Segui questo link per vedere altri tipi di pubblicazioni sul tema: Ecotourism.
Tesi sul tema "Ecotourism"
Cita una fonte nei formati APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard e in molti altri stili
Vedi i top-50 saggi (tesi di laurea o di dottorato) per l'attività di ricerca sul tema "Ecotourism".
Accanto a ogni fonte nell'elenco di riferimenti c'è un pulsante "Aggiungi alla bibliografia". Premilo e genereremo automaticamente la citazione bibliografica dell'opera scelta nello stile citazionale di cui hai bisogno: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver ecc.
Puoi anche scaricare il testo completo della pubblicazione scientifica nel formato .pdf e leggere online l'abstract (il sommario) dell'opera se è presente nei metadati.
Vedi le tesi di molte aree scientifiche e compila una bibliografia corretta.
1
Cheung, Ting-on, e 張定安. "Understanding ecotourist perception of ecotourism services and development in Hong Kong". Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2010. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B45554985.
Testo completo
2
Chung, Ching Kan. "Mass-ecotourism and ecotourism certification in Hong Kong". HKBU Institutional Repository, 2009. http://repository.hkbu.edu.hk/etd_ra/1081.
Testo completo
3
IACOBUCCI, DOMINIC. "ECOTOURISM ARCHITECTURE". University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2006. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1148325697.
Testo completo
4
Pang, Ming-tung Anthony. "Can ecotourism be sustained in Hong Kong? /". View the Table of Contents & Abstract, 2007. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B39602308.
Testo completo
5
Brunet, Sandra Phoebe. "Commodifying "authenticity" : narrating ecotourism /". [St. Lucia, Qld.], 2003. http://www.library.uq.edu.au/pdfserve.php?image=thesisabs/absthe18244.pdf.
Testo completo
6
Mat, Som Ahmad Puad. "Community involvement in ecotourism". Thesis, University of Strathclyde, 2005. http://oleg.lib.strath.ac.uk:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=21565.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Ecotourism is an amalgam of interests arising out of environmental, economic and social concerns. Over the last twenty years, it has assumed a global presence and has been acknowledged as a potential tool to improve sustainability by modifying human social behaviour in regard to environmental conservation. In other words, ecotourism incorporates a strong commitment to nature and a sense of social responsibility. There are examples of successful ecotourism ventures, which are making a real and significant contribution to conservation of the natural resources as well as the development of impoverished communities. Active involvement of communities in the planning process and in operations management is vital in order to achieve the development and conservation goals of ecotourism. However, these activities are extremely rare because they have generally been peripheral to tourism planning and management especially in developing countries. In light of the research needs in the above context, this research, which is exploratory in nature, attempts to examine the contribution of ecotourism to local community's livelihoods in rural areas in Malaysia by exploring local opportunities and limitations in the industry as well as evaluating the current practice and the potential for community participation in the planning process. In general, the study found that the level of local involvement in ecotourism in Malaysia is low because there are operational, structural and cultural limitations to community participation in tourism development process. The study also found that active local participation in planning is compounded by the technocratic planning system and highly centralised government structure. Therefore, this study suggests that the realisation of community ecotourism in Malaysia must overcome these two major impediments before it can successfully take place. As ecotourism research is relatively new and limited in Malaysia, the outcome of this study is believed to have expanded the existing body of knowledge on community participation in ecotourism and planning and have provided valuable insights into the practicality of this approach in Malaysia.
7
Torgé, Marcus. "Ecotourism in Donsol—ecofeminist perspectives". Thesis, Linköping University, Centre for Applied Ethics, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-8248.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Tourism is a giant and growing industry that has big adverse effects on people and the environment. To counter this, different ways of reforming tourism have been tested, one of these is ecotourism. But what is ecotourism, and is it really so different in the end from regular mass tourism? This thesis will discuss the issue of ecotourism from a post-modern ecofeminist standpoint on a general, national, and local level. More specifically, it will be applied to whale shark ecotourism in Donso, the Philippinesl. I found that ecotourism shared the “soft” values with ecofeminism, such as love, care, and friendship, at least in theory. However, this changes as ecotourism is implemented in a society where other “hard” and mechanistic values, such as profit rules on the basis of power.
8
Sitanggang, Luciana. "Ecotourism management plan for Riung". Title page, contents and abstract only, 2000. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09ENV/09envs623.pdf.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Bibliography: leaves 102-105. Presents an ecological management plan for Riung to ensure that the unique environment and traditional culture are protected while ecotourism thrives. Provides strategies and actions; and designed as a model for an Indonesian ecotourism management plan.
9
Carballo-Sandoval, Arturo. "Community involvement in sustainable ecotourism". Thesis, University of Reading, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.250608.
Testo completo
10
Davidovic, N. "Tourism sustainable development and ecotourism". Thesis, Вид-во СумДУ, 2006. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/11634.
Testo completo
11
Anderson, Kelly. "Raising Awareness through Ecotourism Architecture". University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2009. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1242753047.
Testo completo
12
Wardle, Cassandra J. "Conservation Contributions of Ecotourism Enterprises". Thesis, Griffith University, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/389697.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Context: Non-traditional means of environmental protection are being used with increasing frequency to address the global conservation crisis and make up the shortfall in government conservation spending. Ecotourism is one such mechanism that has been adopted widely for community development and conservation purposes in both practice and policy, particularly in developing nations due to the potential to combine social and commercial benefits with conservation goals. However, evaluations of how ecotourism enterprises fit into the ecotourism-conservation relationship are a relatively recent trend. Findings from the literature review of this thesis reveal that our current understanding of this relationship is limited to (1) hand-picked sites located primarily in developing nations; (2) a narrow group of predominantly visitor and community focused conservation activities; and (3) inconsistent evaluation approaches that often lack repeatability and transferability. As such, the evidence base for this relationship is currently insufficient.
Aim: This thesis addressed this gap through a multidisciplinary mixed methods approach to identify and explore the conservation practices of ecotourism enterprises at both a broad global scale and a detailed national scale within Australia.
Approach: An evaluation framework incorporating a matrix of 27 feasible actions and 26 potential conservation outcomes was constructed through data mining, qualitative content analysis and iterative inductive coding of sources from a range of disciplines and sectors.
This framework was used to guide an assessment of the conservation activities of 86 fixed-site eco-certified enterprises in Australia and evaluate their contributions to national conservation priorities. Certification by the national industry association, Ecotourism Australia, is pervasive in Australia, so these 86 sites are likely to represent the highest performing enterprises and their aggregate achievements provide a good approximation to continental scale contributions.
Finally, the conservation practices of these 86 sites and the content of the national certification program were compared with the national conservation policy landscape to identify key overlaps and gaps for progressing the ecotourism-conservation relationship in Australia.
Findings: Findings demonstrate that this group of Australian ecotourism enterprises generate a myriad of conservation gains through social and ecological actions. However, the significance of the conservation practices of these sites varied greatly, with some sites making important contributions to threatened species or ecosystems, and others simply listing actions with little focus on their extent or outcomes.
All sites took some action to revegetate cleared land and remove non-native flora, and 75% of sites targeted non-native fauna. However, only 54% of sites reported improved habitat; only 7% successfully eradicated at least one weed species; and just 6% eradicated at least one introduced fauna species (including feral cats, foxes and rabbits). Legally binding conservation agreements were established by 63% of sites covering 2,400km2 in total; however, these are in-perpetuity agreements for just 25 sites covering 1,550km2. Nevertheless, 41% of sites share a border with a public protected area, effectively extending the public protected area network by an additional 650km2.
Specific conservation actions such as threat management and nest provision were reported for 61 threatened plant and animal species. These include 27 bird species, 15 mammals, 8 plants, 4 reptiles, 2 rays, and a single monotreme, amphibian, crustacean, freshwater fish, and insect. Fifteen of these species are covered by National Recovery Plans or Priority Plans including 4 mammals: the woylie bettong, 2 species of quoll, and 1 subspecies of bandicoot. How many individuals of each of these species occur on each of these ecotourism sites, however, is generally not specified, so these contributions cannot currently be quantified.
Conclusions: Many of these certified ecotourism enterprises claim a range of contributions to conservation. The emphasis in the reporting practices of enterprises, however, is on: actions taken rather than ecologically quantified outcomes; achievements reported qualitatively rather than quantitatively; and unspecified contributions to larger-scale efforts, such as National Recovery Plans for threatened species. One reason for this is that the eco-certification program relies only on a tick-box list of actions rather than a set of quantified, monitored, and ecologically significant conservation outcomes. It appears that some of these ecotourism enterprises do indeed make ecologically significant contributions, commensurate with their relatively small scale; but in its current form, the certification program neither encourages nor rewards these. For this program to progress beyond “a commitment to nature conservation” and contribute meaningfully to conservation goals, it will need substantial reworking.
Additionally, findings demonstrate several areas where the conservation activities of ecotourism sites overlap with national conservation priorities, highlighting the collaboration potential between these sectors. However, this study also reveals that tourism is predominantly acknowledged by national conservation policy in Australia as a driver for environmental protection as well as an impact that must be managed, and is not yet widely acknowledged as an industry that can contribute to conservation goals.
By (1) developing a framework for systematically evaluating the conservation impacts of ecotourism enterprises; (2) providing a contribution to the evidence base necessary for the substantiated use of ecotourism as a conservation mechanism; (3) identifying key opportunities for conservation-ecotourism collaborations and strategic investments; and (4) highlighting priority improvement areas for ecotourism sites and Ecotourism Australia to increase their eligibility and attractiveness as investment options for government grants and programs, this thesis has important implications for operators, researchers, policymakers, and eco-certification bodies.Thesis (PhD Doctorate)
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
School of Environment and Sc
Science, Environment, Engineering and Technology
Full Text
13
Apelt, Ronald James. "Ecotourism: design, ideology and practice". Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 1993. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/226906/1/T%28BE%26E%29%20685_Apelt_1993.pdf.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
This dissertation explores how the various concepts of Nature, sustainability
and ecotourism relate to the design ideology and practice in planning for,
implementation of, and management of a case in coastal Queensland,
namely Kingfisher Bay Resort and Village. (KBRV describes itself as
Queensland's first "ecotourist resort").
The concept of "sustainability" is used as a theoretical framework for relating
the similar and compatible concepts of "ecological sustainability",
"sustainable tourism", and •ecologically sustainable tourism". In particular,
the concept of ecological sustainability is presented as the crux of the
principles supporting ecotourism, The characteristics and interpretations of
ecotourism are then analysed in terms of their applicability to the concept of
an "ecotourism resort", and a comparison is made between "destination
resorts" and "environmentally responsible resorts•. The case emerges as
an example of the latter.
The case is also presented and evaluated in detail according to Bull's (1991)
Sustainable Tourism Model, in order to establish any inconsistencies/
conflicts and/or potentials between design ideology and practice in support
of the concept of sustainable tourism - the principle underpinning the
concept of "ecotourism".
In conclusion, the dissertation makes recommendations to design
professionals (particularly landscape architects and building architects),
developers and managers about practice methodology in the planning,
design and management of resort developments in environmentally sensitive
locations. These recommendations highlight actions which are required in
order to provide a genuinely integrated and sustainable "ecotourism
development".
14
Powell, Robert Baxter. "Nature-based tourism within protected areas effects of participation on knowledge, attitudes, values, and behaviors and the factors that influence these outcomes /". Restricted access (UM), 2005. http://libraries.maine.edu/gateway/oroauth.asp?file=orono/etheses/37803141.pdf.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Thesis (Ph. D.)--Yale University, 2005.Title from PDF title page. Abstract, table of contents in French and English. Available through UMI ProQuest Digital Dissertations. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 384-395). Also issued in print.
15
Satoguchi, Kazue. "Ecotourism in Japan : prospects and challenges". Title page, table of contents and abstract, 2000. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09ENV/09envs253.pdf.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Bibliography: leaves 71-78. Prospects and challenges to ecotourism promotion are explored through a case study on Yakushima. Recommendations to national/local governments, the tourism industry, NPOs and local people are made forecotourism promotion in Japan
16
Romero, Brito Tania Paola. "Non-Governmental Organisations (NGOs) in Ecotourism". Thesis, Griffith University, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/368162.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Non-governmental organisations (NGOs) have become major stakeholders in global conservation efforts, particularly in establishing protected areas and proposing and testing new conservation models for their management. Since the 1990s, NGOs have used ecotourism as one rationale for advocating the maintenance of protected areas worldwide. Ecotourism aims to use revenues from visitors to support conservation. In particular, community-based ecotourism aims to support conservation commonly through economic and social development of local communities.
Despite the widespread involvement of NGOs in conservation through ecotourism, their precise roles and decision-making processes have not previously been studied using systematic or comparative approaches at global or national scale. There are numerous case studies of single ecotourism projects assisted by NGOs, and some of these highlight significant shortcomings with actual or potential negative effects on both biodiversity and local communities. These studies, however, have not analysed how NGOs select and define which initiatives to support, nor the factors which determine effective strategies for development of ecotourism enterprises in protected areas. Given the global scale of NGO involvement, this lack of information on NGO dynamics represents a significant gap in our current understanding of ecotourism practices. This thesis aims to address this gap.Thesis (PhD Doctorate)
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
Grifffith School of Environment
Science, Environment, Engineering and Technology
Full Text
17
Hamilton, Rachael Anne. "Educational interpretive programs for ecotourism destinations". CSUSB ScholarWorks, 2006. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd-project/3171.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Five interpretive programs designed for use by educators, naturalists, or interpreters working at ecotourism destinations. Topics covered include environmentally responsible behavior, on-site recycling programs, renewable energy systems, and plant and animal species conservation.
18
Yuen, Fai-ming. "Ecotourism : tourist resort in Shui Hau Wan /". Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1995. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B25951233.
Testo completo
19
Edwards, Marc. "An Exploratory Look at an Evolving Tourism Industry: Maine's Nature-based Tourism Industry in Transition". Fogler Library, University of Maine, 2003. http://www.library.umaine.edu/theses/pdf/EdwardsM2003.pdf.
Testo completo
20
Slean, Geraldine Rosaura. "Residents' perceptions of sustainable tourism in Túcume, Perú". [Gainesville, Fla.] : University of Florida, 2005. http://purl.fcla.edu/fcla/etd/UFE0013063.
Testo completo
21
Miller, Kassandra Lynne Hipwell William. "Evaluating the design and management of community-based ecotourism projects in Guatemala". [Missoula, Mont.] : The University of Montana, 2008. http://etd.lib.umt.edu/theses/available/etd-12192008-142929/unrestricted/Final.pdf.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Thesis (M.S.) -- University of Montana, 2008.Title from author supplied metadata. Description based on contents viewed on June 22, 2009. ETD number: etd-12192008-142929. Includes bibliographical references.
22
Longchit, Chootima. "Community leaders' knowledge and perceptions toward ecotourism and community involvement in Ban Kram community, Rayong, Thailand a qualitative study /". Online version, 1998. http://www.uwstout.edu/lib/thesis/1998/1998longchitc.pdf.
Testo completo
23
Wong, Wai-yee Eleanor. "Ecotourism development in Hong Kong : opportunities and constraints /". Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 2001. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk:8888/cgi-bin/hkuto%5Ftoc%5Fpdf?B23425799.
Testo completo
24
Kwok, Fun-ki. "Ecotourism in Hong Kong : its current status and prospects /". Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 2000. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B22264371.
Testo completo
25
Farnell, Janine A. "Web site content review of eco-tourism and eco-information on state sponsored web sites". Online version, 2002. http://www.uwstout.edu/lib/thesis/2002/2002farnellj.pdf.
Testo completo
26
Oommen, Binu. "Impact of Ecotourism on Village Economy and Society in Sikkim". Thesis, University of North Bengal, 2016. http://ir.nbu.ac.in/handle/123456789/2148.
Testo completo
27
Kirkby, Christopher A. "The market triumph of ecotourism : a social cost-benifit analysis of a rainforest ecotourism cluster in Amazonian Peru". Thesis, University of East Anglia, 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.554322.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Since the 1980s, ecotourism has attracted an enormous amount of investment and policy attention, because ecotourism potentially delivers both the conservation of wild nature and the sustainable development of local societies, particularly in rural regions of developing countries where wilderness is usually abundant but where investment is lacking and governance weak. For ecotourism to fulfil this promise, we need to understand where, how and why it works, a task made difficult by an activity that combines environmental, social and economic systems. This study is centred on the ecotourism destination area ofTambopata, Peru - arguably the principal ecotourism destination in the Amazon. Chapter 1 measures the magnitude and distribution of economic benefits generated from tourism and shows how the profit motive of lodge operators can translate into a diverse array of successful forest conservation strategies, as long as an appropriate governance structure is put in place. Chapter 2 presents a social cost- benefit analysis of ecotourism land use, finding that the net present value of ecotourism- controlled land from a producer surplus perspective is higher than all currently practiced alternatives, including unsustainable logging, ranching, and agriculture and that the amount of carbon sequestration on ecotourism lands is high. Chapter 3 tests whether vertebrate communities are directly reduced around tourist-used forest trails. Direct, negative environmental impacts can, in theory, incentivize lodge owners to reduce investment in conservation activities. No such impact is detected; instead, variation in historical hunting pressure explains variation in wildlife among lodges. In conclusion, I find that ecotourism in Tambopata is profitable, that profits finance conservation actions, that ecotourism land is more valuable from a private and social perspective than are alternative uses, and that intensive use of forest trails does not result in perverse damage to the animal communities that are one of the region's major tourist attractions.
28
Kingwill, Jonathan. "Can process facilitation re-route ecotourism development? : case studies in facilitating ecotourism planning in South Africa and Madagascar". Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/4770.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Bibliography: leaves 58-61.Ecotourism¹ is rapidly growing global phenomenon that has significant impacts on wilderness areas around the world (Honey 1999). Ecotoursim projects that have shown to be successful in achieving sustainability² are however rare³, despite the hope and funding that continues to be invested into them⁴. In order to distribute the costs and benefits of ecotourism equitably among the role players⁵ (RPs) and mitigate negative social and environmental impacts, a different approach to ecotourism development is required. The study aims to explore process facilitation and focusses on three main objectives. These objectives include assessing the relations and institutional arrangements between RPs, assessing the flow of information within the networks andfinally comparing the institutional arrangements and RPs for each case study. These aspects were studied in the Richtersveld region in north-western South Arica, well known for diamond mining. The historical trend of mining in South Africa has denied the local people access to financial benefits or development opportunities. The local economy is thus dependent on mining, which employs approximately half of the Richtersveld population. The diamond mines are scaling down as the non-renewable diamond stocks have become depleted. The region thus faces a rising issue of unemployment, which will place added pressure on the land. Alternative livelihood strategies therefore need to be developed in order to avoid the poverty trap and environmental degradation.
29
Leksakundilok, Anucha. "Community Participation in Ecotourism Development in Thailand". University of Sydney. Geosciences, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/668.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Ecotourism emerged as an alternative form of tourism in the 1990s to mitigate the faults of conventional (mass) tourism in meeting the needs of sustainable development. It has since become widespread in Thailand and is adopted not only in natural areas but also in rural communities. Key elements of ecotourism include a focus on ecological resources, sustainable management, environmental education, and community participation. Community participation receives a high degree of consideration among developers in Thailand. Ecotourism (ET) is seen to support this concept and is increasingly geared in the direction of social development. These trends form the backdrop to this study on community participation in ecotourism development. The study applies a triangulation methodology to collect data by combining both qualitative and quantitative methods, combining theory and empirical study to analyse the context of how local people have participated in ecotourism development. The study pays particular attention to the practices and opinions of local people in recognition of communities' rights and responsibilities in controlling their own development. The empirical study was carried out at two levels, including a general survey by postal questionnaire (thirty-one respondents) and in-depth study in four areas (Umphang, Khiriwong, Sasom and Tha Madua). The research merges theory and practice into an analysis and empirical presentation throughout the study. Theoretically, the thesis is informed by political economy and political ecology approaches, together with the concept of participation in community development and tourism development models. The research found that many communities achieve a degree of self-management in offering tourism services such as homestays, guided tours, cultural performances and cultural products. Community ecotourism organisations have been established in most communities in order to serve these new activities and to create a collective management process. Similarities in pattern and differentiation in practices among many communities were supported by different outside initiatives, developed according to similar aims and involving similar processes, but there is no uniformity or single model that is effectively applied to all communities. One significant barrier for local communities to take a major role in ecotourism is the access to ecotourism resources, which are mostly located in protected areas and are controlled by state agencies. This has led them to promote primarily their own cultural resources. Consequently, these practical changes have led to a transformation of the dominant development concept from Ecotourism (ET) to Community-based Ecotourism (CBET). Results also show that most practices involve a level of cooperation in decision-making and action with other stakeholders who are in a better position to run tourism businesses. It is difficult for local communities to be empowered to control the whole situation, which is sometimes claimed to be the ultimate goal level of local participation. The demands of marketing and conflict in management among local people, together with the limitations in accessing natural resources, are the weakest points of and constraints on the communities. To deal with these limitations, communities try to create relationships with outsiders. To develop better management of community tourism, many communities rely on help and support from outside, especially from government agencies. This, however, impels the community to become dependent on outsiders. It is also hard for communities to generate a high level of income offering basic services, since there are many levels of demand from different types of ecotourists. In summary, the main contributions of this study are: an understanding of community tourism in Thailand; the experiences of ecotourism development in the community from the leading case studies; directions, roles and responsibilities of actors and community organisations in particular; a range of options for community action in support of a more participatory process in ecotourism development. Last but not least is a set of recommendations for community-based ecotourism development from the level of policy application to practical improvement at the community level.
30
Leksakundilok, Anucha. "Community Participation in Ecotourism Development in Thailand". Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/668.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Ecotourism emerged as an alternative form of tourism in the 1990s to mitigate the faults of conventional (mass) tourism in meeting the needs of sustainable development. It has since become widespread in Thailand and is adopted not only in natural areas but also in rural communities. Key elements of ecotourism include a focus on ecological resources, sustainable management, environmental education, and community participation. Community participation receives a high degree of consideration among developers in Thailand. Ecotourism (ET) is seen to support this concept and is increasingly geared in the direction of social development. These trends form the backdrop to this study on community participation in ecotourism development. The study applies a triangulation methodology to collect data by combining both qualitative and quantitative methods, combining theory and empirical study to analyse the context of how local people have participated in ecotourism development. The study pays particular attention to the practices and opinions of local people in recognition of communities' rights and responsibilities in controlling their own development. The empirical study was carried out at two levels, including a general survey by postal questionnaire (thirty-one respondents) and in-depth study in four areas (Umphang, Khiriwong, Sasom and Tha Madua). The research merges theory and practice into an analysis and empirical presentation throughout the study. Theoretically, the thesis is informed by political economy and political ecology approaches, together with the concept of participation in community development and tourism development models. The research found that many communities achieve a degree of self-management in offering tourism services such as homestays, guided tours, cultural performances and cultural products. Community ecotourism organisations have been established in most communities in order to serve these new activities and to create a collective management process. Similarities in pattern and differentiation in practices among many communities were supported by different outside initiatives, developed according to similar aims and involving similar processes, but there is no uniformity or single model that is effectively applied to all communities. One significant barrier for local communities to take a major role in ecotourism is the access to ecotourism resources, which are mostly located in protected areas and are controlled by state agencies. This has led them to promote primarily their own cultural resources. Consequently, these practical changes have led to a transformation of the dominant development concept from Ecotourism (ET) to Community-based Ecotourism (CBET). Results also show that most practices involve a level of cooperation in decision-making and action with other stakeholders who are in a better position to run tourism businesses. It is difficult for local communities to be empowered to control the whole situation, which is sometimes claimed to be the ultimate goal level of local participation. The demands of marketing and conflict in management among local people, together with the limitations in accessing natural resources, are the weakest points of and constraints on the communities. To deal with these limitations, communities try to create relationships with outsiders. To develop better management of community tourism, many communities rely on help and support from outside, especially from government agencies. This, however, impels the community to become dependent on outsiders. It is also hard for communities to generate a high level of income offering basic services, since there are many levels of demand from different types of ecotourists. In summary, the main contributions of this study are: an understanding of community tourism in Thailand; the experiences of ecotourism development in the community from the leading case studies; directions, roles and responsibilities of actors and community organisations in particular; a range of options for community action in support of a more participatory process in ecotourism development. Last but not least is a set of recommendations for community-based ecotourism development from the level of policy application to practical improvement at the community level.
31
袁輝明 e Fai-ming Yuen. "Ecotourism: tourist resort in Shui Hau Wan". Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1995. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31980612.
Testo completo
32
彭銘東 e Ming-tung Anthony Pang. "Can ecotourism be sustained in Hong Kong?" Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2007. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B45013792.
Testo completo
33
Buchsbaum, Bernardo Duha. "Ecotourism and Sustainable Development in Costa Rica". Virginia Tech, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/9912.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The purpose of this paper is to provide a synopsis of the current issues facing ecotourism in Costa Rica; critically examine the impacts and challenges of ecotourism; analyze the potential of ecotourism as a strategy for sustainable development; look at ways in which ecotourism and sustainable development can be evaluated; and suggest ways to improve current ecotourism practices and policies for Costa Rica. What are the impacts and challenges of ecotourism? What are the possible benefits that ecotourism can bring? Is ecotourism in Costa Rica sustainable?
Based on the guiding principles of ecotourism, a legitimate argument can be made that ecotourism in Costa Rica has not produced desired outcomes and is not sustainable. However, an equally strong argument can be made that although ecotourism may not currently be sustainable, it has yet to fully mature, and has shown signs that it can achieve a balance between development and conservation goals.. Ecotourism has more promise for achieving sustainability than alternative types of land use such as agriculture, cattle grazing, logging, or mass tourism. Whether or not ecotourism in Costa Rica will prove to be sustainable in the long-term remains to be seen.
In order to increase the likelihood that ecotourism achieves goals of sustainable development in Costa Rica, all of the key actors must to begin to take more proactive measures in order to ensure that ecotourism is carefully planned and implemented. Ecotourism must account for social, economic and environmental implications, in order to succeed. A much more balanced and integrated approach, founded on the guiding principles of sustainable development, is essential to maximize the benefits and minimize the negative impacts of ecotourism in Costa Rica.Master of Public and International Affairs
34
Hoffman, Brittany. "Investigating Personal Learning in an Ecotourism Setting". Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/77576.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
It has been proposed that for ecotourism to be the sustainable response to mass tourism, it should not only support local communities and their environments but also educate visitors. This study aimed to understand visitors' perceptions of personal impacts, including personal learning, in an ecotourism setting and why these impacts differed between visitors. To fully comprehend the nature of personal impacts, I took a primarily qualitative approach, using participant observation and a series of survey questionnaires. This study reveals that the visitor's construction of personal meaning is achieved through the interaction between the visitor's prior knowledge, quality social interaction on the tour and the fulfillment of the desire for an 'authentic' experience. With this finding, I suggest considering learning in an ecotourism setting as personal change and provide practical suggestions for encouraging all visitors to achieve personal understanding.Master of Science
35
劉嘉琪 e Ka-ki Lau. "Ecotourism in China: an evaluation of its socio-economic and environmental significance". Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2003. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B26826410.
Testo completo
36
Lemky, Kim M. K. "The Amazon rainforest ecotourism industry of Napo, Ecuador". Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/7716.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The two types of ecotourists have different impacts on both the local economy and the environment. The resort ecotourists are isolated to resorts. Each night is spent in the same place and tours consist of day hikes to local Indian villages and to the primary rainforest. These tourists aid the economy less than budget ecotourists because the employees that serve them are hired from outside the region and food goods for the tourists are imported into the region. In contrast, the budget ecotourists are spatially dispersed and travel each night to a new tourist camp. The budget ecotourists are essential to the economy of Pto. Misahualli. Only inhabitants of Pto. Misahualli are employed in the ecotourism industry, and all food for jungle trips is bought at local stores. Although the budget ecotourists are much more important for the local economy than resort tourists, the infrastructure of the resort ecotourists has a place in promoting the rainforest at the international level. The current ecotourism industry in Napo is sustainable within its own parameters, but the infringement of the oil industry and the small farm colonization on the primary rainforest will ultimately lead to its downfall. (Abstract shortened by UMI.)
37
Mashapa, Modjadji Matilda. "Determining perceptions of host communities' regarding urban ecotourism". Thesis, Vaal University of Technology, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10352/360.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Tourism has become an essential attribute of modern society that has an effect on the
world and its citizens. On the other hand, tourism can also be blamed for an increase
in environmental and social stress. Hence the need for a more sustainable tourism
industry was advocated; thus the birth of alternative forms of tourism such as urban
ecotourism, responsible tourism and community-based tourism. Urban ecotourism has
been identified as a method of sustainable tourism that is expected to subsidise to
both conservation and development in urban areas. This requires input and
cooperation from various stakeholders. One of the most important stakeholders in this
process is the local community. Thus, when there is collaboration with host
communities in urban ecotourism projects, these projects convert to become
community development. These projects such as urban parks are vital assets within
the local community as they assist in addressing a broader range of environmental
and societal issues. However, these instrumental resources are often ignored,
resulting in a loss of potential benefits.
38
Keszi, Joseph M. "Formulation of an ecotourism policy framework for Manitoba". Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/tape15/PQDD_0003/MQ32152.pdf.
Testo completo
39
Richardson, Elvis Nathaniel. "Towards a sustainable ecotourism strategy for St. Kitts". Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/tape17/PQDD_0026/MQ26765.pdf.
Testo completo
40
Tannis, Tamara Rita. "Ecotourism in Churchill, Manitoba, principles, attitudes and opportunities". Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape10/PQDD_0004/MQ45125.pdf.
Testo completo
41
Abou-Jaoude, Jaoudat Edward. "Sustainable development of ecotourism with emphasis on Lebanon". Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10443/729.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
This study focuses on the major causes of out-migration from rural areas in developing countries. In addressing ways of eliminating its harmful impacts on both natural and cultural resources, the research considers some of the key concepts that might be applied in finding more sustainable and longer-term solutions to reduce the volume and impact of the rural exodus in developing countries such as Lebanon. At the present time, rural regions in these countries rely heavily on agriculture for their continued existence, but this does not generate sufficient employment or income to encourage the indigenous population to remain. Thus, poverty and lack of opportunity are seen as the major reasons for the rural exodus. However, in many such countries, rural regions are rich in natural and cultural resources, offering alternative or additional opportunities for improving the social and economic condition for local people. But in seeking to capitalise on these, it is important to avoid inappropriate development which ignores or impairs the cultural and natural resource heritage. So, in looking forward, this research explores the potential of ecotourism as a means of reducing out-migration by improving social and economic conditions for the rural population in a sustainable manner. In seeking to provide a firm basis on which to propose overall policy shifts in developing countries together with the consequent regional and local strategies, this research explores the concepts of sustainable development, rural livelihood and ecotourism. In doing this it draws on earlier and on-going experiences of natural resource management policies in North America and Europe, where there has been considerable experience in protecting the overall resource base with a view to creating sustainable futures for rural areas with a particular importance for natural and cultural heritage. The problems of rural out-migration and possible solutions to reduce its negative effect on the area are explored in detail through a case study of the "Qadisha-Cedars" rural region in Lebanon. This is an area that has experienced major problems of rural depopulation and is currently under threat through locally-driven economic activities which are characterised by short-term economic gain that pose a major threat to the longer-term survival of the natural and cultural heritage of the locality. The impacts of a long-standing lack of understanding and interest on the part of government are explored together with new and more enlightened approaches being developed since the early 201h centuries by countries like the USA, Canada and France. This helps highlight the need for greater levels of co-ordination and integration of national, regional and local policies, based firstly on a greater understanding of the principles on which sustainable futures might be achieved, and secondly on the need to listen to, and understand the concerns of local people and the basis on which they would feel able to embrace the principles of sustainable development. There needs to be a meeting of the "top-down" view of government and the bottom-up view of local communities. Having advocated the need to reduce rural poverty through the introduction of sustainable ecotourism based on a rural livelihood management framework, the results are justified by proposing a scenario followed by a model to undertake its implementation and finalised with a set of recommendations.
42
Wong, Wai-yee Eleanor, e 黃慧議. "Ecotourism development in Hong Kong: opportunities and constraints". Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2001. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31260652.
Testo completo
43
Bhatta, Kishan Datta. "Ecotourism planning and sustainable community development in Nepal". Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10722/206759.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Although believed to be existed long ago in practice, the notion of ecotourism has received widespread recognition in the academia only after 1980s. In recent years, scholars have strongly advocated ecotourism as a tool to achieve socio-economic development vis-a-vis environmental conservation in the developing countries, such as Nepal. Unlike traditional forms of tourism, it has been theoretically portrayed as an ethically responsible travel that could minimize negative impacts, generates funds for conservation, benefits local communities, and educates visitors. However, in practice, there are also the cases where ecotourism has fallen short of its proposed objectives, and caused environmental and socio-cultural problems in the destination communities. To maximize and materialize its potential benefits and promote sustainability, there has been a growing emphasis on the appropriate planning of ecotourism development. However research in this area in the less developed countries is limited. Existing literatures reveal that contemporary researchers have not focused their attention to the critical areas of ecotourism planning, and therefore it is still in an adolescence stage (Weaver and Lawton, 2007). More specifically, relationship between ecotourism planning and its contribution towards sustainable community development in the protected areas (PAs) of developing countries such as Nepal is rarely studied. In this context, this study aims to critically explore the local issues, impacts and dynamics of ecotourism planning and its relationship with and contribution towards sustainable community development in the PAs of Nepal.
By employing a theoretical lens of Community-oriented Collaborative (Co-C) ecotourism planning, the key research question of the study was investigated empirically in the case of Annapurna Sanctuary (AST) Trail of the Annapurna Conservation Area and the Everest Trail (ET) of the Sagarmatha (Mt Everest) National Park in Nepal. Combination of multiple data collection approaches such as structured questionnaire survey with the households, semi-structured interview with the key informants, informal discussion with stakeholders including porters and trek guides, participant observation, and archival research have been adopted. A qualitative-interpretative approach was used in the analysis of different qualitative and quantitative data.
Empirical findings arguably suggest that the key objectives of ecotourism are not truly achieved in both destinations; although (eco)tourism in the AST has performed comparatively better than ET. It revealed that context of community participation and stakeholder’s collaboration in the AST is fairly more effective and efficient than ET. It also indicated that community-based planning approach in the AST is more appropriate than the planning approach adopted in ET which is normally controlled by the PA authority and its defacto Buffer Zone Management Committee. The survey findings on community impacts of (eco)tourism, and the context of participation and collaboration in the AST and ET have supported the key proposition of “Co-C” ecotourism planning i.e. “more inclusive and effective the community participation and collaboration in ecotourism development, more effectively it will contribute to maximize socio-economic benefits to local communities; protect local environment, resources, and heritage; and promote sustainable community development in the PAs”.
This study indicated that perceived benefits and costs of (eco)tourism largely depend on the level of community participation in (eco)tourism activities and decision-making process; capacity to influence decisions; capacity to collaborate with stakeholders; availability of resources, skills, knowledge and education; proximity to the major trail; and networking and communication skills. By using their skills, knowledge and resources, residents usually tend to participate and influence (eco)tourism development process. In both the study areas, residents in OT, usually the low-caste minorities, porters, farmers, and non-entrepreneurs are found relatively less empowered and less capable to integrate into tourism industry and decision-making process than the residents in MT. Based on the research findings, this study has suggested planning and policy recommendations to empower the poor and marginalized section of community; enhance local economy; protect local resources; and promote sustainable community development in the PA settlements of Nepal.published_or_final_version
Urban Planning and Design
Doctoral
Doctor of Philosophy
44
Pakarinen, Nea. "Transition Practices: Education for Sustainable Development in Ecotourism". Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för geovetenskaper, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-260689.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
There is a globally acknowledged urgency for mankind to transition toward sustainability. Empowering people to make sound assessments is the basis for desirable transitions. ‘Education for sustainable development’ (ESD) is an interdisciplinary learning process advancing knowledge, understanding and action for sustainability. To encourage sustainability transitions ESD needs to be personal and place-specific. One platform provisioning for such learning is ‘ecotourism’, where participants have a heightened sense of self, others and the environment. Hence a practice incorporating ESD into ecotourism is investigated in this thesis, to determine whether the setting would be propitious for fostering sustainability transitions. The pertinent sustainability concepts are assessed, and ‘social practice theory’ is utilized in a case study. The approach of social practice theory was preferable, as it holds the assumption that people are able to act in relation to collective cultural activities rather than in immediate responses to internal or environmental events. The effect of ESD in ecotourism is analyzed through observations and unstructured interviews conducted in a case-study in Turkey – Narköy, which is a hotel, organic farm and educational facility. The findings imply that through social practice, pro-environmental transitions can be encouraged and strengthened, with the provisions of having freedom for learning, social interaction, connection with nature, tangible activities and inclusive approach.
45
Eckhardt, Gillian. "THE EFFECTS OF ECOTOURISM ON POLAR BEAR BEHAVIOR". Master's thesis, University of Central Florida, 2005. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETD/id/3692.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Polar bears spend the majority of their lives on the sea ice, where they gain access to seals and mates. In western Hudson Bay, the sea ice melts for three to four months in the summer, and polar bears there are forced onto land. These bears live on their fat reserves for the duration of the iceless period, until temperatures get colder in the fall and freeze up begins. The aggregation of polar bears near Churchill, Manitoba during the ice free period has led to a thriving tourist industry, with a large influx of tourists visiting Churchill in the fall in a six to eight week period, yet little is known about the impacts of this industry on the biology of the bears. This study investigated the effect of tourist vehicles and human presence on the behavior of polar bears over the fall of 2003 and 2004. Overall time budgets were estimated for bears, and the behavior of males and females was compared. Females spent significantly less time lying and more time in locomotion than males. Time budgets were also estimated for bears in the presence and absence of tourist vehicles. Bears spent less time lying and more time in a sit/stand position in the presence of vehicles. Air temperature had no significant effect on the time budgets of polar bears. Tundra vehicle approaches were manipulated to determine effects on polar bear behavior, and to investigate any variables that significantly affected response, including habituation. A response was defined as any sudden whole body movement or change in position or behavior at the time of approach. A total of 25% of all bears responded to the experimental vehicle approach. For bears that responded to approach, the average distance at response was 43 m. The average speed of the vehicle was 0.66 ± 0.02 m/s (range 0.23 to 1.15 m/s). Approach variables that significantly influenced the likelihood of response of a bear to an approaching vehicle included angle of approach and vehicle speed. Direct approaches, in which the bear was in the path of the moving vehicle, had a higher probability of eliciting a response than indirect approaches, in which the vehicle stayed to one side of the bear at all times. Higher speeds of the vehicle increased the probability of a response by a bear. Behaviors of the bear that significantly predicted a response were shifting of the body and smacking of the lips. A playback study was conducted to determine the effects of human induced sound on polar bears. There was no significant effect of human sound on polar bears. Results presented here provide the first experimental evidence of variables in the tourist industry that affect polar bear behavior, and the first evidence of behavioral cues predicting a response to vehicle approach.M.S.
Department of Biology
Arts and Sciences
Biology
46
Al-mughrabi, Abeer. "Ecotourism: A Sustainable Approach of Tourism in Jordan". Thesis, The University of Arizona, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/190379.
Testo completo
47
Obua, Joseph. "Conservation and ecotourism in Kibale National Park, Uganda". Thesis, Bangor University, 1996. https://research.bangor.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/conservation-and-ecotourism-in-kibale-national-park-uganda(ce67e440-b48d-455e-a20b-0d7ccb8cb084).html.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The aim of this study was to assess the potential of ecotourism in Kibale National Park, the environmental impact of visitor activities, the characteristics of visitors and visits, the perception and attitudes of local communities towards conservation and development of ecotourism, and the status of environmental interpretation in Uganda. The environmental evaluation was attempted using a combination of methods developed in the USA. Selfcompletion questionnaires were used to obtain information on visitors and the characteristics of visits, and direct household interviews were used for the survey of local communities' perception and attitudes. Information on the status of environmental interpretation was sought using the postal-survey method. It was found that Kibale National Park has the potential for development of ecotourism. The number of visitors has been rising annually since ecotourism was introduced in 1992 and was estimated to reach 5 000 in 1995. As a result of the continuing increase in visitor numbers, the camping sites and the nature trails are already being degraded. More than 90 per cent of the visitors come from overseas and only a small proportion are Ugandans. The visitors come on pre-planned tour packages mainly to view the chimpanzees. The common feeling among the visitors is that the facilities and services currently offered in Kibale are of low standard. Several proposals have been put forward for improvement of services and provision of additional facilities. The need to control visitor numbers and to maintain a sound environment in the Park has been discussed and immediate management measures required to reduce further deterioration of the camping sites and the nature trails have been recommended. The study has also revealed that local communities in Kibale still obtain most of their forest products from the Park. Although the majority (about 80%) support conservation and development of ecotourism, they have a poor perception of the Park's existence and value. Eviction of some families from the Park a few years ago and the gradual loss of traditional rights of access and use of resources following the establishment of Kibale as a National Park, has resulted in negative attitudes among some sections of the local communities. It is recommended that local communities should be educated about the value of the Park and the importance of conserving its resources. Moreover, there is a need to involve them directly in all the stages of future planning and management of conservation programmes and ecotourism development in Uganda's protected areas. It has also become clear that the concept of environmental interpretation is little understood in Uganda and the practice is generally poor. It was found that Kibale and other national parks lack facilities for proper interpretation. The Park ranger-guides are often employed and assigned to interpretive work without prior training on interpretation. It is recommended that all national parks and other protected areas where ecotourism is being promoted alongside conservation should set up proper environmental interpretation systems. In addition, there is a need for establishing a national programme of environmental interpretation to facilitate environmental education and development of ecotourism in Uganda.
48
Syed, Riaz Ahmad. "The potential of ecotourism in Hunza Valley Pakistan". Florianópolis, SC, 2000. http://repositorio.ufsc.br/xmlui/handle/123456789/78330.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro Tecnológico.Made available in DSpace on 2012-10-17T12:52:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0Bitstream added on 2014-09-25T16:38:58Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 174126.pdf: 4436192 bytes, checksum: e806cb60a8939f6916ec6ddcac618962 (MD5)
A presente dissertação considerou pontos tais como as que ampliam-se as adesões em favor da preservação do meio ambiente e da melhoria da qualidade de vida da humanidade. Os objetivos são fornecer alguma contribuição a Divisão de Turismo do Paquistão do Ministério de Esportes e Turismo, para comercializar e promover internacionalmente para as áreas do nordeste como destinação de ecoturismo internacional. e como fazer mais clara a ligação entre o bem estar do meio ambiente e o sucesso do turismo. Este segmento do turismo possui diferentes características de outras formas de turismo. A indústria do turismo é muito importante no desenvolvimento do ecoturismo, pois é ela que realmente proporciona as viagens e tem grande influência no destino dos turistas, atividades e experiências. Os consumidores necessitam de educação a respeito dos custos e dos benefícios do ecoturismo para posteriormente estarem aptos a decidir sobre sua viagem e sua participação na conservação do meio ambiente. São ressaltadas outras características do ecoturismo: Maior capacitação profissional dos guias. Impactos do Ecoturismo sobre o meio ambiente. Segundo BOO (1992), existem poucas destinações que demonstram todos os princípios do ecoturismo. Muitos dos parques não possuem planejamento turístico. Deve-se realizar um uso sustentável dos recursos e características naturais da área. Esta nova ideologia sensitiva ambientalista está refletida em destinações que têm, conseguido, só recentemente, embarcar na nova onda do desenvolvimento do turismo. Belize, um local relativamente novo na indústria do turismo, é bom exemplo. Esse tipo de viagem depende da conservação dos recursos da área natural. Essa parceria pode, de fato, proporcionar uma verdadeira experiência ecoturística por meio do aumento da consciência do público sobre proteção ambiental; da provisão de recursos econômicos para a gestão das áreas naturais; da maximização dos benefícios econômicos para as comunidades locais; doe estímulo à compreensão das diferenças culturais; e da diminuição dos efeitos adversos dos visitantes sobre o meio ambiente natural e cultural. Há várias etapas no desenvolvimento de diretrizes para a administração do bom visitante: Obter auxílio técnico de cientistas que estudaram o impacto do turismo. Criar um plano de distribuição do documento. Guias especializados em turismo de natureza devem estar bem informados sobre o impacto do turismo. Grande parte do impacto do turismo pode ser causado por visitantes desobedientes. Solicite aos funcionários do parque que recolham os questionários dos visitantes que estão de saída. América Central e do Sul. Incluindo alguns operadores de turismo domestico e com a Corporação de Desenvolvimento de Turismo do Paquistão. Setor Público. Agenciamento do setor público. Coorporação de Desenvolvimento do Turismo do Paquistão. Estão voltados somente com o setor público de hotéis e operadores. Considera-se o custo do Tour. Atividades na indústria do turismo. Devem desenvolver programas de treinamento em ecoturismo. Criar Identidades dos parques nacionais pois são ineficientes.
49
Ueleni, Talaivosa. "Ecotourism development in the South Pacific Islands : a sustainable alternative for mass tourism in Fiji Islands /". Electronic version of summary Electronic version of examination, 2004. http://www.wul.waseda.ac.jp/gakui/gaiyo/3947.pdf.
Testo completo
50
Matulis, Brett Sylvester. "Costa Rican ecotourism and the (re)construction of social-natures on the Osa Peninsula". Online access, 2008. http://content.wwu.edu/cdm4/item_viewer.php?CISOROOT=/theses&CISOPTR=293&CISOBOX=1&REC=3.
Testo completo