Tesi sul tema "Economics condition"
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1
Tan, Yong. "Essays on the analysis of performance and competitive condition in the Chinese banking industry". Thesis, University of Portsmouth, 2013. https://researchportal.port.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/essays-on-the-analysis-of-performance-and-competitive-condition-in-the-chinese-banking-industry(6a08f593-16f2-4ee8-aaa9-4c3467120e8d).html.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The banking sector is an important component of the financial system in China; its effective functioning plays a vital role in the country's economic growth. Since 1978, the Chinese banking sector has undergone several rounds of reforms, the purpose of which is to improve bank performance, increase competition and create a more stable environment in the Chinese banking industry. Empirical literature has investigated Chinese bank performance from different perspectives, such as bank profitability or efficiency; few studies also focus on the examination of the competitive conditions of the Chinese banking sector. The main contribution of this thesis is to provide a comprehensive analysis of the issues in the Chinese banking sector which covers the topics of bank profitability, bank technical efficiency, bank productivity, risk and competition. In particular, the thesis emphasises the linkages between them. The data period covers the period from 2003-2009. This period is characterized by significant banking reforms initiated by the Chinese government, especially the establishment of the China Banking Regulatory Commission (CBRC) in 2003 which has had a profound impact on bank performance, competitive conditions and risk management of Chinese banks. The types of banks considered in the current study include all the state-owned banks, the joint-stock commercial banks and 84 city commercial banks, which are the three largest banking groups in terms of total assets over the period examined. As its title indicates, the main focus of this thesis lies in the analysis of performance and competitive conditions in the Chinese banking industry. The main objectives of the thesis can be summarised as follows: The study investigates the determinants of bank profitability; in particular, the study emphasises the effects of inflation, GDP growth rate and stock market volatility on bank profitability. Following the estimation of bank profitability, the study estimates the competitive conditions of the Chinese banking sector. Finally, technical efficiency and productivity growth, which are regarded as two other important performance indicators, are examined for Chinese banks over the period 2003-2009. Due to the issue of large volumes of non-performing loans in the Chinese banking industry, together with the financial crisis which happened in Asia in 2007, the Chinese government and the banking regulatory authority attach importance to the risk-taking behaviour of Chinese banks. Therefore, the study aims to investigate the risk condition of Chinese banks. In particular, the inter-relationships between risk and bank competition, and risk and bank performance are examined. To be more specific, the study 1) examines the effect of competition on banks' risk taking behaviour; 2) assesses the inter-relationships between bank risk, competition and profitability; 3) investigates the inter-relationships between bank risk and technical efficiency; and 4) evaluates the relationships between risk, capitalization and efficiency. Since the last round of banking reform after China joined the WTO encouraged Chinese banks to be listed on the stock exchange, the share performance is paid great attention by bank managers; thus, this thesis tests the impacts of share return and risk on efficiency and productivity. The inter- relationships between bank competition and bank performance are also investigated. In particular, this study 1) evaluates the impacts of efficiency and concentration on bank competition; 2) investigates the impacts of competition and profitability on technical efficiency; 3) test the impacts of competition and efficiency on bank profitability; 4) assesses the impacts of technical efficiency and risk on bank competition. The empirical findings suggest that inflation has a significant and positive impact on Chinese bank profitability in terms of Return on Assets (ROA) and Net Interest Margin (NIM). Furthermore, Chinese banks have lower profitability in relation to ROA and NIM during periods of economic boom (higher GDP growth). In addition, the results suggest that higher levels of stock market volatility can translate into higher profitability of Chinese banks in terms of Return on Equity (ROE) and Excess Return on Equity (EROE). Finally, we report that Chinese bank profitability (ROA and NIM) is significantly and positively affected by overhead cost, banking sector development, stock market development, while it is negatively affected by taxation. We find that Chinese banks with higher labour productivity have lower profitability in terms of Economic Value Added (EVA). Our results suggest that, over the examined period 2003 2009, the Chinese banking sector is in a state of monopolistic competition as examined by Panzar-Rosse's H statistic. When using the Lerner index as the competition indicator, the findings suggest that joint-stock commercial banks have the highest level of competition over the period examined. With regards to the efficiency of Chinese banks, the findings suggest that state-owned commercial banks have the highest technical efficiency, followed by joint-stock commercial banks with the city commercial banks being the least technically efficient. The results indicate further that scale efficiency contributes more than pure technical efficiency to the overall efficiency of Chinese banks and that Chinese banks are faced with a misallocation of inputs and outputs in banking operations. The productivity of three types of Chinese commercial banks (state-owned, joint-stock and city commercial banks) is quite stable over the period examined; these three types of banks show productivity growth in 2005 and 2009. The empirical results show that, in a more highly concentrated market competition (measured by the Panzar-Rosse H statistic) is lower. We further find that in a more highly competitive environment (measured by the Lerner index), bank profitability is still lower. We do not find any robust relationships between risk and profitability, or risk and competition. Although we do not find any significant impacts of competition and efficiency on bank profitability, our results suggest that Chinese banks with lower levels of liquidity and more diversified activities have higher technical efficiency. Furthermore, it is found that in a more developed but less competitive banking sector, Chinese banks are more technically efficient. Chinese banks with higher share returns have more stable efficiency, while the stability of efficiency and productivity in the Chinese banking sector is affected significantly by bank size, capitalization, banking sector development, inflation and GDP growth rate. In terms of the relationships between risk, capital and efficiency, the results suggest that the levels of capitalization are significantly and positively related to technical and pure technical efficiencies of Chinese banks, while Chinese banks with higher technical and pure technical efficiencies have higher levels of capitalization. We do not find any robust relationships between risk and technical efficiency in the Chinese banking sector; in addition, there is no clear evidence for the impacts of competition and technical efficiency on bank profitability in China. Finally, we report that there is a negative impact of technical efficiency on bank competition. In other words, Chinese banks with higher technical efficiency have greater market power. In conclusion, this study provides a comprehensive analysis of several empirical issues in the Chinese banking sector including bank profitability, technical efficiency, bank productivity, competitive and risk conditions and potential linkages among them over the period 2003-2009.
2
Kuang, Xiao Fang. "Competitive condition among major Chinese banks". Thesis, University of Macau, 2009. http://umaclib3.umac.mo/record=b1950313.
Testo completo
3
Engström, Jonas. "A study of the Marshall-Lerner condition in the least complex economies". Thesis, Umeå universitet, Nationalekonomi, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-138092.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
In the aftermath of the financial crisis where global aggregate demand is struggling, countries occasionally get accused of weakening their currency to gain competitiveness. The method of weakening the currency to gain competitiveness is explained by the Marshall-Lerner condition, which states that a devaluation in the long-term will strengthen the balance of trade. But is this policy always rational? And if not, which economies should avoid it? This study investigates whether the structure of the export industry can explain the varying response in the balance of trade from a devaluation. The Johansen Procedure with a Vector Error Correction Model is used to estimate long-run price elasticities of demand for exports and imports. The countries chosen are among the 30 countries with the lowest rank of economic complexity based on its output, listed by the Observatory of Economic Complexity. The exports of these countries are consisting of a single or a few goods, which enables for investigating how individual industries respond to a devaluation. The hypothesis is that there are differences between labour- and capital-intensive economies and that the former should respond more positive to a devaluation than the latter. The results indicate that there is a pattern, to the opposite of the hypothesis, where the capital-intensive economies respond more positive to a devaluation than the labour-intensive economies. This could be misleading due to underlying factors that should be controlled for to be able to produce reliable estimates. The Marshall-Lerner condition is fulfilled for two countries, Gabon and Niger, out of nine in the final sample.
4
Gong, Liying. "Optimal spatial sampling of infrastructure condition a life-cycle-based approach under uncertainty /". Columbus, Ohio : Ohio State University, 2006. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1155273960.
Testo completo
5
Bouressa, Robert Joseph. "Constantly vulnerable yet persistently strong: A study of the financial condition of the liberal arts college". W&M ScholarWorks, 1993. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd/1539618504.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The purpose of this study is to analyze the income and expenditure patterns at three Liberal Arts I colleges in the Midwest from 1979-89. It combines from hard data from HEGIS/IPEDS financial reports and interviews with campus administrators to examine the effects the 1980s had on the institutions and makes a judgment about the financial condition of each college as they entered the 1990s. The study also examines state, local, and federal policies and presents the administrators' policy views about solutions to help ensure a financially strong sector of liberal arts colleges. It was concluded that the financial condition of each college varied but all were experiencing financial stress to some degree. The colleges did not approach the challenges of the 1980s with retrenchment strategies. Each college showed dramatic increases in E&G spending well beyond the inflation rate. Most of the spending increases were devoted to promoting and managing the institutions as well as to student services, student financial aid and attracting philanthropic dollars. This negatively influenced the percentage of total expenditures devoted to educational programs. While most income sources increased, the majority of the revenue for the rapid expenditure increase was fueled by tuition increases that were also far beyond the inflation rate. None of the colleges studied strayed from their primary mission of providing a liberal arts education to traditional students in a residential setting to meet enrollment goals.
6
Drummond, Ian. "The condition of sustainable development : a realist explanation of the causes of unsustainable development in the sugar industries of Barbados and Australia". Thesis, University of Hull, 1996. http://hydra.hull.ac.uk/resources/hull:8382.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
This thesis is concerned with the idea of sustainable development. It is concerned to understand how the theory and practice of sustainable development might be progressed. The central tenet of the thesis is that unsustainable practices and events are most usefully understood as outcomes which are conditioned by underlying social structures and processes. In itself, this is hardly an original or profound assertion. However, what is attempted here is a multi-layered explanation of unsustainability which objectifies and elucidates the significance of different elements of causation and thus one which may suggest new and potentially useful ways of achieving sustainable development in practice. It is argued that a realist understanding of causality informed by insights from regulation theory is particularly relevant to this agenda. From a realist perspective, unsustainable practices and events are understood as reflecting not just tendentially expressed real causal mechanisms and contingent factors, but also the conditions which activate the mechanisms involved. In practice, these conditions are largely defined by what regulationists term the 'mode of social regulation'. Thus it is suggested that regulation designed to promote sustainable development needs to be just as concerned with the nature of 'modes of social regulation' in general as it is with specific, concrete controls on development. The first three chapters of the thesis outline and review current thinking on sustainable development, realism and regulation theory respectively. The theoretical constructs developed in these early chapters are subsequently tested, refined and evaluated in their application to case studies of cane sugar production in Barbados and Australia. Chapter 4 outlines and justifies the methodology adopted in the research. Chapter 5 provides a general description of cane sugar production and consumption and the global sugar economy. This provides a context for the subsequent analysis of the two case studies. Chapters 6 and 8 begin with some background information on Barbados and Queensland respectively, and then continue by outlining the current situation of the sugar industries in these two locations. These two basically descriptive chapters are each followed by further chapters which analyse and interpret the dynamic and often unsustainable patterns of development which have occurred in these two locations. The analysis here attempts to develop the type of multi-level, realist, analysis articulated in earlier chapters. Instances of unsustainability are interpreted as the outcomes of plural, but co-active elements of causation. Specific attention is focused on how the inherent unsustainability of extant accumulation systems and social structures is apparently translated into more significant forms of unsustainability, and within this, on the ways in which current modes of social regulation appear to legitimate and license this process of translation. Chapter 10 then attempts to synthesise the analysis of the case studies and to identify any generally relevant insights into the nature of sustainable development. The final section of the thesis, presents an evaluation of this project and the conclusions reached, and suggests how this approach and methodology defined in this research might be further tested, refined and progressed.
7
BRUZZI, CAROLINA. "Essays in Health Economics: Applied and Theoretical Approaches". Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Genova, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/11567/1046307.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
the present report illustrates the research path developed during the PhD program in Economics at the University of Genova and discuss its results.
The report consists of three independent chapters which reflect the chronological order of the activities carried out during the program.
In the first 2 chapters, two articles are discussed. They belong to the research field inaugurated by Townsend (1987), that is, the analysis of deprivation in urban contexts and the relation between socio economic conditions and health status.
The first article consists in a detailed analysis of the distribution of deprivation in the metropolitan city of Genoa and of its relationship with the health status of the resident population, represented by a generic measure of health such as premature mortality. Information on 14 variables used to assess deprivation was available at the level of the Unità Urbanistiche. These are small administrative units with territorial homogeneity and historical and cultural traditions which appear to be suitable for statistical analyses. An exploratory factorial analysis identified two groups of variables which, according to definitions in the literature, identify the two dimensions of deprivation, material deprivation and social deprivation. For each dimension, two indices were calculated on the basis of two non-compensatory methodologies, the Mazziotta Pareto Index and the Pena Distance Index. Health status was measured through a measure of premature mortality, measured through the calculation of age-standardized SMR. The calculation of the attributable risk was used to evaluate the proportion of the excess mortality observed in various areas which can be attributable to deprivation, and a geographical analysis is presented. The results of the work, in line with the available evidence, confirm the association between material deprivation and premature mortality, but fail to show a relationship with social deprivation.
The second article presents the results of an analysis of deprivation in Argentine urban areas, with the aim of assessing the presence of a relationship with the average health status of the residents Based on data extracted from the 2017 Survey on Permanent Families in Argentina (EPH), a continuous survey carried out on 32 urban areas in Argentina, five variables were identified, four relating to material and the fifth to social deprivation. The Mazziotta-Pareto Adjusted Index was calculated to provide a synthetic and quantitative measure of the level of deprivation. An analysis of hierarchical clusters was carried out to group different urban areas into deprivation classes and analyse the state of health. The primary measure of the health status used in this study was Life Expectancy at birth. The results, in line with the literature, allow to conclude that the proposed mixed deprivation index accounts for a significant proportion of the variability in Life expectancy at birth across urban areas.
In the third chapter , a study is presented that was developed in in the research field of contract theory. In particular, it refers to contracts in the presence of information asymmetry and the consequent moral hazards and it is aimed at providing policy makers with a tool for an informed use of resources while identifying the sources of inefficiency and waste.
The study is focussed on the problem of defining contracts for the provision of transport services for people with disabilities in a Principal-Agent context. The main issues derive from the hidden actions of the agent and the uncertainty which is due to the type and level of disability of the user which give rise to problems of incomplete information.
The work consists of two parts. In the first, the conceptual framework, the theoretical tools and the main assumptions are presented, including: the description of a principal-agent relation under asymmetric information; the optimization problem of the principal; the description of the causal variables, which are the effort applied by the agent in the supply of the service and the disability condition of the user, which, in general terms, is referred to as "complexity"; the statistical tool used to model the probability related to the uncertainty which characterizes the service analysed, which is the logistic function; the relation between independent variables and outcome variable; and the agent’s risk aversion.
The second part of the study includes the description of two empirical models which, through various simulations, analyse how causal variables affect the probability of the positive result that is the regular performance of the transport service, the expected principal expenditure and the expected agent utility.
The results suggest that, as expected, the more complex the disability condition of the user is, the greater expected expenditure of resources is, but the analysis of the dynamics of the contract, which has actually highlighted the opportunity for unfair behaviours of the agent, suggests that moral hazard is stronger in situations where the user is less complex. As the user’s level of disability increases, the agent is less inclined to implement opportunistic behaviours as the uncertainty of the final result increases exogenously.
8
Lindman, Sebastian, e Tom Tuvhag. "The influence that a common currency and market conditions have on economic integration : A cross-quantilogram and DCC-EGARCH approach". Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Nationalekonomi, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-150025.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Countries participating in a common currency area increase their integration within the area. This paper investigates the impact common currency areas have for economic integration with economies of different characteristic outside the area. Results for a common currency group compares to a sovereign currency group. The common currency group consists of three countries who have adopted the euro, while the sovereign currency group consist of three European countries with sovereign currencies. The level of economic integration is examined towards three different economies; European drivers, global markets and emerging markets. The period ranges from 1993M01 to 2017M09 and includes industrial production indices and stock market indices. Economic integration is studied through a DCC-EGARCH model, on both aggregated and time-dependent level, which yield correlations. In comparison to previous studies, this paper also applies a cross-quantilogram method to examine the impact of different market conditions have on the correlations. Higher correlations for the common currency group than for the sovereign currency group do exist with the European drivers and the global countries. With the emerging markets such pattern is not found, instead low correlations are mainly examined. Besides the correlation with the emerging countries, the results indicate membership in a common currency area, in this case the EMU, to increase the economic integration. Overall, highest levels of correlation are found with the European drivers, followed by the US as a global economy, corresponding with the importance of homogeneity for high economic integration. Due to no conclusive change in correlations during the euro implementation, membership in a common currency area per se does not increase economic integration. However, a common currency area with a strong currency do along with other characteristics influence the economic integration. We find evidence that market regimes have an impact on economic integration. Adverse market conditions overall seem to influence the integration in a higher degree than normal or good conditions. The results indicate that the adverse conditions increase the economic integration, this is in particularly seen for the common currency countries correlation with the European drivers and the US.
9
Holmgren, Eva. "Forest commons in boreal Sweden aims and outcomes on forest condition and rural development /". Umeå : Dept. of Forest Resource Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 2009. http://epsilon.slu.se/200996.pdf.
Testo completo
10
Wang, Shengzu 1978. "Economic policies in developing and emerging market economies : three essays in international and development economics". Thesis, McGill University, 2008. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=115647.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
This thesis consists of three essays, which focus on different aspects of economic policy issues faced by developing and emerging market economies. The first essay explores the effect of monetary policy credibility on exchange rate volatility in a small open economy, even if the exchange rate is not an explicit target set by the monetary authority. Using an open economy framework modified from Gall and Monacelli (2005) and Walsh (2006), it shows that monetary policy credibility helps to stabilize the exchange rate as supply and demand side shocks hit the domestic economy. The monetary policy credibility can be achieved by the monetary authority's commitment to certain rules aiming for output/price smoothing. In the empirical analysis inflation targeting is used as a proxy variable for monetary credibility. The GARCH model of selected South-East Asian countries indicates that countries with inflation targeting policies have exhibited reduced exchange rate volatility when other factors are controlled.The second essay looks at FDI inflows into developing economies. Two distinctive differences of FDI inflows between developed and developing economies are entry modes and evidence of government regulations. This essay investigates the incentives of FDI flows in terms of cost-saving merger, fixed cost of entry and the role of government policies. In particular it shows that, if the cost-saving effect is large and the government intervenes, the foreign firm will consider the FDI through either Greenfield or Brownfield, which corresponds to the situation for FDI flows into developing economies. Otherwise, the foreign firm will only consider Brownfield or staying outside, which stands for the developed economy case. Since one remarkable feature of the FDI flows into developing countries is the benefit of cost-saving from low labour costs, this essay takes this effect into account and provides insights for economic "outsourcing". The multi-stage sequential game model presented in this chapter provides comparable results for the pattern of the FDI flows affected by regulation and institutional factors, which are not addressed by existing literature. Finally, it reveals some intuition and feature of a developing economy where the government regulations on FDI flows are more often observed.
The third essay deals with the resource/revenue reallocation within powerful groups in the economy and the impact of the rent-seeking behavior of these groups on the economic growth and the social welfare. In particular, it introduces a dynamic model of resource-grabbing by status-conscious agents, i.e., agents value not only their absolute consumption levels, but also the relative status within his/her reference group. The purpose of this paper is to explore the effect of the "positional externalities" on the urge to seek rent and to connect the "tragedy of the commons" problem with relative consumption. The model shows that the greater is agents' concern about their relative status, the more aggressively they tend to behave. Consequently, the social welfare is lower because the growth rate of the public asset is reduced due to higher extraction rate. After introducing heterogeneity, it shows that the social welfare decreases as the distribution of status-consciousness among agents widens. Finally, it provides some policy suggestions that the government might consider to achieve a second best social outcome.
11
Holmgren, Eva. "Forest commons in boreal Sweden : influences on forest condition, management and the local economy /". Umeå : Dept. of Forest Resource Management and Geomatics, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 2006. http://epsilon.slu.se/10124692.pdf.
Testo completo
12
Baiardi, Anna. "Essays in development economics and economic history". Thesis, University of Warwick, 2017. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/90133/.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The first chapter provides an overview of the topics covered in this thesis. The second chapter explores the effect of historic gender division of labour during slavery on African American women’s performance in the labour market. Using census data from 1870 to 2010, I show that African American women living in areas with lower levels of gender division of labour were more likely to participate in the labour market and have higher occupation income scores after emancipation. The effects are persistent for at least 70 years after the end of slavery. I analyse the mechanisms driving the results, distinguishing between labour supply and demand channels, and I explore intergenerational transmission of gender roles. The third chapter empirically assesses the importance of ethnic networks in facilitating international trade. In particular, it investigates the impact of ethnic Cantonese networks in the United States on the export performance of firms based in Southern China. The results indicate that exposure to ethnic networks has a positive effect on exports, both at the extensive and the intensive margin. We explore the mechanisms underlying the results, distinguishing between information flows, contract enforcement, foreign investment and technology diffusion. The fourth chapter analyses the effect of ethnic Chinese networks in the United States on knowledge diffusion and innovation in China. I construct a proxy for the ethnic network based on historic Chinese settlements and current industry employment patterns, exploiting the migration restrictions imposed by the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882. The results indicate that when innovation in the U.S. increases, industries that are more exposed to the ethnic network in the U.S. innovate more in China. This suggests that ethnic networks contribute to the diffusion of technology across countries.
13
HAST, JING. "Homeworkers’ conditions in the garment industry in Thailand". Thesis, Högskolan i Borås, Institutionen Textilhögskolan, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hb:diva-17454.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
This study aims to examine how global competition in the textile industry has affected the homeworkers’ opportunities to develop their entrepreneurship and their own businesses. This Bachelor thesis has a qualitative approach with focus on qualitative interviews which were conducted during a field study in Bangkok, Thailand. The textile industry in Thailand has long been known for their cheap labour, however, globalization has now changed the industry and companies outsource production to countries with even cheaper labour. Globalization has increased the role of subcontractors in the textile industry, which tries to produce as cheap as possible. Factories tend to involve subcontractors in order to find the cheapest and most efficient means of production. This has increased the use of homeworkers, who produce the products in their homes. Competition for work is fierce and many people move from rural areas to larger cities to get a job with an income they can live on. This result in an even worse competition and with their low level of education and no work experience, they are forced to accept employment with poor conditions.Homeworkers work between 14-16 hours per day with minimum wage and they are not protected by laws and have no social benefits. They live very crowded in slums and their houses are not suitable as a working environment. Many homeworkers have health problems caused by long working hours. Children are required to help their parents with easier tasks in addition to the usual household chores. Homeworkers have low education level which is an obstacle to their business knowledge. They also have limited access to financial means to help them develop their entrepreneurship. Organizations working to improve homeworkers working conditions are available although homeworkers rarely know how to come in contact with them. Education is important for homeworkers to develop their entrepreneurial and business skills.Program: Textil produktutveckling och entreprenörskap
14
Hast, Jing. "Homeworkers’ conditions in the garment industry in Thailand". Thesis, Högskolan i Borås, Institutionen Textilhögskolan, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hb:diva-20941.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
This study aims to examine how global competition in the textile industry has affected the homeworkers’ opportunities to develop their entrepreneurship and their own businesses. This Bachelor thesis has a qualitative approach with focus on qualitative interviews which were conducted during a field study in Bangkok, Thailand. The textile industry in Thailand has long been known for their cheap labour, however, globalization has now changed the industry and companies outsource production to countries with even cheaper labour. Globalization has increased the role of subcontractors in the textile industry, which tries to produce as cheap as possible. Factories tend to involve subcontractors in order to find the cheapest and most efficient means of production. This has increased the use of homeworkers, who produce the products in their homes. Competition for work is fierce and many people move from rural areas to larger cities to get a job with an income they can live on. This result in an even worse competition and with their low level of education and no work experience, they are forced to accept employment with poor conditions.Homeworkers work between 14-16 hours per day with minimum wage and they are not protected by laws and have no social benefits. They live very crowded in slums and their houses are not suitable as a working environment. Many homeworkers have health problems caused by long working hours. Children are required to help their parents with easier tasks in addition to the usual household chores. Homeworkers have low education level which is an obstacle to their business knowledge. They also have limited access to financial means to help them develop their entrepreneurship. Organizations working to improve homeworkers working conditions are available although homeworkers rarely know how to come in contact with them. Education is important for homeworkers to develop their entrepreneurial and business skills.Program: Textil produktutveckling med entreprenörs- och affärsinriktning
15
Yamasaki, Junichi. "Essays on development economics and Japanese economic history". Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2017. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/3676/.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
This thesis consists of three independent chapters on development economics and Japanese economic history. The first chapter analyzes the effect of railroad construction in the Meiji period (1868–1912) on technology adoption and modern economic development. By digitizing a novel data set that measures the use of steam engines at the factory level and determining the cost-minimizing path between destinations as an identification strategy, I find that railroad access led to the increased adoption of steam power by factories, which in turn induced structural change and urbanization. My results support the view that railroad network construction was key to modern economic growth in pre-First World War Japan. The second chapter analyzes the effect of time horizon on local public investment in the Edo period (1615–1868). I use a unique event in Japanese history during this period to identify the effect. In 1651, the sudden death of the executive leader of the Tokyo government reduced the transfer risk of local lords, especially for insiders, who supported the Tokyo government during the war of 1600. Using a newly digitized data set and a difference-in-differences strategy, I find that after 1651, regions owned by insiders increased the number of public projects more than regions owned by the other lords. I discuss other possible channels to interpret the effect of tenure risk, but I find no strong support for these alternative channels and conclude that the results support a longer time horizon effect. The third chapter provides more general background and a complete description of the data availability in Japan in the 17th–20th centuries, to discuss future research directions. It would aid reexamination of the history of Japan and other East Asian countries, which have experienced different economic and political paths.
16
Choudhury, Subhashis. "Structure and socio-economic conditions of migrant population in East and South districts of Sikkim since 1975: a geographical study". Thesis, University of North Bengal, 2021. http://ir.nbu.ac.in/handle/123456789/4785.
Testo completo
17
Kuntashula, Justine. "Effects of exchange rate changes on the Zambi's trade balance". Thesis, Högskolan Väst, Avd för juridik, ekonomi, statistik och politik, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hv:diva-15555.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
In this paper, we examined the effects of real effective exchange rate (REER) changes on the Zambia´s trade balance, and whether the Marshal-Lerner condition (M-Lerner condition) and the Jcurve effect are satisfied in Zambia following the depreciation of the Zambian Kwacha (ZMK) against the U.S. dollar. Using annual time series data from 1990 through to 2019, the Johansen cointegration test results show that there is a long run relationship between the trade balance, the real effective exchange rate, the Zambia's GDP growth, the world´s GDP growth, and the Zambia´s terms of trade. A standard trade balance model was employed to estimate the long run and short run relationships between the trade balance and the variables in the trade balance model. The results from the trade balance show that the depreciation of the ZMK against the U.S. dollar improves the trade balance in the long run though the results could not validate the M-L condition since the coefficient value of REER was found to be far much less than unity (1). The results further uncover that the world´s GDP growth and the terms of trade both have a significant positive effect on the trade balance in the long run. The Zambia´s GDP growth was found to be statistically insignificant. In the short run, the results from the trade balance model show that the effects of the depreciation of the ZMK against the U.S. dollar on the trade balance were statistically insignificant, thus not consistent with the J-curve effect. The results from the Error Correction Model (ECM) on the other hand show that about 6.3% of the disequilibrium in the Zambia´s trade balance model is corrected every after one year.
18
Salci, Sener. "Three essays on the economics of renewable energy in small island economies". Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2015. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/6021/.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
In chapter 1, we introduce mechanism and present results of an integrated investment appraisal of an onshore wind farm for electricity generation in Cape-Verde that is owned and operated by a private investor. From the perspective of the electric utility and the economy, the results of such an ex-ante financial and economic appraisal of wind electricity generation depends critically on one’s view of the expected long-term level of future fossil fuel prices, negotiations of the power purchase agreement (PPA) price and wind capacity factor. In Chapter 2, we investigate the impacts of wind and solar renewable power sources on both electricity generation and planning by employing and applying a cost minimization model in Cyprus. The cost minimization model demonstrates that the use of wind alone and mix of wind and solar power in an electricity generation mix reduces the overall cost of the system. Due to high cost of electricity generation from fuel oil in Cyprus, we conclude that shift toward wind and solar mix of energy sources in Cyprus will have significant impact by means of cost reduction. Therefore, integrating these renewables will essentially contribute to the welfare of Cypriot consumers alongside its environmental and health benefits associated in them. In Chapter 3, we study the impacts of implementing real-time electricity pricing (RTP) in the Cypriot electricity market with and without wind/solar capacities. We use a merit order stack approach to generation investment and operation decisions. Empirical results show that dynamic pricing will increase generation capacity utilization by means of reduction in equilibrium installed capacity reduction and increase in load factors of off-peak plants. These savings are larger at higher demand elasticities. The emissions from electricity generation will potentially increase resulting from increased energy consumption, however. Because wind (solar) availability comes mostly during low (high) demand hours when relatively cleaner (dirtier) plants operate in the system, we find that there is considerable potential for capital cost savings and emission savings from smart metering even with only a small consumer response and at moderate participation in the programme. At the current costs of solar, investing in wind alone will however yield higher bill savings.
19
Ross, Sandy. "Everyday economics : ideas new and old from lay theories of economic life". Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2011. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/193/.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
This project explores divergences and parallels between lay theories of economic life as experienced and developed in two virtual worlds – Final Fantasy XI (FFXI) and Second Life (SL) – and academic theories from sociology and anthropology as well as economics. My intent is not a critique of economics, but a suggestion that other economic sociologies are possible, and to provide points of departure and ideas for such alternative configurations. Exploration of lay theories is organised around four key conceptual categories – value, exchange, money and markets – which were suggested by participants' accounts and economic organisation within each field site. Respondents' theories offer polyphonic, heteroglossic approaches to economic life that sometimes diverge substantially from academic conceptualisations. Lay theories examined in this research emphasising plurality and multiplicity – especially with respect to monies – going so far as to suggest a radical reorganisation of economies based on monies rather than markets. When lay theories from each category are pieced together, they reveal a social imaginary of boundless abundance, strong reliance upon practices as ways of knowing about and theorising economic life, and strange parellels with studies of “primitive” cultures. This dissertation is based on comparative ethnographies of two disparate virtual worlds, FFXI and SL, which offer different slant-wise views of contemporary capitalist, consumer societies. Final Fantasy XI is a proprietary massively multiplayer online role-playing game (MMORPG) created, owned and maintained by Square-Enix, while Second Life (SL) is a free-form, nonproprietary, three-dimensional virtual world created and maintained in a laissezfaire fashion by Linden Lab. Fieldwork consisted of participant observation, one-on-one interviews, group interviews with FFXI respondents and analysis of fan-made media and corporate texts.
20
Danzinger, Georg, e Katharina Reichmann. "How does the CSR engagement of CEO’s relate to TBL performance under the condition of a decentralized organizational structure? : An example of the largest German stock-listed corporations". Thesis, Högskolan Kristianstad, Fakulteten för ekonomi, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hkr:diva-19604.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Recently there has been a broad discussion with regards to Corporate Social Responsibility, its general purpose, and how it is publicly disclosed. The responsibilities for the engagement in CSR activities have been primarily vested with the CEO of organizations. Previous studies suggested an existing link between CEO’s CSR Engagement and TBL Performance. The dissertation aimed to explore the relationship between the CEO’s CSR Engagement and TBL Performance and to investigate the role of a decentralized organizational structure in this relation. A quantitative research approach in the form of archival data was carried out to measure CEO CSR Engagement and Decentralization of the 50 largest German stock-listed corporations by analyzing annual financial reports. Also, to measure total TBL Performance, media disclosure of the 50 largest German stock-listed corporations in the German newspaper Handelsblatt was analyzed. The results of the study showed that increased levels of the aspect Stakeholder Responsibility (a component of CEO CSR Engagement) positively impacted TBL Performance. Also, the study results indicated that a low level of Decentralization positively moderated the relationship between the aspect External Risk and Engagement (a component of CEO CSR Engagement) and TBL Performance. The dissertation extends already existing CEO leadership literature and measures organizational sustainability performance based on the concept of the Triple Bottom Line. Also, the application of organizational structure of Decentralization as a moderator between CEO CSR Engagement and TBL Performance contributes to already existing literature. By applying factor analysis to the CEO CSR related aspects to objectify the gathered data, this dissertation contributes methodologically.
21
Scheutz, Godin Axel. "Tillståndsbedömning av krafttransformatorer i stamnätet : En rekommendation av diagnostiska mättekniker". Thesis, KTH, Skolan för elektro- och systemteknik (EES), 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-187813.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Ett transformatorfel kan få stora ekonomiska konsekvenser och påverka ett elkraftsystems driftsäkerhet. Genom att övervaka en transformators tillstånd kan haverier och avbrott undvikas. Tillståndsövervakning möjliggör även att förebyggande underhåll kan planeras effektivt. Det här arbetet har undersökt tillgängliga diagnostikmetoder och övervakningstekniker för tillståndsbedömning av transformatorer. Tillgänglig felstatistik för transformatorer har studerats ingående för att förstå vilka fel som kan uppstå i en transformator och i vilken grad de förekommer. Eftersom felen har olika konsekvenser för transformatorns fortsatta drift har dessa undersökts. Befintliga metoder för att upptäcka fel har dokumenterats. Detta har utförts genom att studera tillgänglig litteratur och via intervjuer med företag som tillverkar övervakningsutrustning för transformatorer. Övervakningsmetoderna har jämförts med avseende på kostnad, livslängd och noggrannhet. Utifrån dessa analyser har en rekommendation tagits fram över vilka övervakningsmetoder som är mest lämpade för Svenska Kraftnät. Det finns verktyg för att kvantifiera resultaten från övervakningsmetoder till lättolkad information. Ett sådant är hälsoindexet, som komprimerar data från olika mätningar, till ett enskilt värde som representerar en komponents tillstånd. En fallstudie har utförts där tre transformatorers tillstånd under perioden 2002–2015 har undersökts med ett befintligt hälsoindex. Resultatet visar att hälsoindex kan utnyttjas för att indikera transformatorernas tillstånd. Nackdelen med hälsoindexet som användes är att indexet är fortsatt högt oavsett kvaliteten på isolationsmaterialet. Därför föreslås en alternativ modell för en hälsoindexberäkning, i vilken pappersåldringen beaktas i större utsträckning.A transformer fault could affect the reliability of a power system and have serious economic consequences. Therefore there is an increasing demand among electrical utilities to assess the actual condition of their transformers and hence detect faults before they occur. Condition monitoring has the potential to reduce operating costs and improve the reliability of operation. The aim of this master thesis has been to investigate available diagnostic measurement techniques that can assess the condition of power transformers. Transformer failure statistics has been studied in order to understand what different faults that can occur and to which extent they appear. The consequences of different faults have been investigated. Available measurement techniques were coupled with what faults they can detect. The diagnostic measurement techniques have also been compared in regard to cost, lifetime and accuracy. The comparison resulted in a recommendation over which measurement techniques that are most suitable for the Swedish transmission system operator, Svenska Kraftnät. There is a need among electrical utilities of economic and technical justifications for optimal investment and maintenance decisions. One available asset management technique that enables this is the health index. A health index is a tool that combines available measurement data from operating observations, field inspections and laboratory testing into an objective and quantitative index. The index provides information about the overall condition of an asset. A case study has been conducted where an available health index was used to estimate the condition of three transformers. The results indicate that the health index presents an efficient way to represent the condition of transformers. The disadvantage of the used index is that it implies a good condition even when the quality of the transformer insulation paper is poor. An alternative health index is therefore proposed where the paper insulation quality has a larger impact on the index.
22
Barja, Gover. "Time Series Analysis of Macroeconomic Conditions in Open Economics". DigitalCommons@USU, 1995. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/3561.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Three macroeconomic issues are examined in separate self-contained studies. The first study tests the business cycle theory with application of an enhanced Augmented Dickey-Fuller test on the U.S. time series of real gross national product. Unlike previous studies, the null hypothesis of a unit root is rejected. The second study tests for IS-LM conditions in the U.S. during the post-Bretton Woods era by combining the Johansen's approach to cointegration with bootstrap algorithms. The estimated model produces a dynamic version of the IS-LM that permits short-term evaluations of fiscal and monetary policies. The third study seeks to explain the observed persistence in the Bolivan dollarization process. It is found that dollarization is now an irreversible process, with the Bolivian economy in transition toward equalization with U.S. prices and interest rates.
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Rupesinghe, K. "The social and economic conditions of export oriented industrialization as a strategy of development". Thesis, City University London, 1986. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.374283.
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24
Henry, Marc. "Long memory in time series : semiparametric estimation and conditional heteroscedasticity". Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 1999. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/1581/.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
This dissertation considers semiparametric spectral estimates of temporal dependence in time series. Semiparametric frequency domain methods rely on a local parametric specification of the spectral density in a neighbourhood of the frequency of interest. Therefore, such methods can be applied to the analysis of singularities in the spectral density at frequency zero to identify long memory. They can also serve as the basis for the estimation of regular parts of the spectrum. One thereby avoids inconsistency that might arise from misspecification of dynamics at frequencies other than the frequency under focus. In case of long financial time series, the loss of efficiency with respect to fully parametric methods (or full band estimates) may be offset by the greater robustness properties. However, if semiparametric frequency domain methods are to be valid tools for inference on financial time series, they need to allow for conditional heteroscedasticity which is now recognized as a dominant feature of asset returns. This thesis provides a general specification which allows the time series under investigation to exhibit this type of behaviour. Two statistics are considered. The weighted periodogram statistic provides asymptotically normal point estimates of the spectral density at zero frequency for weakly dependent processes. The local Whittle (or local frequency domain maximum likelihood) estimate provides asymptotically normal estimates of long memory in possibly strongly dependent processes. The asymptotic results hold irrespective of the behaviour of the spectral density at non zero frequencies. The asymptotic variances are identical to those that obtain under conditional homogeneity in the distribution of the innovations to the observed process. In semiparametric frequency domain estimation, the choice of bandwidth is crucial. Indeed, it determines the asymptotic efficiency of the procedure. Optimal choices of bandwidth are derived, balancing asymptotic bias and asymptotic variance. Feasible versions of these optimal band-widths are proposed, and their performance is assessed in an extensive Monte Carlo study where the innovations to the observed process are simulated under numerous parametric submodels of the general specification, covering a wide range of persistence properties both in the levels and in the squares of the observed process. The techniques described above are applied to the analysis of temporal dependence and persistence in intra-day foreign exchange rate returns and their volatilities. While no strong indication of returns predictability is found in the former, a clear pattern arises in the latter, indicating that intra-day exchange rate returns are well described as martingale differences with weakly stationary and fractionally cointegrated long memory volatilities.
25
Du, Plessis Sophia W. F. "Institutions and institutional change as explanation for differences in economic development – a study of the first three decades of the postcolonial experience of Zambia and Botswana". Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/1387.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Thesis (PhD (Economics))--University of Stellenbosch, 2005.Numerous theories have been constructed to provide reasons for economic growth differences between countries. As data became more readily available, cross-country empirical studies identified a set of variables that contributed to economic growth, including variables such as the investment in human and physical capital.
26
Schabbel, Christian. "The value chain of foreign aid : development, poverty reduction, and regional conditions /". Heidelberg : Physica-Verl, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7908-1932-8.
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27
Loftin, Craig R. "An Examination of Open- and Closed-Economic Corxtitions in Operant Research". DigitalCommons@USU, 1989. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/5997.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The effect of economic condition on the relation between responding and overall rate of reinforcement has been an area of recent interest in operant research. The present research was conducted to determine whether the manipulation of the economic condition, by the systematic manipulation of the provision of substitute food, has an effect on this relation and whether open- and closed-economies represent two opposing alternatives or two parametric extremes along- a continuum. The results of two experiments conducted with pigeons using variable-interval and fixed-ratio schedules of reinforcement suggest that the manipulation of economic condition has a controlling effect on the relation between responding and overall rate of reinforcement, that open- and closed- economies are likely to represent points along- a continuum rather than all-or-none conditions, and that the differences in the response-to- reinforcement relation between open- and closed-economies are likely due to an interaction of incentive and regulatory effects. Additionally, specific methodological considerations for further research in this area are suggested.
28
Khandelwal, Nikhil Krueger Kem P. Berger Bruce A. "Developing condition-specific hospice formularies for congestive heart failure and depression conditions and the evaluation of their economic impact". Auburn, Ala., 2006. http://repo.lib.auburn.edu/2006%20Summer/Dissertations/KHANDELWAL_NIKHIL_24.pdf.
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29
Samararatne, Thilak. "Exchange rate policy options for Sri Lanka in the context of financial integration". Thesis, Edith Cowan University, Research Online, Perth, Western Australia, 2009. https://ro.ecu.edu.au/theses/1857.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Global financial integration, which took a U turn following the Second World War and experienced a rapid growth since the 1970s has been one of the most important developments in international economic relations in the recent past. The integration of capital, goods, and labour markets across national borders brings about benefits as well challenges. The recent experience in the South East Asian countries vividly exemplifies the possible implications of financial globalisation. Foreign capital inflows into these countries not only supplemented domestic saving but also provided a ready market for finished products and diffused technological innovations that led to substantial improvement in well-being of nations. The financial crisis in 1997 /98 however devastated most of these economies that had some important ramifications on social and political fronts as well. Even though the debate has been far from conclusive as to the fundamental causes for the crisis, it aptly shows the challenges faced by the countries that have financially integrated.
As "impossible trinity" shows financial integration, monetary policy, and exchange rate policy are interrelated issues. Accordingly, with increasing financial globalisation countries should opt for either exchange rate flexibility or fixity. Following the Asian financial crisis a new twist was added into these policy prescriptions due to the advancement of what is known as the "hollowing out the middle hypothesis" according to which financial globalisation had made the intermediate exchange rate incompatible and therefore countries should move to either fixed or flexible corners. This re-ignited the age-old debate on the choice of appropriate exchange rate policy. Sri Lanka since 1977 has been cautiously moving towards a market economy. Current account convertibility was achieved by the mid-1990s. Even though there are still some restrictions especially on hot money flows, capital account also has been progressively liberalised. The exchange rate policy by 2001 evolved to an officially declared free float. The transition to freely floating was done as a crisis preventive measure despite the fact that the exchange rate policy movement had been towards the flexible corner. In this situation the obvious concern over the appropriateness of a freely floating regime to Sri Lanka motivated this research. Thus the main objective of this thesis is to analyse the appropriate foreign exchange regime for Sri Lanka given the prevailing economic conditions and the overall economic objectives and strategies.
Two analytical procedures were used in this thesis in analysing the appropriate exchange rate regime. First, the past performance of various exchange rate policies that have been followed was evaluated based on an analysis of real exchange rate misalignment. Second, recent experience with exchange rate regime choice of a large number of countries was evaluated. The lessons garnered from these analyses in combination with the existing economic conditions and broad economic objectives were used in drawing the final conclusions. Even though the lessons that can be drawn from the other country experience have been far less illuminating than expected, overall findings favour a more flexible exchange rate regime for Sri Lanka
30
Rudolph, Thomas James. "Institutional responsibility for economic conditions /". Diss., ON-CAMPUS Access For University of Minnesota, Twin Cities Click on "Connect to Digital Dissertations", 2001. http://www.lib.umn.edu/articles/proquest.phtml.
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Moribame, Thapelo Tebogo. "Utilisation of mineral rent and the diversified growth of the Botswana economy". Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/17840.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Thesis (MComm)--Stellenbosch University, 2011.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This study analyses the relationship between mineral rent and Botswana’s economic diversification. The analysis is done by; 1) providing an overview of Botswana’s economy and development, 2) explaining the economics of minerals, 3) describing Botswana’s mineral economy, 4) examining how mineral rent is generated and utilised in Botswana, 5) analysing the economic diversification of Botswana, 6) investigating constraints faced by Botswana in diversifying the economy, and 7) concluding by offering recommendations that can assist policy makers with decisions regarding economic diversification. The economic value of minerals is measured by the rent they earn. Rent is profit above the normal return on total investment and is due to the scarcity of minerals. Management of minerals to achieve sustainability requires that rent is recovered through various taxes and be invested in economic activities that can provide income and employment for the future generation. In Botswana, mineral rent is generated from royalty payments, profit taxes and withholding tax on remitted dividends. Total resource rent was estimated at P160 million in 1979, but by the 2008/09 financial year, rent had increased by more than tenfold and was estimated at P10.56 billion. Diamond mining generates most of the rent and accounts for most of all the economic value of minerals, between 98 percent and 99 percent from 2004 and 2009. Copper nickel is the second most important resource after diamonds with a contribution that is between 1.03 percent and 1.34 percent of total resource rent in the 2007/08 and 2008/09 financial years. Coal, gold and soda ash are much less valuable from an economic perspective. In the 1973/74 financial year, the mining industry contributed about 34 percent to Gross Domestic Product (GDP) at current prices and a high of 48 percent in 2000/01, although contribution declined to 40 percent in 2007/08. The mining industry contributed about 90 percent to total exports in 2001. In the same year, diamonds contributed about 85 percent to total exports and about 95 percent to the mining sector’s exports. Since minerals took centre stage in the economy of Botswana, rent has been utilised to acquire foreign reserves abroad and finance development priorities such as the provision of health care, education and infrastructure. Part of the rent is also used to develop economic diversification through targeted initiatives that increase private sector involvement in economic activity. Even though that is the case, the Ogive Index shows that from 1973 to 2009, economic diversification has taken place, but at a slow pace. Slow economic diversification is a result of structural problems such as; a small domestic economy, high transportation costs, high cost of doing business, not fully benefitting from regional trade and vulnerability to transitional challenges like the economic crisis’. To overcome these problems, Botswana should benchmark in other mineral-rich countries to address internal capacity problems and production deficiencies. The country should also strive to benefit from international trade at a bilateral, regional and multilateral level.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: In hierdie studie is die verhouding tussen mineraalontginningsurplus en Botswana se ekonomiese diversifikasie ontleed. Hierdie ontleding is gedoen deur 1) ’n oorsig te bied van Botswana se ekonomie en ontwikkeling; 2) die ekonomie van minerale te verduidelik; 3) Botswana se mineraalekonomie te beskryf; 4) die manier waarop mineraalontginningsurplus in Botswana gegenereer en benut word, te ondersoek; 5) die ekonomiese diversifikasie van Botswana te ontleed; 6) beperkings waarvoor Botswana te staan kom in die diversifikasie van die ekonomie te ondersoek; en 7) af te sluit met aanbevelings wat beleidmakers kan help met besluite oor ekonomiese diversifikasie. Die ekonomiese waarde van minerale word gemeet deur die ontginningsurplus wat dit verdien. Ontginningsurplus is wins bo die normale rendement van die totale belegging en is in gebruik weens die skaarste van minerale. Die bestuur van minerale vir volhoubaarheid vereis dat ontginningsurplus deur verskeie soorte belasting verhaal word en in ekonomiese aktiwiteite belê word wat inkomste en werkverskaffing vir die toekomstige generasies kan verskaf. In Botswana word mineraalontginningsurplus uit tantièmebetaling, winsbelasting en terughoubelasting op geremitteerde dividende gegenereer. Die totale hulpbronontginningsurplus is in 1979 op P160 miljoen geraam, maar teen die 2008/09- finansiële jaar het die ontginningsurplus tienvoudig vermeerder en is dit op P10.56 biljoen geraam. Diamantontginning genereer die meeste van die ontginningsurplus en is verantwoordelik vir die grootste gedeelte van die totale ekonomiese waarde van minerale – tussen 98% en 99% vanaf 2004 tot 2009. Nikkeliet is die tweede belangrikste hulpbron ná diamante,met ’n bydrae van tussen 1.03% en 1.34% van die totale hulpbronontginningsurplus in die 2007/08- en 2008/09- finansiële jaar. Steenkool, goud en soda-as is aansienlik minder waardevol vanuit ’n ekonomiese perspektief. In die 1973/74- finansiële jaar het die mynwese ongeveer 34% tot die bruto binnelandse produk (BBP) teen huidige pryse bygedra, met ’n hoogtepunt van 48% in 2000/01, alhoewel die bydrae tot 40% in 2007/08 afgeneem het. Die mynwese het ongeveer 90% tot totale uitvoere in 2001 bygedra. In dieselfde jaar het diamante ongeveer 85% tot totale uitvoere en ongeveer 95% tot die mynbedryf se uitvoere bygedra. Sedert minerale die kern van Botswana se ekonomie begin vorm het, is ontginningsurplus gebruik om buitelandse reserwes te verkry en ontwikkelingsprioriteite, soos die verskaffing van gesondheidsorg, opvoeding en infrastruktuur, te finansier. ’n Gedeelte van die ontginningsurplus word ook gebruik om ekonomiese diversifikasie te ontwikkel deur teikeninisiatiewe wat die privaat sektor se betrokkenheid by ekonomiese aktiwiteit bevorder. Ten spyte hiervan, toon die Ogive-index dat ekonomiese diversifikasie wel van 1973 tot 2009 plaasgevind het, maar dat dit teen ’n stadige pas geskied het. Stadige ekonomiese diversifikasie is ’n gevolg van strukturele probleme soos ’n klein binnelandse ekonomie, hoë vervoerkoste, hoë sakekoste, streekshandel waaruit voordeel nie ten volle verkry word nie en kwesbaarheid vir oorgangsuitdagings soos die ekonomiese krisis. Botswana moet met ander mineraalryk lande normeer om interne kapasiteitsprobleme en produksiegebreke die hoof te bied. Die land moet ook daarna streef om op ’n bilaterale, streeks- en multilaterale vlak uit internasionale handel munt te slaan.
32
Riser, Jerome L. "A Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis of the Redistribution of Regional Economic Growth". Thesis, North Texas State University, 1986. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc500829/.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Utilizing shift/share and economic base analysis, data covering employment, income, and population are analyzed for each of the nine regions of the United States as defined by the Census Bureau. The study covers 1970 through 1984 because widespread redistribution of employment and a shift toward more service-oriented, white collar jobs occurred during this period. This study presents currents trends and recommends ways in which people may better prepare for the future.
33
Escoe, Gisela Meyer. "Sources of Soviet industrial growth (1961-85) : a production function analysis by branch and region /". The Ohio State University, 1991. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1487688507502386.
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34
Emontspool, Julie. "Consumption discourses as positioning strategies for international migrants". Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/209778.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
In today’s globalised world, everyday life becomes increasingly “liquid” - changing and fragile - as individuals continuously adapt their lifestyle and behaviour to global influences (Bauman 2000). To provide a general framework for understanding this world, Appadurai (1996) introduces five “dimensions” of global flows in his seminal work Modernity At Large: ethnoscapes, financescapes, mediascapes, ideoscapes, and technoscapes. One of them, the ethnoscapes, refers to the increased mobility of individuals and peoples, impacting their cultural affiliations and social networks. The focus of this thesis lies on international, cross-border migrants, the primary representatives of these uprooted individuals. Studying migrants’ consumption behaviour provides a better understanding of the issues faced by all members of liquid life in terms of consumption behaviour, whether they are migrants or not, by referring to its most extreme cases.
The present dissertation addresses migrant consumer research through an original angle. It suggests that international migrants position themselves in the global mediascapes of cosmopolitanism and transmigrant communities by activating different consumption discourses. This approach offers a solution to previous ambiguous categorisations of international migrants by relying on self-categorisation across national and cultural boundaries instead of outside-defined sociodemographic or geopolitical criteria. In addition to providing a typology based on the migrants’ strategies of positioning that explains global consumer acculturation, the results allow for a disambiguation of the notions of immigrants, globals and cosmopolitans.
The contribution of the dissertation lies in its contrast to existing research, and is therefore more adapted to the liquidity of our modern world. Indeed, the field of consumer research as much as political discourse or companies tend to categorise international migrants according to socioeconomic or geopolitical criteria, such as education, duration of stay or ethnic origin. While consumer research often views low-skilled immigrants in light of specific ethnic groups (Peñaloza 1994, Oswald 1999, Üçok 2007), cross-cultural samples represent the preferred approach to highly-skilled expatriates (Thompson and Tambyah 1999). Consumer research addresses and considers these categories of migrants differently, a questionable postulation in light of global flows which render movement across nations more complex and lead to mixed and multiple cultural affiliations.
The main research question to answer in the present thesis is: How do international migrants use consumption behaviour to make sense of their experience? Its broad character allows for new insights and approaches to emerge, both on the side of existing literature and on the empirical side.
The dissertation initiates the answer by a first review of the literature. The review highlights gaps and contradictions which can be found in the literature centred on international migrants and their consumption behaviour. The explanation of the context of this research encompasses the definition of consumer culture as well as of globalisation. Indeed, consumption as a discourse plays a role especially in terms of the subscription to a particular group; individuals use consumption to communicate, to express their affiliation with a family, or a place, to situate their identity in their universe (Douglas and Isherwood 1979). These issues change in the global context, and therefore need review. Migration research constitutes the second chapter of the literature review. It presents on the one hand the people endeavouring migration, and on the other, illustrates the various models explaining migration as a process.
Based on this review, the research question transforms, splitting it into three elements, each focusing on one element: cultural affiliations, migrant networks and consumer acculturation. The consequent empirical part aims at answering these three questions through three separate, though complementary, research phases, which rely on in-depth interviews, focus groups and observations. Each phase predominantly addressed one research question, though all three elements remain present in all phases.
Different types of consumption discourses emerge; in the case of a focus on products of home and/or host culture, three locality discourses develop. Seven globality discourses integrate global and other foreign products in the equation. International migrants seem to use these locality and globality discourses to position themselves in today’s liquid world. They can consequently be compared to the twelve worlds that are presented by Rosenau (2004) as positioning strategies resulting from global “fragmegration”, that is, the difficulty of integrating fragmented and contradictory elements of global societies.
The contribution of this dissertation lies in the integration of more diversity in the concepts of cultural affiliations, migrant networks and consumer acculturation. Consequently, the locality and globality discourses provide indications as to the acculturation strategies possible for its members.
Doing so, this thesis integrates debates of the local and the global, immigrants versus expatriates, integration versus acculturation, a comparison of interest to both researchers and marketers. On a theoretical level, the thesis provides thus a more generalised view on international migrants, incorporating previous categories. It provides practical solutions, both on a political and on a managerial level. The provided typology enables policy-makers and managers to better understand the new tendencies and problematics inherent to international migration and to address migrants in a way taking into account their actual affiliations and networks.
Doctorat en Sciences économiques et de gestion
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
35
Gilboa, David. "The economic conditions of political liberty". The Ohio State University, 1989. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/42197316.html.
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36
Abdo, Dina Taha Hussien. "Effects of IMF Conditional Loans on Gender Equality". Youngstown State University / OhioLINK, 2021. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ysu162086139444451.
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Cox, Christopher R. "Synthesizing the Vertical and the Horizontal: A World-Ecological Analysis of 'the Industrial Revolution', Part I". PDXScholar, 2014. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/1944.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
'The Industrial Revolution' is simultaneously one of the most under-examined and overly-simplified concepts in all of social science. One of the ways it is highly under-examined is in the arena of the ecological, particularly through the lens of critical world-history. This paper attempts to analyze the phenomenon through the lens of the world-ecology synthesis, in three distinct phases: First, the history of the conceptualization of the Industrial Revolution is examined at length, paying special attention to the knowledge foundations that determine these conceptualizations. Secondly, I sift out what I believe is the dominant model throughout most of modern and now postmodern history, which I identify as the techno-economic narrative. I then present the main critical world-historical challenge to that argument (that the Industrial Revolution was a unified, linear, two-century phenomenon) by outlining the critical interpretations of Fernand Braudel, Immanuel Wallerstein, Giovanni Arrighi, among others, leading a view of industrialization that is over the very long term, or what Braudel referred to as the longue durée. This long-view form of critical historical analysis is unabashedly Marxist, so there is some foray into various pieces of the Marxian canon, pieces that are often left untouched or at the least under-utilized in many politico-economic analyses of environmental history and politico-ecological narratives as well. Thirdly, I attempt to bring this new long-form view of industrialization more firmly into the ecological, but filtering the basic presuppositions of the 'techno-economic' narratives and the Marxist 'critical world-historical' narratives through the presuppositions of Jason W. Moore's world-ecology synthesis. What we arrive at through this filtering process is a very different view of the Industrial Revolution than we are used to hearing about. This is Part I of a much larger research process, one that I intend to bring into the present and future by looking at the development process of the BRICS as the next extension of the Industrial Revolution. What this paper is most concerned with is re-igniting what I think is a valuable debate among theorists, economic historians, and Marxist ecological thinkers, the debate about what exactly this phenomenon was, is, and will be. My small contribution is to re-define it in relationship to its really-existing history, including its antecedents and possible future expansions.
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VIRKOLA, Tuomo. "Essays in applied economics". Doctoral thesis, European University Institute, 2021. https://hdl.handle.net/1814/69755.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Defence date: 29 January 2021Examining Board: Professor Andrea Ichino (European University Insitute); Professor Matteo Cervellati (University of Bologna); Professor Dominik Sachs (University of Munich); Professor Roope Uusitalo (University of Helsinki)
This thesis consists of three articles in applied economics. In the first essay, I consider the extent to which informational frictions between workers and jobs can be alleviated with short-term contracts in the early career. I leverage a program at a Finnish university which gave out randomly selected students an internship subsidy for a three-month paid internship. I match these students to administrative data to track their transition to labor markets in the years around the program and find evidence that the program significantly improved early labor market success. In the second essay, I study the effect of social sorting on family formation and inequality across households. I leverage the institutional features of Finnish high-school assignments to evaluate how exposure to high- skilled, high-socioeconomic -status peers affect the quality of social ties individuals form. I find that while high schools are an important meeting place for future spouses, but that exposure to higher quality peers will not affect the eventual partner characteristics. This suggests that policies aiming to mix individuals from various backgrounds may not always work anticipated. In the third essay, I study with two co-authors the causes and consequences of broadly defined inequality and democratization using Finland as a natural experiment. We find evidence that the 19th famine affected inequality and labour coercion and thus the balance of political power. On the other hand, we find that these developments were critical in explaining both the increasing threat of revolution and participation in the Finnish civil war in the early 20th century and a subsequent shift to democratization. Areas that initially experienced higher growth in inequality, also experienced the most significant shift to redistribution in the aftermath of the war.
-- Part 1. Abstract -- Part 2. Internships and the Allocation of Talent -- Part 3. Social Sorting, Family Formation and Inequality -- Part 4. The Violent Origins of Finnish Equality
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Lopez, Pena Paula. "Essays in development economics". Thesis, University of Warwick, 2018. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/109831/.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
This thesis consists of three chapters, which address different but related research questions, using original data collected during extensive field work in Bangladesh. Chapter one studies the impact of training in stress management on firm outcomes in Bangladesh. 310 female owners were recruited and one-half was randomly offered a 10-week training based on Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, the current best practice treatment for chronic stress. The other half was assigned to an active control group and received empathetic listening. Initially, CBT reduces stress levels but does not affect profits and sales. For owners in sectors with a high concentration of women, predominantly clothing and handicrafts shops, the effect of CBT on stress dissipates within six months and it has no effect on profits and sales. For owners in sectors with a lower concentration of women, such as electronics or interior design, the effect of CBT on stress persists six months after the treatment, and profits and sales grow over time. Chapter two uses a reverse Becker-DeGroot-Marschak (BDM) mechanism to elicit the willingness to accept a one-time subsidy to try formal childcare in 17 low-income communities in Bangladesh. We visited 635 households with preschool-age children and invited the 415 that were not using childcare to participate in the BDM. The median and modal amounts demanded to try the service are 500 Bangladeshi Taka, approximately 6 US dollars. Households where the head owns a business or does not work demand significantly lower subsidies, compared to those where the head is in wage employment. Respondents living in low-quality dwellings, or in communities where daycare use is low, also demand smaller subsidies. One month after receiving the subsidy, only 17 parents had visited the centre and 9 enrolled their child. These results suggest that a single cash transfer might not be an effective policy for increasing preschool enrollment and regular attendance in low-income urban areas. Chapter three studies correlations between physical and mental health outcomes, employment and household infrastructure in a sample of 1,778 low-income households in Greater Dhaka, Bangladesh. Women and urban dwellers have lower well-being levels than men and residents of peri-urban areas, even after controlling for occupation, consumption and household infrastructure. Participation in paid employment is associated with higher levels of stress for women, but the effects are concentrated on women who own a business or work as domestic helpers. Female garment workers, the largest occupational group among women, fare no worse than women who do not work. Proximity to central Dhaka is associated with higher access to improved sanitation but worse health. Peri-urban dwellers spend less days sick and with fever than those living in the city.
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Cheng, Hui-Pei. "Essays on applied economics". Thesis, University of Warwick, 2018. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/110627/.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
This thesis includes three empirical essays which cover different topics. Before moving to the main chapters, I would like to briefly discuss the research question and main findings of each project. Chapter 1 Black-White Wage Convergence in the United States This paper explores whether there is a pattern of heterogeneous wage convergence between black and white workers in the Southern US relative to the Non-Southern US during the post-Civil Rights era. Heterogeneity in relation to the South may be plausibly associated with a range of determinants: the region’s historical experience of slavery, different observable factors, or changing political and social institutions. My evidence from US Census data for 1980, 1990 and 2000 indicates that a strong pattern of “black-black” and “black-white” wage convergence exists between Southern born and Non-Southern born individuals. This wage convergence pattern, particularly amongst black workers, is similar across Southern states associated with different historical intensities of slavery, but it is stronger and more persistent for the low wage groups in the South. In addition, the wage convergence is mainly from the low wage quartile groups. My assessment of the impact of institutional changes as a driver of wage convergence suggests that the changes associated with rising political competition from 1960 to 1980 contributed to rising black wages. Chapter 2 Hate Crime and Victory of Obama This paper examines whether Obama’s 2008 electoral victory affected hate crimes. Hate crime data from 2005 to 2012 indicate that anti-black and total hate crimes declined significantly in Blue States after Obama won the election, relative to Red States. The drop is even more significant in States that supported the Democratic presidential candidates in the 2004 and 2008 elections. Moreover, this decline is highly associated with the decreasing education gap between black people and white people. These findings suggest that Obama’s victory played a role in reducing the number of hate crimes in the US. Chapter 3 The Long-Run Labor Market Consequences of Being Born in A Bad Economy Recent studies have shown that an economic or environmental shock at an early stage of life can have a negative long-term impact on health status as well as educational and labour market outcomes. In this study, I examine whether being born during an economic recession affects later-life earnings. By utilising 2000 US Census data, I find that males born between 1965 and 1979 experienced a 1 percent of earning loss with every one unit increase in the unemployment rate at year of birth. The effect is similar in those with and without college education. Moreover, the effect is stronger in the low wage quartile groups. These findings suggest that the labour market consequences of being born in a recession are negative and persistent.
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Маценко, Олександр Михайлович, Александр Михайлович Маценко, Oleksandr Mykhailovych Matsenko e І. Honcharenko. "Economics for Ecology in conditions increasing global instability". Thesis, Сумський державний університет, 2013. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/31636.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Over the past 20 years, when our country was granted the status of an independent state, it and many other countries suffered from the consequences of instability. Some economies have suffered devastating effects of full scale ecological disasters military conflicts. But in modern terms into first place go global ecological problems, problems of instability harmonization cooperation between society and nature. But in modern terms into first place go global ecological problems, problems of instability harmonization cooperation between society and nature.
When you are citing the document, use the following link http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/31636
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Siketina, Natalya Hennadievna, e A. S. Shakyn. "Modern condition of economic education in Ukraine analysis". Thesis, Харківський національний університет будівництва та архітектури, 2018. http://repository.kpi.kharkov.ua/handle/KhPI-Press/36609.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
On the potential of overcoming through economic education and the education of the gap between consciously desirable reality and the existing objective reality lays many hopes on, because it depends on this on the ability of future generations to actively creative, creative and innovative self-realization in the economic, entrepreneurial and managerial fields.
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Junker, Berit. "A local economy before its transition to the market economy : a case study of a German village". Thesis, McGill University, 2001. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=34006.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
This work examines the socio-economic context of the small town of Eichelborn in the Westphalia region of Germany. There, a local and 'moral' economy existed until the end of the 1960's that resisted the forces of integration into a wider self-regulatory market system for an exceptionally long time, continuing to rely primarily on simple craft production and small-scale farming for the local market. Employing mainly qualitative methods, the aim of research was to describe the economic and social structure of this place as well as to determine whether it functioned according to the principles of a pre-market society as indicated in Karl Polanyi's writings. The findings of my research show that one can, indeed, understand Eichelborn as a Polanyi-type community and as a 'moral' economy in which a strong interrelation and unity between the social and economic realms result in the reconciliation between 'personal self-interest' and 'morality'.
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Sibanda, Bornapart. "Exchange rates and economic growth in emerging economies: the case of South Africa". Thesis, University of Fort Hare, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10353/d1007045.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
This study examines the impact of exchange rate volatility and misalignment on economic growth in South Africa. It applies the Johansen co integration test and the vector error correction model on quarterly data for the period 1990:01-2010:04. Exchange rate volatility is measured as the standard deviation of both the nominal and nominal effective exchange rate. The study constructs three measures of exchange rate misalignment, with two of the measures constructed using the Producer Price Index and Consumer Price index based Purchasing Power Parity. The third measure was based on the difference between the nominal and effective exchange rate. Contrary to pre-dominant findings in the exchange rate literature, the study finds a positive and significant relationship between exchange rate volatility and economic growth and attributes it to composition of the country’s exports that are largely made up of commodities that act as essential inputs in many production processes. As a result, the variability of prices caused by exchange rate volatility is not expected to deter demand for these commodities. A negative and significant relationship between exchange rate misalignment and economic growth was found. The findings of the study show that it is important for monetary authorities to ensure that the exchange rate is always at an appropriate level in order to avoid the negative implications of exchange rate misalignment on economic growth.
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Strong, Paul Nicholas. "The economic consequences of ethno-national conflict in Cyprus : the development of two siege economies after 1963 and 1974". Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 1999. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/97/.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
This thesis examines the economic aftermath of ethno-national conflict in a small European economy. Events in 1963 and 1974, led to the de facto division of a small nation-state, ethnically and geographically. Since the conflict, the different communities have remained on a war footing, having had no normal communications. For each, one of these watersheds is perceived as an economic catastrophe. The effect of arbitrarily dividing an already small economy was significant. It has been argued, however, that the large-scale uprooting of one community was seized on as a development opportunity, so the thesis examines the recovery mechanisms employed by both communities and assesses their relative economic impact. In a comparative context, economic growth and development are compared before and after de facto division, both across the ethnic division and with similar small and regional economies that have, in the period, largely retained conflict within the politicai process. Despite Problems, economic growth both sides of a UN Buffer Zone compare favourably with ali of the selected peer economies. However, with both communities having a clear perception of the cost of division, a dynamic model has been created to determine a benchmark for all-island, integrated economic growth. How would the economy have performed, if growth had not been disrupted by ethno-national conflict? How sustainable are two competing, non-communicating economies, sharing one small Mediterranean island?
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Linsi, Lukas. "How the beast became a beauty : the social construction of the economic meaning of foreign direct investment inflows in advanced economies, 1960-2007". Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2016. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/3389/.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Dominant approaches in International Political Economy treat inflows of foreign direct investments (FDI) only as a material fact, a physical flow of capital. The analysis of the perceptions of inward FDI presented in this research, however, reveals that the meaning that policymakers and analysts attribute to FDI inflows goes far beyond that. What is more, the predominant interpretation of the meaning of FDI inflows has changed dramatically over time: While they were perceived primarily as a threat to national economic development from the 1950s to the 1980s, they came to be gradually re-interpreted as a sign of economic success in the 1990s. Focusing on these developments in the major OECD economies, this research aims to make sense of this stunning transformation in the social interpretation of inward FDI and to examine the implications of these ideational evolutions for policy outcomes. To do so, the research adopts a mixed methods research design, which combines quantitative approaches with the insights gained from qualitative historical analysis: After providing a nuanced theoretical discussion of the significance of economic narratives in international economic affairs and a broad overview of the key developments in FDI policies and relevant policy discourses in the six largest advanced economies during the post-war era, the research subjects the theoretical argument to two quantitative tests at large cross-national samples using data from public opinion surveys and general election results; finally, a qualitative comparison of relevant developments in the United Kingdom and France analyses the impact of these ideational changes on FDI policy-making processes in empirical depth.
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Conference, Southern African Catholic Bishops'. "Economic justice in South Africa: a pastoral statement". Southern African Catholic Bishops' Conference, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/68823.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The Introduction to the statement explains that its aim is to contribute to the search for a more just, equitable and sustainable economic dispensation. It reminds people that, as a nation, we have overcome the horrors of apartheid and made significant progress towards peace and stability. However, we are sitting on an economic time-bomb; if we do not strive for economic justice we must expect a deepening of our social problems such as crime, lawlessness, poverty and unemployment. The second section considers the Church's Prophetic Duty to speak out and to bring Gospel values to bear on political, economic and social matters. A second transformation is needed: massive, and overwhelmingly positive, political change has occurred, but the same has not yet happened in the economy, with the result that the majority of our people still have little chance of fulfilling their reasonable hopes for a better life. Section three turns to the question of Discerning Economic Justice. It is asserted that every economy has a moral quality which makes it possible for us to pass judgements as to whether or not it is a just economy. In order to make such judgements the presence or absence of various factors must be assessed, including poverty, unemployment, discrimination, materialism and environmental degradation. Next, the statement deals briefly with Economic Structure. The fact that economies are complex, and that most people are unfamiliar with economic terminology, results in many people feeling powerless. They believe that, as individuals, they have no influence over, or responsibility for, the way an economy operates. Some of the negative consequences of such a belief are mentioned, and it is pointed out that we have a moral duty to make the correct choices, even in complex matters. Section four, Christian Economic Values, offers some guidelines for those striving to make these choices. The section summarises some of the main concepts and principles developed by the Church as ways of making concrete the commandment to 'love your neighbour as yourself'. These include the common good, solidarity, the option for the poor, the common destiny of goods, and the integrity of creation. The South African Economy is analysed in section six, according to the criteria mentioned in section three. Poverty, unemployment, materialism, greed, the lack of women's economic empowerment, debt and corruption are among the features identified as contributing to economic injustice in our country. But the gap between rich and poor is singled out as the defining characteristic of our economy, with millions of South Africans surviving, like Lazarus, on crumbs from the rich man's table. No country's economy exists in isolation, free from outside influences. Therefore, in section seven, some attention is given to The World Economy, especially to aspects which affect South Africa. The point is made that international factors can act as powerful constraints on moves towards economic justice at home, without their being, however, an excuse for a lack of effort in this direction. When statements such as the present one are published, people have a right to expect the authors to make specific and practical recommendations. This is attempted in section eight, What Can Be Done? The major role-players in the economy are identified and various steps are suggested for each of them; these range from fiscal initiatives to encourage job-creation, through changes to personal taxation and measures to improve productivity and training, to the promotion of the interests of the unemployed. However, it is conceded that even the most enlightened economic measures will not be able to withstand selfish and destructive attitudes. The question of people's attitudes to each other and to economic choices is therefore addressed, with particular emphasis being placed on the role of the religious community in this regard. By way of Conclusion the statement points out that economic justice is demanded not just by the poor and by forthcoming generations, but by God. In striving for a just economy we are carrying forward Jesus' great task of bringing fullness of life to all people.2nd ed
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De, Philippis Marta. "Essays in economics of education". Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2016. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/3292/.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
This thesis studies aspects related to the role of schools characteristics and their governance on students’ learning outcomes. The thesis contains three chapters. The first chapter explores the effect of exposing students to more science in high school on their enrolment and persistence in STEM majors at university. It exploits the different timing in the implementation of a reform that induced high schools in the UK to offer more science to high ability 14 year-old children. The findings show that a stronger science curriculum at high school increases the probability of enrolling and of graduating in a STEM major at university. Moreover, the effect masks substantial gender heterogeneity. It is indeed mostly concentrated on boys. Girls tend to choose more scientific subjects, but still the most female-dominated ones: they choose medicine, not engineering. The second chapter of this thesis analyses the effects of providing strong research incentives to university professors on the way they allocate effort between teaching and research and on the way they select into different types of universities. I find evidence that teaching and research efforts are substitute in the professors’ cost function: the impact of research incentives is positive on research activity and negative on teaching performance. Effects are stronger for young faculty members, who are exposed not only to monetary incentives but also to career concerns. Moreover, I find that less skilled researchers tend to leave the university under stronger research incentives. Since I estimate that teaching and research skills are positively correlated, this implies that also bad teachers tend to leave the university. The overall impact of stronger research incentives on the university teaching quality is therefore ambiguous: the negative effect on teaching performance for incumbent professors is compensated by the positive sorting effect, given by changes in the composition of teachers. The third chapter explores where do the large cross-country differences in students’ performances in international standardized tests come from. This chapter argues that, while most of the debate concentrates on country differences in the school systems, differences in cultural environments and parental inputs are instead of great importance. I show indeed that the school performance of second generation immigrants is closely related to the average one of native students who still study in their parents’ countries of origin. This holds true even after accounting for different family background characteristics, different schools attended and different patterns of selection into immigration. This pattern questions whether PISA scores should be interpreted only as a quality measure for a country’s educational system. They actually contain an important intergenerational and cultural component. Parental inputs are found indeed to explain a large part of the cross country variation in school performance, for instance they account for more than one third of the gap between East Asia and other regions.
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Weatherman, Lynda. "The changing Hong Kong economy : economics, issues and findings /". Thesis, Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 1990. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B42574183.
Testo completo
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Rostov, David. "The sensitivity of Brazil's balance of payments and foreign debt to future changes in world economic conditions: 1987-1991". Oberlin College Honors Theses / OhioLINK, 1987. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=oberlin1342190790.
Testo completo