Tesi sul tema "Économies expérimentales"
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Poinet, Lucie. "Normes locales et fournitures privées de biens publics environnementaux". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Nantes Université, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024NANU3015.
Testo completoThis thesis investigates the influence of local norms on pro-environmental behavior. A meta-analysis of social norm nudge interventions was conducted to compare the differential impact of local and global social norm nudges. The sample on which the meta- analysis is based does not permit the identification of a significant distinction between the two norms. It is proposed that further work is required in order to reinforce the database and to refine the results. Subsequently, a model of local reciprocity within a network of individuals situated in groups, designated as communities, was constructed, and a laboratory experiment was conducted to corroborate the results of the model. The findings demonstrate that individuals contribute in a complementary manner to their neighbors and that when two individuals from each group are able to observe each other, a partial diffusion of behavior can occur between groups. Finally, employing the discrete choice method, our study conducted in Phnom Penh, Cambodia, demonstrated that individuals exhibited a preference for local norms for sorting organic waste. A stronger sense of belonging to the local reference group may contribute to this result. The findings of the thesis thus emphasize the necessity of adapting public interventions to local groups, reinforcing the sense of community belonging, and integrating local reciprocity strategies into public goods management policies
Yassine, Hala. "Études expérimentales et numériques du refroidissement de produits horticoles après récolte". Thesis, Lorient, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LORIS376/document.
Testo completoThe post-harvest cooling of horticultural products is an essential operation to ensure optimal conditions of preservation and of marketing. This operation which is often carried out using air flow is highly energy-consuming. Therefore it is important to dispose some tools that can optimize the design and management of such installations. This work concerns the pre-cooling of cauliflower which requires a cooling phase of several hours. The macroscopic properties that are needed for the numerical simulation of heat conduction within the product were determined. An experimental facility was set up in order to establish the cooling kinetics of a product placed in an air flow. From these experimental data, a first 3D numerical model that takes into account the thermo-aeraulic phenomena and thermal conduction has been implemented. The equations have been implemented under COMSOL Multiphysics software. A second 1D numerical model that calculates the fields of temperature and water content in a product was then developed to simulate the cooling of several products lined up in an air flow. The comparison of simulation results with experimental surveys on an industrial site shows the relevance of the method. These numerical developments were then used to initiate an offline approach of the optimal control of the ventilation. Two criteria are taken into account: the desired final temperature and the energy consumption owing to the thermal losses of the building envelope
Rafidiarison, Helisoa Mamy. "Etudes expérimentales des transferts de masse et de chaleur dans les parois des constructions en bois, en vue de leur modélisation. Applications aux économies d'énergie et au confort dans l'habitat". Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012LORR0077.
Testo completoCoupled heat and moisture transfer through hygroscopic materials, particularly wood and wood-based products are difficult to model. This is partly due to some specific and complex properties of these materials that are often not included in numerical models. Currently, only a few numerical models are able to predict accurately the hygrothermal performance of wooden building envelope. The aim of this work is to assess the heat and moisture transfer in wooden building envelope through experiments and validate the prediction capacity of a numerical model developed to simulate hygrothermal behavior of envelope including wooden materials. After giving a theoretical reminder of the coupled heat and moisture transfer through building envelope and reporting the results of previous studies in this field, we will give details of the experimental investigation on heat and moisture transfer through timber walls. Firstly, the experimental apparatus used for the wall tests is presented. Then, we will analysis the hygrothermal performance of wooden walls provided by the partners of the TRANSBATIBOIS project in which this work was achieved. Experimental works achieved for Buildingpore model validation and results of the comparisons between experimental assessment and numerical predictions with Buildingpore and WUFI are also reported. The third part of this study deals with the experimental assessment of wooden building envelopes exposed to climatic conditions. An analysis of the hygrothermal performance and the energy consumption of wooden test-cells is performed and reported in this part. The latest part concerns experimental works on buildings
Martinez, Simon. "Études expérimentales et numériques d'un micro-cogénérateur solaire : intégration à un bâtiment résidentiel". Thesis, La Rochelle, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LAROS019/document.
Testo completoThis work consists of the experimental and numerical study of the energy performance of a prototype of solar micro-cogeneration. The facility, located on the campus of the University of La Rochelle, operates by coupling a 46.5 m² parabolic trough solar collector field with an oil-free piston steam engine operating according to the Hirn thermodynamic cycle. The solar tracking system is carried out in two axes and the water is evaporated directly into the absorber of the parabolic trough collectors. Electricity generation is provided by a generator and the recovery of fatal heat must make it possible to meet the heating and domestic hot water needs of a building. The first part of this work presents the tests performed. The objective is to carry out additional tests to characterize the solar concentrator, to study the conditions of steam overheating, as well as the operation of the complete installation in winter. This work has allowed the development of models for the parabolic trough sensor, the tests in overheated mode have shown the need for an extra charge for the operation of such an installation while the tests with motor present productions compatible with the electricity and heat consumption of a residential building. The second part concerns the modelling of the elements constituting the micro-cogenerator as well as the integration of this installation into the building using dynamic thermal simulation software (TRNSYS©). This study proposes two integration options depending on the positioning of the auxiliary heater. For both configurations, weekly and annual reviews are presented to discuss the advantages/disadvantages of each provision. It appears that the positioning of the auxiliary on the primary circuit makes it possible to control the electrical production. The addition of back-up boiler on the distribution seems more easily achievable but prevents the control of power generation
Zylbersztejn, Adam michal. "Information, institutions et efficacité : essais en économie expérimentale". Phd thesis, Université Panthéon-Sorbonne - Paris I, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00984244.
Testo completoZylbersztejn, Adam. "Information, institutions et efficacité : essais en économie expérimentale". Thesis, Paris 1, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA010015/document.
Testo completoChapters 1 and 2 revisit the Beard and Beil (1994) two-player coordination game with two Nash equilibria: one Pareto-efficient, the other is Pareto-inefficient and involves a weakly dominated strategy. Existing experiments using this game robustly show that suboptimal outcomes arise as a result of two puzzling behaviors: (i) subjects doubt that the offer players will seek to maximize their own payoff (ii) these doubts are, in some instances, justified. In Chapter l, we report on new experiments investigating whether the inequality in payoffs between players, maintained in most lab implementations 0 this game, may explain such behavior. Our data clearly show that the failure to maximize personal payoffs, as well as the fear that others might act this way, do not stem from inequality aversion. This result is robust to: varying saliency of decisions, repetition-based learning and cultural differences between France and Pol and. Then, we assess whether information about the interaction partner helps eliminate inefficiency in this game. Our treatments involve three information ¬enhancing mechanisms: repetition and two kinds of individual signals, messages from partner or observation of his past choices. Repetition-based learning increases the frequencies of the most efficient outcome and the most costly strategic mismatch. Moreover, it is superseded b, individual signals. Like previous empirical studies, we report that signals provide a screening of partners' intentions that reduces the frequency of strategic mismatches. Unlike these studies, we find that the transmission of information between partners, either via messages or observation, does not suffice to significantly increase the overall efficiency of outcomes. This happens mostly because additional information does not restrain the use of the dominated action. Therefore, this chapter identifies important limitations of cheap-talk communication -- a mechanism generally considered by economists as a useful means to improve the efficiency of economic interactions. It suggests that in the absence of a pronounced link between one's words and actions, institutions involving communication may well happen to be insufficient for this purpose. This issue is addressed in Chapter 2 where we explore whether the social psychology theory of commitment via a truth-telling oath can improve the performance of pre-play communication regarding the coordination of strategies and the efficiency of outcomes. As an addition to the classical cheap-¬talk communication protocol utilized in Chapter l, we ask ail players to sign voluntarily a truth-telling oath before entering the lab. Three principle results emerge with commitment-via-the-oath: (1) efficient coordination increases by nearly 50 percent; (2) senders' messages are significantly more truthful and actions more efficient, and (3) receivers' trust of messages increases
Jullien, Céline. "Intensité de la concurrence schumpeterienne : efficacité dynamique et croissance endogène : une approche expérimentale de la propriété intellectuelle des innovations". Grenoble 2, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000GRE21036.
Testo completoBertin, Charles. "Efficacité des marchés de bois bruts : économie expérimentale et industrielle". Grenoble 2, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009GRE21001.
Testo completoThis thesis analyses the French timber auction mechanism and explores new market organizations to improve allocation efficiency and sellers' revenue, using experimental and theoretical tools. The first chapter gives a description of the French timber industry and underlines several important features of the sequential auction mechanism currently used by the Office National des Forêt (ONF) to sell public timber lots. In the second chapter we show, through a theoretical model, that switching from the actual sequential mechanism to a simultaneous auction could improve sellers' revenue. This result comes from economies of scale (or geographic complementarities as they are called in the literature) in the harvesting process that, if they are sufficiently large, yield higher bids in simultaneous auctions than in sequential ones. The third chapter extends this analysis by considering allocative externalities that may occur if bidders' preferences include geographic complementarities. In such a case, with a sequential auction, we show that buyers have an incentive to collude. Because there are not such incentives in a simultaneous auction, this mechanism could be a competing alternative to the sequential auction. In the last chapter we investigate the relevance of the first price payment function used by the ONF. Here, we experimentally compare a first price and a second price sealed bid auctions with buyers' preferences including complementarities. Contrary to theoretical predictions, we find that a first price mechanism yields higher revenues than second price auction
Gassmann, Xavier. "Elicitation des préférences des agriculteurs pour le risque et l’ambiguïté par une approche expérimentale". Rennes, Agrocampus Ouest, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014NSARE037.
Testo completoRisk preferences play an important role in many economic decisions. In the academic literature, these preferences intervene via the utility function specification in numerous microeconomic studies ; for example, when modeling productions choices, technology adoption, insurance purchase and the impact of public policies. This is why we need to improve our understanding of farmers’ preferences towards risk. Agricultural economics focused on the elicitation of farmers’ preferences mostly using revealed-preference methods on production data. More recently, researchers in experimental economics have developed multiple elicitation tools but with only very few applications to farmers. Surprisingly, the two literatures, in agricultural economics and in experimental economics, seldom built on each other. Our work aims at showing to what extent experimental economics can help improve the understanding of farmers’ preferences. For that purpose, our work is organized in four chapters. First, we analyze agricultural economics’ and experimental economics’ approaches in a comparative perspective (Chapter 1). Then, we apply the rarely applied experimental economics’ method to the agricultural field. Using a field experiment, we collect data from a group of farmers in France. Our carefully-designed protocol enables to estimate separately risk and ambiguity preferences. We estimate the average preferences in the sample (Chapter 2) then we analyze preference heterogeneity (Chapter 3). Finally, we analyze methodological aspects of experimental risk elicitation methods using the protocol we designed for our field experiment (Chapter 4). Chapter 1 presents and compares the assumptions, the methods and the results in the two literatures on farmers’ preferences : agricultural and experimental economics. On the one hand, agricultural economics uses revealed-preference methods, inferring preferences by observing the real choices made by farmers. On the other hand, experimental economics uses incentivized stated-preference methods, inferring preferences by observing designed choice situations. In chapter 2, we apply experimental economics tools via a carefully-designed field experiment. Our sample is a group of 197 farmers in the Champagne-Ardenne region in France. We find that farmers are, on average, risk averse in gains, risk seeking in losses, ambiguity averse in gains, ambiguity seeking in losses and loss averse. We also establish that farmers distort probabilities. In our model, the reference point is endogenous. We find a positive estimate for the reference point : there is a threshold below which farmers consider a gain as a loss. Our analysis also shows that farmers’ behavior is significantly different when facing risk or ambiguity and when facing gains or losses. This chapter shows the importance of behavioral aspects often neglected in the agricultural economics literature. Chapter 3 focuses on the analysis of preference heterogeneity. We find farmers’ preferences are very heterogeneous especially for risk and less for ambiguity ; we investigate the causes and consequences of this heterogeneity. We focus on how farmer and farm characteristics impact farmers’ preferences. We also investigate the consequences on farmers’ perceptions, objectives and management strategies. Taking into account preferences heterogeneity is crucial in order to better assess the distributional impact of policies. Chapter 4 deals with the robustness of the experimental economics approaches. We use the protocol we designed for our field experiment to identify and measure the impact of the experimental design on the elicited preferences. This methodological chapter is important to discuss the validity of experimental results. This work constitutes an additional step towards a better understanding of farmers’ preferences. We hope it will help better understand and assess other microeconomic behaviors in agriculture
Riahi, Dorra. "Analyse expérimentale des marchés d'assurance avec anti-sélection". Paris 1, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005PA010002.
Testo completoHichri, Walid. "La contribution au bien public : étude théorique et évidence expérimentale : comportements individuel et agrégé, solutions intérieures, communication et information". Aix-Marseille 3, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004AIX32030.
Testo completoThe object of the thesis consists in analysing the aggregate and the individual behavior in a voluntary contribution game. We focus on the effect on contributions of taking several interior levels of social optimum and, on the other hand, on the sensitivity of contributions to variations concerning communication and information. We observe in the first experiment that individuals contribute a constant part of their social optimum. A test of the simple learning model R. L. Using the observed data on the aggregate level predicts well the observed behaviour. In the experiment with promises as a way of communication, we notice an increase in contributions. The third experiment presents various conditions about the level of information about neighbours contributions. Results show that information has no effect on contribution. Simulations of the EWA learning model at the aggregate and the individual levels predict a level of contribution that is higher that the observed one
Ohana, Maurice-Marc. "Comportements réciproques et relation salaire - effort : une approche expérimentale". Aix-Marseille 3, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004AIX32031.
Testo completoThe self-interest hypothesis is not operative in a lot of circumstances. Simple experimental games show that people are not exclusively motivated by their own monetary payoffs but also by reciprocity's considerations. Reciprocity is even essential in order to understand crucial economic phenomena like the problem of employee's motivation: Reciprocity represents an effective effort elicitation device. My experiment shows however that social comparisons between employees affect, under some circumstances, the incentive's mechanism based on reciprocity. The last part of this work discusses the absence of explicit context in laboratory experiments. First, I sustain that it represents the specificity of economic experiment. Then I argue that it does not constitute an unconditional criticism of the experimental practice
Leclercq, Gilles. "Formation de base en économie : Conception, réalisation, expérimentation et évaluation d'un outil collectif de formation : Ethique, ingeniérie et pédagogie : Peut-on enseigner l'économie?" Lille 1, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992LIL12008.
Testo completoFavereau, Judith. "L'approche expérimentale du J-Pal en économie du développement : un tournant épistémologique?" Phd thesis, Université Panthéon-Sorbonne - Paris I, 2014. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00995118.
Testo completoVallois, Nicolas. "L' émergence d'un nouveau domaine de savoir : la neuroéconomie". Paris 1, 2012. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00765033.
Testo completoForget, Vanina D. "Can private equity funds forster corporate social responsibility ?" Palaiseau, Ecole polytechnique, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012EPXX0114.
Testo completoBéhue, Virginie. "L'approche expérimentale en théorie du choix social". Caen, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004CAEN0619.
Testo completoGarapin, Alexis. "Économie de la coordination dans la résolution d'un problème complexe : approche théorique et expérimentale". Grenoble 2, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999GRE21033.
Testo completoMarchand, Nadège. "Ultimatum et logique économique de la négociation : l'apport de l'économie expérimentale". Lyon 2, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999LYO20032.
Testo completoJavaheri, Mahsa. "Analyse expérimentale de la consommation de fruits et légumes". Angers, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009ANGE0007.
Testo completoThis thesis studies consumer' behavior in the case of quality differentiated products. Our results are based on the experimental preference eliciting methods. Two choice paradoxes are studied in the case of food products : divergence between willingness to accept and willingness to pay and the preference reversals phenomenon. This phenomenon occurs when the valuation of two options do no present the same order of preference as a strict choice between them. Moreover, the effects of new information on consumer's choices are studied and also the link between hedonic scores and monetary valuations are considered. Our results show a more important gap between willingness to accept and willingness to pay in the case of less familiar products. The overall rate of preference reversals is 25% which is lower than the rate found in the classical studies of the phenomenon. These resultants are then studied in the light of four theories of choice : expected utility theory, prospect theory, regret theory and cognitive consistency theory
Lumeau, Marianne. "Confiance et réputation sur les réseaux électroniques : une approche expérimentale". Rennes 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011REN1G010.
Testo completoIn recent years, many empirical studies have shown the positive effect of decentralized feedback mechanisms in the success of online marketplaces. In this dissertation, we aim at experimentally investigating to what extent a feedback mechanism is good enough to create trust among agents and to limit opportunistic behaviors. By providing information regarding past decisions, feedback mechanisms should have positive effects both on trust and trustworthiness. Our findings confirm this intuition. Agents assign positive (negative) ratings to reward (punish) a fair (unfair) behavior. Our study also shed light on the limits of such feedback mechanisms that could bias the feedback mechanism informational content. In particular, some ratings are assigned for strategic motives or other motives, not directly related to the transaction. We also study another informational bias ; the fact that agents can manipulate their reputation. Our findings indicate that the agents do not hesitate to manipulate, which reduces the efficiency of the feedback mechanism. Despite all these limits, feedback mechanisms remain powerful tools for the emergence of cooperation. This is mainly due to two different effects. The first effect is a reputational effect. In other words, people want to avoid the reputational costs of receiving a negative evaluation. The second effect is emotional : agents seek to avoid disapproval from their peers
ZIEGELMEYER, ANTHONY. "Externalites informationnelles et interactions sequentielles : une approche experimentale de l'apprentissage social". Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001STR1EC02.
Testo completoSutan, Angela. "Une Investigation expérimentale des capacités éductives des agents dans des situations de feedback négatif". Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2005. https://publication-theses.unistra.fr/public/theses_doctorat/2005/SUTAN_Angela_2005.pdf.
Testo completoThe goal of this thesis is to study the eductive-type of reasoning in negative feedback situations. We address it through an experimental approach. We construct this thesis around three questions: what mechanism is the eductive type of reasoning based on? Is this type of reasoning more likely to succeed in some particular situations? Can we find particular conditions improving the performance of the eductive reasoning? We identify the negative feedback environments as stabilizing situations for the eductive reasoning. Therefore, after defining the concept of eductive reasoning and characterizing negative feedback situations, we introduce and test in the first part of this thesis a negative feedback beauty contest game. Repetition, elicitation and circularity are the conditions of its success within a market situation. Therefore, in the second part of this thesis, we are interested in the application of this game in cobweb markets. Our thesis shows that, in negative feedback situations, reflective beliefs turn faster into intuitive beliefs, because through an eductive type of reasoning, the equilibrium is scanned several times, and useful information is increased. Consequently, a market with a negative feedback structure is stable and the agents within this type of market hold coordinated beliefs
Pasquier, Nicolas. "Croyances et relations verticales : analyse théorique et expérimentale". Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019GREAE002.
Testo completoAn upstream firm often supplies inputs to several downstream firms. For example, a raw coffee manufacturer typically supplies several coffee shops; likewise, a television channel supplies programs to several distributors and a medical device manufacturer supplies its devices to several hospitals. When the upstream firm enters into contract with a downstream firm, it sets this latter's cost structure. Due to downstream competition, a downstream firm's competitiveness thus depends on both its contract and its rivals' contracts. The downstream firm's knowledge or its anticipations about its rivals' contracts are pivotal in its contracting decision.This PhD dissertation offers an analysis of three situations where the downstream firms' anticipations or “beliefs” about rivals' contracts are critical. The first chapter theoretically and experimentally investigates the impact of a shock on the revenues obtained by risk averse retailers on the final vertical outcome without specifying the retailers' beliefs. The second chapter elaborates on the incentive to delegate by a vertically integrated firm supplying a downstream rival in a two-sided market when the two firms hold passive beliefs. The last chapter explores upstream firm's choice of timing of contracting depending on the downstream firms' degree of optimism. This chapter uses the recent beliefs named neo-additive beliefs
Morize, Noémie. "Les coûts de l’autonomie : économistes et médecins libéraux dans les réformes expérimentales des soins primaires". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris, Institut d'études politiques, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024IEPP0009.
Testo completoIn the primary care sector in France, “Multidisciplinary Primary Care Groups,” or MSPs, have progressively been introduced to enhance care coordination between self-employed healthcare professionals. These initiatives diversify the predominantly fee-for-service-based remuneration model within primary care, by adding publicly funded add-on payments for coordination efforts. Two pilot programs launched in 2019 sought to advance these reforms further, striving to increase care professionals’ accountability by providing financial incentives for reaching common health outcome goals for their shared patient groups. These initiatives were conceived by administrative executives trained in economics and received support from self-employed general practitioners. This doctoral study aims to explore the mechanisms behind the unlikely collaboration between general practitioners, traditionally known for their autonomy, and stakeholders seeking to reform the self-employed system in primary care.Through case studies involving qualitative data collection from 2019 to 2023, including observations and approximately one hundred interviews, the study reveals a group of stakeholders including administrative economists, researchers, and self-employed health professionals, advocating for these pilot programs and open to compromises to achieve their respective goals. Administrative economists adapt their strategies to maintain their relationships with practitioners, while some general practitioners, well versed in economic principles, seek to reorganize care accordingly. However, they also assert their central position in professional relationships
Javaheri, Mahsa. "Analyse expérimentale de la consommations de fruits et légumes". Phd thesis, Université d'Angers, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00459381.
Testo completoAbdellaoui, Mohammed. "Utilité espérée et décision en avenir risque : une étude expérimentale critique". Aix-Marseille 3, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988AIX32030.
Testo completoThis work consists of two parts. The first part presents the expected utility theory and investigates the links between its formal aspect and its use as a decision-aid model. It insists on the conformity of the decision-maker's fundamental preferences to the axioms of the formal model as a necessary condition for extrapolating the attitudes observed (choices among random prospects) to the set of potential actions in the decision-aid study. The second part presents the results of an experimental inquiry into individual behavior under risk. It focuses on individual arbitrage between probabilities and payments in choosing among elementary lotteries and compares it to the arbitrage predicted by expected utility theory. The inquiry was conducted in france and in morocco, which provided two samples of datas, each one pertaining to a different cultural system. The analysis of the data obtained indicates that it is impossible for the formal model to represent the choices expressed by the experimental study subjects. Our results are relatively more precise than previous results (kahneman and tversky) and they are in line with those of de neufville and delquie (1988)
Lohéac, Youenn. "Analyses microéconomiques des comportements à risque". Paris 1, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004PA010024.
Testo completoJung, Olivier. "Approche multicritère numérique et expérimentale de la ventilation et du rafraichissement d'un bâtiment multizone par contrôle de composants de façade". Lyon, INSA, 2009. http://theses.insa-lyon.fr/publication/2009ISAL0127/these.pdf.
Testo completoGood air quality and comfortable indoor climate in buildings are amongst usual requirements of occupants. These needs are assumed by different actuators that could be heating or cooling systems, builds, artificial lighting or mechanical ventilation. In order to provide comfortable indoor condition at low energetic cost, advanced control strategies are developed. This study is centred on the control of a multi-zone building equipped with metallic blinds and the Cli'Nat hybrid ventilation system. The system permits the regulation of indoor air quality, overpressure and solar gains. The main objective is to develop multicriteria control strategies, validate their robustness and evaluate the energetic gains they may provide. In order to improve and test these strategies, two tools have been developed: an experimental building and a multi-zone numerical model
Esposito, Gabriele. "Representation, power and electoral rules : myths and paradoxes : a computational and experimental approach". Paris, EHESS, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011EHES0152.
Testo completoIs the human being, single man or group, able to understand the influence she has inside a decisional committee? Is she able to treat aIl members fairly in the designing process of a parliamentary assembly, or she will give life to bizarre creatures with pure political motivations? Are current voting rules able to avoid paradoxical outcomes after an election has been run? This thesis answers to these questions using tools from cooperative and non-cooperative game theory, combining a computational and an experimental approach. The first part of the work analyze two-tiers voting systems and electoral laws. The second part focuses on human learning in games associated to the ability of people to choose the situation attributing them the largest power
Dione, Khadimou Rassol. "Etude expérimentale et modélisation de l’évaporation a l’intérieur de tubes pour pompes à chaleur géothermiques". Caen, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016CAEN2043.
Testo completoThis works deals with evaporation of refrigerants inside of a tube. It breaks down into two parts: one part of experimental analysis and a numerical part. An experimental test bench was designed to test the evaporation of refrigerants. The R134a and R407c refrigerants are tested. The heat exchange is characterized locally in a test tube of 1m length. We show that when the refrigerant flowrate increases, the heat exchange is improved. This phenomenon is explained by the refrigerant flow map which depends on the mass flow. It has been studied for both refrigerants. We studied the influence of the structure of the inner wall of the tube on the heat exchange. Several tubes were tested and compared. Correlations are established to predict the heat transfer coefficient and the pressure drop for the evaporation of the two fluids inside each tube. A comparison of the performance of two the refrigerants was performed: heat transfer intensification, pressure drop and the evaporation length are studied. Finally, a numerical model is designed to predict the characteristics of the evaporation inside a tube heated by a hydraulic system. The variation of the refrigerant saturation temperature and the decrease of the water heating temperature are taken into account. The resolution is made by combining the equations of the momentum, mass and heat conservation
Askari, Muniza. "Risques, confiance et l'éducation". Paris 1, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA010043.
Testo completoVillion, Jérôme. "Théorie du regret, incertitude et pessimisme". Caen, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004CAEN0614.
Testo completoFévrier, Philippe. "Enchères multi-unités : une approche théorique, empirique et expérimentale". Paris, EHESS, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003EHES0088.
Testo completoThis thesis is devoted to the analysis of multi-unit auctions from a theoretical, empirical and experimental point of view. Four chapters constitute this thesis. The first one is a theoretical study which analyses the effect of information transmission in a two unit sequential first-price auction. The second and third chapters study the buyer's option that gives the winner of an auction the right to purchase any number of units at the winning price. The first of these two studies is both theoretical and experimental and uses data generated by an experiment at the E. N. S. A. E. The second one is a theoretical and empirical contribution on this subject and considers the case of wine auctions. Finally, the last chapter studies uniform and discriminatory auctions and proposes a structural econometric method for the empirical study of share auction models
Dargnies, Marie Pierre. "Genre et goût pour la compétition : une approche par l'économie expérimentale". Paris 1, 2009. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00450807.
Testo completoPierron, Etienne. "Tarification et comportements des individus dans le contexte des déchets ménagers : évidence empirique et approche expérimentale". Rennes 1, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005REN1G003.
Testo completoOur work consisted to analyze the individuals behavior when they have to make the selective sorting of them household refuse and are constrained by tariff imposed by the local authority. Then our research stood out in three stages. The first one consisted in a empirical analysis of the tariff practices in the United States (the Unit Pricing), and in Europe Cemagref/Crem studie) ant to explain the results of the existing studies. In second part, we analyze the recycling behavior, and we noted that it includes several characteristics of a collective action. The analysis of the selective sorting like an collective action show us that the individuals can be brought to cooperate although the standard theory tell that no individual should participate. Finally, in the third part we use experimental economics, on one hand to isolate the impact of the environmental context on the choices of the agents and on the other hand to estimate how the introduction of tariff tools change households behavior
Suchon, Rémi. "Essays on the economics of social identity, social preferences and social image". Thesis, Lyon, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LYSEN080/document.
Testo completoThe present dissertation studies three social determinants of economic decisions: Social Identity, Social Image, and Social preferences. The first chapter reports on an experiment testing the effect of upward social mobility on interpersonal trust. Individuals are characterized both by a natural group identity and by a status awarded by means of relative performance in a task in which natural identities strongly predict performance. Upward mobility is characterized by the access to the high status of individuals belonging to the natural group associated with a lower expected performance. We find that socially mobile individuals trust less than those who are not socially mobile, both when the trustee belongs to the same natural group or to the other natural group. In contrast, upward mobility does not affect trustworthiness. We find no evidence that interacting with an upwardly mobile individual impacts trust or trustworthiness. In the second chapter, we test whether individuals internalize the effects of their behavior on the social image of their group. In our experiment, we recruit pairs of real-life friends and study whether misreporting decreases when it may have negative spillovers on the image of the friend. We find that participants hurt their friends' social image by misreporting: external observers update their beliefs and rightfully expect that a participant whose friend misreported is likely to misreport himself. However, participants misreport as often when their behavior can hurt the friend's image as when it cannot, even though hurting their friends' image reduces their own monetary gains. Our interpretation is that they underestimate the impact of their behavior on external observers' beliefs about their friends. Our results show that, even in our case where group membership is salient, groups might have difficulties building a good image. The good news is that external observers may use image spillovers to update their beliefs and interact with members of groups more efficiently. In the third chapter, we experimentally test whether the salience of counter-factual payoffs impacts generosity. Participants first perform a real-effort task for a fixed wage, and then play a dictator game. Between conditions, we vary the level and the timing of the revelation of the wage. In some conditions, participants know the wage before the real effort task, and are not informed of the other potential levels. In some other conditions, they are informed of the distribution of the wages before the real effort task, but the actual wage is only revealed afterward. Our hypothesis is that participants in the latter conditions evaluate their actual wage relative to the other potential levels, which in turns impact their transfers in the subsequent dictator game. The results support this hypothesis: participants who get a the high wage tend to transfer more when they are informed of the other potential levels than when they are not. Symmetrically, participants who get the low wage tend to transfer less when they are informed of the other potential levels than when they are not
Vialle, Isabelle. "Confiance en soi et économie comportementale du travail : trois essais expérimentaux". Thesis, Lyon 2, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010LYO22018/document.
Testo completoThis dissertation contains three essays that estimate the effects of self-confidence on economic agents’ decisions. An experimental approach is used for those contributions. This work is interested in three topics concerning behavioral labor economics: moonlighting, job search and teamwork. The first chapter investigates the existence of optimism biases in the context of irregular work. This essay proposes a measure of optimism biases through a decision process. The results show that the way the monitoring policy is announced deeply affects the perception of the risk at stake: the designation of the number of randomly controlled agents tends to foster the cheats’ optimism. The second chapter studies how the uncertainty on ability and self-esteem of job-seekers affect their search behaviors. The results show that on average the low ability agents’ decisions are not affected by the uncertainty about their ability, whereas the high ability agents tend to decrease their reservation wage and thus to stop their search faster. However, the low ability agents’ decisions are not homogeneous: the higher the worker’s self-esteem is, the higher his reservation wage is. The third chapter aims at estimating how workers’ self-image biases affect effort choices and team production. The results show that the workers who overestimate (underestimate) their ability provide higher (lower) effort levels than the unbiased. The results also reveal that the agents benefit from their partner’s confidence, but not from their own bias. Conversely, the presence of underconfident agents in the team damages the welfare of both teammates
Arpinon, Thibaut. "Three essays in experimental economics : plant-based diets and Registered Reports". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Rennes (2023-....), 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023URENG005.
Testo completoScientific evidence on the benefits of plant-based diets (environmental, health and animal welfare) is growing. Yet, individual meat consumption remains high. The first part of this dissertation uses experimental economics methods to identify and remove some of the barriers that limit the transition towards plant-based diets. Chapter 1 presents an experimental approach to measure the social stigma associated with following a plant-based diet. The results do not conclude to the presence of vegephobia in the economic environment but underline the limits of the employed tools. Chapter 2 reports the results from an experiment on the impact of an information campaign about plant-based diets on a representative sample of French doctors. The information campaign has a positive impact on the doctors' views and, to a smaller extent, improves their practices. The second part of the dissertation is dedicated to reduce publication bias and questionable research practices in economics in order to reduce the likelihood of a replication crisis. Chapter 3 provides a practical guide to Registered Reports for economists. The guide describes the benefits of Registered Reports and details the necessary methodological components (analysis plan, power analysis, smallest effect size of interest, etc.). Specific examples for experimental economics as well as R and Stata codes are provided to facilitate the implementation of Registered Reports
Maafi, Hela. "Les retournements des préférences dans le risque et dans l'ambiguïté". Paris 1, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA010048.
Testo completoDuchêne, Sébastien. "Quatre essais sur la rationalité limitée en économie et finance comportementales". Thesis, Université Côte d'Azur (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017AZUR0022.
Testo completoThis thesis studies bounded rationality through four chapters, combining theoretical models, laboratory experiments and statistical and econometric analyzes. In the first two chapters, we test the validity of new models in economics which rely on the mathematical formalism of quantum mechanics to account for cognitive biases. In chapter 1, we consider models explaining the order effect and we derive new experimental predictions. In chapter 2, we propose an original experiment to test a wide range of quantum models that account for the conjunction fallacy. Both groups of models fail in our empirical tests and we then discuss possible ways to improve these models. The third chapter explores how individuals deal with successive, complex and abundant economic information. Our experimental results show the subjects' inability to combine such information, which confirms the fuzzy trace theory. Finally, the fourth chapter deals with experimental finance. It studies how margin buying (respectively short selling) increases (decreases) price levels, volatility, heterogeneity of markets, and traders' price expectations, as well as how it changes trading strategies. Our results highlight the clear consequences of each of these techniques used alone, and point to unexpected phenomena when both are combined. Regulatory authorities could take advantage of our analyzes to reduce the destabilization introduced by these techniques
Bourdoukan, Paul. "Etude numérique et expérimentale destinée à l'exploitation des techniques de rafraîchissement par dessiccation avec régénération par énergie solaire". La Rochelle, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008LAROS247.
Testo completoIn the perspective to protect the environment and to reduce building energy consumption, solar desiccant cooling appears as an alternative to vapour compression systems. This technology associates different elementary changes of moist air and presents its highest potential during sunny days. In this work we conducted an experimental and a numerical investigation of a desiccant plant powered by solar vacuum tube collectors. Experimental results showed a high potential for moderately humid climates and the possibility to proceed solely by solar energy with an overall efficiency of the solar installation of 0. 5. When comparing the total energy consumption of the desiccant system and that of a traditional vapour compression system for the same operating conditions and same cooling capacity we obtained a reduction by a factor of 2. Numerical investigation of the system for the conventional and the recirculation configurations showed that the first is interesting for relatively moderately humidity while the second is recommended for elevated humidity. The elaboration of the supply conditions lines yielded a proposal of a dimensioning method. We proposed a control strategy for the system that was able to keep the building conditions in the comfort zone. The investigation of solar energy use in the desiccant process showed that vacuum tube collectors have a solar fraction over 90% and an overall efficiency of 0. 5. Finally the life cycle assessment conducted on the experimental desiccant plant in comparison with the vapour compression system showed that desiccant cooling is a relevant process in the perspective of the energy savings and the protection of the environment protection
Abitbol, Raphaëlle. "The neural sources of preference instability : a neuroeconomics investigation". Thesis, Paris 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA010103.
Testo completoStandard economic theory postulates that individual preferences are stable. However, numerous psychology and experimental economics findings show this fundamental principle is often violated in actual human behavior. Some factors known to influence value, such as affective context, are not taken into account. Their effects are still considered contingent phenomena – anomalies observed on the margins of rationality – and as such do not inform economic theories. As modern neuroimaging techniques enable us to formulate and test new hypotheses, we propose to examine the contingent nature of this instability, in the light of the idea that these "biases" are in fact directly related to the inherent properties of the physical structure that generates behavior, namely the brain. Because they reflect the a priori conditions of any value judgment, they are not contingent but necessary, which explains their prevalence in observed behavior. Our first study proves this hypothesis in the case of context‐induced valuation biases: we show that the inertia of cerebral activity combined with the automaticity of evaluation can explain the effects of context on valuation in macaque monkeys and humans. Our second study shows that confidence is encoded in the same brain region as value in humans, suggesting that confidence judgments can be understood as second‐order value judgments. Our third study behaviorally demonstrates an attribution bias leading to interferences between value and confidence judgments, as predicted by combining the results of the first and the second study in humans
Josset, Jean-Marc. "Une approche comportementale de la congestion urbaine". Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016SACLS033/document.
Testo completoHow to solve congestion problems related to urban development? As the massive investment in infrastructure and the monetary and coercive treatment of behaviors have shown their limits, we propose instead to explore the promotion of positive behavior (carpooling, biking, telecommuting). We start by expanding the behavioral model of the individual, by taking into account the context (frame) in which it happens. We justify this contribution primarily through the work of the psychologist Daniel Kahneman and the sociologist Ervin Goffman . Then we clarify our methodological approach: by showing how the process of laboratory experiments is connected to the behavioral factors of the homo oeconomicus, we show the consistency of our frame hypothesis with field experiments. We then describe three experiments to show (i) how the frame is underpinned by a dominant discourse (ii) the importance of the retroactive measure of this representation and (iii) how motivations acts within that frame. We derive several principles to promote a change of mobility behavior able to treat congestion: (i) the place of the individual in transport schemes, (ii) using time or well-being as a measurement indicator and (iii)collective representations as coordination enablers
Etchart-Vincent, Nathalie. "Traitement subjectif du risque et comportement individuel devant les pertes : une étude expérimentale". Paris, ENSAM, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003ENAM0014.
Testo completoFortat, Vivien. "Coordination of individual choices and congestion in networks : experimental studies". Rennes 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011REN1G005.
Testo completoToday, networks are necessary to our society; we need them to provide access to fundamental needs like energy, transportation, natural resources or information. The main problem for those networks is that they might have to face congestion, resulting in a decrease of the users’ quality or even a failure of the network. In this thesis, several experimental studies will be presented. In the first chapter, the literature related to the topic is presented. In chapter two, we built a theoretical model of market entry game where congestion cost increases at a higher rate when the flow of entrants grows (snowball effect). We find no significant difference between the aggregated entry rates in our snowball game compared to usual MEG. For our third chapter, we have conducted an experiment aiming to analyze how agents coordinate their usage of a limited resource. Several ways to make users face congestion were tested. It appeared that on all treatments, players were unable to successfully coordinate on Nash equilibrium. We also observed that providing more precise information did not help to increase cooperation. Offering two pricing systems including a safe one increased average consumption while excluding biggest consumers in case of congestion significantly reduce average group consumption and also limited extreme value of consumption (low or high). In the fourth chapter, we studied how a regulator can influence social norm by implementing different policies. This experiment was conducted in Japan and France. We find that creating socially optimum social norm required to give enough incentive to cooperate to agents, but also required a strong impact on agents’ beliefs
Dargnies, Marie-Pierre. "Genre et goût pour la compétition : une approche par l'économie expérimentale". Phd thesis, Université Panthéon-Sorbonne - Paris I, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00450807.
Testo completoCosta, Jacopo. "L'expérimentation dans la musique rock : recherches historiques, socio-économiques et analytiques". Thesis, Strasbourg, 2018. https://publication-theses.unistra.fr/restreint/theses_doctorat/2018/Costa_Jacopo_2018_ED520.pdf.
Testo completoThis study examines the repertoires that, while rooted in the tradition of rock, transcend the boundaries - stylistic but also sociological and economic - of rock itself: for this reason they are often grouped together in the "genre" of experimental rock. My research focuses on a selection of artists who are universally considered to be experimental rock artists, namely Frank Zappa, the collective Rock In Opposition, as well as the Italian band Yugen, still active and in a way heir to Rock In Opposition. The analysis of the artistic approaches of these artists, and of the socio-economic framework in which they operate, calls into question the idea that experimental rock can exist as a true genre of music.The study follows a multidisciplinary approach. The first step is to define the musical, sociological and economic characteristics of rock music, and to understand to what extent the notion of experimentation has been integrated into rock throughout history. Next, I focus on the socio-economic positioning of the musicians who are the subject of the research. Finally, in the second part of the thesis, several pieces from the repertoire of these musicians are analyzed, in order to understand the specificity and diversification of their artistic paths
Kpoviessi, Josias Mahouna. "Facteurs incitant les agents économiques à changer ou lisser leur consommation énergétique". Thesis, Lille, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021LILUA002.
Testo completoUnderstanding energy behaviour is necessary for the success of the energy transition. This is the object of this thesis.The first chapter describes the characteristics, challenges and the effects and effectiveness of different instruments to manage the demand side.The second chapter focuses on financial incentives to encourage the reduction of energy consumption. Based on a laboratory experiment, our results show that financial incentives (presented as a bonus in this thesis) serve as benchmarks to guide energy consumption. They encourage the least sober individuals to tend towards energy sobriety but, on the contrary, they partially crowd out the intrinsic motivations of the most sober.The final chapter investigates how to communicate. Indeed, attention can be drawn to the negative externalities and also to the positive externalities generated by consumption. We study the effect of this framing with a single shot linear public good experiment with simultaneous decisions, with and without risk. The participants cooperate more in a stochastic environment than in a deterministic one, and even more so when the emphasis is on losses.This can be explained by the fact that uncertainty favourably shifts extreme behaviours. Women in particular are the ones for whom the changes in behaviour are most marked
Figureau, Anne-Gaëlle. "Conception et évaluation d’instruments de gestion de l’eau combinant incitations économiques et préférences sociales : cas des prélèvements agricoles en eau souterraine". Thesis, Montpellier, SupAgro, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015NSAM0005/document.
Testo completoIn order to prevent overexploitation of natural resources, decision makers have been implementing individual quota-based systems. Yet, in the particular case of groundwater abstraction for irrigation, farmers' demand is likely to vary relevantly from year to year, due to annual agricultural, environmental and economic conditions. In this thesis, we wonder how to reconcile environmental aims with farmers' need for flexibility. We propose two instruments for regulating groundwater withdrawals for irrigation that ensure compliance with the total abstractable volume while introducing flexibility in the quota-based management. The first one relies on penalties applied to farmers who exceed their allocation, which are totally redistributed as financial compensations to farmers who have saved water. The second instrument gives farmers the opportunity of pooling water allocations within a contract that makes them jointly liable for the collective allocation compliance. We evaluate both instruments through a participatory approach followed by an experimental approach. Results show that farmers' irrigation choices are not only driven by profit maximization but that their utility function also depends upon non-economic parameters, such as social and ethic preferences. Thus, in order to strengthen their efficiency, instruments must include both economic and social incentives, respectively weighted as to be adapted to local economic conditions and social tissue