Tesi sul tema "Économies comportementales"
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Poinet, Lucie. "Normes locales et fournitures privées de biens publics environnementaux". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Nantes Université, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024NANU3015.
Testo completoThis thesis investigates the influence of local norms on pro-environmental behavior. A meta-analysis of social norm nudge interventions was conducted to compare the differential impact of local and global social norm nudges. The sample on which the meta- analysis is based does not permit the identification of a significant distinction between the two norms. It is proposed that further work is required in order to reinforce the database and to refine the results. Subsequently, a model of local reciprocity within a network of individuals situated in groups, designated as communities, was constructed, and a laboratory experiment was conducted to corroborate the results of the model. The findings demonstrate that individuals contribute in a complementary manner to their neighbors and that when two individuals from each group are able to observe each other, a partial diffusion of behavior can occur between groups. Finally, employing the discrete choice method, our study conducted in Phnom Penh, Cambodia, demonstrated that individuals exhibited a preference for local norms for sorting organic waste. A stronger sense of belonging to the local reference group may contribute to this result. The findings of the thesis thus emphasize the necessity of adapting public interventions to local groups, reinforcing the sense of community belonging, and integrating local reciprocity strategies into public goods management policies
Duchêne, Sébastien. "Quatre essais sur la rationalité limitée en économie et finance comportementales". Thesis, Université Côte d'Azur (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017AZUR0022.
Testo completoThis thesis studies bounded rationality through four chapters, combining theoretical models, laboratory experiments and statistical and econometric analyzes. In the first two chapters, we test the validity of new models in economics which rely on the mathematical formalism of quantum mechanics to account for cognitive biases. In chapter 1, we consider models explaining the order effect and we derive new experimental predictions. In chapter 2, we propose an original experiment to test a wide range of quantum models that account for the conjunction fallacy. Both groups of models fail in our empirical tests and we then discuss possible ways to improve these models. The third chapter explores how individuals deal with successive, complex and abundant economic information. Our experimental results show the subjects' inability to combine such information, which confirms the fuzzy trace theory. Finally, the fourth chapter deals with experimental finance. It studies how margin buying (respectively short selling) increases (decreases) price levels, volatility, heterogeneity of markets, and traders' price expectations, as well as how it changes trading strategies. Our results highlight the clear consequences of each of these techniques used alone, and point to unexpected phenomena when both are combined. Regulatory authorities could take advantage of our analyzes to reduce the destabilization introduced by these techniques
Vialle, Isabelle. "Confiance en soi et économie comportementale du travail : trois essais expérimentaux". Thesis, Lyon 2, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010LYO22018/document.
Testo completoThis dissertation contains three essays that estimate the effects of self-confidence on economic agents’ decisions. An experimental approach is used for those contributions. This work is interested in three topics concerning behavioral labor economics: moonlighting, job search and teamwork. The first chapter investigates the existence of optimism biases in the context of irregular work. This essay proposes a measure of optimism biases through a decision process. The results show that the way the monitoring policy is announced deeply affects the perception of the risk at stake: the designation of the number of randomly controlled agents tends to foster the cheats’ optimism. The second chapter studies how the uncertainty on ability and self-esteem of job-seekers affect their search behaviors. The results show that on average the low ability agents’ decisions are not affected by the uncertainty about their ability, whereas the high ability agents tend to decrease their reservation wage and thus to stop their search faster. However, the low ability agents’ decisions are not homogeneous: the higher the worker’s self-esteem is, the higher his reservation wage is. The third chapter aims at estimating how workers’ self-image biases affect effort choices and team production. The results show that the workers who overestimate (underestimate) their ability provide higher (lower) effort levels than the unbiased. The results also reveal that the agents benefit from their partner’s confidence, but not from their own bias. Conversely, the presence of underconfident agents in the team damages the welfare of both teammates
Shang, Lu. "Économie de l’Innovation : le cas du véhicule intelligent". Thesis, Lille 1, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010LIL12010.
Testo completoTitled “Economy of innovation – The case of the intelligent (smart ?) vehicle”, this thesis deals with the growing innovation in the transportation means through the growing importance of artificial intelligence in vehicles, in infrastructures, and in centralized regulation and monitoring centers. It presents new theoretical instruments applicable for the economy of innovation by defining the framework of its behavioral aspects. These new theoretical instruments are applied to the case of designers and to the case of consumers-drivers of the intelligent vehicle. Innovative topics are the following: - the impact of intelligent systems on road safety, - the conditions for accepting and spreading intelligent systems, - the evolution of the car industry towards the intelligent vehicle, - the global design of the intelligent vehicle: the artificial intelligence embedded in the vehicle as an assistant tool or the vehicle as secondary to the intelligence of the movement
Josset, Jean-Marc. "Une approche comportementale de la congestion urbaine". Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016SACLS033/document.
Testo completoHow to solve congestion problems related to urban development? As the massive investment in infrastructure and the monetary and coercive treatment of behaviors have shown their limits, we propose instead to explore the promotion of positive behavior (carpooling, biking, telecommuting). We start by expanding the behavioral model of the individual, by taking into account the context (frame) in which it happens. We justify this contribution primarily through the work of the psychologist Daniel Kahneman and the sociologist Ervin Goffman . Then we clarify our methodological approach: by showing how the process of laboratory experiments is connected to the behavioral factors of the homo oeconomicus, we show the consistency of our frame hypothesis with field experiments. We then describe three experiments to show (i) how the frame is underpinned by a dominant discourse (ii) the importance of the retroactive measure of this representation and (iii) how motivations acts within that frame. We derive several principles to promote a change of mobility behavior able to treat congestion: (i) the place of the individual in transport schemes, (ii) using time or well-being as a measurement indicator and (iii)collective representations as coordination enablers
Jeanningros, Hugo. "Conduire numériquement les conduites : économie comportementale, objets connectés et prévention dans l’assurance privée française". Thesis, Sorbonne université, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020SORUL115.
Testo completoThe Insurance’s ability to shape and distribute risks and responsibilities relies on the exploitation of multiple sources of data. The large amount of information produced in the digital era can be mobilized in order to reconfigure the relationship between the insurers and the insureds. Behavioral insurance, which builds on the tracking and valuation of the insured’s daily behavioral data, constitutes a striking and politically sensitive case, even though it is a poorly documented phenomenon. Building on a qualitative investigation and the deployment of an economic sociology of information, this research sheds light on the origins and the concrete functioning of behavioral insurance. The research shows the context of emergence of these products and the ways these are designed and implemented. If the wield of power by insurance is as old as the institution itself, it appears that the forms of this wielding are unprecedented. On the basis of behavioral economics theories and the shaping of an informational pipelines built on the uses of tracking devices, the promoters of behavioral insurance attempt to digitally conduct insured’s daily conducts, and to act as conductors of the alignment of individual, entrepreneurial and societal interests. Behavioral insurance is an uncompleted attempt of shaping an algorithmic governmentality
Le, Lec Fabrice. "Essais de théorie des jeux comportementale". Aix-Marseille 3, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007AIX32033.
Testo completoThe purpose of this thesis is to show that game theory relies on principles which are questioned on empirical as well as theoretical grounds. Indeed, intensive empirical investigations ("Behavioral Economics") tend to show that subjects depart substantially from game theoretic predictions. Behaviora" models have flourished to account for such empirical deviations, but in a very fragmentary: they result in a substantive loss in terms of formal elegance and unification (chapter 2). A canvas aiming at generalizing economic behaviors to almost arbitrary ones, and thus targeting behaviors which seem to violate the standard approach, is proposed. It is shown that given some very weak and reasonable principles of decision making, it always exists an equilibrium in strategic interactions (chapter 3). Various types of behaviors satisfying this condition and well documented in the economic literatur are exhibited, and it is put forth that an equilibrium can arise from heterogenous behaviors -- different preferences, different levels of rationality, different patterns of behavior (chapter 4). It is shown that such an equilibrium could be reached when a generic class of dynamics describes learning processes, as in the standard case of Nash equilibrium (chapter 5). An extension is constructed in frequentist terms in order to extend behavioral equilibrium to non-convex behaviors (chapter 6). An extension to general equilibrium is also provided. (chapter 7)
Tran, Hieu. "Fragilité financière par l'analyse des réseaux et l'approche comportementale". Thesis, Bordeaux, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018BORD0445/document.
Testo completoThis thesis studies financial fragility, i.e. the sensitivity of the financial system with respect to shocks. the main issue of financial fragility in the current context is the increased financial complexity. To address this problem, this study draws inspiration from two relatively recent streams of literature : econopmics of networks and behavioral economics. The main concepts in use are diffusion, cascade and bounded rationality. Chapter 1 studies how petterns of links, specifically, the length of transitive cycles affect the extent of financial contagion. Chapter 2 proposes a dynamic model in which bank runs arise as cascades of withdrawals. The aim is to better understand how bank runs occur. Chapter 3 studies bank runs in a dynamic and behavioral setting, with herding and heterogeneity of depositors
Zheng, Jiakun. "Essais sur l'économie comportementale et la prise de décision en situation d'incertitude". Thesis, Toulouse 1, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020TOU10008.
Testo completoHere, we study insurance decisions when the policyholder evaluates insurance with narrow framing. We show that due to aversion to risk on the net insurance payoff, narrow framing reduces insurance demand in the form of both coinsurance and deductible insurance. We also show that the optimal insurance contract involves a deductible and the coinsurance of losses above the deductible when transaction costs depend on the actuarial value of the policy. In an incentivized lab experiment, we document substantial effects of narrow framing on hedging. By estimating a structural model, we find that people give a weight of 43% to the utility from evaluating insurance in isolation and 57% to the hedging value of the contract. We also find that individuals with lower cognitive abilities and lower demand from insurance place a significantly higher weight on the evaluation of insurance in isolation. Risk is rarely an individual phenomenon and often shared in groups and households. In the case of informal insurance situations, individual risk preferences have to face the risk preferences of the group. We study for the case of spouses, how individual versus household risk preferences interact in an experimental paradigm. 202 cohabiting spouses (101 couples) participated in a controlled experimental risk-taking task. We focus on a household risk task, in which spouses face the choice between an option in which risk is correlated (high household risk, low inequality among spouses) and an option allowing for hedging (low household risk, high inequality among spouses). We show that spouses are mainly influenced by household risk and do not react to inequality as long as payoffs are symmetric. However when payoffs become asymmetric, because one of the spouses risk is reduced, we observe a change in preferences. Specifically our results suggest that households put a higher weight on men’s individual risks. We further observe that married couples put a higher weight on expected utilities from joint household payoffs. Prevention decisions that reduce individuals’ health risks are important, generally irreversible, and particularly difficult since they imply a trade-off between two important attributes: the safety and its cost. All those features make regret more likely to be anticipated. In this paper, we study the willingness to pay for reductions in health risks within a framework of anticipated regret. We show that with other things being equal, an individual who is disproportionately averse to large regrets has a higher willingness to pay than a standard expected utility individual. This notion of regret aversion has been shown to be able to explain many decision patterns which violate standard expected utility theory. Moreover, the effect of regret aversion on willingness to pay can be interpreted as if the regret averse individual overweighs risk reductions due to prevention, i.e., probability overweighting effect. We further discuss how the resolution of uncertainty may affect the regret averse individual’s willingness to pay
Mitrouchev, Ivan. "Essais sur l'économie comportementale normative : problèmes méthodologiques et théoriques". Thesis, Reims, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020REIME001.
Testo completoThis thesis is a collection of five chapters which tackle and aim to solve various methodological and theoretical issues associated with normative behavioural economics. The first chapter proposes a historical reconstruction of normative behavioural economics. It is shown that the founders of prospect theory already had an early interest in the normative implications of their theory, which had a substantial influence on the methodology of behavioural welfare economics. The second chapter is a philosophical assessment of the theory of experienced utility measurement. After showing that the experienced utility criterion suffers from many methodological and theoretical problems, I suggest an alternative approach of objective happiness that aligns better with the scope of public policy and with the way individuals actually perceive the notion of objective happiness. The third chapter proposes a literature review of the ‘problem of reconciling’ normative and behavioural economics. I suggest a consensus on how the ‘reconciliation problem’ can be best tackled by proposing a simple framework by which economists could consensually agree about what a ‘good’ normative criterion is. The result is however that none of the main normative criteria offered in the literature satisfy all requirements of the proposed framework. In the fourth chapter, we propose an alternative form of normative economics that accounts for context-dependent preferences. Our approach differs from other approaches offered in the literature in the sense that it focuses on the process by which individuals’ multiple selves start with conflicting preferences and end up with their own preferences (an approach we label ‘view from manywhere’). In the fifth and last chapter, we introduce the ontological framework of personal persistence in normative economics in order to discuss some ethical concerns of time-inconsistent preferences. The overall result of the present thesis is that albeit normative behavioural economics rapidly flourished over the last few years in public policy, this domain of research still needs to address a consequent number of methodological and theoretical issues before it can be considered as a promising field to be applied in public decision-making. Normative behavioural economics must specially face two important problems, which result from those already studied in this thesis. First, the ethical issues related to time-inconsistent preferences require the improvement of our ontological understanding of individual identity. Second, the theoretical problems of normative behavioural economics require to be assessed by the tools of social choice: a rigorous framework that would allow us to clarify in formal language several theoretical objections listed in the critical literature
Guirat, Rania. "L'hétérogénéité des comportements sur le marché boursier français : théories et vérifications empiriques". Thesis, Paris 10, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA100212.
Testo completoThis PhD dissertation presents a contribution to the analysis of the behaviour’s heterogeneity on the stock markets. It proposes, firstly, a review of the literature of heterogeneous agents’ models which allow reproducing stylised facts observed in the real markets such as an excessive volatility of prices, an important transaction’s volume, grouped volatilities, a fat tail distribution and a mean return, which contradicts the markets efficiency and the assumption of a representative agent. These models also, allow explaining the bubbles emergence and prices behaviours sometimes chaotic. The explicit heterogeneity hypothesis, in modelling, leads representations more adequate with reality. In addition, we propose empirical works on investor’s behaviours heterogeneity in the French stock market, for individuals stocks and following different observation frequencies. The first estimation considers a model of evolutionary strategies selection. We noted the persistence of the difference between prices and fundamental values. We also noticed the confusion of investors in crisis periods with a brutal change between strategies and this often for the majority of investors. We concluded for these periods that there are imitation phenomena related on lack of information and uncertainty climate. This result agrees with real market during bubble formation and bursting of a bubble. These results are generally confirmed by the second estimation of the LSTAR-GARCH model which explicitly considers a conditional variance and supposes different assumptions from the first
Mangot, Mickael. "Choix intertemporels : un modèle comportemental d'escompte quasi-hyperbolique". Phd thesis, Université Panthéon-Sorbonne - Paris I, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00165187.
Testo completoNous abordons ensuite le cas où une des options de choix fait naître une préférence « viscérale » et celui où une option fait figure de statu quo, induisant de nouvelles incohérences. Nous testons le modèle général d' « escompte séquentiel » et le modèle avec statu quo à partir de données expérimentales. Enfin, nous appliquons la modélisation aux décisions d'épargne de cycle de vie. L'individu est supposé être assujetti en permanence à des signaux de consommation qui induisent chez lui une préférence pour la consommation immédiate qu'il ne peut anticiper. Ce faisant, il expérimente constamment des excès de consommation par rapport à ses plans. Nous montrons que l'existence d'un actif illiquide peut lui permettre de contraindre ses consommations futures et d'éviter une insuffisance d'épargne critique au moment du passage à la retraite.
Kirakozian, Ankinée. "Trois essais en économie des déchets : comportements individuels et politiques publiques". Thesis, Nice, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015NICE0013/document.
Testo completoThe observation of a positive trend in the amount of waste in France and in the world has called for studies explaining household sorting behavior. This thesis lies in this perspective and aims at determining how to lead consumers to reduce their waste. We first present a review of the literature analyzing the portfolio of waste management public policies. We discuss the limits of the traditional approach stating that individuals adopt a rational behavior, seeking utility gains. Instead we support the idea that addressing behavioral factors is required for public policies supporting recycling behavior to succeed. In a second step, we investigate the the determinants of sorting behavior by building an original survey on 694 individuals in the PACA region. Our study combines and tests hypotheses first developed by sociologists and psychologists with concepts from behavioral economics. We use a probit model to estimate the probability to adopt a selective sorting behavior. Our empirical analysis shows that social influence negatively impacts recycling. Finally, we complete this study with an agent-based model which seeks to explain the sorting of waste as well as how such behavior is impacted by public policies. Our model considers heterogeneous households whose recycling decision is affected by four elements: individual environmental preferences and self-image, the opportunity cost of a tax on sorting, and the cost of sorting. Three public policies are tested: information, tax and "nudges"
Raineau, Yann. "Défis environnementaux de la viticulture : une analyse comportementale des blocages et des leviers d'action". Thesis, Bordeaux, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018BORD0033.
Testo completoThis thesis deals with the impact of agriculture on health and the environment from a behavioural economics perspective. Focusing on the controversial use of pesticides in the winegrowing industry, I demonstrate the importance of considering the trade-offs made by economic actors in order to understand the obstacles hindering a shift to sustainable production. On the consumer side, I experimentally measure the competitive effect of certification (organic farming) and technological innovations (e.g. resistant grapevines, reduction of sulphites) on consumers’ preferences. I observe that consumers are partly willing to review their taste requirements in exchange for high environmental quality level, but that their motives are essentially health-oriented, generating contradictory signals towards producers. Besides, selecting the best products is hampered by the little information consumers are provided with. On the supply side, I argue that ability to meet demand is strongly limited by the inertia of the production system. This inertia can be attributed to risk aversion but again, to a large extent, to a lack of information, rather than being, as is often suggested in an agricultural context, the result of imitation. This lack of information this time concerns the various options available upstream, in this instance, on the part of winegrowers. I then provide guidelines for public regulatory policies, at global level or at more local level of corporate governance, to enable a match between supply and societal demand
Saade, Samer. "Sous-évaluation et sous-performance des introductions en bourse des entreprises de la "nouvelle économie" : une approche par la finance comportementale". Grenoble 2, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007GRE21028.
Testo completoThe underpricing of the "new economy" firms following their Initial Public Offering (lPO) and their long-run underperformance are the main anomalies studied in this research. Our main contribution to the existing literature is to provide an explanation for the link between these two anomalies, by examining a set of variables measured around the IPO date. The behavioural approach we use accounts for the investor sentiment and the investor's behavioural bias. The model that ties these anomalies examines the clustering of lPOS during a hot market, the investor sentiment, and the offering characteristics of the "new economy" firms as well as the quality of IPOS. Our sample consists of 617 IPOS done between 01/01/1998 and 31/12/2004 on the Nasdaq stock exchange. The empirical evidence shows that these lPOS are underpriced on average by 71,50%. Their long-term underperformance ranges from 52,06% to 120,64%. When IPOS take place during a hot market, they are substantially underpriced and they exhibit a large aftermarket underperformance. This research shed the light on the overly optimistic investors and analysts about the prospects and the growth of the "new economy" firms and in the negative effect of noise traders. To issue equity, the managers of the firms take advantage of the windows of opportunity, during which the shares are overpriced. The underpricing creates a positive momentum of the shares returns which persists on the short run after going public and that is sustained by the investor's overconfidence and the positive market conditions that prevail after the IPO date. Its reversion in the medium and the long term causes the underperformance of the IPO shares
Jullien, Dorian. "A methodological perspective on behavioral economics and the role of language in economic rationality". Thesis, Nice, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016NICE0012/document.
Testo completoIn this dissertation, we propose a methodological perspective on the twofold role of language in economic rationality, economists’ uses of language to theorize it and economic agent’s uses of language to express it, can clarify three main issues (and their connections), underlying the behavioral versus standard economics debates: the issue of the theoretical unification regarding the three dimensions of economic rationality, the issue of interdisciplinarity between economics and Psychology and the positive/normative issue within models of individual behaviors. Regarding the positive/normative issue and the role of language in the behaviors of economic agents, the intention is to provide a constructive criticism of contributions from behavioral as well as standard economists. Following the entanglement thesis of philosopher Hilary Puntam and philosophers-economists Vivian Walsh and Amartya Sen, it is argued that both standard and behavioral economists propose an unsatisfying articulation between the positive and normative dimensions of models of individual behaviors; and that recognizing the entanglement of facts, values and conventions can actually be theoretically and empirically fruitful. Paying some attention to the role of language in the behaviors of economic agents may sometimes show that a seemingly irrational behavior can in fact be defended as rational; hence we argue that, and show how, the implicit axiom -- known as ‘description invariance’ -- in standard models of individual behaviors preventing the influence of language needs to be weakened (though not dropped entirely), contrary to the positions of most behavioral and standard economists
Mangot, Mickaël. "Choix intertemporels : un modèle comportemental d'escompte quasi-hyperbolique". Paris 1, 2007. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00165187.
Testo completoAkkouche, Nour El Houda Rabab. "Approche comportementale pour le pilotage des consommations énergétiques dans le bâtiment". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Paris sciences et lettres, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023UPSLM081.
Testo completoIn the current context, efforts to reduce energy consumption in buildings must take into consideration a wide range of parameters, the building, its environment, its equipment and, above all, the behavior of its users. Nudges, which emerged from behavioral economics and find applications in various fields (finance, food, health, etc.), have been explored in the environmental context in general, and specifically in that of energy consumption in buildings.The aim of our work is to implement energy-saving behaviors through nudges in a building and to measure their impact using smart meters. Our approach involves dynamic thermal simulations, the use of connected sensors, and the creation of occupant profiles through questionnaires. These elements are typically addressed individually and isolated in the literature.We start with a theoretical assessment of the energy-saving actions that have the most significant impact in reducing energy consumption in a public tertiary building located in France. We create a framework based on psychological theories and previous works to define concepts that we use to define different energy consumers profiles. We conduct an experimentation using smart meters to measure the impact of nudges on behavioral change among occupants of an office building. To do this, we implement a platform for delivering various types of nudges to different profiles that we have established from a classification based on behavioral theories. In this way, we have combined the technological and behavioral aspects, which are often dealt with separately, and for which research often requires a multidisciplinary approach.Simulating different types of energy use scenarios in the same building is also interesting for studying the impact of occupants' behavior on energy consumption, and how the use of tailored incentives to raise awareness and encourage the larger adoption of energy savings measures can lead to a significant reduction in energy consumption in the building.The results obtained are positive in terms of energy savings, provided that prior knowledge of occupants is established
Moscato, Grégory. "Intelligence économique et modélisation financière : mise en œuvre d'un outil pour les projets d'entreprises". Thesis, Paris Est, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PEST0250/document.
Testo completoFaced with an increasing globalization, enterprises must strive to take into account their economic environment if they wish to gain a sustainable competitive advantage. The analysis and use of financial information is at the very heart of this struggle, which has led us to explore the links between economic intelligence and finance. While the apparent lack of cooperation between the two fields takes its roots within their historical and theoretical developments, we show how the recent developments in behavorial finance, by moving away from the classical assumptions of efficient markets in equilibrium with perfectly rational agents, have reintroduced the need for economic intelligence. After underlying the limitations and risks linked with the typical assumptions of "rational" financial models we then proceed with the development of a valuation tool with a subjective risk aversion factor and show that we can obtain a finer analysis than with standard capital budgeting techniques
Farrow, Katherine. "Social norms and prosocial behavior : Experimental insights". Thesis, Montpellier, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017MONTD008.
Testo completoA growing body of empirical evidence demonstrates that decision-making is embedded within complex personal, cognitive, and social contexts that call for a richer understanding of behavior than that described by traditional neoclassical economic theory. Contrary to the conventional selfishness assumption advanced by standard theory, it has now been established that people systematically behave in prosocial ways and furthermore, that the propensity to do so is sensitive to a variety of elements of decision context that have historically been considered irrelevant. We examine the assumptions that social preferences are outcome-regarding and consistent, and the extent to which social norms may be implicated in the divergences from these assumptions.This work has a strong applied focus. In an environment of limited public budgets and increasingly pressing social and environmental challenges, interventions based on behavioral insights can be appealing policy instruments, as they are often more economical than traditional command-and-control or incentive-based tools, and have the potential to generate reliable and immediate behavior change. Given that social norms can be an important determinant of aggregate societal outcomes in a diverse range of contexts, we investigate several aspects of the optimal design of behavioral interventions that leverage normative considerations, as well as the dynamics between social norms and formal institutional measures. These works are complemented by a review of the literature regarding the impact of social norm interventions on proenvironmental behaviors and of several theoretical accounts of the role that social norms play in the decision-making process.Through the use of both laboratory and online experiments (via Amazon Mechanical Turk and the NSF-funded Time-Sharing Experiments for the Social Sciences), the experimental studies that comprise the thesis examine the impact of valence framing on the effectiveness of a normative intervention, the capacity for a single normative intervention to generate heterogeneous behavioral impacts, and the effectiveness of certain informal norm-enforcement mechanisms and their interaction with formal institutional sanctions. From these studies, we draw a number of policy-relevant implications and identify the need for future work on a number of specific issues related to the role of social norms in behavior and accordingly, to the design of effective behavioral interventions that leverage social norms
Truc, Alexandre. "Transforming economics through psychology : an assessment of the behavioral economics 'revolution'". Thesis, Paris 8, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PA080067/document.
Testo completoWhile Behavioral economics (BE) is successful, recent debates prompted questions about the nature of this 'revolution' for economics. The aim of this thesis is to investigate BE from a philosophical, sociological, and historical perspective to better qualify what the tensions and stakes surrounding the change brought about by it are. Contrasting with most of the literature that tends to compare BE, neoclassical economics, and heterodoxies side-by-side, we use an up-to-date Kuhnian approach to focus on intra and interdisciplinary interactions. Because of the role of outsiders in BE, its proponents adopted particular rhetorical stances that led to what we call a ‘revolution on the fence’ that mixes important transformations for economics (e.g. emphasis on interdisciplinarity and empirics) with visible conservative elements (e.g. structure of formal models). While many economists have partly adopted the practices introduced by BE, we argue based on a case-study of incommensurability in recent controversies that BE is locally incompatible with the strongest interpretations of the methodology of revealed preferences, as well as with the interpretation of economics as an insular disciplines. Moreover, we also find contradictory interpretations of what BE is within the field. Using quantitative and networks analysis, we argue that the initial disciplinary mobility displayed by BE’s founders, is interpreted in two ways. While some argue for a return to ‘normal science’ compatible with most of economics, others adopted the interdisciplinarity praised by BE’s founders to push the frontiers of economics in directions further away from the core of traditional economics concerns
Allibe, Benoit. "Modélisation des consommations d'énergie du secteur résidentiel français : amélioration du réalisme comportemental et scénarios volontaristes". Phd thesis, Paris, EHESS, 2012. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00872403.
Testo completoLong term modelling of residential energy consumption is most often realised by two kinds of models : engineering and economic. The former have the ability to precisely depict the energy demand infrastructure in a technical way but generally lack a necessary level of realism concerning households' behaviours when facing changes of economical context. The research undertaken during this thesis explains how elements of behavioural realism have been implemented in an engineering model of housing space heating consumption in order to combine both technical explicitness and behavioural realism. Results highlight the elasticity of space heating consumption with respect to a number of variables including technical performance, allowing the estimation of the rebound effect phenomenon at a national scale. The second part of the research is dedicated to the techno-economic modelling of households' energy efficient equipment investments. The results obtained from the model enabled the quantification of energy efficiency barriers concerning the main types of housing refurbishment and heating systems. Other results depict how market heterogeneity can be introduced in techno-economic models. These elements were implemented into a prospective model (BEUS), wich was developed during the thesis. Simulation results show that the increase of behavioural realism of engineering models makes it even more difficult to reach mid- and long-term national energy and climate policies targets. Finally, a discussion is proposed on the topic of energy tier-pricing and its fiscal equivalent - a bonus-malus on energy consumption - based on BEUS results
Moscato, Gregory. "Intelligence économique et modélisation financière : mise en œuvre d'un outil pour les projets d'entreprises". Phd thesis, Université Paris-Est, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00469189.
Testo completoRafaï, Ismaël. "Prise en compte de l'attention limitée dans l'analyse économique". Thesis, Université Côte d'Azur (ComUE), 2019. http://theses.univ-cotedazur.fr/2019AZUR0027.
Testo completoThis thesis contributes to the integration of limited attention within the economic theory. We argue that attentional allocation processes can be understood as a production process with the allocated attention (the quantity of attentional resources invested in a decision) as an input and the effective attention (the amount of information contained in that decision) as an output. Borrowing methods from psychology and cognitive sciences, we propose three essays to shedding light on these processes. In the first chapter, we manipulate the presentation order between reward information and perceptual evidence in a two-alternative forced-choice task. The allocated attention is controlled, and we measure effective attention with a Signal Detection model. We found that the last information presented is more weighted in the decision. We attribute this effect to the division of attention. The second chapter proposes an experiment where participants pay costly attention to reduce the uncertainty of a discrimination task. We measure both allocated attention (through the response time) and effective attention (through performance). This experiment allows the study of attentional social dilemmas (situations where attention is costly for individuals but beneficial for the group). We highlight a discrepancy between monetary elicited social preferences and the behaviors exhibited in our attentional social dilemma. The last chapter proves that a model of revealed preferences under stochastic attention can be implemented and tested empirically. We provide new characterization and revealed preference theorems for a general version of Brady and Rehbeck’s model (2016, Econometrica). We propose and analyze – with numerical simulations – statistic procedures to test the axioms, to reveal preferences, and to measure effective attention. We test the internal validity of the model with a selective attention task, where participants choose an alternative among distractors and we find that most of the participants behave in accordance with the model and reveal coherent preferences
Debbich, Majdi. "Essays in Financial Literacy and Financial Behaviors". Paris, EHESS, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015EHES0098.
Testo completoIn the recent years, households have been facing a process of increasing financial responsibility given a globa trend of pension systems privatization, loan markets liberalization and credit expansion. Meanwhile the supply of financial products has become more complex. In this context, do people have the ability to process economic and financial information and take sound decisions in terms of financial planning, wealth accumulation, debt and pensions? What remedies can be considered so as to mitigate the adverse effects of poorly informed financial decisions? This thesis contributes to answering both questions through an empirical assessment of financial literacy in the French population and its relationship with financial behaviors but also through a study of the determinants of financial literacy over the life course and potential remedies to financial illiteracy. I report evidence that financial literacy levels in France appear to be in the international average with heterogeneous levels across population subgroups: men, educated, middle-age as well as wealthy respondents tend to perform better. I also show that financial literacy can have an influence on financial behaviors by fostering participation to the stock market and financial planning in the long-run. I question the role of financial advisor as potential alternatives to financial education and show that these cannot substitute
Malezieux, Antoine. "Essais sur la psychologie économique du comportement d’évasion fiscale". Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LORR0062/document.
Testo completoThe first Chapter uses differential psychology and psychometrics to correlate tax evasion behaviour observed in the lab to individual personality traits, measured thanks to standardized psychometric questionnaires. These personality questionnaires are related to moral emotions, moral judgments and norm submission. The results are twofold. First, moral emotions better explain evasion behavior than any other personality questionnaire. However, secondly, the explanatory power of these personality traits remains very modest. This lack of a strong relationship suggests that individual characteristics are of little help to understand and predict tax evasion behavior. It highlights the importance of the institutional context in which compliance is elicited. The second and third Chapters try to better account for this institutional context, using the social psychology of commitment. The second Chapter shows that a modification of the taxpayer’s environment, thanks to the exposition to an oath to tell the truth, increases the level of honesty of subsequent tax reports. Building on these results, the third Chapter investigates the hypothesis that direct democracy, as present in some cantons in Switzerland, could be the source of higher tax compliance. According to the existing literature, its cause could be either social coordination between agents or a commitment effect due to the vote itself. The results show that social coordination between taxpayers does not explain this phenomenon, which rather reflects a commitment effect of participation in the electoral process
Suchon, Rémi. "Essays on the economics of social identity, social preferences and social image". Thesis, Lyon, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LYSEN080/document.
Testo completoThe present dissertation studies three social determinants of economic decisions: Social Identity, Social Image, and Social preferences. The first chapter reports on an experiment testing the effect of upward social mobility on interpersonal trust. Individuals are characterized both by a natural group identity and by a status awarded by means of relative performance in a task in which natural identities strongly predict performance. Upward mobility is characterized by the access to the high status of individuals belonging to the natural group associated with a lower expected performance. We find that socially mobile individuals trust less than those who are not socially mobile, both when the trustee belongs to the same natural group or to the other natural group. In contrast, upward mobility does not affect trustworthiness. We find no evidence that interacting with an upwardly mobile individual impacts trust or trustworthiness. In the second chapter, we test whether individuals internalize the effects of their behavior on the social image of their group. In our experiment, we recruit pairs of real-life friends and study whether misreporting decreases when it may have negative spillovers on the image of the friend. We find that participants hurt their friends' social image by misreporting: external observers update their beliefs and rightfully expect that a participant whose friend misreported is likely to misreport himself. However, participants misreport as often when their behavior can hurt the friend's image as when it cannot, even though hurting their friends' image reduces their own monetary gains. Our interpretation is that they underestimate the impact of their behavior on external observers' beliefs about their friends. Our results show that, even in our case where group membership is salient, groups might have difficulties building a good image. The good news is that external observers may use image spillovers to update their beliefs and interact with members of groups more efficiently. In the third chapter, we experimentally test whether the salience of counter-factual payoffs impacts generosity. Participants first perform a real-effort task for a fixed wage, and then play a dictator game. Between conditions, we vary the level and the timing of the revelation of the wage. In some conditions, participants know the wage before the real effort task, and are not informed of the other potential levels. In some other conditions, they are informed of the distribution of the wages before the real effort task, but the actual wage is only revealed afterward. Our hypothesis is that participants in the latter conditions evaluate their actual wage relative to the other potential levels, which in turns impact their transfers in the subsequent dictator game. The results support this hypothesis: participants who get a the high wage tend to transfer more when they are informed of the other potential levels than when they are not. Symmetrically, participants who get the low wage tend to transfer less when they are informed of the other potential levels than when they are not
Bousquet, Léa. "Three essays on intertemporal choices". Paris, EHESS, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016EHES0099.
Testo completoThis thesis uses methods from behavioral economics to contribute to the analyses of intertemporal choices. First, the influences of consumers' present bias and their naivete about this bias on the market power of firms competing imperfectly are studied. In this framework, present-biased but sophisticated consumers allow firms to increase their profit by giving them more market power. Under certain conditions the present bias can also increase social welfare. Individuals' naivete either does not change firms' profit or reduces it. Yet, it always causes inefficiencies so that social welfare is reduced. Second, this thesis, through a lab experiment, aims at measuring the ability of individuals to anticipate their present or future bias. These biases and the accuracy of their anticipation are elicited from the choices of monetary allocations between two dates and the anticipation of those choices. The main result from this study is that individuals who are present- or future-biased tend to underestimate their bias. Finally, this thesis provides a theoretical explanation for the link between risk aversion and screening decision. The value of information can be instrumental but also emotional. Individuals may be risk averse on health status but also derive relatively less utility from a positive emotional reaction than disutility from a negative one, that is to say, be averse to information. If the information is only instrumental, risk aversion increases the likelihood to get tested. However, considering also the emotional value of the information, if the individual is strongly averse to information, the more risk averse she is and the less likely she chooses to get tested
Bellet, Clément. "Essays on inequality, social preferences and consumer behavior". Thesis, Paris, Institut d'études politiques, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017IEPP0004/document.
Testo completoThis thesis studies ways in which inequality between and within groups affects consumer behaviors and welfare through social comparison effects. The objective is to provide a better understanding of a number of economic phenomena, namely: How to understand the extensive use of credit by lower income households in periods of stagnating real income growth? How do visible identities such as race or caste affect consumption choices, and can social hierarchies lead to poverty traps? Do luxury goods become more necessary when inequality rises, and what does such a phenomenon tell us about the social limits to growth? To that aim, the thesis incorporates important findings of behavioural economics, in particular on other-regarding preferences and subjective well-being, into theories of consumption and savings. Chapter 1 presents a model of relative consumption which accounts for comparison effects over time and across goods. The following chapters identify these effects using representative survey data and large datasets obtained via web-scrapping techniques. Chapter 2 looks at mortgage debt in the United States when households care about the relative size of their house. Chapters 3 and 4 study the social component of expenditures in India and its implication in terms of malnutrition using standard and structural estimation techniques
Javaheri, Mahsa. "Analyse expérimentale de la consommations de fruits et légumes". Phd thesis, Université d'Angers, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00459381.
Testo completoCosic, Hana. "Essays in behavioural economics". Thesis, Strasbourg, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014STRAB023/document.
Testo completoWhy do we take risks or we do not? Why do not we recycle more? Under uncertainty what do we expect will happen to our home prices? These and many other questions are asked on daily basis.For possible explanations and answers to these and similar questions principles of behavioural economics can be used. Behavioural economics (BE) is the combination of psychology and economics that investigates what happens in markets in which some of agents display human limitations and complications (Mullainathan and Thaler, 2000). Behavioural economics provides more realistic psychological foundations to increase explanatory and predictive power of economic theory. The study of behavioural economics has inspired a number of different theories and has been used in many applications, and this thesis follows the same path and investigates different applications of behavioural economics. This thesis explores three novel applications of behavioural economics to management, policy making and property investment decision making
Schinckus, Christophe. "La diversification théorique en finance de marché : vers de nouvelles perspectives de l'incertitude : étude de la contribution de la finance comportementale et l'éconophysique en matière de modélisation de l'évaluation des actifs financiers". Paris 1, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PA010072.
Testo completoGranier, Benoit. "Circulations transnationales et transformations de l’action publique : la mobilisation des sciences comportementales dans la politique énergétique japonaise (2010-2016)". Thesis, Lyon, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LYSE2046/document.
Testo completoIn recent years, changing individual behaviours has become a key issue for public policy, which has been mobilising new bodies of knowledge, namely behavioural sciences. These are explicitly and increasingly used in Japan’s energy policy in order to lower household energy consumption, in the context of both the Fukushima nuclear disaster and the liberalisation of the energy markets. My dissertation investigates the explanatory factors and the implementation of this significant change in a policy domain which was so far marked by a techno-economic approach paying little attention to behavioural issues. Drawing on theoretical and methodological perspectives from public policy analysis and policy transfer studies, I analyse the genesis and the implementation of two large-scale programs: first, the smart grid social experiments named Smart Communities; second, the Opower’s Home Energy Reports pilot study. Building on about eighty semi-structured interviews and on a wide variety of written sources, I emphasise the major role played by transnational circulations in the design and the implementation of these programs, and more broadly in Japan’s energy policy.I argue that the mobilisation of behavioural sciences in Japan’s energy policy results from manifolds factors which question the opposition between the endogenous and exogenous nature of policy change, as well as the distinction between domestic and extranational factors. Indeed, the use of this body of knowledge can be explained by the strategies of a few stakeholders who achieved to introduce new policy ideas and tools coming from abroad, in response to issues faced by the Japanese Government. Through a micro-sociological analysis of their strategies, I suggest to endogenize the explanation of policy change while integrating exogenous factors and extranational dynamics. The mobilisation of behavioural sciences in Japan’s energy policy results inseparably from the expansion of this body of knowledge in academia and in public policy in the US and in Europe; from the strategies of transnational, Japanese and American stakeholders; and from the stringency of climate and energy problems in Japan. The US plays a central role in the transnational circulation of behavioural sciences in the energy field, which can be explained by the “practical” and “consensual” dimension of these sciences
Beasley, Elizabeth. "Policies for increasing prosocial behavior : evidence from three experimental studies". Thesis, Paris, Institut d'études politiques, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013IEPP0047/document.
Testo completoThe essays contained in this dissertation use empirical evidence to address two issues which are critically important given our growing understanding of the relationship of social preferences to economic growth and well-being at the country level: the foundations of prosocial behavior and the impact of policies designed to increase it. Levels of prosocial behavior have often been taken as a given, fixed, factor, but these essays provide evidence that they are subject to change from policy interventions. Given that there are few interventions specifically focused on trust and cooperation, there may be large scope for improving welfare by increasing the policy focus on this issue, and these essays provide evidence that this is indeed the case. Chapter 1 addresses the foundations of pro-social behavior using different frames in requests for a public good contribution, and shows that information on the social norm is the most potent motivator of public good contribution. In Chapter 2 provides empirical and theoretical evidence from a large project that pro-social behavior at the community level, in contributing to local public services, depends on the anticipated efficacy of that behavior. Chapter 3 provides new evidence on the impact of trust on the individual level, and shows that a childhood training program that increased trust, as well as improving attention and reducing delinquency, set off a chain of events resulting in better long-term outcomes for individuals in terms of education, criminality, and economic performance
Goldzahl, Léontine. "A behavioral approach to breast cancer screening decision". Thesis, Paris 1, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA010011.
Testo completoThis thesis explores supply and demand factors associated with the use of breast cancer screening. Among the supply factors, I examine how the coexistence of organized and opportunistic screenings influences the content of the screening exam and screening regularity. Besides the usual demand factors such as socioeconomic characteristics, a special attention is being given to the possibility of explaining screening regularly by individuals’ risk and time preferences and perceptions. Based on psychological patterns identified in the literature in behavioral economics and psychology, three nudge interventions are tested in a randomized field experiment to increase the national program uptake rate
Prost, Emilien. "Legitimacy and incentives in a hierarchical relationship". Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LORR0121.
Testo completoThe general purpose of our thesis is, on the one hand, to study the influence of legitimacy of the manager on the motivation of his employee to exert effort and, on the other hand, to analyze how the manager integrates this potential influence into his behavior in order to bolster his authority. Finally, we are interested in strategies that the firm can design to bolster the legitimacy of its managers by choosing between several procedures of selection. Our approach is both theoretical, based on game theory, and empirical using experimental economics.First, we define a procedural legitimacy that consists in considering an executive as legitimate if he was promoted through a competition with no unfair treatment. Then, we define a meritocratic legitimacy that is the ability to master the operational task exerted by the employee. Finally, we define an aristocratic legitimacy, which is the ability of an individual to master managerial tasks.In a first chapter, we show that the future leader's effort during the competition is not necessarily a good way to bolster a procedural legitimacy because a very strong performance can just betray the fact that he has benefited from an advantage. Moreover, we show that the loser of the competition will always be a "bad loser" because his belief that he was disadvantaged during the competition will always be reinforced if he behaves with Bayesian rationality. The stake for the firm is then to delegate to an external entity the management of the selection of leaders to ensure that any unfair treatment presupposed during the competition does not provide any information regarding a potential unfair treatment in the future. In a second chapter, we show that to select on managerial abilities allows to increase the salary of executives even though these skills are less difficult to master. The reason is that it neutralizes the problems of rivalry between employees and executives and thus preserves the self-confidence of the one who has failed to be promoted (thus making it less costly to incentivize). The third chapter is an experimental work that aims to show that a meritocratic procedure incites the losers to actually ask for higher wage to compensate their discouragements following their failure
Johnson, Mark Lawrence. "Contre-mesures médicales contre les risques NRBC : quelles solutions pour un développement facilité dans une économie de marché ?" Thesis, Paris 2, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PA020014/document.
Testo completoFor some diseases caused by chemical, biological, radiological, and nuclear (CBRN) agents, innovative medical countermeasures (MedCMs) do not exist while many of those that do might not be readily available. In case of a CBRN event, inappropriate medical research and development (R&D) funding and government procurement efforts can result in adverse economic consequences (e.g. lost income) far exceeding the costs of strong and comprehensive preparedness initiatives. Given the budgetary constraints many governments face, priorities must be defined. Parallel to determining effective health decision metrics that identify and weigh the causal effects of negative health impact, decision making must also consider cost-effectiveness to make funding sustainable. Moreover, international cooperation is necessary since the risks increasingly transcend borders due to global travel and the global threat of terrorism. This dissertation ultimately seeks to define a path to public health economic policy to enhance the international availability of CBRN MedCMs. In Part I, the root causes of market failure are identified and depicted (i.e., where rewards for supply do not adequately compensate for the R&D effort). In Part II, case study examples illustrate the characteristics and economic consequences of CBRN incidents. Scenarios for each case are outlined to show where the availability of MedCMs in these situations could potentially be cost-effective. Finally, Part III construes more comprehensive approaches for gauging and offsetting the deterrence factors of market supply and demand by compiling and applying additional economic models and frameworks
Mouminoux, Claire. "Biais comportementaux et stratégies des acteurs du marché de l'assurance". Thesis, Lyon, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LYSE1213/document.
Testo completoThis thesis aims at explaining interactions among economic agents operating in the retail insurance market. On the one hand, the policyholder is willing to be covered against a risk. To do so, they have to explore the insurance market to purchase a contract in line with their risk perception. On the other hand, insurers compete in a regulated market which imposes capital constraints for shock loss absorption purposes. In between, intermediaries may provide services in order to facilitate interaction between risk-adverse consumers and risk-taker firms. In this context, we analyze economic behaviors of insurance actors through different perspectives. Chapter 1 and 2 both result from original laboratory experiments, conducted through a web-interface especially designed for these studies. Results in Chapter 3 rely on a theoretical model and numerical simulations. Chapter 1 emphasizes on the relationship between honesty and beliefs about honesty of economic agents. According to laboratory results, we show how the uncertainty and the perception of advantageous conditions impact the level of honesty and beliefs about honesty. In general, consumers estimate that intermediaries are more honest than they really are, hence supporting their physical presence in the insurance market. However, intermediary financial incentives are a source of distortion of honesty beliefs: the weaker the level of the incentive, the stronger the deviation anticipations. In Chapter 2, we shed light on the dilemma faced by insurance purchasers under a multichannel distribution. Should the consumer, themselves, choose from a large set of insurance policies, or rather delegate a part of their decision to a more or less honest intermediary? Using experimental approaches, including exogenous search costs, we show that obfuscation and beliefs about intermediary honesty are the main determinants of individual choices. We also find that obfuscation and intermediaries’ deviation are the main sources of inefficiency in decision-making, especially regarding the features of the insurance contracts chosen by consumers. Our identification of the focal point effect supports the importance of the price level on purchasing decisions rather than the risk environment or the coverage level. The introduction of search costs in the exploration process, as well as the heterogeneity of beliefs about honesty, justify multichannel distribution strategies adopted by insurers. An analysis of insurer price competition with a repeated one-period non-cooperative game is conducted in Chapter 3, where both insurer losses and consumer behaviors are stochastic. Because of regulatory obligations, we consider a solvency constraint when computing Nash-Equilibrium. We determine the sensitivity of the premium equilibrium with respect to the parameters, especially when firms do not benefit from same competitive advantages (i.e. reputation effect leading to differences in consumers inertia or market seniority leading to differences in capital stock). We also study insurers’ market share in response to the entry of new insurer undercutting prices but dealing with binding solvency constraints
Mouminoux, Claire. "Biais comportementaux et stratégies des acteurs du marché de l'assurance". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Lyon, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LYSE1213.
Testo completoThis thesis aims at explaining interactions among economic agents operating in the retail insurance market. On the one hand, the policyholder is willing to be covered against a risk. To do so, they have to explore the insurance market to purchase a contract in line with their risk perception. On the other hand, insurers compete in a regulated market which imposes capital constraints for shock loss absorption purposes. In between, intermediaries may provide services in order to facilitate interaction between risk-adverse consumers and risk-taker firms. In this context, we analyze economic behaviors of insurance actors through different perspectives. Chapter 1 and 2 both result from original laboratory experiments, conducted through a web-interface especially designed for these studies. Results in Chapter 3 rely on a theoretical model and numerical simulations. Chapter 1 emphasizes on the relationship between honesty and beliefs about honesty of economic agents. According to laboratory results, we show how the uncertainty and the perception of advantageous conditions impact the level of honesty and beliefs about honesty. In general, consumers estimate that intermediaries are more honest than they really are, hence supporting their physical presence in the insurance market. However, intermediary financial incentives are a source of distortion of honesty beliefs: the weaker the level of the incentive, the stronger the deviation anticipations. In Chapter 2, we shed light on the dilemma faced by insurance purchasers under a multichannel distribution. Should the consumer, themselves, choose from a large set of insurance policies, or rather delegate a part of their decision to a more or less honest intermediary? Using experimental approaches, including exogenous search costs, we show that obfuscation and beliefs about intermediary honesty are the main determinants of individual choices. We also find that obfuscation and intermediaries’ deviation are the main sources of inefficiency in decision-making, especially regarding the features of the insurance contracts chosen by consumers. Our identification of the focal point effect supports the importance of the price level on purchasing decisions rather than the risk environment or the coverage level. The introduction of search costs in the exploration process, as well as the heterogeneity of beliefs about honesty, justify multichannel distribution strategies adopted by insurers. An analysis of insurer price competition with a repeated one-period non-cooperative game is conducted in Chapter 3, where both insurer losses and consumer behaviors are stochastic. Because of regulatory obligations, we consider a solvency constraint when computing Nash-Equilibrium. We determine the sensitivity of the premium equilibrium with respect to the parameters, especially when firms do not benefit from same competitive advantages (i.e. reputation effect leading to differences in consumers inertia or market seniority leading to differences in capital stock). We also study insurers’ market share in response to the entry of new insurer undercutting prices but dealing with binding solvency constraints
Zaraket, Sarah. "The influence of negative eWOM through social networking sites on consumer's cognitive, emotional and behavioral reaction". Thesis, Paris 1, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019PA01E048.
Testo completoThe use of negative electronic word of mouth (eWOM) on social networking sites (SNS) has been known to have an impact on a brand’s image, thus it has attracted the attention of both professionals and researchers. Nevertheless, despite the rise of social networking sites as new form of negative eWOM, researchers on the topic are still scarce. The objective of this research is to analyze the impact of negative eWOM generated on SNS on user’s online and offline reactions. Based on a literature review and a qualitative study, a unified negative eWOM processing model was elaborated that brings the notion of the dual message characteristics into the picture and considers the negative eWOM processing through the perspective of cognitive (perceived credibility) and affective paths (negative emotions generated) and their informational (message characteristics) and relational antecedents (tie strength). The model included four behavioral reactions as endogenous constructs (non purchase intentions, WOM retransmission, eWOM retransmission and eWOM adoption). Data was collected through an online survey and analyzed through structural equation modelling. Results show that tie strength, affective and cognitive message characteristics significantly impact user’s cognitive and affective internal states. In turn, these internal states influence consumer’s purchasing decisions in terms of negative eWOM adoption and avoidance behaviors. Theoretical and managerial implications are tackled as well as the limits and future research suggestions
Bouacida, Elias. "Choices, Preferences, and Welfare". Thesis, Paris 1, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019PA01E017.
Testo completoRevealed preferences link choices, preferences, and welfare when choices appear consistent. The first chapter assesses how much structure is necessary to impose on a model to provide precise welfare guidance based on inconsistent choices. We use data sets from the lab and field to evaluate the predictive power of two conservative “model-free” approaches of behavioral welfare analysis. We find that for most individuals, these approaches have high predictive power, which means there is little ambiguity about what should be selected from each choice set. We show that the predictive power of these approaches correlates highly with two properties of revealed preferences. The second chapter introduces a method for eliciting the set of best alternatives of decision makers, in line with the theory on revealed preferences, but at odds with the current practice. We allow decision makers to choose several alternatives, provide an incentive for each alternative chosen, and then randomly select one for payment. We derive the conditions under which we partially or fully identify the set of best alternatives. The third chapter applies the method in an experiment. We fully identify the set of best alternatives for 18% of subjects and partially identify it for another 40%. We show that complete, reflexive, and transitive preferences rationalize 40% of observed choices in the experiment. Going beyond, we show that allowing for menu-dependent choices while keeping classical preferences rationalize 96% of observed choices. Besides, eliciting sets allows us to conclude that indifference is significant in the experiment, and underestimate by the classical method
Dimara, Evanthia. "Information Visualization for Decision Making : Identifying Biases and Moving Beyond the Visual Analysis Paradigm". Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017SACLS367/document.
Testo completoThere are problems neither humans nor computers can solve alone. Computer-supported visualizations are a well-known solution when humans need to reason based on a large amount of data. The more effective a visualization, the more complex the problems that can be solved. In information visualization research, to be considered effective, a visualization typically needs to support data comprehension. Evaluation methods focus on whether users indeed understand the displayed data, can gain insights and are able to perform a set of analytic tasks, e.g., to identify if two variables are correlated. This dissertation suggests moving beyond this "visual analysis paradigm" by extending research focus to another type of task: decision making. Decision tasks are essential to everybody, from the manager of a company who needs to routinely make risky decisions to an ordinary person who wants to choose a career life path or simply find a camera to buy. Yet decisions do not merely involve information understanding and are difficult to study. Decision tasks can involve subjective preferences, do not always have a clear ground truth, and they often depend on external knowledge which may not be part of the displayed dataset. Nevertheless, decision tasks are neither part of visualization task taxonomies nor formally defined. Moreover, visualization research lacks metrics, methodologies and empirical works that validate the effectiveness of visualizations in supporting a decision. This dissertation provides an operational definition for a particular class of decision tasks and reports a systematic analysis to investigate the extent to which existing multidimensional visualizations are compatible with such tasks. It further reports on the first empirical comparison of multidimensional visualizations for their ability to support decisions and outlines a methodology and metrics to assess decision accuracy. It further explores the role of instructions in both decision tasks and equivalent analytic tasks, and identifies differences in accuracy between those tasks. Similarly to vision science that informs visualization researchers and practitioners on the limitations of human vision, moving beyond the visual analysis paradigm would mean acknowledging the limitations of human reasoning. This dissertation reviews decision theory to understand how humans should, could and do make decisions and formulates a new taxonomy of cognitive biases based on the user task where such biases occur. It further empirically shows that cognitive biases can be present even when information is well-visualized, and that a decision can be ``correct'' yet irrational, in the sense that people's decisions are influenced by irrelevant information. This dissertation finally examines how biases can be alleviated. Current methods for improving human reasoning often involve extensive training on abstract principles and procedures that often appear ineffective. Yet visualizations have an ace up their sleeve: visualization designers can re-design the environment to alter the way people process the data. This dissertation revisits decision theory to identify possible design solutions. It further empirically demonstrates that enriching a visualization with interactions that facilitate alternative decision strategies can yield more rational decisions. Through empirical studies, this dissertation suggests that the visual analysis paradigm cannot fully address the challenges of visualization-supported decision making, but that moving beyond can contribute to making visualization a powerful decision support tool
Lambert, Aude. "La diversité des structures de rationalité en microéconomie". Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016AIXM3047.
Testo completoStandard microeconomics displays the concept of rationality as the maximisation of expected utility i.e. in a narrow and unequivocal sense. The criticisms against this concept made by behavioural economics or sociology are well known. I aim at providing an analysis of some of them in order to emphasise the fact that they mainly highlight the diversity of reasoning modes. But the issue is to know whether the diversity of reasoning modes necessarily leads to reject the standard model. My intention falls into two fields : the theory of Rational Choice and the Game Theory. From the point of view of behavioural economics, I assume that the maximisation is nothing more than a local reasoning mode that can be assessed in relation to the context of action. But this assumption implies correcting the standard Game Theory as well. The fact that the general equilibrium, based on the maximisation of expected utility, cannot be used anymore as an unique model calls a new kind of formalisation. So, I point out that agent-based modelling allows us to conceive, in a counterfactual way, interactions between rational economic agents in their context. Therefore, in this respect, rational patterns of actions and interactions design possible worlds without having to choose between them
Plonquet, Matthieu. "Three essays on using Nudges in business firms". Thesis, Paris 1, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019PA01E062.
Testo completoIn this work, we use the Nudge approach to solve behavioral problems that business firms may have to face. In the first chapter, we start by exposing some issues that the classical economic approach struggles with, before presenting the Nudge approach and why we believe it is relevant to the problems that businesses still face today. In the second chapter, we change the formulations of the invitations to participate to web surveys, using Nudge principles, in order to improve participation rate. Most Nudges increase the proportion of individuals giving their e-mail address, but only those that acknowledge the respondent's effort increase participation rate. In the third chapter, we use the Nudge approach's teachings to improve the measurement of job satisfaction. We measure the satisfaction of interns every month during their internships with a very short survey, and compare it to a lengthy survey administered at the end of the internship. We find that satisfaction during the first month of the internship is highly correlated with final satisfaction, which makes it possible to detect potential problems very early. In the final chapter, we use Nudges to improve productivity by making a simple task more playful, a process called “gamification”. Nudges generate the same increase in productivity as the monetary incentives, without the added cost of the latter. Moreover, unless monetary incentives are implemented at the same time, Nudges increase intrinsic motivation. We conclude our work with practical advice for decision-makers who want to try Nudging
Delaume, Raluca. "Evaluation of cognitive biases in procurement decisions : an empirical analysis". Thesis, Paris 2, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019PA020053.
Testo completoThe evolution of Procurement function over the past decades requires to take a new perspective to understand how Procurement managers can contribute to the firm’s competitiveness and support the strategy of the organisation. For this, we use the bounded rationality theory to examine the decision-making process in Procurement. Our study follows the tradition of Behavioural research in Management field by considering the heuristics and the consequent cognitive biases. We use advances from Behavioural Economics in order to understand the effects of psychological, social, cognitive, and emotional factors on the decisions of Procurement managers and we aim to explain why and how their behaviour does not follow the predictions of economic models. For these purposes, this study takes empirical examinations of the decisions in the various steps of the Procurement cycle using qualitative and quantitative data. Three main studies have been performed. First, we identify and depict the main cognitive biases affecting the decisions of Buyers. Second, we aim to understand if there is a statistically significant difference between the Buyers of goods and Buyers of services with regard to the main cognitive biases they are prone to exhibiting. Third, a case study illustrates how the main cognitive biases emerge in the Procurement decisions and how stakeholders from other departments influence the decisions in Procurement space.This dissertation ultimately seeks to demonstrate that increasing the realism of the psychological underpinnings of the decisions in the Procurement space will help the organisations to recognise and potentially avoid decision errors and thus contribute to an increase the organisation’s competitiveness
Baumgartner, Stefanie. "Social Norms and Trust Levels among Refugees and Swiss Natives : A Behavioral Economics Approach". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Lyon 2, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024LYO20015.
Testo completoParticipation in the labor market is considered as one of the most fundamental aspects in refugees’ integration process into the host society. Yet, research on the drivers of (un)employment of refugees in Western high-income countries is yet relatively limited. However, the roles of social norms and generalized trust have yet received little attention in this debate.The 1st chapter of this thesis experimentally elaborates on potential misalignments and misunderstandings of socio-cultural norms of workplace conduct between Turkish and Afghan refugees and Swiss natives. Our findings suggest that apart from a few misalignments, there is a lot of common ground in personal and social norms in the workplace between refugees and Swiss locals. Most of the differences we found are of small magnitude. To the largest part, refugees were mostly not any less able to predict the Swiss social norms than the Swiss themselves and internalized the host country’s norms over time. We also observe that normative conformity is driven by refugees' desire to be accepted by the host society, as their stated personal norms have been influenced by their intention to give socially desirable responses. This leads to the conclusion that refugees care about conforming to the norms of the host country and belonging to the host society, which contrasts with populist narratives.By a randomized trial, chapter 2 examines whether and how conflicting social norms held among home and host country peers influence refugees’ personal norms. We hypothesize that refugees may feel torn between two opposing forces: (1) the desire to be consistent with their home country's social norms closely linked to their social identity, and (2) the inclination to conform to local social norms prevailing among the majority society of the host country. For none of the refugee groups, we found significant effects on personal norms after they had learned about home and host country members’ different social norms. Yet, knowing these norms and (anonymously) being observed by co-national peers led Turkish participants to adjust their personal norms towards the social norm of co-nationals. Surprisingly, Afghan refugees who were informed of home and host country social norms were more likely to report a personal norm conforming with the Swiss social norm, once they were aware that their reported opinion would be revealed to co-nationals. Yet, without being observed by their co-nationals, no significant effect was observed on reported personal norms by Afghan participants. We derive from these results that the social context plays an essential role when stating personal norms. Chapter 3 studies generalized trust which was found to be an important driver for cooperation. Using an investment game, we aimed to investigate whether the information provided about their compatriots' level of trust, and the knowledge that their trusting behavior is observed by their compatriots, influences refugees' inclination to trust others. Providing information on the trust behavior of participants from both home and host countries led Turkish refugees to adjust their trust level to be more in line with that by the Swiss. Being observed by their compatriots weakened this adjustment effect on their trust behavior. Being informed about the trust levels of their compatriots and the host country did not affect the trusting choices of Afghan participants. Surprisingly, providing this information together with the announcement that their own trusting choices would be (anonymously) revealed to all other Afghan participants made Afghan participants’ trusting behavior to be more in line with behavior among the Swiss
Mbih, Esther. "Essays on the Role of Information in Job Search Behavior and Demand for Training". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Institut polytechnique de Paris, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020IPPAG014.
Testo completoMy dissertation examines the impact of information on job search behavior and demand for vocational training.The first chapter evaluates of the impact of the website Bob Emploi, which aims at delivering news to jobseekers about the labour market. Results indicate that there is no impact on jobseekers' search effort and search scope. However, job seekers using the website are more likely to rely on personal networks and to use resources provided by public employment services. Finally, there is no effect on self-reported well-being and on employment.The second chapter focuses on the role of information about training on the enrollment rate.Results indicate that receiving an email with a message emphasizing training returns in terms of employment more than doubles the likelihood that job seekers call back the training center. However, callback rates are low in absolute value (less than one percent) and there is no impact on enrollment. Our results suggest that the effects on callbacks are driven by increasing salience of basic information about training rather than by belief updating.Finally, the third chapter focuses on the demand for vocational training as well, but takes into account behavioural constraints. Distinguishing between ``external'' beliefs (about the world) and ``internal'' beliefs (about the self), results show that jobseekers experience financial constraints preventing them from joining a training program, and that they underestimate the proportion of subsidized programs available to them. Obstacles related either to self-efficacy, self control, self esteem and executive function are equally mentioned among jobseekers reporting internal barriers in training enrollment. In light of this diagnosis, the last part is dedicated to the design for a random control trial, with interventions relying on the delivery of information through app-base courses, and interactive sessions involving groups of jobseekers. Theses courses aim at targeting either external or internal beliefs, or both of them simultaneously
Celse, Jérémy. "Inequalities and destructive decisions : four essays on envy". Thesis, Montpellier 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011MON10067/document.
Testo completoThroughout this dissertation we aim at identifying envy and investigating its impacts on both individual well-being and behaviour. This dissertation consists of four chapters. The first chapter is devoted to the definition of envy by referring to both researches on philosophy and psychology. We convey that envy can be defined as an emotion triggered by the awareness of a desired attribute enjoyed by another person characterised by a painful sadness including feelings of hostility. In the second chapter, we implement an experiment so as to investigate the impact of envy on individual well-being and behaviour. We capture envy through referring to self-report methods and explore whether envy pushes subjects to reduce their opponent's endowment at a personal cost. We observe that envy is highly present but does not explain why subjects reduce others' income. Inequalities between subjects' endowments measured in relative terms modulate subjects' decisions to reduce others' income. In chapter three, we study how effort affects envy and whether the impact of envy on both individual well-being and behaviour is amplified or weakened by effort. To fulfil our purpose, we implement two different conditions. In one condition endowments are randomly attributed to subjects and in the other condition endowments are allocated according to each subject's performance in a task. We observe that effort does not affect subjects' satisfaction and partially their behaviour : subjects do not reduce more often their opponent's endowment but they cut a higher portion of their opponent's endowment when endowments are attributed according to individual effort. In the final chapter, we focus on a specific category of subjects in which envy is ought to be experienced intensively : subjects practicing sport activities. We observe that sport practice pushes subjects to experience envy and exerts them to engage in reduction decisions
Aït-Youcef, Camille. "Causes et conséquences de l’activité financière sur la dynamique des prix agricoles". Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LORR0157.
Testo completoThe numerous food riots that took place during the 2007-2008 period in Africa, the Caribbean and Asia began following an extreme rise in prices of several agricultural commodities. Since the beginning of the 2000s, prices of agricultural products have followed an upward and volatile trend. In this context, this phenomenon has significant consequences for people living in developing countries who are highly dependent on agricultural price dynamics. We propose to study the influence of financial activity upon agricultural prices formation. To do that, we analyze both theoretically and empirically the effects of the financialization. This first research work is organized around four chapters. The first two chapters focus on the relationship between the financial and agricultural markets. They highlight a reinforcement of the existing links between financial and agricultural markets. The third chapter analyses the impact of investor behaviour on agricultural price dynamics, that is a rise of both volatility and extreme price movements. The last chapter deals with the economic consequences for developing countries of international agricultural prices fluctuations. The global commodity market might reinforce the integration of international and national cereal markets. By doing that, it can ease the transmission of shocks
Lebrun, Mathilde. "L’influence des crises, événements, et accidents de vie sur l’achat et la consommation : une approche ethnomarketing à l’échelle familiale". Thesis, Paris 2, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA020004.
Testo completoThe goal of this thesis is to expand our understanding of purchasing and consumption practices for a group of individuals that make up a family. We explore the notions of crisis, events, life accidents, turning points at the family level, and their influences on buying and consumption practices. We adopt a longitudinal approach with data collection extending over more than 3 years and combine several data collection techniques. The protocol used is ethnomarketing, a research method adapted from anthropology and ethnography to marketing research. The research focuses on the influence of major life changes (e.g., births, children leaving home, retirement, death) and crises (the 2008 economic crisis for example) on consumption practices with analysis carried out using thematic analysis and semiotics. This doctoral thesis starts with a look at the research methodology, followed by a description of six of the families studied, intra-familial and inter-family analysis, theoretical discussion and finally managerial contributions. The thesis highlights the importance of the individual’s perception of the event. Furthermore, the idea of identity is a key factor in understanding the influence of changes and crises. This research also considers the following notions- others, objects, places and times - in consumption practices