lee, Jin Yong Jun e Won Woong Lee. "The Effects of Inhumane Treatment in North Korean Detention Facilities on the Posttraumatic-Stress Disorder Symptoms of North Korean Refugees". Psychiatry Investigation 18, n. 7 (25 luglio 2021): 688–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.30773/pi.2020.0427.

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Objective The study investigated the effects of severe human rights abuses in North Korean on Posttraumatic-stress disorder (PTSD) in North Korean Refugees (NKRs).Methods The study included 300 NKRs (245 females and 55 males) who completed self-report questionnaires that assessed PTSD, experiences of imprisonment, and exposure to inhumane treatment, by authorities in North Korea. A moderation analysis was conducted using a hierarchical multiple regression model to determine whether a moderation effect existed. In the next step, a post-hoc probing procedure of the moderation effect was performed using multiple regression models that included conditional moderator variables.Results The influence of the frequency of being imprisoned on PTSD varied as a function of recurrent exposure to inhumane treatment or punishment by authorities. Experiences of imprisonment were associated with PTSD only among those who were exposed to recurrent violence, such as beating or torture, by North Korean authorities.Conclusion The present findings highlight the significant effects of human rights violations, such as the inhumane treatment of prisoners in North Korea, on the PTSD of NKRs.

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Wermink, Hilde, Robert Apel, Paul Nieuwbeerta e Arjan A. J. Blokland. "The Incapacitation Effect of First-Time Imprisonment: A Matched Samples Comparison". Journal of Quantitative Criminology 29, n. 4 (7 novembre 2012): 579–600. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10940-012-9189-3.

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Hewawasam, H. P. K. N. "Parents' Imprisonment and its Effects on their Children". Vidyodaya Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences 08, n. 01 (5 gennaio 2022): 93–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.31357/fhss/vjhss.v08i01.07.

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This research concerns parents’ long-term imprisonment and its effect on their children. As per the 1978 Constitution of Sri Lanka, suspects are supposed to have committed an offense. In that sense, they are accepted as innocent people until proven guilty. Thus, the main purpose of this investigation is to identify the situations regarding the children of suspects who are being imprisoned for a long time in Sri Lankan prisons and forward suggestions for minimizing the effects upon them. The research question of the study is, what are the problems faced by the suspects’ children during the imprisonment of their parents? Using the Quota sampling method, 178 residents of Welikada Prison who were imprisoned for more than one year were selected from the Colombo District as the sample. Fifty-four (imprisonment) prison inmates’ families of 30 male detainees and 24 female detainees were selected for this study. Mix data analysis including qualitative and quantitative has been used for the data analysis. The research indicates that the detainees’ children are faced with several issues such as a lack of educational needs, and absence of safety, and further they undergo various mental disorders during the entire period. As suggestions, external factors can be encouraged at the institutional level to maintain a strong relationship between the suspect and their family members, especially with the children. Strengthening communication between them would ensure a good relationship. Also, the government authorities should implement special aid programs for such families to cater to their financial, educational, and social needs and provide vocational training for their children.

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Aguilar Bustos, Octavio Enrique, Gayle Rosio Valdez Gonzales, Miguel Ángel López Brambila, Andrea Gallegos Cari, Rafael Camacho Solís e Miguel Angel Mendoza Meléndez. "Problematic consumption of drugs and risk or protection factors in a reclusion center of the city of Mexico". International Journal of Psychological Research 6, n. 1 (30 giugno 2013): 78–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.21500/20112084.704.

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The aim of this study was to explore the relation between the problematic consumption of drugs and some variables: age, time of imprisonment, education, legal situation, committing a crime under drugs effect and number of visits received. Data of inmates who had accepted they were consuming drugs at the moment of doing the study was analyzed. It was found that the problematic consumers were younger and had less time of imprisonment. The inmates with less education, the ones who were being processed at the moment of doing the study, the ones who had committed crimes under the drugs effect and the ones who did not receive any visit showed more problems (measured through the DAST questionnaire) associated to the consumption. Some hypotheses about the results are discussed.

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Kantorowicz-Reznichenko, Elena. "Cognitive Biases and Procedural Rules: Enhancing the Use of Alternative Sanctions". European Journal of Crime, Criminal Law and Criminal Justice 23, n. 3 (22 luglio 2015): 191–213. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15718174-23032068.

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The practice of short-term imprisonment has been long criticised due to its criminogenic effect and costs. To minimise its use, many European countries introduced alternative sanctions such as community service or home confinement with electronic monitoring. Unfortunately, in practice those sanctions are often imposed on non prison-bound offenders, a phenomenon termed ‘the net-widening problem’. Consequently, instead of reducing the prison population, the alternative sanctions substitute lighter punishments such as fines or conditional imprisonment. The discretion power whether to impose a prison sentence or its alternatives lies in the hands of the judges. Therefore, the way to enhance the use of alternative sanctions as a substitute to short-term imprisonment is to change the behaviour of judges. This paper adopts the behavioural law and economics approach to discuss, in the context of European criminal justice systems, how certain procedural rules overcome or use cognitive biases in order to promote the use of alternative sanctions.

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Murray, Joseph, e David P. Farrington. "The Effects of Parental Imprisonment on Children". Crime and Justice 37, n. 1 (gennaio 2008): 133–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/520070.

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DYATLOV, YURIY N. "Methodological approaches to assessing the effectiveness of labor adaptation of convicts". Vedomosti (Knowledge) of the Penal System 227, n. 4 (2021): 69–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.51522/2307-0382-2021-227-4-69-78.

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Abstract. The article discusses the possibilities of using some methodological approaches to assessing the effectiveness of convicts’ labor adaptation to imprisonment. On the basis of the comparison made, the conclusion of the expediency of applying the methods based on the use of objective and subjective indicators is made. The author summarizes the indicators of the social and economic effect of the convicts’ adaptation to work, provides a list of recommended objective and subjective indicators of the effectiveness of convicts’ labor adaptation differentiated by its main types. Key words: labor adaptation, convicts sentenced to imprisonment, efficiency, methodological approaches, subjective and objective indicators.

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Mburu, Hellen Wairimu, e Catherine Gathitu. "Effect of Prison Programs on Rehabilitation of Inmates in County, Kenya". International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science 06, n. 10 (2022): 489–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.47772/ijriss.2022.61026.

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The main objective of prisons in general and Kenyan in particular is to rehabilitate the inmates facilitate acquisition of self-dependence skills with a view of avoidance of repeat. The aim of this research was to interrogate the effect on male and female inmates’ life in prison in their journey of rehabilitation. The study was directed by the objective; to examine the effect of prison programs on inmates’ rehabilitation. The study employed descriptive survey research design. Questionnaires, interview guides, as well as Focus Group Discussions, were adopted to gather both quantitative and qualitative data. The investigation targeted 500 convicts who included first-time offenders and recidivists, 30 prison warders, and 4 key informers in Thika main and women prison. Stratified sampling was used in the investigation to first place the convicts according to gender to get three hundred male and two hundred female convicts. A sample size of 30% of the entire population of male and female convicts and prison warders was used in the investigation to get 90 male, 60 female convicts and 9 prison officers. Quantitative data was analysed descriptively by percentages and mode and were recorded in graphs and tables. Qualitative data were examined thematically and in patterns presented and formed in verbatim and narrative forms. The study established that inmates participated in elaborate prison programs which helped them ease the pain of imprisonment and gave them hope of getting employment after imprisonment making them more positive about future. Therefore, the study recommended that the prison management should sensitize inmates on the essence of the prison programs as they offer life skills which are supposed to help them when easily fit they go back to society. The government should also improve the rehabilitative programs and provide more resources geared towards these programs. Further, the government should set aside stipends to facilitate inmates to start a business after imprisonment using some of the skills acquired while in prison.

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Bülow, William, e Lars Lindblom. "The Social Injustice of Parental Imprisonment". Moral Philosophy and Politics 7, n. 2 (26 novembre 2020): 299–320. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/mopp-2019-0044.

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AbstractChildren of prisoners are often negatively affected by their parents’ incarceration, which raises issues of justice. A common view is that the many negative effects associated with parental imprisonment are unjust, simply because children of prisoners are impermissibly harmed or unjustly punished by their parents’ incarceration. We argue that proposals of this kind have problems with accounting for cases where it is intuitive that prison might create social injustices for children of prisoners. Therefore, we suggest that in addition to the question of whether children of prisoners are impermissibly harmed, we should ask whether the inequalities that these children endure because of their parent’s incarceration are objectionable from a social justice perspective. To answer this latter question, we examine the negative effects associated with parental imprisonment from the perspective of luck egalitarianism. We develop a luck egalitarian account that incorporates insights from the philosophy of childhood. On our account, children of prisoners might endure two different types of objectionable inequalities, since they are often deprived of resources that are important for ensuring fair equality of opportunity in adulthood, but also because they are likely to suffer inequalities in terms of childhood welfare. After defending this account, we explore its implications for policy.

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Tuliglovich, Maksim Anatolievich, Aleksander Vitalievich Shvets, Nodar Shotaevich Kozaev, Boris Vasilyevich Epifanov e Suhrob Saidakhmad Narzullozoda. "Life imprisonment: a relic of the past or dira recessitas". SHS Web of Conferences 108 (2021): 02020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/202110802020.

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The existence of life imprisonment in the criminal legislation of Russia is assessed ambiguously both by representatives of Russian science and by foreign analysts. This problem is many-sided and ambiguous in its content. Its solution depends on a large number of variables, sometimes independent of the subject of analysis. These include trends in criminal policy, the state of crime in the state, and the related “punitive claims” of the population. The balance of Domestic and International Interests in ensuring Human Rights is the key idea in analyzing life imprisonment from the perspective of historical viability or reality. The purpose of the research was to clarify the place and role of life imprisonment in the current system of criminal punishment based on the analysis of doctrinal approaches, the practice of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation, the European Court of Human Rights, and statistical data. The work is based on the use of such general scientific methods of research as dialectical, statistical, comparative-legal and hermeneutic. The above methods are used in interaction to obtain a synergistic effect. In the course of the study, the “deterrent” mechanism of the most severe punishment in the criminal system was found to be sufficient. It is determined that life imprisonment is a necessary measure to ensure social justice, albeit cruel, but appropriate in today’s society.

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Gaebler, Johann D., Phoebe Barghouty, Sarah Vicol, Cheryl Phillips e Sharad Goel. "Forgotten but not gone: A multi-state analysis of modern-day debt imprisonment". PLOS ONE 18, n. 9 (13 settembre 2023): e0290397. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0290397.

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In almost every state, courts can jail those who fail to pay fines, fees, and other court debts—even those resulting from traffic or other non-criminal violations. While debtors’ prisons for private debts have been widely illegal in the United States for more than 150 years, the effect of courts aggressively pursuing unpaid fines and fees is that many Americans are nevertheless jailed for unpaid debts. However, heterogeneous, incomplete, and siloed records have made it difficult to understand the scope of debt imprisonment practices. We culled data from millions of records collected through hundreds of public records requests to county jails to produce a first-of-its-kind dataset documenting imprisonment for court debts in three U.S. states. Using these data, we present novel order-of-magnitude estimates of the prevalence of debt imprisonment, finding that between 2005 and 2018, around 38,000 residents of Texas and around 8,000 residents of Wisconsin were jailed each year for failure to pay (FTP), with the median individual spending one day in jail in both Texas and Wisconsin. Drawing on additional data on FTP warrants from Oklahoma, we also find that unpaid fines and fees leading to debt imprisonment most commonly come from traffic offenses, for which a typical Oklahoma court debtor owes around $250, or $500 if a warrant was issued for their arrest.

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Lee, Hedwig, Tyler McCormick, Margaret T. Hicken e Christopher Wildeman. "RACIAL INEQUALITIES IN CONNECTEDNESS TO IMPRISONED INDIVIDUALS IN THE UNITED STATES". Du Bois Review: Social Science Research on Race 12, n. 2 (2015): 269–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1742058x15000065.

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AbstractIn just the last forty years, imprisonment has been transformed from an event experienced by only the most marginalized to a common stage in the life course of American men—especially Black men with low levels of educational attainment. Although much research considers the causes of the prison boom and how the massive uptick in imprisonment has shaped crime rates and the life course of the men who experience imprisonment, in recent years, researchers have gained a keen interest in the spillover effects of mass imprisonment on families, children, and neighborhoods. Unfortunately, although this new wave of research documents the generally harmful effects of having a family member or loved one incarcerated, it remains unclear how much the prison boom shapes social inequality through these spillover effects because we lack precise estimates of the racial inequality in connectedness—through friends, family, and neighbors—to prisoners. Using the 2006 General Social Survey, we fill this pressing research gap by providing national estimates of connectedness to prisoners—defined in this article as knowing someone who is currently imprisoned, having a family member who is currently imprisoned, having someone you trust who is currently imprisoned, or having someone you know from your neighborhood who is currently imprisoned—for Black and White men and women. Most provocatively, we show that 44% of Black women (and 32% of Black men) but only 12% of White women (and 6% of White men) have a family member imprisoned. This means that about one in four women in the United States currently has a family member in prison. Given these high rates of connectedness to prisoners and the vast racial inequality in them, it is likely that mass imprisonment has fundamentally reshaped inequality not only for the adult men for whom imprisonment has become common, but also for their friends and families.

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Willis, Stacey, Shihning Chou e Nigel C. Hunt. "A systematic review on the effect of political imprisonment on mental health". Aggression and Violent Behavior 25 (novembre 2015): 173–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.avb.2015.08.001.

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Igrački, Jasmina. "Strict penalty policy: Challenges of international criminal law in crime prevention". Bezbednost, Beograd 64, n. 1 (2022): 179–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/bezbednost2201179i.

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At the end of the 1980s, it was realized that the policy of punishment and institutions such as prisons were in a serious crisis, and that punishment did not achieve the proclaimed goals. The repressive concept of punishment has traditionally been resorted to, and it is still present in practice in most developed countries in the world. The application of a stricter concept of crime response did not significantly change the growth trend of crime; on the contrary, such an approach increased the number of prisoners to unsustainable limits for prison institutions. Starting from the effects of imprisonment, in particular long prison sentences and life sentences and the consequences of imprisonment, there are growing calls to limit or altogether avoid imprisonment, as its shortcomings are very serious and affect both the prisoner's personality and the society. As a result of more severe punishment, there was an increase in the imposition of life imprisonment. According to available data, about half a million people in the world are serving life sentences. Life imprisonment is imposed in 183 out of 216 countries and territories, and between 2004 and 2015 there was an increase in the imposition of this sentence by about 84%. It is certainly necessary, in the coming period, to find a balanced penal policy and, wherever possible, to impose alternative sanctions because of the negative impact and very visible negative consequences that imprisonment leaves.

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Prayitno, Kuat Puji, Dwi Hapsari Retnaningrum e Rani Hendriana. "Social Work Penalty as the Alternative of Imprisonment". SHS Web of Conferences 54 (2018): 04005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/20185404005.

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Social work penalty is a new type of penalty listed in the draft of KUHP. The purpose of te imposition of social work penalty for the perpetrators is to cause embarrassment for committing such crimes so that to establish a deterrent effect. The imposition of this sanction will reduce the stigmatization of imprisonment, so it is necessary to understand what the background and how the prospect as an alternative to imprisonment is. The method used to solved the problem is the normative juridical method, as well as the aim to be achieved are to contribute ideas to the development of criminal law. Social work penalty is not applied to all criminal acts which are punishable by imprisonment. In addition, the judges are also required to consider several matters, one of which is the defendant’s acknowledgement of a crime committed so that the perpetrators realized their mistake(s). If the judge are not careful on applying this punishment, then it is feared that there will he disparities which will harm the perpetrators. It is hoped that with the enactment of the new KUHP, social work penalty can be carried out according to its objectives.

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Cid, José, Albert Pedrosa, Aina Ibàñez e Joel Martí. "Does the Experience of Imprisonment Affect Optimism About Reentry?" Prison Journal 101, n. 1 (4 dicembre 2020): 80–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0032885520978476.

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Desistance research has linked prison inmate expectations with positive outcomes after release, but very little research addresses what makes them optimistic about their future. Using data from a representative sample, this article analyzes whether the manner in which a prison sentence is served impacts expectations about reentry. Results show that experiencing harsh prison conditions makes incarcerees more pessimistic about reentry, while receiving family support during imprisonment has the opposite effect. Given that the mission of the prison system is to prepare prisoners for a successful reentry, this study has several implications for correctional agencies.

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Adiyanta, F. C. Susila. "Imprisonment for Civil Debt (Gizjeling) in Indonesian Praxis Tax Law Enforcement". International Journal of Social Science And Human Research 05, n. 11 (11 novembre 2022): 4994–5001. http://dx.doi.org/10.47191/ijsshr/v5-i11-23.

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Gizjeling, imprisonment for civil debt, is one of tax collection instruments. The gizjeling institution in Indonesia was once frozen by the Supreme Court which was followed by Directorate General of Taxes (DGT). In other situation, for the interest of the state in the bad debts collection by the banking debtors during the economic crisis of 2000, the Supreme Court issued new regulation of gizjeling implementation. At the same time, DGT uses gizjeling for tax collection facilities against incompliant taxpayer. This research problem focused on the juridical construction of gizjeling as instruments of tax debt collection, and validity of juridical considerations of the use of aforementioned instrument in the praxis of tax law enforcement in Indonesia. Administrative law point of view brought conclusion that juridical construction of gijzeling is a government punitive form and is the last used means. In tax law enforcement praxis, the basis of the validity of juridical considerations of gijzeling is to provide deterrent effect and psychological compulsion to the taxpayer to pay off the tax arrears. It's strongly recommended that tax law enforcement should prioritize persuasive approach rather than gizjeling as physical coercion. Furthermore the government should encourage public participation with a communicative action model.

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Roettger, Michael, e Brian Houle. "Assessing the relationship between parental imprisonment in childhood and risk of sexually transmitted infections: a cohort study of US adults in early adulthood". BMJ Open 11, n. 4 (aprile 2021): e038445. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2020-038445.

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ObjectivesOne in six young adults in the USA experiences parental imprisonment in childhood. Prior studies have associated parental imprisonment with risk of sexually transmitted infection (STI); however, potential data and methodological issues may have limited the reliability and accuracy of prior findings. Examining cumulative and longitudinal risk, we address several methodological limitations of prior studies and also examine comparative risk by respondent sex and ethnicity. We assess these associations using a range of control variables.DesignA national cohort study from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health using (1) a cross-sectional sample of adults at ages 24–32 years and (2) a longitudinal sample between ages 18 and 32 years. Both analyses estimate ORs for STI associated with parental imprisonment and examine variation by parent/child gender and respondent ethnicity.SettingIn-home interviews in the USA at wave 1 (1994–1995), wave 3 (2001–2003) and wave 4 (2007–2009).Participants15 684 respondents completing interviews at wave 1 (ages 12–18 years) and wave 4 (ages 26–32 years), including 8556 women, 3437 black and 2397 respondents reporting parental imprisonment.ResultsFather-only imprisonment is associated with 1.22 higher odds (95% CI: 1.09 to 1.37) of lifetime STI and 1.19 higher odds (95% CI: 1.01 to 1.41) of STI in the past 12 months between ages 18 and 32 years, adjusting for familial, neighbourhood, individual and sexual risk factors. Maternal imprisonment is not associated with higher risk of lifetime STI after adjusting for confounders (95% CI: 0.90 to 1.61). Examining predicted probabilities of STI, our findings show additive risks for women, black people and parental imprisonment.ConclusionAdjusting for confounders, only paternal imprisonment is associated with slightly elevated risk of annual and lifetime risk of STI. Additive effects show that parental imprisonment modestly increases ethnic and female risk for STI.

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Kaskela, Teemu, e Tuuli Pitkänen. "The Effects of Gender and Previous Prison Sentence on the Risk of Committing Crime Among a Substance-Abusing Population". Crime & Delinquency 64, n. 6 (11 dicembre 2016): 703–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0011128716682229.

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Is the gender gap theory in criminology valid for substance abusers who have been imprisoned? We analyzed the risk of committing a crime between 2006 and 2010 using a Cox regression analysis. The data from Finland consisted of 2,034 women and 4,537 men substance abusers divided into groups based on prior imprisonment. Overall, men had a greater risk of committing any crime than women did. However, the gender gap hypothesis was not valid in the specific case of property crimes in a substance-abusing population with prior incarcerations. Women with prior convictions differ profoundly from other substance-abusing women. This raises a question if imprisonment had a wider marginalizing effect on women than on men.

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OP.Sunggu, Eben Patar, Warasman Marbun e Hartanto. "Law Enforcement Against Criminal Acts of Corruption in The Form of Abuse of Authority in Office Based on The Law on Eradication of Corruption Crimes". JILPR Journal Indonesia Law and Policy Review 5, n. 2 (29 febbraio 2024): 394–408. http://dx.doi.org/10.56371/jirpl.v5i2.231.

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The concept of abuse of authority in the Government Administration law is seen by several legal experts as the same as the concept of abuse of authority because it is the absolute competence of the Administrative Court in the Corruption Eradication law. The research method used is Case Study Decision Number Case Study Decision Number 218 PK/PID.SUS/2019 and Decision Number 143 PK/PID.SUS/2019, where both decision cases involve criminal acts of corruption in the form of abuse of authority in office. Based on Law no. 31 of 1999 Jo Law no. 20 of 2021 concerning the Eradication of Corruption Crimes. The conclusion is that the application of sanctions against criminal acts of corruption in Decision Number 218 PK/Pid.Sus/2019 and Decision Number 143PK/Pid.Sus/2019, the panel of judges imposed imprisonment/imprisonment and fines, the imposition of fines as an implementation of the balance value can be applied as long as In certain circumstances, the perpetrator of a criminal act of corruption is not a recidivist, then as a balanced punishment, apart from imposing a fine, assets can also be confiscated, this is so that the imposition of the fine can be used as a lesson or legal perspective for the wider community, rather than just being sentenced to imprisonment/ prisons are indeed less effective, because in the implementation of confinement/imprisonment sentences there are still leniencies which do not actually have a deterrent effect on perpetrators of criminal acts.

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Ennaich, Y., H. Hilal, H. El azouazi, N. Benarbia, H. Tabakh, O. Kacimi, A. Siwane, N. Touil e N. Chikhaoui. "Intercostal Pulmonary Hernia Secondary to Defecation Effect". Scholars Journal of Medical Case Reports 10, n. 7 (23 luglio 2022): 680–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.36347/sjmcr.2022.v10i07.019.

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A protrusion of the lung parenchyma through a weakness in the intercostal muscles between nearby ribs is referred to as an intercostal lung herniation. When you cough or strain, a soft, non-tender subcutaneous bulge will become visible. Lung hernias that develop are typically problems following surgery or trauma. They may appear right once following a trauma or surgery or may take time to show up. They could be asymptomatic or, in the case of imprisonment or strangulation, they might manifest as pain and hemoptysis. The present review spotlight the various case study with reference intercostals pulmonary hernia.

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Jamieson, Ruth, e Adrian Grounds. "Release and adjustment after long-term imprisonment: Perspectives from studies of wrongly convicted and politically motivated prisoners". Temida 9, n. 3 (2006): 3–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tem0603003j.

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The purpose of this paper is to provide some reflections on time in relation to imprisonment. These arise from three interview based studies we have been carrying out involving distinctly different groups of ex-prisoners. We are focused particularly on the phenomena of post-release experience, and their implications for the ways in which we think about imprisonment effects. If a more accurate view of long-term imprisonment is that it permanently alters the life courses of those involved, removes part of their expected life history and causes harms beyond sentence, then we need not only to rethink how we assist released prisoners, but, more fundamentally, we need to rethink our ideas of prison as punishment. .

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