Articoli di riviste: "Economic development – scandinavia"

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Suslov, Victor I., and Vera G. Basareva. "ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT AND PUBLIC POLICY: SCANDINAVIA AND SIBERIA." Interexpo GEO-Siberia 3, no. 1 (2020): 209–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.33764/2618-981x-2020-3-1-209-218.

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The report provides a comparative analysis of the current state of the countries of Scandinavia and Siberia. The purpose of the study: to show that sound state economic policies of the countries of Northern Europe lead to undeniable socio-economic progress. Based on the World Bank ratings, information from Rosstat of Russia, and expert opinions, the components of such a policy and the possibility of borrowing the experience of other countries in reforming economies are analyzed. Based on the specific tasks facing the system of regional planning and forecasting in the context of current trends in the development of Russia and the increasing impact of negative foreign economic and foreign policy factors on it, taking into account the experience of Scandinavia, the focus is on the role of technological development and innovation, state support of entrepreneurship. Institutional conditions for the implementation of nationwide reforms of federal relations and mechanisms to overcome stagnation in the development of Siberia are discussed.

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Näsman, Ulf. "Danerne og det danske kongeriges opkomst – Om forskningsprogrammet »Fra Stamme til Stat i Danmark«." Kuml 55, no. 55 (2006): 205–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.7146/kuml.v55i55.24694.

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The Danes and the Origin of the Danish KingdomOn the Research Programme “From Tribe to State in Denmark”Since the 1970’s, the ethnogenesis of the Danes and the origin of the Danish kingdom have attracted increased interest among Danish archaeologists. Marked changes over time observed in a growing source material form a new basis of interpretation. In written sources, the Danish realm does not appear until the Viking Age. The formation of the kingdom is traditionally placed as late as the 10th century (Jelling and all that). But prehistorians have raised the question whether the formation of the kingdom was not a much longer course. Some scholars believe that we have to study the periods preceding the Viking Age to be able to understand the development, at least from the 3rd century. In Scandinavia, this covers the Late Roman Iron Age, the Migration and Merovingian periods, as well as the early Viking Age. In a Continental perspective, it parallels the Late Antiquity (3rd-6th centuries) and the Early Middle Ages (6th-10th centuries).In 1984, the Danish Research Council launched the research programme “From Tribe to State in Denmark” which aimed to understand the formation of the Danish kingdom by studying the interaction between economic, social, and political circumstances from the Roman Period to the Viking Age. This paper presents a short synthesis of my work in the programme.Two themes have been brought into focus:1) The ethnogenesis of the Nordic peoples: the formation of the tribes that appear in the few and problematic written sources of the first millennium AD, in casu the Danes;2) The making of the Nordic kingdoms: in this case Denmark.A problem with this kind of long-term research is the inherent teleological perspective, revealed in the programme title. It is essential for me to emphasise that the early Danish kingdom was not a self-evident formation but the result of a series of concrete historical circumstances. There have been alternative possibilities at several occasions.In Scandinavia, the period is prehistoric. However, in South Scandinavia it deserves to be labelled protohistoric. Scandinavian archaeologists often forget or ignore the fact that in large parts of Europe, the first millennium AD is a historical period. The Scandinavian development is too often evaluated in isolation from the rest of Europe, in spite of the fact that the material culture demonstrates that interaction with continental as well as insular powers was continuously influencing Scandinavia. Necessarily, a relevant approach to Scandinavian late prehistory includes a historical dimension and a European perspective. South Scandinavian societies were over time linked to different realms in Europe. The Danish development was certainly part of a common west European trajectory.The best possibility of interpreting the archaeological record of South Scandinavia is by analogy with historians’ interpretations of other more or less contemporary Germanic peoples, based on descriptions in the written sources. Long-term studies of Scandinavian societies in the first millennium AD has laid new ground on which scholars have to build their image of the making of a Danish kingdom. The paper briefly describes some of the results and focuses on changes in the material that I find significant.Rural settlement: Great progress in the study of Iron Age and Early Mediaeval farming suggests economic growth, a development from subsistence economy to a production of a surplus, from collective forms of farming to individually run farmsteads, from small family farmsteads to large farms and manors. It is the surplus created by this expansion that could carry the late Viking and high medieval Danish kingdom with its administration, military power, church, towns, etc.Trade and exchange: Prestige-goods exchange dominated in the beginning of the period. Goods came from various parts of Europe. The connections to central and east Europe were broken in the sixth century, not to be reopened until the Viking Age. This explains the dominating position held by West European material culture in the development of South Scandinavia. Thus, South Scandinavia became part of the commercial zone of West Europe, certainly an important element in the making of the Danish kingdom. In the Viking Age, the rapid urbanisation demonstrates that Denmark gained great profit from its key position in the North Sea-Baltic trade network.Central places and early towns: Complex settlements appeared already in the Late Roman Iron Age, e.g. Gudme/Lundeborg, Funen. Further central sites appeared, and the number of central places grew rapidly. By the year 700, they are found in virtually every settlement area of South Scandinavia. The sites were not simple trading stations, as most were labelled a few years ago, but many also fulfilled important political, social, and religious functions; some were also manorial residences. The resident elite based their power on the mobilisation of the rural surplus; at the same time, one can say that the stimulus to produce a rural surplus was probably caused by an increasing demand from the elite at the centres.In the Viking Age, urbanisation began, which meant that the old central places lost their position and were replaced by towns like Hedeby, Ribe, and Århus. Excavations show that urbanisation started in the 8th century, a little later than the famous emporia Quentovic, Dorestad, Hamwic, and Ipswic.So today, it must be concluded that at the threshold to the Viking Age, South Scandinavian societies had a more advanced economic system and a more complex social organisation than believed only 20 years ago.Warfare: The dated indications of war cluster in two periods, the 3rd to 5th centuries, and the 10th to 11th centuries. The early period could be characterised as one of tribal warfare, in which many polities were forced to join larger confederations through the pressure of endemic warfare and conquests. In the archaeological record, indicators of war seem to disappear after AD 500, not to reappear in large numbers until the Viking Age. Was this period a Pax Danorum? Indeed, the silent archaeological record could indicate that the Danes had won hegemony in South Scandinavia. This phase can be understood as a period of consolidation between an early phase of tribal warfare and a later phase in which the territorial defence of a Danish kingdom becomes visible in the record.Wars with the Carolingian empire in the 9th century are the first wars in Denmark to be mentioned in the written record. However, archaeology demonstrates the presence of serious military threats in the centuries before, e.g. the first dykes at Danevirke. The strategic localisation of the period’s defence works reveals that threats were met with both navy and army. According to the texts, the 9th century wars are clearly national wars, either wars of conquest on a large scale between kingdoms, or civil wars, which for a large part seem to be triggered by an aggressive Frankish diplomacy.The two phases of warfare mirror two different military political situations: in the Late Roman and Migration Periods they are tribal wars and conflicts over resource control; in the Late Merovingian Period and the Viking Age they concern a Danish kingdom’s territorial defence.Religious changes: The conversion is often considered a major turning point in Scandinavian history; and in a way it was, of course. But the importance of Christianisation is heavily overestimated. The conversion was simply a step in a process that started long before. The paganism of the Scandinavians must not mislead us into believing that they were barbarians.A great change in cult practice took place around AD 500 when the use of bogs and lakes for offerings rapidly decreased. Instead, religious objects are found hoarded in settlement contexts, sometimes in the great halls of the magnates. This indicates that the elite had taken control of religion in a new way. The close link between cult and elite continued uninterrupted after Christianisation; churches were built by the magnates and on their ground. Therefore, we have a kind of cult-site continuity. From the Migration Period, the archaeological material demonstrates a close link between cult and magnates. This is certainly one important element in the formation of a Danish kingdom.Political development: Analyses of material culture reveal that South Scandinavia in the Early Iron Age consisted of many small regions, and based on sources like Tacitus and Ptolemy, one can guess that they correspond to tribal areas. In the Late Roman Iron Age and the Migration Period, the formation of a South Scandinavian super-region can be discerned, but still subdivided into a small number of distinguishable culture zones, and, again, on the basis of written sources (Jordanes and Procopius), one can guess that small tribes had joined into larger confederations precisely as on the Continent. In my opinion, a Danish kingdom appeared not later than the sixth century. Based on the well-studied material culture of the early Merovingian Period, one can assume that it had its core area in Central Denmark - South Jutland, Funen, and Zealand – with a close periphery of North Jutland, South Halland, Scania, Blekinge, and Bornholm. Probably more loosely attached to the Danish hegemony was a more distant periphery in South Sweden.So the Danish kingdom already had a history when it first appeared in the Frankish sources at the end of the 8th century. Danish involvement in European politics is first clearly observable in 777 and again in 782. Obviously, the Danish kingdom was a political and military actor on the North European scene long before the Viking Age.In the light of all these arguments, three phases can be described:– Roman Iron Age: Tribal societies with chieftains or small kings.– Late Roman Iron Age, Migration Period, and early Merovingian Period: A process of amalgamation started and warfare characterises the period. The result is the formation of tribal confederations. Written sources speak in favour of the Danes as the people who eventually won hegemony over South Scandinavia.– Late Merovingian Period and Viking Age: A process began in which royal agents replaced local chieftains. The last area to be integrated under direct Danish royal rule, in the reign of Sven Forkbeard, was probably Scania. Thus Medieval Denmark appeared.Final remarks: As a result of archaeological achievements in the last decades, a number of traditional views about Scandinavian late prehistory appear less likely, or rather erroneous. It is an underestimation that the pagans were unable of organisation and that a formation of a Danish kingdom is unthinkable before the late Viking Age. Unfortunately, the ethnogenesis of the Danes is beyond the reach of study, but a rough hypothesis may be formulated. The Danes were once one of several tribes somewhere in South Scandinavia. Events outside the Scandinavian scene were of fundamental importance for the possibility of the Danish gens to grow in power in the Late Roman and Migration Periods. Already before the Merovingian Period, the Danes won hegemony between the Baltic and the North Sea. A Danish kingdom could probably be based on this key position. Its survival was by no means a matter of course. In their continued efforts to secure the Danish position, capable kings established the borders of high medieval Denmark in the course of the Viking Age.Ulf NäsmanInstitutionen för humaniora och samhällsvetenskap Högskolan i Kalmar

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Klistorin, Vladimir I. "A COMPARATIVE APPROACH TO THE ANALYSIS OF THE SIBERIAN ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT." Interexpo GEO-Siberia 3, no. 1 (2020): 81–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.33764/2618-981x-2020-3-1-81-87.

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The author substantiates the use of a comparative approach to the study of Siberia which involves a comparison of the dynamics of the development in Siberia and regional settlement systems having similar economic and geographical locations, settlement parameters, populations, and other characteristics, but of the higher development level. Such an approach would allow identifying the most significant institutional factors which have made it possible to achieve them the successful socio-economic development in the long-run period. The paper presents a comparative analysis of the long-term development in Siberia and Canada and Scandinavia. It is shown that such factor as local self-government and financial decentralization could be considered as the most important ones since they allowed an effective focus on tasks of building human and social capitals. A comparative analysis involves an application of much more information than economic and mathematical models and a time series analysis, and it may be applied together with them. The use of various methods and data sets would allow more informed results.

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Blom-Hansen, J. "Macroeconomic Control of Subcentral Governments: Experience from the USA and Scandinavia." Environment and Planning C: Government and Policy 16, no. 3 (1998): 323–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/c160323.

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Subcentral governments have gradually become more and more important in the general level of public economic activity in Western nations, To an increasing extent, macroeconomic management implies that the economic activity of subcentral governments is taken into account. But how can central governments coordinate the economic activity of numerous subcentral governments? What kind of intergovernmental arrangement is necessary? The author argues that fiscal federalism, the traditional approach to this problem, cannot answer these questions satisfactorily. The focus of fiscal federalism is on economic incentives in intergovernmental relations. The author argues that this is not sufficient. Fiscal federalism must be supplemented by a focus on political methods of influence. An analysis of Scandinavian and US ways of involving subcentral governments in macroeconomic management shows that the role played by subcentral government associations is crucial in the effectiveness of macroeconomic management.

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Miloiu, Silviu-Marian. "The Third Conference on Baltic and Nordic Studies in Romania, May 2012." Romanian Journal for Baltic and Nordic Studies 4, no. 2 (2012): 213–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.53604/rjbns.v4i2_11.

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The Romanian Association for Baltic and Nordic Studies continued to organize in 2012 a series of events, one of the most meaningful of which was the third international conference on Baltic and Nordic Studies entitled European networks: the Balkans, Scandinavia and the Baltic world in a time of economic and ideological crisis opened on 25 May at Valahia University of Târgoviște and sponsored by the Romanian National Research Council, Niro Investment Group and other partners (http://www.arsbn.ro/conference-2012.htm). The main goal of the conference was to foster debate and academic discussion with regard to the challenges the Balkan and Baltic regions face today, within a time of severe global economic instability. The participants discussed and advanced solutions to problems such as the accession of Balkan states to the EU and/or NATO, with particular reference to the experiences of the relatively new EU and/or NATO Member States from South-Eastern Europe and the Eastern Baltic region; the economic, security or cultural threats posed by Balkan and/or Eastern European states or non-state actors to the Western or Nordic Europe as perceived there; the development of extremist movements and the Balkan organized crime in the Scandinavian countries; the Balkan Roma peoples as a “threat” for Western and Nordic Europe; strategies for integrating minorities in the Baltic Sea rim countries and the Black Sea areas.

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Богомолов, И. К. "The Scandinavian Countries during the First World War: the International Dimension (review of M. Jonas’s Scandinavia and the Great Powers in the First World War. London: Bloomsbury, 2019. 248 p.)." Вестник Рязанского государственного университета имени С.А. Есенина, no. 2(79) (August 7, 2023): 202–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.37724/rsu.2023.79.2.019.

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В рецензии анализируется монография М. Джонаса о политических и социально-экономических отношениях скандинавских стран в годы Первой мировой войны. Автор провел анализ развития Швеции, Норвегии и Дании в условиях нейтралитета и в целом сложного положения между воюющими блоками. При этом книга не оставляет целостного впечатления, выбраны лишь отдельные сюжеты, и общей картины развития Скандинавии в указанный период Джонасу воспроизвести не удалось. Тем не менее обращение к этой относительно редкой теме уже привлекает внимание, к тому же многие сюжеты, поднятые автором, будут интересны историкам Первой мировой войны. The paper reviews M. Jonas’s monograph on political and socio-economic relations of the Scandinavian countries during World War I. The author analyzes the development of Sweden, Norway and Denmark in their conditions of neutrality and in general, the complicated relations between the fighting alliances. The book does not show an integrated picture, as the author chooses certain episodes, and Jonas fails to present an overall picture of Scandinavia during this period. Nevertheless, addressing this rather unique topic attracts attention. Besides, many subjects raised by the author will be of interest to historians of the World War I.

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Andriichuk, N., and Т. Verhun. "EDUCATION OF MIGRANTS IN THE SCANDINAVIAN COUNTRIES." Zhytomyr Ivan Franko state university journal. Рedagogical sciences, no. 3(110) (October 27, 2022): 241–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.35433/pedagogy.3(110).2022.241-252.

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The article examines the level of education in the Scandinavian countries, educational opportunities for first- and second-generation migrants. The research demonstrates the high level of education provided by Scandinavian higher education institutions not only for the local population, but also for international students. The developed Scandinavian education system with good learning conditions and relatively low tuition fees for foreigners attracts foreign students. We also examined the economic component of the success of Scandinavian education systems. The level of education in the Scandinavian countries is one of the highest in the world, the state budget for the development of the education sector is much larger than in other EU countries. Annually the countries of the Scandinavian region allocate the largest share of the budget among European states to education. Decentralization of decision-making and administration of basic education to regional and local bodies is typical in all Nordic region countries. National-level decision-making is also divided between ministries and one or several national agencies in all these countries. The article provides statistics on the level of education of the general population and a comparison of the level of labor migrants’ education. In order to understand the comprehensive picture of education and employment of immigrants, we carefully examined the migration waves and trends in Northern Europe from the second half of the last century to the present. The article provides detailed statistical data on migrants and their descendants in Scandinavia in general and on individual countries, the status and statistics on family migration. Scandinavian scientists and statisticians comprehensively study the issue of migrants and their integration into society, they realize the fact that new arrivals should be considered and treated as individuals with specific problems. That’s why they need a thorough study of their immigrant background, providing opportunities to learn English or the required Scandinavian language, as well as opportunities and prospects for Ukrainian migrants under martial law.

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QUINTAS, FELIPE MARUF, and MARCUS IANONI. "The Rehn-Meidner Plan and the Swedish development model in the Golden Years." Brazilian Journal of Political Economy 41, no. 1 (2021): 3–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0101-31572021-3062.

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ABSTRACT In general, the literature on the developmental state studies Asia and Latin America, not Scandinavia. This article examines the developmental character of the state in Sweden, distinguishing it as a specific case, because its institutions and policies combine the simultaneous promotion of industrialization and social equity. The paper analyzes the Swedish model of development, centered in Rehn-Meidner Plan (R-M), a political strategy of the national development headed by the Swedish Social Democratic Party (SAP). It is argued that in Sweden industrialization and the construction of the welfare state were two sides of the same coin. The R-M Plan played a key role in consolidating the Swedish model between 1945 and 1975. It combined and articulated economic development, centered on industrialization, reduction of social inequalities, and fiscal and monetary stability. It increased productive complexity and equality, unified economic policy and social policy, planned industrialization and income redistribution. It was structured through a broad power pact among workers, industry, farmers, political representatives elected by SAP and public bureaucracy. It was institutionalized, above all, by the democratic corporatist arrangement of centralized salary negotiations.

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Spasskaya, Natalia V., Irina M. Kulikova, and Elena E. Afanasyeva. "The analysis of the socio-economic situation of Scandinavian countries using the macroeconomic generalizing indicator of development." Север и рынок: формирование экономического порядка, no. 3-3021 (September 30, 2021): 82–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.37614/2220-802x.3.2021.73.006.

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The socio-economic development of the country is the goal of every state. An important element in achieving this goal is the availability and application of a macroeconomic generalizing indicator that reveals the purpose of public policy. The main aim of the study is to identify the socio-economic characteristics of the organization of life in the countries of Scandinavia, using the macroeconomic generalizing indicator RAZ (the name of the indicator is based on the first part of the Russian word “razvitie” translated as “development”), proposed by the authors. The authors consider this indicator as suitable for cross-country comparisons of the quality of life and an objective estimation of development of the society from the point of view of focusing on the maximum disclosure of person's abilities and personal development. The research was based on the methods of analysis, synthesis, comparison, generalization and modeling, as well as on the case-study method. The use of these methods made it possible to identify the characteristics of the socio-economic organization of life and characteristics defining quality of life (human birth, education and medical care) in their composition, and also the indicators corresponding to them characterizing qualitative changes — levels of human birth rate, education and medical care. The generalized estimation of the specified characteristics defining quality of life, it is offered to make by means of a macroeconomic generalizing indicator. For its calculation a set of the quantity indicators defining quality of life (population in the country, number of the persons trained in an education system and number of healthy people) is generated. The authors make an assessment of the macroeconomic generalizing indicator and the set of the quantity indicators defining quality of life (the population in the country, the number of healthy people and the number of people studying in the education system).The study has developed an approach to calculating defining quality of life indicators using the System of National Accounts according to the data of the European Bureau of Statistical Research and the official websites of the national statistical services of the countries of Scandinavia and Switzerland as a country that has indicators close to the leading values of the countries of Scandinavia. These estimates can be used for comparative analysis purposes. The study compiled a rating of countries according to the macroeconomic generalizing indicator. According to calculations, Norway occupies a leading position. The lowest rank is observed in Sweden. There are changes in the quality of life in society, and this complex phenomenon requires an objective assessment. Generalizing indicator of the development provides such an assessment. The indicator allows us to evaluate the set of characteristics that determine the quality of life, which is not yet taken into account in cross-country comparisons, and to compare them. It has been established that the lack of development of the conceptual apparatus and the unavailability of important statistical information complicate the principle of compiling the indicator and lead to an inaccurate calculation of the macroeconomic generalizing indicator at this study stage. Nevertheless, it was found out that the calculation could be made in relation to the following levels: humanity (world), country, region or city. Further research is planned to study substantiation of the conceptual device of formation of RAZ as indicator for cross-country comparisons of quality of life and an objective estimation of development of the society, as well as for using it as a modelling element of social and economic systems. Besides, it is necessary to develop additional characteristics that take into account the influence of a person’s life expectancy on the quality of his life, as well as in clarifying the conceptual apparatus for forming a macroeconomic generalizing indicator RAZ for building a rational organization of people's place of residence. This approach creates new theoretical and methodological foundations for scientific knowledge of the socio-economic development of the countries and allows us to analyze the quality of life as a base which moves development of the countries in different historical periods and to see the development of the world in the future in a different way.

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Johnson, Elizabeth R., and Katherine A. Tunheim. "Understanding the Experiences of Professional Women Leaders Living and Working in Sweden." Advances in Developing Human Resources 18, no. 2 (2016): 169–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1523422316641894.

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The Problem Women working across the globe have struggled to achieve positions of leadership while also taking parental leave, accessing affordable child care, and maintaining work–life balance. Alternate models are needed, in particular those relevant to the development and retention of women in the workplace. The Solution Scandinavia is leading the world in gender equality (World Economic Forum). Of these progressive Nordic countries, the United Nations Commission has identified Sweden as one of the best countries in the world for women to live and work (World Economic Forum). The purpose of this article is to gain a deeper understanding of the lived experiences of professional women leaders living and working in Sweden. The Stakeholders With implications for employee retention and pay equity, this research may be useful for human resource development professionals, leadership developers, and educators. It may also be informative to women across the globe, hoping to learn how other countries treat and support their female and male employees, especially during parental leaves.

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Kuhnle, Stein. "The Nordic welfare state in a European context: dealing with new economic and ideological challenges in the 1990s." European Review 8, no. 3 (2000): 379–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1062798700004968.

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Within the framework of a general discussion of ‘the state of the welfare state’ in economically advanced West European democracies, this paper offers an account and interpretation of how the Nordic welfare states, often perceived as the most comprehensive and ‘generous’ welfare states, met a number of challenges in the 1990s. Economic problems were most critical in Finland and Sweden in the early 1990s, and social policy reform activities with the aim of modifications of programmes and cutbacks in expenditure have been most pronounced in these countries. A single common denominator for Nordic welfare state development in the 1990s is a somewhat less generous welfare state, but Norway is generally an exception. The basic structure of the welfare systems has been preserved, and social, health and welfare issues are consistently of high priority for governments and voters. The welfare state is highly valued in Scandinavia, but more space for market and other non-governmental welfare solutions is likely to grow in the future.

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HOUSTON, R. A. "‘Lesser-used’ languages in historic Europe: models of change from the 16th to the 19th centuries." European Review 11, no. 3 (2003): 299–324. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1062798703000309.

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This article charts and tries to explain the changing use of ‘minority’ languages in Europe between the end of the Middle Ages and the 19th century. This period saw the beginnings of a decline in the use of certain dialects and separate languages, notably Irish and Scottish Gaelic, although some tongues such as Catalan and Welsh remained widely used. The article develops some models of the relationship between language and its social, economic and political context. That relationship was mediated through the availability of printed literature; the political (including military) relations between areas where different languages or dialects were spoken; the nature and relative level of economic development (including urbanization); the policy of the providers of formal education and that of the church on religious instruction and worship; and, finally, local social structures and power relationships. The focus is principally on western Europe, but material is also drawn from Scandinavia and from eastern and central Europe.

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Boyer, Kate, Esther Dermott, Al James, and Julie MacLeavy. "Regendering care in the aftermath of recession?" Dialogues in Human Geography 7, no. 1 (2017): 56–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2043820617691632.

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Against a backdrop of persistent gender inequalities around childcare, recent research suggests that some men – and especially fathers – are engaging to a greater extent in the everyday tasks of social reproduction. However, our understanding of the multiple factors, motivations and institutions that facilitate and constrain this nuanced ‘regendering of care’ phenomenon in different national contexts remains limited. Previous work has theorized the uneven rise of male primary caregiving in North America and Scandinavia. This article extends these debates through an empirical focus on the United Kingdom in the wake of the 2008–09 recession and double dip of 2011–12, to explore male work-care in relation to economic restructuring, welfare spending cuts, rising costs of childcare, policy interventions which seek to culturally and numerically defeminize care work, and concerns over work–life balance in an ‘age of austerity’. The final part of the article explains the significance of a larger research agenda that recentres the expansive work–life balance literature through an expanded focus of analysis on men, work-care intermediaries and socially sustainable modes of post-recessionary growth.

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Hünniger, Dominik. "What is a useful university? knowledge economies and higher education in late eighteenth-century Denmark and central Europe." Notes and Records: the Royal Society Journal of the History of Science 72, no. 2 (2018): 173–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsnr.2018.0006.

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Universities were an important site of Enlightenment improvement discourse and knowledge economies in the German-speaking lands and Scandinavia. Late eighteenth-century state building and scholars’ expectations of their own ‘usefulness’ regarding these processes were closely intertwined. The life and publications of the German-speaking Danish naturalist Johann Christian Fabricius (1745–1808) are used here to understand contemporary debates on the state of education, political economy and the development of the sciences in relation to ideas about economic and social progress. Fabricius was professor for ‘œconomics, cameral sciences and natural history’ at Kiel University for more than 30 years, from 1775 to 1808, and was one of the most outspoken writers on economic reform in Schleswig-Holstein and Denmark. Fabricius’ suggestions for improvement involved directly addressing social categories as well as the re-organization of universities in form and curricular content. Fabricius was engaged in debates on how to best achieve the specific knowledge and skills considered useful for the emerging nation-state. The essay analyses Fabricius’ interventions in these debates in the context of the contemporary development of the ‘research university’ around 1800.

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Shachin, Svyatoslav V. "The Kola Society and prospects for its development in the description of V. I. Nemirovich-Danchenko (based on the book “The Land of the Cold: Seen and Heard”, 1876)." Transaction Kola Science Centre 13, no. 2-2022 (2022): 120–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.37614/2307-5252.2022.2.13.22.009.

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Based on the text by V. I. Nemirovich-Danchenko, the article analyzes the daily life of the Kola society in the early 70s of the XIX century in order to explain the reasons for relative backwardness in comparison with neighboring societies of Scandinavia, as well as understanding the hidden reserves for development. When implementing this goal, the economic and social foundations, as well as the mentality of the Kola society, are consistently considered. At the same time, through hermeneutical dialogue, hidden information is extracted from the text that is not obvious to the author himself. It allows us to understand what the freedom-loving nature of the Kolyans, their solidarity was expressed in. This allows us to understand where the forces that could be involved in the conditions of socio-cultural changes that led to the settlement of the Russian North in the twentieth century were hidden. As a result, a certain intention of consciousness can be developed, which will allow recognizing great potential opportunities for development in the present.

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Żurawski vel Grajewski, Przemysław. "Twelve EU Countries on the Eastern Flank of NATO: What about Ukraine?" East/West: Journal of Ukrainian Studies 8, no. 2 (2021): 49–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.21226/ewjus514.

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The Trimarium Initiative (TI) is a platform for co-operation of twelve central and eastern European (CEE) countries of the eastern flank of the European Union (EU), introduced by Poland and Croatia in 2015. The TI is based on member co-operation in the development of transport and communication, energy, raw materials (gas and oil) transfer infrastructure, and digitization. The region is an important and rapidly growing market, and the TI goal is to boost economic co-operation among these twelve countries. Ukraine is not an EU member state, so it cannot be a full member of the TI; however, several TI infrastructural projects are open to Ukrainian companies. As Russia’s aggressive energy policy impacts Poland, Ukraine, the Baltic states, Scandinavia, and Slovakia, the TI has a potential to meet this challenge. Transport and communication and energy transit infrastructure are promising areas of co-operation among TI countries and Ukraine. U.S. support has added optimism and prestige to the initiative.

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17

Clark, James G. "The Making of Nordic Monasticism, c. 1076–c. 1350." Religions 12, no. 8 (2021): 581. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rel12080581.

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The introduction of regular religious life in the Nordic region is less well-documented than in the neighbouring kingdoms of northern Europe. In the absence of well-preserved manuscript and material remains, unfounded and sometimes distorting suppositions have been made about the timeline of monastic settlement and the character of the conventual life it brought. Recent archival and archaeological research can offer fresh insights into these questions. The arrival of authentic regular life may have been as early as the second quarter of the eleventh century in Denmark and Iceland, but there was no secure or stable community in any part of Scandinavia until the turn of the next century. A settled monastic network arose from a compact between the leadership of the secular church and the ruling elite, a partnership motivated as much by the shared pursuit of political, social and economic power as by any personal piety. Yet, the force of this patronal programme did not inhibit the development of monastic cultures reflected in books, original writings, church and conventual buildings, which bear comparison with the European mainstream.

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18

Kuokkanen, Rauna. "Are Reindeer the New Buffalo?" Meridians 22, no. 1 (2023): 11–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/15366936-10220458.

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Abstract In the nineteenth-century prairies, the buffalo was nearly exterminated as the result of the European economic and ecological invasion. Today in Scandinavia, reindeer are being threatened by the renewable energy transition, also known as the Green Shift. The Green Shift has led to an explosion of the wind industry in many countries, including Norway. Many of the onshore wind development projects have been built in areas central to reindeer herding. This article asks whether reindeer have become the new buffalo that are being sacrificed in the race to build green energies. It considers the view of reindeer herding as a vanishing livelihood and the pervasive colonial discourse of manifest destiny, which sees Indigenous peoples as disappearing in the process of natural selection and progress. The article also examines the Feminist Green New Deal (FGND) as an example of a policy framework calling for a broader intersectional approach that places race, unequal relations of power, and Indigenous rights at the heart of policy making. It considers whether the FGND is able to tackle and engage with the trajectories of settler colonialism, including manifest destiny and green colonialism. The article focuses specifically on Norway for its leading role in the energy transition and wind energy development in the Nordic countries.

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19

Panthi, Krishna Kanta. "Norwegian Design Principle for High Pressure Tunnels and Shafts: Its Applicability in the Himalaya." Hydro Nepal: Journal of Water, Energy and Environment 14 (October 15, 2014): 36–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/hn.v14i0.11254.

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Cost effective, safe and long term sustainable hydropower development is key for the lasting economic growth in the Himalayan region. Increasing pressure towards the use of renewal and environmentally friendly energy for industrial growth and daily household use will force the Himalayan region to exploit hydropower energy more extensively. The traditionally used design approach of fully lined underground waterway system is costly and financially unfeasible as well as an obstacle to attract investment in the hydropower sector in the Himalaya. Hence, more innovative solutions are needed to make hydro generated energy more cost effective and as a sustainable energy solution in the long term. This paper briefly describes the geological set-up of Scandinavia, history of Norwegian Hydropower and reviews the design principle used to develop the underground waterway system in Norway. Brief comments are also made on the applicability of these principles in the Himalayan region. It is anticipated that more discussions will be made in the future on the geo-tectonic environment of the Himalaya and suitability of Norwegian design principle in the Himalayan region.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/hn.v14i0.11254HYDRO Nepal JournalJournal of Water, Energy and EnvironmentVolume: 14, 2014 JanuaryPage: 36-40

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20

Meller, Helen. "From Dyos to Daunton: The Cambridge Urban History of Britain, vol. III." Urban History 28, no. 2 (2001): 269–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0963926801002073.

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It is a work of modern scholarship: on time, comprehensive and rather expensive! But there are 944 pages of this third and final volume of The Cambridge Urban History of Britain, which could make it value for money. And indeed, like the preceding volumes in the series, it has amassed a galaxy of authors, twenty-eight to be exact not including Martin Daunton who, as editor, has also contributed a weighty introduction and an epilogue. The whole project gives strong affirmation that urban history has a present and a future, a product of the renaissance in urban studies in Britain over the past decade. The renaissance has been a European phenomenon, as witnessed by the founding of the European Urban History Association, also over the last decade, and the new groups of urban historians in Germany and Scandinavia, in France and Holland and even more recently in Italy and elsewhere. What the Cambridge Urban History vol. III sets out to do is to provide a British perspective on the historical process of urbanization from 1840–1950. In the process, claims are made that urban history can offer a framework for addressing many questions in the field of economic and social history, not exclusively, but often with an insight lacking in more general approaches.

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21

Jensen, H. T., and V. Plum. "From Centralised State to Local Government the Case of Poland in the Light of Western European Experience." Environment and Planning D: Society and Space 11, no. 5 (1993): 565–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/d110565.

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Several countries in Western Europe have experienced a restructuring of local and regional government. In Scandinavia local government has been a cornerstone in the building of the welfare society. In the last couple of years Poland (and other Eastern European countries) has been restructured to reduce the central state and to give more power to the private sector and the local government. It is argued that coordination at the local-government level is important for a relevant economic and political response to local problems. A framework is provided for an understanding of the development of the central and local states at the cost of activities performed earlier by the family and the local community, but also as a support (in service and regulation) to activities of the private sector. Second, it is argued that the new EC slogan, ‘a Europe of regions’, has the purpose of strengthening the regional level economically and politically and thereby of dismantling and weakening the national state in order to strengthen the EC. Third, the problems and scope of the Polish local-government reform are illustrated, from vertical control to horizontal coordination. There are difficulties in building powerful local governments at a time when they have nearly no money and are unable to provide the social services which used to be provided through the state firms. There is now a political vacuum for which the upcoming new private sector and the new local governments fight.

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22

Søndergaard, Rasmus S. "Scandinavian Diplomacy on Human Rights and Economic Inequality at the United Nations in the 1970s." Diplomatica 5, no. 2 (2023): 321–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/25891774-bja10106.

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Abstract In the 1970s, United Nations debates on human rights and economic inequality were deeply shaped by the New International Economic Order (nieo) advocated by the developing countries and the basic needs development strategy championed by the World Bank and the United States. This article uses archives from Sweden, Denmark, and Norway as well as UN records, to examine the contributions Scandinavian diplomats and policymakers made to these debates. It demonstrates that the Scandinavians took a favorable position on both the nieo and basic needs, viewing them as complementary strategies to realize economic and social human rights. This view matched their activist foreign policies centered on UN diplomacy, human rights, and Global South solidarity. Finally, the article argues that the Scandinavian position reflected and was underpinned by a broad conception of human rights that put economic and social rights on an even footing with civil and political rights.

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23

DI MARTINO, PAOLO, MARK LATHAM, and MICHELANGELO VASTA. "Bankruptcy Laws Around Europe (1850–2015): Institutional Change and Institutional Features." Enterprise & Society 21, no. 4 (2020): 936–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/eso.2019.46.

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Despite the relevance of bankruptcy law for a number of key issues regarding business functioning and organization, little is known about the features and evolution of these legal institutions over time and space. This paper starts to fill this gap in current knowledge by analyzing a new data set providing consistent information about key features of bankruptcy law between 1850 and 2015 in the thirty largest European economies. Regarding institutional change, our analysis supports the established view of a link between macroeconomic changes and the introduction of procedures alternative to bankruptcy. However, this process shows significant differences at the national level, making it difficult to support the idea of change as the result of belonging to a given legal system (French; common law; Scandinavia; Germanic), or the degree of economic development. Instead, change in bankruptcy institutions seems to be a product of, and contributor to, the wider process of individual state formation. Similarly, the features of bankruptcy procedures seem to confirm this picture: Looking at their possible outcomes, the right to begin proceedings, and degree of application to different types of debtors, national differences appear deep and persistent, despite a generalized pattern of convergence over time toward a less punitive approach to bankruptcy. Contact Information: University of Birmingham, Birmingtonham Business School, University House, Edgbaston Park Road, Birmingham, West Midlands, B15 2TY, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. E-mail: p.dimartino@bham.ac.uk

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24

West, N. J., R. Bacchieri, G. Hansen, C. Tomas, P. Lebaron, and H. Moreau. "Rapid Quantification of the Toxic Alga Prymnesium parvum in Natural Samples by Use of a Specific Monoclonal Antibody and Solid-Phase Cytometry." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 72, no. 1 (2006): 860–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.72.1.860-868.2006.

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ABSTRACT The increasing incidence of harmful algal blooms around the world and their associated health and economic effects require the development of methods to rapidly and accurately detect and enumerate the target species. Here we describe use of a solid-phase cytometer to detect and enumerate the toxic alga Prymnesium parvum in natural samples, using a specific monoclonal antibody and indirect immunofluorescence. The immunoglobulin G antibody 16E4 exhibited narrow specificity in that it recognized several P. parvum strains and a Prymnesium nemamethecum strain but it did not cross-react with P. parvum strains from Scandinavia or any other algal strains, including species of the closely related genus Chrysochromulina. Prymnesium sp. cells labeled with 16E4 were readily detected by the solid-phase cytometer because of the large fluorescence signal and the signal/noise ratio. Immunofluorescence detection and enumeration of cultured P. parvum cells preserved with different fixatives showed that the highest cell counts were obtained when cells were fixed with either glutaraldehyde or formaldehyde plus the cell protectant Pluronic F-68, whereas the use of formaldehyde alone resulted in significantly lower counts. Immunofluorescence labeling and analysis with the solid-phase cytometer of fixed natural samples from a bloom of P. parvum occurring in Lake Colorado in Texas gave cell counts that were close to those obtained by the traditional method of counting using light microscopy. These results show that a solid-phase cytometer can be used to rapidly enumerate natural P. parvum cells and that it could be used to detect other toxic algae, with an appropriate antibody or DNA probe.

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25

Klippen, May Irene Furenes, Thomas Moser, Elin Reikerås, and Astrid Guldbrandsen. "A Review of Trends in Scandinavian Early Childhood Education and Care Research from 2006 to 2021." Education Sciences 14, no. 5 (2024): 478. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/educsci14050478.

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This study provides a comprehensive overview of trends in Scandinavian early childhood education (ECEC) research from 2006 to 2021, based on the Nordic Base of Early Childhood Education and Care’s (NB-ECEC) annual reports. The study reveals a notable increase in empirical studies in Scandinavia, particularly in Sweden and Norway. The rise in English publications is attributed to international collaborations and political guidelines. Dominant thematic areas include pedagogical practices and teaching and learning, while economics and classroom management receive less focus. Qualitative research prevails, with a shortage of quantitative methods like randomised controlled trials and longitudinal designs. The study emphasises the importance of diversifying research methodologies, acknowledges positive developments in research quality, and notes an increasing trend in international peer-reviewed journal publications.

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26

Pöttker, Horst. "„Die Presse verrät ihren Beruf“. Theodor Geiger (1891–1952) – ein (fast) vergessener Klassiker auch der Kommunikationswissenschaft." Medien & Kommunikationswissenschaft 67, no. 4 (2019): 437–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.5771/1615-634x-2019-4-437.

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Theodor Geiger, who emigrated from Germany to Scandinavia in 1933 and never returned after 1945, was one of the last universal scholars in the field of social science. Among many contributions, Geiger provided decisive contributions to the sociology of law, to social stratification, and to the sociology of education and ideology criticism. Yet, his extensive research in the field of journalism, the public sphere and the media has only received scarce attention so far. His expertise as a classic also in the field of communication studies can, above all, be seen from the still existing topicality of his theoretical-normative, and at the same time empiric-analytical investigations. In his analysis of the intelligentsia which in his view includes journalists, he postulates that ideology critique based on facts and sober rationality should be the main task of this public-related occupation, which should confront all parties involved in the political power struggle in a fundamentally independent distance. In his ‘Criticism of Advertising’ he reconstructs the history of the development of this phenomenon, characteristic to affluent capitalistic societies, and designs a systematic typology of the methods of persuasive public communication. He also unmasks in precise economic argumentation as ideological errors the common assumptions that cross-financing by adverting would enhance the journalistic quality and would mean real money-saving to audiences. Moreover, of his empirical research on radio reception can teach us that there are realistic chances of popular distribution of cultural products, as well as methodical potentials are resulting from his experiment. From the example of Theodor Geiger, a classic forgotten in communication science and journalism, productive possibilities of an interdisciplinary subject history can be derived which does not understand itself as hagiography.

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27

Stepanov, Evgeniy G., Vadim T. Kaibyshev, Lyayla M. Masyagutova, and Guzyal R. Sadrtdinova. "Working conditions and health status of school workers (literature review)." Hygiene and sanitation 103, no. 2 (2024): 141–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.47470/0016-9900-2024-103-2-141-146.

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In recent years, the range of publications concerning the high likelihood of teachers developing syndromes of professional burnout and professional destruction has been increasingly expanding. This trend is almost equally characteristic of most countries over the world: from Great Britain, Germany, and Scandinavia in Europe to China, Japan in Asia and Nigeria in Africa, and, over the last decade, in Russia. In other words, the problem under consideration is global in nature and depends little on the level of economic development of the country and its ethno-geographical characteristics. Purpose of work. Study foreign and domestic scientific literature directly related to the problems of creating working conditions and their impact on the health in education workers. The presented review is based on the publications of a number of domestic and foreign studies. The literature search was carried out using the databases Pubmed, Scopus, Web of Science, MedLine, RSCI. A total of forty two publications were analyzed for the period from 2001 to 2022.  A systematic analysis of the world scientific literature was conducted on the management of events aimed at assessing the working conditions and health in teachers. The study examined various aspects related to the provision of medical care to education workers. After evaluating the results of the study, it became clear that there is some discrepancy between reports in the field of psychology and hygiene. In the first group of works devoted to the psychological aspect, insufficient attention is paid to the study of working conditions and their impact on the health of teachers, despite the widespread prevalence of professional burnout syndrome among the teaching community. At the same time, in the second group of studies devoted to hygienic aspects, the role of psychosocial factors influencing the health of teachers is not sufficiently addressed. Conclusion. In general, the analysis of the characteristics of working conditions and health of pedagogical workers allows concluding this topic to be relevant and in demand in the scientific world. It also highlights the need for further research and development in this area to improve diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of related diseases.

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Kauppinen-Toropainen, Kaisa, and James E. Gruber. "Antecedents and Outcomes of Woman-Unfriendly Experiences." Psychology of Women Quarterly 17, no. 4 (1993): 431–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-6402.1993.tb00654.x.

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Predictors and outcomes of male harassment and hostility toward women (woman-unfriendly experiences) were analyzed for professional and blue-collar women ( N = 805) in three geographic regions. Two central questions were addressed by using multiple regression: Do the same types of variables predict woman-unfriendly experiences across regions? Are there similar job-related and psychological outcomes of woman-unfriendly experiences across regions? Americans reported more such experiences and they affected more outcomes. Scandinavians had fewer woman-unfriendly experiences than Americans, fewer job-related or psychological problems, more autonomy, and better work environments. Former Soviet professionals reported more unfriendly experiences than workers but less than their peers in the other regions. Differences among the regions were attributed to general social and economic policies that have attempted to eradicate gender inequality (Scandinavia), occupational status levelling and traditional gender stereotypes (former USSR), or cultural values of competitiveness and individualism and heightened sensitivity to the issue of sexual harassment (United States).

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Alekseev, Yury, Sergei Anuchin, Liubov Zamaraikina, and Sofya Surguch. "The role of the Arctic Council in the management of the Arctic and Russia's activities in it." Конфликтология / nota bene, no. 2 (February 2022): 24–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.7256/2454-0617.2022.2.38025.

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The XXI century is the era of the emergence of geopolitical disputes and disagreements between states. Such contradictions are caused by scientific and technological progress and an increasing number of international actors in the struggle for natural resources. Today, one of such spaces of geopolitical contradictions is the Arctic. It is here that the political, legal, economic, military-strategic, environmental and social interests of many powers are concentrated. The authors turn the attention to the international legal regime of the Arctic, the positions of the main participants in Arctic policy and the leading institution in the region - the Arctic Council (AU). The authors analyze the level of influence of the Russian Federation on political processes in the region. The article examines the strategies and concepts of the leading actors in the region: Russia, the USA, Canada, the Scandinavia countries, as well as declarations and conventions of international organizations. Particular attention is paid to the analysis of the AU documents adopted both at the ministerial level and at the level of working groups and the Committee of Senior Officials in the period from 1996 to 2019. The authors of the article come to the conclusion that, to date, the AU is the main legal mechanism in the Arctic, which over the history of its existence has shown itself to be a necessary attribute in regulating the activities of states in the region. Despite the fact that the AU has the legal foundations of an intergovernmental international organization, it still retains the status of a high-level forum with limited institutional capacity, remaining a relatively poorly structured organization of the founding States. In addition, the authors come to the conclusion about the high level of Russia's involvement in the political processes of the region. In conclusion, a number of assumptions are made regarding the future political development of the Arctic and the role of the Russian Federation in this process.

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30

Giannopoulos, Marinos P. "Economic growth and financial development: Empirical analysis of three Scandinavian countries." Operational Research 6, no. 2 (2006): 221–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02941233.

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31

Arefyev, P. "Economic development of Norway and Sweden. Why is Russia not Norway?" Siberian Financial School, no. 3 (September 10, 2021): 39–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.34020/1993-4386-2021-3-39-43.

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The article analyzes the causes and features of the economic development of Norway and Sweden, their differences, and common features. The author considers these problems using statistical data as a basis. The relevance of the article emphasizes the consideration of the impact of the SARS-CoV-2 virus on the economies of Norway and Sweden, their measures to protect citizens and results. The article is informative, it can be used to compare the considered Scandinavian states with Russia and determine the differences between the countries.

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32

Rastoltsev, Sergey. "Scandinavian Specificity in Facilitating International Development." Contemporary Europe 5, no. 91 (2019): 176–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.15211/soveurope52019176184.

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33

Nałęcz, Hanna, Łukasz Skrok, Dawid Majcherek, and Elżbieta Biernat. "Through Sport to Innovation: Sustainable Socio-Economic Development in European Countries." Sustainability 12, no. 24 (2020): 10489. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su122410489.

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Using clustering and principal component analysis, we demonstrate that—at the national level in Europe—innovativeness correlates strongly to both social capital and participation in sport. In this aspect, countries such as the Scandinavian countries and the countries of Central and Eastern Europe differ visibly. Referring to prior empirical research, we claim that a causal relation between sports, through social capital, and innovativeness can be established. In the context of social capital accumulation, we further discuss the role of sports clubs, often perceived as a socially intensive form of participation in sport, but most likely diminishing in this respect lately.

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Zhussipbek, G., Zh Nagayeva, and A. Baktybek. "The Significance of the Social State Model in Development of an Inclusive Society." Al-Farabi 75, no. 3 (2021): 86–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.48010/2021.3/1999-5911.08.

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This article provides a critical analysis of the features of neoliberal capitalism that hinder the development of social justice and the creation of an inclusive society. Some of them, such as the commercialization and commodification of education and health care systems and the curtailment and cancelation of social programs and social policies, have been adopted in many countries with transitional economy. As a viable example of the social state, this paper briefly analyzes the Scandinavian model of the welfare state, in which the concept of "care" became the central idea. Also, this article discusses the features of the Scandinavian model of education, which is student-centric and based on an egalitarian philosophy. This model of education can be qualified as "empowering the students and pupils." The Scandinavian model of social state can serve as a viable alternative to the economic and social model, created according to the principles of neoliberal capitalism, which does not lead to the creation of an inclusive society.

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Vorotnikov, V. V. "Relations between the Scandinavian-Baltic region states and Ukraine: military-political and economic dimensions." Journal of International Analytics, no. 4 (December 28, 2017): 18–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.46272/2587-8476-2017-0-4-18-27.

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The article is devoted to the relations of the Scandinavian-Baltic region states (Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Latvia, Lithuania, Norway, Sweden) and Ukraine in the military-political and economic spheres. These countries had engaged in Ukrainian affairs long before 2013−2014. This happened soon after «the Orange Revolution» and, then, the trend became more pronounced during the implementation of the program «Eastern Partnership». The most active actors on the Ukrainian track in their subregions are Sweden (until 2014 — one of the largest investors in its economy) and Lithuania, which in 2015 started to supply lethal weapons to Ukraine. The countries of the Scandinavian-Baltic region provide financial assistance to Ukraine which is symbolic compared to development aid, but considerable for Ukrainian economy. Financing is traditionally directed to promotion of effective public administration, democracy, human rights (including gender equality), systemic economic reforms, sustainable development (including energy efficiency), etc. From a strategic perspective, military cooperation of the Scandinavian-Baltic region countries with Ukraine is nominal as well. Against this background, completely divergent assessment of the situation in Ukraine continues to be the most important stumbling block in the relations between Russia and the states of the region. This does not give any grounds for early softening of their value-based foreign policy towards Russia.

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Thorp, Rosemary, Magnus Blomstrom, and Patricio Meller. "Diverging Paths: Comparing a Century of Scandinavian and Latin American Economic Development." Economic Journal 103, no. 420 (1993): 1323. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2234263.

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37

Svoykin, F. V., K. D. Zhuk, V. F. Svoykin, et al. "Modern domestic solutions and software for Scandinavian logging in Russia under the new economic conditions." BIO Web of Conferences 84 (2024): 01012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/20248401012.

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The article presents the situation with the supply of traditional solutions, spare parts for them, as well as software for Scandinavian sorting technology of timber harvesting in the Russian Federation, a review (with a brief historical background) of modern available foreign and domestic solutions and software for Scandinavian sorting technology of timber harvesting in the conditions of the new economic reality. Prospects of creation of domestic national modern forest machines (capable to compete with advanced foreign analogues) are analyzed, the review of modern domestic solutions, successfully applied in other raw material industries of the industrial cluster of the Russian Federation (universal tracked chassis, universal hydromechanical all-terrain vehicle), for transport development of hard-to-reach logging areas are presented, and recommendations are given on the possibility of application of such solutions in specific typical natural and production conditions, which are inconvenient for logging of hard-to-reach areas. Solutions for both import substitution and increasing the efficiency of existing solutions for Scandinavian sorting technology of timber harvesting are proposed.

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Balanchuk, I. S. "Development and formation of Denmark innovation system: statistical overview." Science, technologies, innovation, no. 3(11) (2019): 42–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.35668/2520-6524-2019-3-05.

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Abstract (sommario):

The author continues a series of research on the history, features and key moments of the emergence of innovative systems in Scandinavian countries. Scientific-innovative ecosystems have already been analyzed in such countries of Northern Europe as Sweden, Finland, Iceland. The next step is to familiarize you with the peculiarities of innovation in Denmark. Since Denmark is in the northern part of Europe, part of the Scandinavian countries, it is natural that the development of the Danish political, economic and social systems was in close connection with the evolution of the same systems in other states of the region. The same can be said about the development of the scientific component of the Danish statehood. And although Denmark has a number of its own, not similar features – natural resources, population composition, relief, etc. – the formation of the innovation system in it was entirely under the so-called “Scandinavian” scenario, that is moderately, consistently and evenly. In the course of studying this topic, the author tried to use already existing at present scientific work of foreign and domestic scientists. Unfortunately, with a large number of studies of innovative systems in Europe and its north, analytical reviews of the Danish subjects are practically absent. Therefore, the author widely used the statistical data and scientific reviews of the official sites of the European Union, the World Intellectual Property Organization, the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, etc. The informative reports and analytical publications edited by these organizations have greatly contributed to a deeper analysis of the process of becoming, and especially the current state of the Danish innovation system, comparing it with other countries in the region and the world. In addition to the statistics, the study provides a brief historical background on the beginning of the country’s innovation – listed basic legal documents, analyzed the main components of the innovation system, called the leading “players” of the innovation process in Denmark. Concluding and looking for parallels for Ukraine, it became clear that at this stage of development, our states are very different from each other. The population, the territory, the minerals, and most importantly, the political, economic, social situation and, above all, the security picture are the main factors that make Ukraine and Denmark completely different from each other. Therefore, it is extremely difficult to provide practical recommendations for reforms in Ukraine under the “Danish” scenario. However, for today in Ukraine, we have a transition period, when a complete change of the state course in all directions is possible. Therefore, the author still hopes for at least a partial embodiment of the “Danish” (or “Scandinavian”) scenario in the development of the innovation system in Ukraine.

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DANKO, T. P., L. A. CHAYKOVSKAYA, V. M. KISELEV, P. A. SMELOV, A. A. NEDELKIN, and V. D. SEKERIN. "Scandinavian Model in Russia: Potential for Use." Journal of Advanced Research in Law and Economics 10, no. 1 (2019): 115. http://dx.doi.org/10.14505//jarle.v10.1(39).12.

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Abstract (sommario):

This article analyzes the issues of marketing positioning of countries in the innovation sphere. Today, the level of development and dynamism of innovation create the basis for sustainable economic growth. The concept of ‘innovation’ is closely related to the concepts of ‘novelty’, ‘invention’, ‘discovery’, which are products of creativity.

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Zinchenko, Olha, and Samoilenko Alla. "GLOBAL DIMENSION OF HUMAN CAPITAL DEVELOPMENT." Actual Problems of Economics 1, no. 230 (2020): 104–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.32752/1993-6788-2020-1-230-104-113.

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The article is devoted to the assessment of human capital development indicators in the global dimension and substantiation of a comprehensive approach to the diagnosis of social development of the world economy. The authors study the state of human capital development on such indicators as the Human Capital Index, the Human Development Index, the Global Creativity Index, the Global Competitiveness Index, and the Global Innovation Index. Based on the rating assessment of human capital development, the authors prove that the most competitive and promising models of economic progress from the standpoint of social progress are the Scandinavian, Continental and Anglo-Saxon.

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Takmasheva, Ekaterina, and Sergei Tyaglov. "Innovative Development of the Entrepreneurial Sector: Scandinavian Experience." Contemporary Europe 4, no. 90 (2019): 60–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.15211/soveurope420196072.

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Mihajlović, Iris, Cvijeta Djevojić, and Marino Stanković. "Digital skills as sustainable frame of human resource competitiveness: A comparative approach." Journal of Infrastructure, Policy and Development 8, no. 7 (2024): 4571. http://dx.doi.org/10.24294/jipd.v8i7.4571.

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Imagining people’s functions in everyday life and work without the use of ICT, seems difficult. Their application is ubiquitous everywhere, regardless of which aspect it is viewed from, because it has a strong function in ensuring the competitiveness of various systems at the micro and macro levels. Numerous national and multinational strategies try to encourage educational systems to put a greater focus on ICT to more efficiently acquire skills, competencies, and knowledge, which should represent added value to all generations in the future. This article analyzes the progress of the ICT development index (IDI) in Scandinavian countries by comparing these countries in the European region. It is known that the Scandinavian countries belong to that part of the countries that have recognized the importance of involving ICT in education programs, which improves the economy of a certain country. Given this, the research reveals how ICTs play a key role in improving socio-economic development in Scandinavian countries.

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Utami, Arum Tri. "The Implementation of the Scandinavian Model of Welfare State in the Swedish Economic Development." JUSS (Jurnal Sosial Soedirman) 6, no. 1 (2023): 55. http://dx.doi.org/10.20884/juss.v6i1.8383.

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This journal discusses how the welfare of the Scandinavian state became one of the main factors of Sweden's economic progress. The author uses qualitative methods to analyze how Sweden implements a welfare state as Sweden's main economic policy. The welfare state itself is a system where the government takes a strong role in reducing existing inequalities through various social programs. Sweden implements a comprehensive welfare state by collecting high taxes on the community and then channeling them back to the community with various social programs. Various programs that continue to be maintained by the government are health insurance for Swedish citizens, assistance to people who do not have jobs, health assistance for children, and pension assistance

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Yakymchuk, Alina, Kostiantyn Pavlov, Olena Pavlova, and Ihor Golubchuk. "ECONOMIC FOUNDATIONS OF RESOURCE CONSERVATION IN UKRAINE: FOREIGN EXPERIENCE." Herald of Khmelnytskyi National University. Economic sciences 318, no. 3 (2023): 163–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.31891/2307-5740-2023-318-3-25.

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Resource conservation is a critical component of sustainable development and is essential for preserving natural resources and ensuring economic development in a country. Underestimating the importance of resource conservation can lead to the loss of most natural resources, exacerbating socioeconomic problems and decreasing the quality of life for the population. Therefore, research in this area provides an understanding and support for implementing resource conservation strategies and policies that ensure sustainable economic growth and preserve natural resources for future generations. The essence of the concept of resource conservation and the main approaches to its definition and assessment are presented. The experience of countries successfully implementing resource conservation and energy efficiency strategies is analyzed. Specifically, the development of renewable energy in Germany, where priority is given to wind and solar energy, with the use of cutting-edge technologies for efficient energy storage; Scandinavian countries, where sustainable development is seen as a national Strategy and supported by comprehensive investment programs in innovation and low-carbon technologies; Asian countries, such as Japan and China, where resource conservation and environmental safety are a priority supported by government programs and incentives for industry. Successful resource conservation is possible through government support, innovation incentives, and renewable energy development. Ukraine has significant experience in resource conservation. However, it is increasingly difficult to financially and technically support resource conservation measures in martial law conditions. Ukraine is taking steps towards resource conservation, which have allowed for resource efficiency ranging from 12 % to 44 %. The most effective is working with secondary raw materials, where successful projects have saved over 44% of waste and resource utilization. However, attention should be paid to using land resources, where efficiency is only 15 %, and additional measures are needed to increase efficiency in this area.

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Aleknevičienė, Vilija, and Sandra Stralkutė. "Impact of corporate social responsibility on cost of debt in Scandinavian public companies." Oeconomia Copernicana 14, no. 2 (2023): 585–608. http://dx.doi.org/10.24136/oc.2023.016.

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Research background: In recent decades, companies have paid increasing attention to corporate social responsibility (CSR) and its related performance. Scandinavian countries lead the world in CSR and sustainability. The good CSR performance of Scandinavian companies has motivated studies on this phenomenon, particularly on the connection between a company's CSR and its performance. One of the most important performance indicators and value drivers is the cost of debt. Purpose of the article: This study assessed the impact of CSR on the cost of debt in Scandinavian public companies. Methods: The research was divided into two stages. In the first stage, Scandinavian public companies were divided into two groups (with and without ESG (environmental, social, governance) disclosure scores) to reveal differences in the cost of debt. In the second stage, a fixed-effects regression model for balanced panel data sets was applied from 2011 to 2020 to assess the impact of ESG and its pillars on the cost of debt. Findings & value added: The results revealed that the cost of debt of companies in Scandinavian countries with ESG disclosure scores was significantly lower. The ESG disclosure scores of these companies have increased significantly over the past 10 years. We found a positive impact of CSR on the cost of debt in Scandinavian public companies. The increase in ESG disclosure and pillar scores reduced the cost of debt. These findings are valuable from a scientific perspective. Scandinavian public companies with ESG scores have higher financial risk, but lower cost of debt. These results support the importance of investors' behavior, information asymmetry, and signaling. The findings have several implications for shareholders, managers and creditors. They suggest that creditors consider ESG disclosures when determining a borrower's creditworthiness. Additionally, it is a message to regulators that the debt market values ESG disclosures.

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Subkhangulova, K. A. "FAMILY POLICY OF THE SCANDINAVIAN COUNTRIES: RESPONSE TO DEMOGRAPHIC CHALLENGES." Social & labor researches 50, no. 1 (2023): 117–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.34022/2658-3712-2023-50-1-117-130.

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The object of the study is demographic processes and family policy in the Scandinavian countries. The relevance of the study is due to the severity of the demographic challenges of developed modern states and the need for effective responses. The research tasks are to reveal and explain the specifics of the development of demographic processes in the Scandinavian countries, the characteristics of the model, and the main directions of the current family policy of these states and to identify their successful practices in supporting families with children and promoting healthy and active longevity. The research methodology is based on the consideration of demographic processes from the standpoint of the concepts of demographic transition and the multivariance of demographic development; analysis of the family policy of the Scandinavian states within the framework of the typology of social policy models; using the tools of theoretical generalization and statistical analysis of domestic and international organizations’ data. The results of the study show that the family policy of the Scandinavian countries is characterized by a broad scale of state support for the population, determined by the high level of economic development and the generosity of public spending, which is inherent in the social model of these countries. Most of the measures and funding are aimed at improving the welfare and living conditions of families with children, providing coverage of material support for all categories of families with children; a decent amount of payments for each child; availability of different support options for parents depending on their choice between work or childcare, etc. A developed healthcare system, including preventive care and a set of measures to counter the social isolation of lonely people, contributes to improving the quality of life of the elderly population and lengthening its healthy and active period. Despite the objective limitations of the state’s ability to influence demographic processes, the Scandinavian countries successfully counter the decline in the birth rate, increasing life expectancy and reducing mortality, which contributes to maintaining natural population growth. The area of application of the research results is to take into account the Scandinavian experience, which can help improve domestic family policy and expand its capabilities in helping to increase the sustainability of Russia’s demographic development.

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Балашов, А. М. "Integration of innovative methods and technological solutions into the system of vocational education: a multidisciplinary approach to improving its effectiveness." Management of Education 13, no. 10-1(68) (2023): 11–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.25726/i4810-9103-1458-y.

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Современный мир характеризуется не только быстрым темпом научно-технологического развития, но и растущей сложностью социокультурных, экономических и экологических процессов. В этих условиях профессиональное образование сталкивается с необходимостью адаптации к новым реалиям, поиска оптимальных методик и технологических решений, способствующих формированию компетентных специалистов, готовых к эффективной работе в меняющемся мире. Интеграция инновационных методик и технологических решений в систему профессионального образования уже демонстрирует свою эффективность. Например, в университетах Скандинавии и ведущих технологических университетах мира успешно применяются междисциплинарные подходы, позволяющие студентам лучше понимать сложные взаимосвязи и адаптироваться к реальным потребностям рынка труда. Такое обучение, основанное на междисциплинарных связях, стимулирует критическое мышление, умение работать в команде и способность к самостоятельному обучению. Однако успешное внедрение таких методик требует не только глубокой переработки учебных программ, но и существенных изменений в организационной структуре образовательного процесса, а также подготовке преподавательского состава. Цель данной статьи – осветить основные аспекты и преимущества интеграции инновационных методик и технологических решений в систему профессионального образования, а также проанализировать возможные трудности и пути их преодоления на основе междисциплинарного подхода. На примерах успешного опыта мировых учебных заведений покажем, каким образом можно повысить эффективность образования, делая его более адаптивным и отвечающим актуальным вызовам современности. The modern world is characterized not only by the rapid pace of scientific and technological development, but also by the growing complexity of socio-cultural, economic and environmental processes. In these conditions, vocational education faces the need to adapt to new realities, search for optimal methods and technological solutions that contribute to the formation of competent specialists ready to work effectively in a changing world. The integration of innovative methods and technological solutions into the system of vocational education is already demonstrating its effectiveness. For example, the universities of Scandinavia and the leading technological universities of the world successfully apply interdisciplinary approaches that allow students to better understand complex relationships and adapt to the real needs of the labor market. Such training, based on interdisciplinary connections, stimulates critical thinking, the ability to work in a team and the ability to learn independently. However, the successful implementation of such methods requires not only a deep revision of curricula, but also significant changes in the organizational structure of the educational process, as well as the training of teaching staff. The purpose of this article is to highlight the main aspects and advantages of integrating innovative methods and technological solutions into the system of vocational education, as well as to analyze possible difficulties and ways to overcome them based on an interdisciplinary approach. Using the examples of the successful experience of world educational institutions, we will show how it is possible to increase the effectiveness of education, making it more adaptive and meeting the current challenges of our time.

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Stavytskyy, Andriy V., and Oksana V. Sadovenko. "ANALYSIS AND MODELING OF THE SOCIAL SECURITY INDEX IN UKRAINE, LITHUANIA, AND SCANDINAVIAN COUNTRIES." Ekonomika 92, no. 4 (2013): 37–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/ekon.2013.0.2346.

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Abstract. The social security of acountry is a situation which is positively regulated by legal norms where the government uses all democratic management practices to maintain decent living standards and ensure theability to meet basic needs for the development of the country and society.The Scandinavian economic model provides for a comprehensive social protection and social benefits to all segments of the community. That is why we used a comparative analysis and the modelling of the social security index in Ukraine, Lithuania, and Scandinavian countries.In the paper, we identify a unique method for calculating the indicator of social security, using three main components: income, demographic situation, and labour market.We have studied the impact of macroeconomic indicators on the level of social security, made an analogy with the Nordic countries, and determined which model should be used for the best results in ensuring the social protection of society.The research has shown that high tax rates combined with a full public confidence in the government and a transparent system of income redistribution are important factors in the development of socially-oriented Scandinavian countries.A regression analysis was conducted to analyse the relationship of tax revenues and social security index; the models of dependence for each country were constructed.We have defined the basic types of taxes and their impact on the economic situation in a country. It is concluded that, in most cases, increasing tax rates should lead to negative changes in the social security of a country.Key words: social security, public policy, fiscal policy, stability, society

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Sergeev, Aleksandr. "J.P. Jakobsen as the First Writer of the “Modern Breakthrough”." Stephanos Peer reviewed multilanguage scientific journal 59, no. 3 (2023): 16–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.24249/2309-9917-2023-5-3-16-25.

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The article analyzes the aesthetic views and main artwork motives of Jens Peter Jacobsen, who actively participated in the Georg Brandes’ cultural movement “Modern Breakthrough,” that aimed at creating a true to life problematic art. Jacobsen made a significant contribution to the development of literature in Scandinavia, which by the end of the 19th century reached the forefront in Europe.

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Alestalo, Matti, and Stein Kuhnle. "1 The Scandinavian Route: Economic, Social, and Political Developments in Denmark, Finland, Norway, and Sweden." International Journal of Sociology 16, no. 3-4 (1986): 1–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15579336.1986.11769909.

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