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1
Jackson, Robert H. "Demographic Change in Northwestern New Spain". Americas 41, n. 4 (aprile 1985): 462–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1007352.
Abstract (sommario):
The process of Spanish colonization in Northwestern New Spain, here roughly defined as Sonora and the Californias, set into motion a complex set of factors that contributed to demographic change; absolute population decline among the Indian groups involved, the growth of a largely mestizo settler population, and a number of different types of social and economic interactions between the two populations. Scholars in recent years have debated the causes and the nature of change. Alfred Crosby established a framework for the debate in his provocative book entitled The Columbian Exchange, which discusses, as the sub-title implies, the consequences of interaction between the Old and New Worlds after 1492. In a recent study Henry Dobyns elaborated on one of Crosby's principal themes, the introduction and impact of Euro-Asiatic diseases, and prepared a chronology of epidemics between the sixteenth and early twentieth centuries that affected Native American populations. Dobyns applied his “epidemic mortality” model to Florida and calculated both a high contact population and the rate of population loss due to each of the major epidemics. The model when applied to all of North America has major implications for our understanding of the course of Native American history. In a recent bibliographic article historical demographer Shelia Johansson cast doubt on the high contact population estimates and the degree of demographic collapse.
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Evdokimov, Dmitry. "Approaches to Assessing the Socio-Economic Consequences of the COVID-19 Pandemic Using Computer Simulation". Artificial societies 17, n. 3 (2022): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.18254/s207751800021929-0.
Abstract (sommario):
In the context of the coronavirus pandemic, there is an increasing need to develop methods for scientifically based assessment of the consequences both at the level of the country's economy and at the regional level. One of the acute problems of the development of the Russian economy in the context of the coronavirus pandemic is the conflict between measures to protect the life and health of people and the fall in economic activity. To support the economy, countries are taking anti-crisis measures, which are aimed primarily at overcoming serious consequences in the most vulnerable sectors. As part of the study, to assess the socio-economic consequences of the epidemic and reproduce forecasts, modern simulation tools are used - agent-based modeling. Agent-based models allow you to use software of various classes, including neural networks, mathematical models, 3D-4D add-ons and other technologies that can visualize the results of scenario predictive estimates and computational experiments. The aim of the study is to develop methods and techniques for forecasting and scenario modeling of the socio-economic consequences of viral epidemics. For the study, a detailed statistical and analytical database was formed, adaptive blocks were developed with the possibility of additional inclusion of indicators. The software implementation included three functional blocks: demographic, economic and epidemiological, as well as three categories of agents within each subject of the Russian Federation with individual characteristics based on accepted world practice. The software tool chosen to implement the research objectives is the platform for creating agent-based models "AnyLogic". The study was carried out on the example of the following subjects of the Russian Federation: Murmansk region, Krasnodar region, Sverdlovsk, Samara and Voronezh regions. Based on the results of the study, an architecture of an agent-based model was developed, which makes it possible to evaluate restrictive measures and regulations in terms of the socio-economic consequences of a pandemic. As a result of the study, methods and algorithms for agent-based modeling of the socio-economic consequences of viral epidemics were developed, taking into account spatial and communicative interactions. To fulfill the objectives of the study, at the first stage, an analysis of scientific methods for forecasting and building various models for assessing the consequences of macroeconomic decisions and models for the spread of viral epidemics was carried out. At the second stage, an agent-based model was developed, which took into account structured and unstructured information, including the socio-demographic and economic characteristics of the regions, such as morbidity and mortality, employment rates, as well as measures taken by the regions to counter the spread of COVID-19. In terms of social interaction between agents, the study implemented a dynamic multi-relational (MRN) social network of agents, the structure of which changes during the introduction of quarantine measures that limit the degree of interaction between them. The introduction of different specific values of individual characteristics within a population of agents of the same type makes it possible to assess the socio-economic consequences of viral epidemics with the maximum degree of detail - at the level of individuals. Further development of this area of research will include refinement of the developed model for analyzing the consequences of the spread of viral epidemics in terms of the socio-economic development of territorial systems based on the obtained forecast scenarios.
3
Bryukhanova, G. D., V. N. Gorodin, S. M. Romanov, A. N. Redko, D. V. Nosikov e S. V. Grinenko. "Problems of assessing socio-economic damage due to epidemics". Epidemiology and Vaccinal Prevention 20, n. 2 (3 maggio 2021): 93–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.31631/2073-3046-2021-20-2-93-101.
Abstract (sommario):
Relevance. The sudden epidemiological complications that have emerged in the current century have highlighted the serious difficulties on the part of medical services and States in general in responding to epidemiological emergencies of international significance, which required a comprehensive study of the scale of the problem of the negative socio-economic consequences of epidemics for the modern state. The aim of the work was to study the factors that determine the current configuration of medical and social risks in the pre-epidemic period and form the socio-economic significance of epidemics and pandemics in a developed postindustrial society. The results are based on the monitoring, analysis and aggregation of information from specialized national and international industry publications and online resources (medical, socio-economic), as well as materials from peer-reviewed periodicals, on the practical development of author's approaches and assessments of the functioning of the anti-epidemic preparedness system at the international and national levels. Modern factors that aggravate the negative consequences of the pandemic for demography and the state economy in the absence of immunoprophylaxis and specific therapy are identified. Conclusion. The socio-economic significance of epidemiological events in the modern post-industrial society is significantly higher than the predicted level, based on the calculations of the cost of a clinical case of an infectious disease used in the previous century, namely: without including the costs of sanitary and anti-epidemic measures in the foci of the disease, for the deployment of a hospital base; for ensuring a strict anti-epidemic regime of work in medical institutions, for the rehabilitation and restoration of health of persons who have suffered an infectious disease; for the organization of preventive measures in non-medical organizations and enterprises (including information and explanatory work among the population); for the organization of medical care for persons with somatic pathology.
4
Kuznetsova, P. O. "Demographic and economic consequences of the smoking epidemic in Russia". Profilakticheskaya meditsina 23, n. 6 (2020): 43. http://dx.doi.org/10.17116/profmed20202306143.
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Alfani, Guido, e Tommy E. Murphy. "Plague and Lethal Epidemics in the Pre-Industrial World". Journal of Economic History 77, n. 1 (21 febbraio 2017): 314–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022050717000092.
Abstract (sommario):
This article provides an overview of recent literature on plagues and other lethal epidemics, covering the period from late Antiquity to ca. 1800. We analyze the main environmental and institutional factors that shaped both the way in which a plague originated and spread and its overall demographic and socioeconomic consequences. We clarify how the same pathogen shows historically different epidemiological characteristics, and how apparently similar epidemics could have deeply different consequences. We discuss current debates about the socioeconomic consequences of the Black Death and other plagues. We conclude with historical lessons to understand modern “plagues.”
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Kosznicki, Michał. "Epidemie i pandemie w wybranych polskich podręcznikach szkolnych historii dla szkół średnich po 1989 r." Studia Historica Gedanensia 12, n. 2 (2021): 416–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.4467/23916001hg.21.022.15004.
Abstract (sommario):
Epidemics and pandemics in selected Polish school history textbooks for secondary schools after 1989 The paper presents an analysis of the presentation of major epidemics (pandemics) in the history of mankind in Polish history textbooks for secondary schools published between 1989 and 2020. A qualitative study was carried out on a sample of forty-four textbooks and concerned issues such as: epidemics in antiquity, the so-called “Black Death’ from 1346 to 1353, epidemics in the New World during the period known as the Age of Discovery, and the Spanish flu (the Great Influenza Epidemic) of 1918–1920. This analysis made it possible to formulate conclusions: 1) the medieval “Black Death” epidemic of the XIVth century was presented most fully, both in terms of content and diversity of coverage. This is understandable because of the scale, significance, geographical proximity, and strong roots of this phenomenon in history-teaching literature. “The Black Death” was shown with a broad consideration of the genesis of the phenomenon and its multidirectional demographic, social and economic consequences; 2) the epidemics that took place in the period of antiquity were only to a small extent reflected in the textbooks analyzed. The exception are textbooks by Marek Ziółkowski (editions 1999 and 2002), in which epidemics from the times of the Roman Empire are described in greater detail; 3) in the case of the XVIth-century epidemics from the New World, as well as the Spanish flu, the school reader received what was definitely elementary information, which was not always accurate and precise, without references to the latest scholarly findings; 4) elements of teaching support (maps, tables, illustrations) appeared mainly in the contents dedicated to the “Black Death” and, to a lesser extent, to the XVIth-century epidemics on the American continent; 5) in the textbooks analyzed, there was no clear variation in the way the above-mentioned phenomena were presented in the course of the period discussed.
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Besschetnova, Oksana V., Svetlana N. Fomina, Yanina V. Shimanovskaya, Valeriya V. Sizikova, Anastasia V. Karpunina e Natalia P. Konstantinova. "Divorce in post-epidemic society: reasons and consequences". LAPLAGE EM REVISTA 7, n. 3D (7 ottobre 2021): 65–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.24115/s2446-6220202173d1692p.65-72.
Abstract (sommario):
The article is devoted to the study of the main trends in divorce rates in three subjects of the Russian Federation (Moscow, Saratov and Chelyabinsk regions) over the last decade, considering a number of socio-demographic indicators: gender, age, marriage’s duration, number of children and place of residence. The main tools for collecting data are the method of statistical analysis of marital and family indicators in studied regions for the period from 2011 to 2019; secondary analysis of the research results of domestic and foreign scientists and a survey which was attended by persons aged 18-69 (n = 928). The sample is stratified by sex, age, place of residence. The study found that the initiator of divorce in most cases is a woman. The main reasons for divorce in all studied subjects of Russia are the violation of interpersonal relations, economic and social. The pandemic of COVID-19 has had a negative impact on marriage and family relations, aggravating socio-demographic problems, both in Russia and in most countries of the world.
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Kholikov, Ivan V. "Theoretical and legal characteristics of modern global challenges and threats in the field of healthcare". Current Issues of the State and Law, n. 4 (2022): 547–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.20310/2587-9340-2022-6-4-547-555.
Abstract (sommario):
The purpose of the study is to identify and substantiate the international legal characterization of modern challenges and threats in the field of public health. The relevance of the study lies in the fact that the international situation as a whole cannot be characterized as favorable. Demographic problems are growing in the world, poverty, hunger, lack of drinking water are becoming more and more widespread. The question of the emergence of new and the return of already seemingly conquered diseases is acute. Epidemics and pandemics have a complex of causes, conditions and consequences of a political, medical, technological, psychological, economic, social and organizational nature. It is substantiated that one of the real trends in social practice is the problem of the spread of epidemics, pandemics and mass diseases as a possible basis for the international responsibility of states and international organizations. An important legal aspect is the use of the actions of individual states and international organizations. One of the ways out of the crisis is seen in the constant and timely strengthening of national health systems, on the basis of which it was concluded that this will ensure early forecasting of emerging threats, the development of appropriate measures and their localization.
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Romeo-Aznar, Victoria, Richard Paul, Olivier Telle e Mercedes Pascual. "Mosquito-borne transmission in urban landscapes: the missing link between vector abundance and human density". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 285, n. 1884 (15 agosto 2018): 20180826. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2018.0826.
Abstract (sommario):
With escalating urbanization, the environmental, demographic, and socio-economic heterogeneity of urban landscapes poses a challenge to mathematical models for the transmission of vector-borne infections. Classical coupled vector–human models typically assume that mosquito abundance is either independent from, or proportional to, human population density, implying a decreasing force of infection, or per capita infection rate with host number. We question these assumptions by introducing an explicit dependence between host and vector densities through different recruitment functions, whose dynamical consequences we examine in a modified model formulation. Contrasting patterns in the force of infection are demonstrated, including in particular increasing trends when recruitment grows sufficiently fast with human density. Interaction of these patterns with seasonality in temperature can give rise to pronounced differences in timing, relative peak sizes, and duration of epidemics. These proposed dependencies explain empirical dengue risk patterns observed in the city of Delhi where socio-economic status has an impact on both human and mosquito densities. These observed risk trends with host density are inconsistent with current standard models. A better understanding of the connection between vector recruitment and host density is needed to address the population dynamics of mosquito-transmitted infections in urban landscapes.
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Matei, Elena Florentina, e Ioana Manuela Mindrican. "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on labor market mobility and fiscal-budgetary measures implemented". Global Journal of Business, Economics and Management: Current Issues 12, n. 2 (13 maggio 2022): 153–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.18844/gjbem.v12i2.6161.
Abstract (sommario):
Over time, history has shown us that humanity has faced numerous epidemics and has brought more or less devastating consequences. Migration and spatial mobility of people have over time played a key role in the spread of epidemics, as travel from one region to another has facilitated the transmission of diseases. The COVID-19 pandemic has affected the lives of the population, but the most affected category of the population remains migrants, as this category represents on average about 24% of all doctors and 16% of all care staff, who are at the forefront of the sanitary crisis COVID-19. The approach of this paper focuses on presenting and detailing the implications of the pandemic from a demographic and economic point of view. The aim of this paper is to identify the impact of the pandemic on labor market mobility and fiscal-budgetary measures taken by European states in this context. The database used to carry out this work is represented by statistical data taken from the websites of national and European institutions. Compared to the way of presenting the information from the bibliographic references mentioned at the end of the research, in this paper are found only the essential aspects and particularities of the chosen research topic, which contributes to creating an overview of this topic.
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Habieva, Zaira, Ayna Salamova e Kislyakov Alexey. "Economics of Biotechnological Processes in Sustainable Development". BIO Web of Conferences 57 (2023): 01002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/20235701002.
Abstract (sommario):
The growth of the world’s population and its concentration in large cities increases the pressure on ecosystems and infrastructure, which can be offset by the introduction of “smart” technologies in the urban environment. The increase in life expectancy generates demand for technologies, products, services that provide an active lifestyle, the growth of “age” employment (“silver economy”), high-tech healthcare and personalized medicine. The need to solve food problems stimulates the development of agro- and food biotechnologies, the introduction of new technologies for the industrial production of agricultural raw materials and food products. The consequences of the demographic transition, migration processes and social inequality increase the risks of new epidemics, the return of disappeared infections and, accordingly, the demand for quality and affordable medical services. Changing values, lifestyles, digitalization of society entail the transformation of consumption patterns (economy of sharing, greening, etc.). Under the influence of ICT and their convergence, globalization and digitalization will also cover the field of education, strengthening its interdisciplinary nature.
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Gladyshev, Andrey. "Plague in Egypt of 1834—1835". ISTORIYA 12, n. 7 (105) (2021): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.18254/s207987840015412-2.
Abstract (sommario):
Egypt was ordinary considered by Europeans as a source of epidemic threat, as a “cradle of plague”. The plague of 1834—1835 was the deadliest epidemic of the nineteenth century for the Egyptians. Many Western European doctors took part in the fight against this epidemic, and its resonance was such that England, France, Russia organized special investigations in its wake. Official reports, diaries and memoirs of Europeans who were in Egypt during the epidemic make it possible to reconstruct the path and pace of its spread. Studies on the history of the epidemic in Egypt of 1834—1835 and of its consequences have medical, demographic, economic, political and even mental aspects. The unfolding medical debate shows how European medical ideas spread in Egypt and in other countries of the Middle East, and ultimately affected on the international cooperation in health regulations. The fight over quarantine regulations reflects the growing interest in free trade and in the growth of shipping in the Mediterranean, Red Sea and Indian Ocean. The study of the demographic consequences of the epidemic and in particular of the mortality rate of the black population, allowed to take a fresh look at the issues of slavery, the Trans-Saharan slave trade, abolitionism, and influenced regional diplomacy. The plague that spread in Alexandria and Cairo had the saddest effect on the fate of the Saint-Simonianism movement. The study of its perception, both by the local population and by Europeans, allow to compare the mental attitudes of various ethnic and confessional groups.
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Dudzińska, Małgorzata, Marta Gwiaździńska-Goraj e Aleksandra Jezierska-Thöle. "Social Factors as Major Determinants of Rural Development Variation for Predicting Epidemic Vulnerability: A Lesson for the Future". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, n. 21 (27 ottobre 2022): 13977. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192113977.
Abstract (sommario):
There have been changes in social attitudes in recent years. These changes have been a consequence of a new societal view of the common good, which manifests itself in social responsibility for a clean and healthy environment. The outbreak and spread of the COVID-19 epidemic has highlighted the socio-spatial variation across regions and countries. The epidemic necessitated restrictive measures by state authorities. In the initial period in many countries, the actions of the authorities were identical throughout the country. This was mainly due to a lack of information about the differentiation of areas in relation to the epidemic risk. The aim of the research was to present a model for classifying rural areas taking into account vulnerability to epidemic threats. The model takes into account demographic, social, economic and spatial-environmental development factors. A total of 33 indicators based on public statistics that can be used to determine the area’s vulnerability to epidemic threats were identified. The study showed that for Poland, 11 indicators are statistically significant to the developed classification model. The study found that social factors were vital in determining an area’s vulnerability to epidemic threats. We include factors such as average number of persons per one apartment, village centers (number), events (number), number of people per facility (cultural center, community center, club, community hall), residents of nursing homes per 1000 inhabitants, and the number of children in pre-school education establishments per 1000 children aged 3–5 years. The research area was rural areas in Poland. The results of the classification and the methods used should be made available as a resource for crisis management. This will enable a better response to threats from other epidemics in the future, and will influence the remodeling of the environment and social behavior to reduce risks at this risk, which has a significant impact on sustainable development in rural areas.
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Abramov, Vladimir I., e Dmitry S. Evdokimov. "Application of agent-based approach to analyze migration flows taking into account epidemiological situation caused by the COVID-19". Market economy problems, n. 3 (2020): 49–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.33051/2500-2325-2020-3-49-58.
Abstract (sommario):
Subject/topic. The paper is devoted to the analysis of trends related to migration rates in Russia during the spread of the new COVID-19 infection. Objectives. The purpose of this work is to study the experience of using the agent-based approach in modeling migration processes taking into account the epidemiological situation. Methodology. The research uses general scientific methods: economic analysis, ex-pert assessments, synthesis, deduction, induction, analogy, modeling, classification, historical and logical analysis. Results. Migration component is one of the main aspects in the demographic processes for each state. Various factors influence its estimated indicators but there are certain patterns and trends, such as seasonality, political situation in the world, living conditions in a particular country. The importance of this socio-demographic process remains unchanged. In Russia a new concept of state migration policy has been created for a period up to 2025. However, its implementation is complicated by the current epidemiological situation in the world. The spread of COVID-19 forced the country's borders to close which had a serious impact on migration flows. Due to the epidemiological situation migrants are forced to look for new jobs and change the usual routes that they used to move to other countries in order to earn money. In the Russian Federation the number of unemployed has increased and the process of ousting migrants from the labor market has intensified. The spread of the virus around the world has facilitated political decisions related to the return of Russians to their homeland. Thus, the social and political aspects of the consequences of the pandemic have seriously influenced the socio-demographic processes in the world. Conclusions. The specifics of assessing migration flows implies the use of software and analytical systems to study the general trend of migration including during special periods (economic crises, large-scale outbreaks of epidemics, etc.). The active use of agent-based models which recreates the system under study, as close to reality as possible, can help in solving problems related to the search, analysis, and forecasting of ways to solve acute problems as-sociated with changes in internal and external migration flows. Scope of the results. The results of the study can be applied for further research in the field of migration processes using agent-based modeling as well as in the process of improving migration policy in Russia with the development of global threats caused by the epidemiological situation in the world.
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Lipatova, Lyudmila N. "COVID-19 Pandemic in Russia: Statistical Assessment of Direct and Indirect Demographic Losses". REGIONOLOGY 31, n. 1 (31 marzo 2023): 107–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.15507/2413-1407.122.031.202301.107-122.
Abstract (sommario):
Introduction. The whole world is concerned about the severe socio-economic consequences of the pandemic, the most threatening of which should be considered the death of a large number of people, the general economic downturn, inflation reducing living standards, the threat of increasing hunger, the aggravation of humanitarian problems in poorly developed countries due to a reduction in foreign aid, etc. But if the negative economic consequences are compensated over time (many countries of the world, and Russia is one of the first on this list, have already returned to the pre-pandemic level in 2021), then the human losses suffered by many countries are irreplaceable. Doctors talk about the need to combat post-COVID syndrome, which can also worsen the health and quality of life of citizens. As demographic history shows, such events affect the development of the population for quite a long time. States have struggled with the new dangerous infection in different ways. The set of measures to counter COVID-19 in some countries was based on a policy of “zero tolerance”, others limited themselves to the introduction of only some temporary and not very strict prohibitions. The results of the measures taken also differ dramatically: some countries have been pushed back many years in terms of life expectancy, while in others this indicator has increased. The purpose of this article is to study the demographic consequences of the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic for Russia, which will assess the effectiveness of the anti-epidemic measures taken and better prepare for the occurrence of a similar situation in the future. Materials and Methods. The study was based on data from Rosstat, materials from reputable international organizations, publications of scientists engaged in the study of population problems. The analysis of the demographic situation was carried out on the basis of the systematic approach and specific methods of demographic analysis, content analysis was used to summarize the materials of published scientific research, a tabular method was used to visualize the results. Results. The study has revealed that in the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic, the life expectancy of the urban population decreased to a greater extent than that of the rural population. The increase in mortality did not affect children, adolescents and young people under 25 years of age. Mortality among women in the Russian Federation has increased to a greater extent than among men, and this is typical for most age groups. Women aged 65‒69 were the most vulnerable to the virus – the increase in mortality in this age group was the largest. Discussion and Conclusion. In addition to direct demographic losses from COVID-19 (144.7 thousand people in 2020), an increase in mortality from other causes – respiratory diseases, coronary heart disease, cerebrovascular diseases, as well as digestive diseases and accidental alcohol poisoning, which violated the long-term trend, has been recorded. Indirect demographic losses from COVID-19 in 2020, calculated by estimating the increase in mortality from these causes, amounted to 143.7 thousand people. Migration growth in the Russian Federation in the first year of the pandemic decreased by 2 times, but remained at the level of 2018. Due to the strict restrictions imposed on the movement of the population, the process of urbanization in the country has slowed down, the migration decline of the rural population has decreased. The results of the study can be useful for scientists dealing with demographic development, as well as used to assess the effectiveness of measures taken to combat the spread of coronavirus infection in 2020. Research in this direction should be continued after the publication of data for 2021 and the results of the All-Russian Population Census.
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Adesanya, Oluwafolajimi Adetoye. "COVID-19 Outbreak in Africa: Lessons and Insights from the West African Ebola Virus Disease Epidemics". International Journal of Travel Medicine and Global Health 8, n. 3 (25 luglio 2020): 96–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.34172/ijtmgh.2020.17.
Abstract (sommario):
Over the years, the African continent has had to battle several outbreaks of infectious diseases in different countries. Some of the most deadly were the Ebola virus disease (EVD) outbreaks that occurred in West Africa between 2014 and 2016 affecting Guinea, Liberia, and Sierra Leone and, more recently, from 2018 to 2020 in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). In the era of the COVID-19 pandemic, it is important that as a continent, we draw lessons and insights from our past experiences to guide outbreak response strategies being deployed to curb the latest onslaught. The Ebola outbreaks have shown that disease outbreaks should not be seen only as medical emergencies, but as full blown humanitarian crises, because oftentimes, their socio-economic impacts are more devastating than the more obvious cost to life. In this mini-review, we explore the possible humanitarian costs of the COVID-19 pandemic on the African continent by looking through the lens of our past experiences with the EVD outbreaks, highlighting how the current pandemic could significantly affect the African economy, food security, and vulnerable demographics, like children and the sexual and reproductive health and rights of women and girls. We then proffer recommendations that could be instrumental in preventing a double tragedy involving the devastating health consequences of the virus itself and the deadly fallout from its multi-sectoral knock-on effects in African countries. Keywords: COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, Ebola Virus Disease, Coronavirus.
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Коchetova, Т., e А. Sovgir. "SECURITY MARKET UNDER CONDITIONS OF COVID-19". Energy saving. Power engineering. Energy audit., n. 3-4(157-158) (11 settembre 2021): 49–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.20998/2313-8890.2021.03.05.
Abstract (sommario):
The article is devoted to the analysis of the state of the international securities market during a pandemic. The fundamentals of the functioning of the securities market, technologies for conducting various transactions with securities during the quarantine period associated with the Covid-19 epidemic are considered. The results of the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the global economy at the end of 2020 were reviewed. The study uses an analytical approach based on the analysis of global statistics on COVID-19. The main negative trends of the modern world economy caused by the increase in economic costs under the influence of the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic are summarized. The study used demographic indicators of the countries of the world, data on the dynamics of oil prices, stock indices, and statistical data on world trade. Based on the analysis of economic policy measures taken in the leading countries of the world to smooth out the negative consequences of the spread of the global COVID-19 pandemic, proposals were formulated for the economic policy of conducting operations in the securities market in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Mlodkowski, Pawel. "ESTIMATING PRODUCTION FUNCTION BEFORE COVID-19 PANDEMIC IN EUROPE". European Integration Studies 1, n. 14 (22 ottobre 2020): 104–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.5755/j01.eis.1.14.26367.
Abstract (sommario):
The purpose of the study is to discuss consequences of pandemic events for estimating the economic growth mechanism in the European Union. The most recent COVID-19 growing death toll has drawn the attention to impact such unexpected, but not unprecedented situations have on society and economy. In the current study the focus is on estimating economic effects of a disease, which reduces the working population. It turns out that the prominent basic production function framework may fail to deliver consistent results, when analyzing transformation of labor and capital into output in all 27-EU Member countries. This is because of asymmetric impact of COVID-19 on each individual EU-country.
A historical perspective on epidemic death toll shows that Europe experienced numerous periods of a similar demographic developments. Those were individual countries, regions, or most recently the whole continent (and the world) that suffered from outbreaks of a deadly disease. The paper offers a meta-analysis, and draws from numerous sources to provide as wide as possible coverage on population-decreasing events. Due to similarity in their economic consequences, information about death toll of wars and genocide cases supplements the narration. Conclusions draw the attention to the fact that in the post-COVID-19 era any growth related studies will suffer from the lack of time series that describe the new underlying transformation mechanism that is responsible for generating the GDP at country and EU-level. The contribution of the paper is in offering a point of reference for any future studies that will try to assess pandemic effects in regard to economic growth, economies of scale or any other production function framework element.
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Атамбаева, Р. М., М. К. Эсенаманова, В. С. Тойгомбаева, А. А. Бурабаева e Ф. А. Кочкорова. "И.К.АХУНБАЕВ АТЫНДАГЫ КЫРГЫЗ МАМЛЕКЕТТИК МЕДИЦИНАЛЫК АКАДЕМИЯСЫНЫН «МЕДИЦИНАЛЫК АЛДЫН АЛУУ ИШИ» ФАКУЛЬТЕТИНЕ 70 ЖЫЛ!" Euroasian Health Journal, n. 1 (29 marzo 2024): 161–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.54890/ehj-2024-1-161.
Abstract (sommario):
В дооктябрьский период в Киргизии не существовало государственного органа, который занимался бы проблемами улучшения санитарного состояния населённых пунктов и повышения санитарной культуры населения, организацией борьбы с эпидемиями, имеющие тяжелые экономические и демографические последствия. Также крайне неудовлетворительными оставались условия труда и быта населения. Только после установления советской власти возникла и получила свое развитие санитарно-эпидемиологическая служба, как форма государственной медицинской деятельности, как система мер, направленных на предупреждение инфекционных заболеваний и улучшение санитарного состояния страны. Санитарно-гигиенический факультет Кыргызского Государственного Медицинского Института был организован в 1953 году, первый выпуск которого составил 77 выпускников. За прошедшие 70 лет на факультете подготовлено более 3000 квалифицированных специалистов, которые составляют основу общественного здравоохранения страны. Кыргызстанда октябрдык революцияга чейинки мезгилде калктуу пункттардын санитардык абалын жакшыртуу, калктын санитардык маданиятын жогорулатуу, экономикалык жана демографиялык оор кесепеттерге алып келген эпидемияга каршы күрөштү уюштуруу маселелерин чечүүчү мамлекеттик орган болгон эмес. Калктын эмгек жана турмуш-тиричилик шарттары да өтө канааттандырарлык эмес бойдон калган. Совет бийлиги орногондон кийин гана санитардык-эпидемиологиялык кызмат мамлекеттик медициналык иштин бир формасы, жугуштуу оорулардын алдын алууга жана өлкөнүн санитардык абалын жакшыртууга багытталган иш-чаралардын системасы катары пайда болуп, өнүккөн. Кыргыз мамлекеттик медициналык институтунун санитардык-гигиеналык факультети 1953-жылы уюштурулуп, анда биринчи 77 бүтүрүүчү болуп аяктаган. Акыркы 70 жылдын ичинде факультет өлкөнүн алдын алуу иши тармагынын негизин түзгөн 3000ден ашык квалификациялуу адистерди даярдаган. In the pre-October period in Kyrgyzstan there was no state body that would deal with the problems of improving the sanitary condition of settlements and improving the sanitary culture of the population, organizing the fight against epidemics, which had severe economic and demographic consequences. The working and living conditions of the population also remained extremely unsatisfactory. It was only after the establishment of Soviet power that the sanitary and epidemiological service arose and developed as a form of state medical activity, as a system of measures aimed at preventing infectious diseases and improving the sanitary condition of the country. The Sanitary and Hygienic Faculty of the Kyrgyz State Medical Institute was organized in 1953, the first graduation of which was 77 graduates. Over the past 70 years, the faculty has trained more than 3,000 qualified specialists who form the backbone of the country's public health.
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Johnston, Fay H., Shannon Melody e David M. J. S. Bowman. "The pyrohealth transition: how combustion emissions have shaped health through human history". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 371, n. 1696 (5 giugno 2016): 20150173. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2015.0173.
Abstract (sommario):
Air pollution from landscape fires, domestic fires and fossil fuel combustion is recognized as the single most important global environmental risk factor for human mortality and is associated with a global burden of disease almost as large as that of tobacco smoking. The shift from a reliance on biomass to fossil fuels for powering economies, broadly described as the pyric transition, frames key patterns in human fire usage and landscape fire activity. These have produced distinct patters of human exposure to air pollution associated with the Agricultural and Industrial Revolutions and post-industrial the Earth global system-wide changes increasingly known as the Anthropocene. Changes in patterns of human fertility, mortality and morbidity associated with economic development have been previously described in terms of demographic, epidemiological and nutrition transitions, yet these frameworks have not explicitly considered the direct consequences of combustion emissions for human health. To address this gap, we propose a pyrohealth transition and use data from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) collaboration to compare direct mortality impacts of emissions from landscape fires, domestic fires, fossil fuel combustion and the global epidemic of tobacco smoking. Improving human health and reducing the environmental impacts on the Earth system will require a considerable reduction in biomass and fossil fuel combustion. This article is part of the themed issue ‘The interaction of fire and mankind’.
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Aleneze, Noura Saleh, Noufsalehalanazi ., Munashshanalenaze ., Yasmeein Homoud Alanezi e Nawafradhialanzi . "OBESITY IN CHILDREN". International Journal of Engineering Applied Sciences and Technology 8, n. 5 (1 settembre 2023): 165–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.33564/ijeast.2023.v08i05.022.
Abstract (sommario):
Childhood obesity is a growing health concern that has reached epidemic proportions in many parts of the world. This research paper delves into the intricate issue of obesity in children, aiming to provide a comprehensive overview of its causes, consequences, and potential solutions. The paper draws from a wide range of studies and data sources to offer insights into the complex landscape of childhood obesity.The prevalence of childhood obesity has risen dramatically in recent decades, with profound implications for public health. This research paper examines the global prevalence of childhood obesity, emphasizing the alarming rates in various regions. It highlights the urgency of addressing this issue and calls for effective strategies to curb its escalation. Childhood obesity is a multifaceted problem influenced by a combination of genetic, environmental, and behavioral factors. This paper explores the contributing factors, including dietary patterns, physical inactivity, genetics, socio-economic disparities, and cultural influences. Understanding these factors is pivotal in designing targeted interventions.Childhood obesity has both immediate and long-term consequences for affected individuals and society as a whole. This research paper elucidates the health risks associated with childhood obesity, such as cardiovascular diseases, type 2 diabetes, and psychological distress. It also examines the long-term implications, including a higher likelihood of obesity persisting into adulthood and its associated comorbidities.The prevalence of childhood obesity is not evenly distributed, with certain demographic groups facing higher risks. This paper addresses health disparities related to childhood obesity, emphasizing the need for equity-focused interventions. Socio-economic, racial, and geographical disparities are analyzed to inform targeted approaches.To address childhood obesity effectively, a multi-pronged approach is essential. This research paper presents an array of intervention strategies, encompassing dietary modifications, physical activity promotion, school-based programs, policy initiatives, and family-centered approaches. It discusses evidence-based interventions and their potential impact on reducing childhood obesity rates. Effective policy measures are critical in the fight against childhood obesity. This paper evaluates the role of government policies, including regulations on food marketing, school nutrition programs, and urban planning, in shaping environments that support healthy lifestyles for children.Childhood obesity is a pressing public health issue with far-reaching consequences. This research paper underscores the urgency of addressing the root causes of childhood obesity and the importance of early prevention efforts. It calls for a concerted effort from healthcare professionals, educators, policymakers, and families to create a healthier environment for children.In conclusion, this research paper provides a comprehensive examination of childhood obesity, encompassing its prevalence, causes, consequences, health disparities, and potential interventions. By shedding light on the complexities of this issue, it aims to inform policy decisions and public health initiatives aimed at combating the rising rates of obesity in children.
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G., Netra, Ayesha S. Nawaz, Aswin Kumar, Mane Kusum e B. A. Varadaraja Rao. "A cross-sectional study on domestic accidents in the urban field practice area of a private medical college, Davangere, Karnataka". International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health 4, n. 9 (23 agosto 2017): 3354. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20173844.
Abstract (sommario):
Background: The public health experts have coined the name ‘Modern Day Epidemic’ for accidents. Accidents especially domestic are a world-wide public health problem. The relationship between domestic accidents and human health is direct and associated with a chain of socio-economic consequences. The objectives were to study the magnitude and types of domestic accidents in the urban field practice area and to study the healthcare seeking behaviour following domestic accidents.Methods: A community based cross-sectional study was carried out during September 2016 - November 2016 in the urban field practice area of a Medical College in Davangere. A sample size of 2000 was covered by interviewing 366 households. By using pre-designed, pre-tested questionnaire information was collected on basic socio-demographic details, housing conditions, nature and timing of domestic accidents and the health care seeking behaviour.Results: The magnitude of domestic accidents was 5.2%, with falls being the most common domestic accidents (67.2%) occurring during the evening hours. Health seeking behaviour was found to be satisfactory.Conclusions: In our study the domestic accidents were more commonly found in the extreme age groups. Falls were the most frequent type of domestic accidents which occurred during the morning and evening hours, therefore there is a need for adequate lighting during evening hours to prevent dim light as well as proper designing of house to make it elderly and children friendly. The health education should be given regarding necessary safety precautions to reduce the occurrence of domestic accidents.
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Tomita, Andrew, Germana H. Leyna, Hae-Young Kim, Yoshan Moodley, Emmanuel Mpolya, Polycarp Mogeni, Diego F. Cuadros et al. "Patterns of multimorbidity and their association with hospitalisation: a population-based study of older adults in urban Tanzania". Age and Ageing 50, n. 4 (26 marzo 2021): 1349–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ageing/afab046.
Abstract (sommario):
Abstract Background while the HIV epidemic remains a considerable challenge in sub-Saharan Africa, a dramatic reduction in the associated mortality has led to a fundamental shift in the public health priorities aimed at tackling multimorbidity. Against the unprecedented level of urbanisation taking place in Tanzania, the burden of multimorbidity and its consequences among ageing adults, in the form of costly inpatient hospitalisation, remain unquantified. Methods we used data from one of Africa’s largest urban population cohort, the Dar es Salaam Health and the Demographic Surveillance System, to quantity the extent of multimorbidity (occurrence of 2 ≥ health conditions) and discordant multimorbidity (occurrence of conditions in 2 ≥ domains in mental health, non-communicable and communicable health) among 2,299 adults aged ≥40 years in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. We fitted logistic regression models to investigate the association between multimorbidity and inpatient hospitalisation. Results the prevalence of multimorbidity and discordant multimorbidity were 25.3 and 2.5%, respectively. Although the severe forms of multimorbidity (2.0% with ≥4 health conditions) and discordancy were low, hospitalisation was significantly higher based on the regression analyses. Household food insecurity was the only socio-economic variable that was significantly and consistently associated with a greater hospitalisation. Conclusion we found an alarmingly high degree of multimorbidity among this ageing urban population where hospitalisation was driven by multimorbidity. As public health resources remain scarce, reducing costly inpatient hospitalisation requires multilevel interventions that address clinical- and structural-level challenges (e.g. food insecurity) to mitigate multimorbidity and promote long-term healthy independent living among older adults in Tanzania.
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Esfarjani, Fatemeh. "Challenges of the Vegetable Production and Distribution Industry during the COVID-19 Pandemic". Nutrition and Food Processing 4, n. 1 (4 febbraio 2021): 01–08. http://dx.doi.org/10.31579/2637-8914/040.
Abstract (sommario):
Background: Recently, there are many concerns about the health consequences of COVID-19 as well as the global food supply. For this reason, assessing the impact of pandemic effects on the vegetable chain is critical to set policies to ensure an adequate supply of vegetables. Methods: In this study, major centers of processing and distribution of vegetables in various areas of Tehran have been studied. In the first phase, the status of the hygienic behavior of 192 staff of these centers in the COVID-19 pandemic, and in the second phase, the challenges of these centers were assessed. Data were collected through completing questionnaires, observation, and interviews with staff and statistically analyzed using SPSS. The relationship between independent (demographic characteristics) and dependent (behavior) variables were analyzed using multivariate logistic regression analysis. Results: In the first quantitative phase, up to 51% of the respondents had a good hygienic behavior towards various aspects of the preventive measures. The behavioral mean scores were significantly related to educational level (p <0.05). Findings of the qualitative phase revealed that the outbreak of COVID-19, quarantine, and social distance measures to prevent transmission of the COVID-19 virus have not disrupted the vegetable supply chain, but it was observed that vegetable distributors and manufacturers have suffered the most from declining sales and after that, due to price volatility during the epidemic which is mostly due to lock-down. Conclusion: In general, the current economic situation may seriously impair the livelihoods of disadvantaged groups. Although most staff at vegetable centers follow the safety measures of using masks, these results show that this part of the population that is in continuous contact with different persons have not taken COVID-19 disease seriously.
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KUGLER, TADEUSZ, KYUNG KOOK KANG, JACEK KUGLER, MARINA ARBETMAN-RABINOWITZ e JOHN THOMAS. "Demographic and Economic Consequences of Conflict1". International Studies Quarterly 57, n. 1 (16 novembre 2012): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/isqu.12002.
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Palian, Z. O., O. I. Zolotenkova e A. S. Savchenko. "The COVID-19 Pandemic in Ukraine: Process Evaluation, Opinion Analysis". Statistics of Ukraine 92, n. 2 (9 giugno 2021): 67–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.31767/su.2(93)2021.02.07.
Abstract (sommario):
The SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus pandemic has proved to be a real test of survival for modern humanity. The global crisis has affected not only the health care system, but also the entire social sphere. For the second year in a row, the world economy is under stress, and countries around the world are assessing and forecasting the scale of economic losses, trying to determine the size of direct and indirect demographic losses. It’s impossible to coordinate the implementation of anti-epidemic measures and disease prevention without adequate response and support from the population. And this requires an analysis of social behavior, its motivation and attitude to the relevant actions of state and local authorities.
The article considers the current trends in the spread of SARS-CoV2 infection in Ukraine and in some European countries. Seasonal fluctuations and cyclical changes in the prevalence of this disease and the number of deaths caused by coronavirus are analyzed. The 7-day seasonal fluctuations are to some extent explained by the peculiarities of the initial registration of such events in Ukraine. After all, some of the test results and medical certificates of death caused by coronavirus disease are submitted to the relevant authorities with some delay. There is a multi-day registration lag after the weekend, when most instances do not work, so the input information is processed with a delay.
The statistical estimates of expected daily number of infected with COVID-19 virus and deaths from this cause (data of the National Security and Defense Council of Ukraine for March-December 2020 and January 2021) are based on an analysis of these trends in the context of effectiveness of preventive measures from “quarantine in free day” up to a hard lockdown.
The article provides a quantitative assessment of the population's response to anti-epidemic measures of government agencies. Database of research comprised a series of opinion polls within the monitoring “Ukraine under quarantine” and “Assessment of Healthcare”, the sociological group “Rating” for 2020–2021. The results of the statistical analysis of psycho-emotional state of the population during the COVID-crisis showed significant differences in the responses of certain respondents groups by age, gender and place of residence.
Using non-parametric methods of statistics, the level of Ukrainian population trust in international and domestic medical institutions, as well as in information coming from various sources was estimated. It turned out that respondents are almost 20 times more willing to read news from regular Internet resources than from the official website of the Ministry of Health of Ukraine and rely more on WHO data.
In the perspective of further research, a statistical analysis of the demographic consequences of the spread of SARS-CoV2 infection in Ukraine is planned.
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P., P., e Nations Unies. "Demographic Causes and Economic Consequences of Population Aging". Population (French Edition) 49, n. 2 (marzo 1994): 558. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1534056.
28
Bartel, Ann, e Paul Taubman. "Some Economic and Demographic Consequences of Mental Illness". Journal of Labor Economics 4, n. 2 (aprile 1986): 243–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/298102.
29
Yach, Derek, David Stuckler e Kelly D. Brownell. "Epidemiologic and economic consequences of the global epidemics of obesity and diabetes". Nature Medicine 12, n. 1 (1 gennaio 2006): 62–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nm0106-62.
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Liu, Jie, Wanqing Zheng, Zhen Liu e Xiujing Jiang. "Impact of H1N1, H7N9, ASFV, dengue virus and COVID-19 on pharmaceutical manufacturing firms' R&D investments and economic consequences: Evidence from China". Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine 16, n. 10 (ottobre 2023): 453–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/1995-7645.386256.
Abstract (sommario):
Objective: To determine the impact of major disease epidemics on pharmaceutical manufacturing firms' Research & Development (R&D) investments and economic consequences. Methods: The sample consists of 1 582 firm-year observations from 2009 to 2022 in China, of which, 26.6% of pharmaceutical companies are involved in the diagnosis and treatment of prevalent diseases. Linear models using R&D investments, patent applications, operating performances and stock returns as dependent variables are constructed separately to examine the response of pharmaceutical companies to disease epidemics and the resulting economic consequences. Results: The prevalence of five major diseases led to a 17.5% increase in the amount of R&D investment and an 87.8% rise in the ratio of R&D investment to total assets by disease-related pharmaceutical companies, compared to unrelated pharmaceutical companies. Further evidence indicated that the patent applications for disease-related firms increased by 44.3% relative to unrelated firms after the epidemics. Though the impacts of the epidemics on firms' operating performances were insignificant in the short term, a major disease epidemic was associated with an increase in stock returns of 67.4% and 44.6%, respectively, as measured by the capital asset pricing model and Fama-French five-factor model. Additional analysis revealed that the impacts of the epidemics on R&D investments and patent applications were more pronounced for non-state-owned enterprises than state-owned enterprises. Conclusions: This study demonstrates that disease-related pharmaceutical firms respond to the disease epidemics through increasing R&D investment. More patent applications and higher market value are the main gains from the firms' increased investments in R&D following the epidemic, rather than the improvements of short-term operating performances.
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Bitkova, Tetiana, e Viktoriia Tretiak. "THE IMPACT OF THE CORONAVIRUS PANDEMIC ON MACROECONOMIC INDICATORS: ANALYSIS USING A SYSTEM-DYNAMIC APPROACH". 62, n. 62 (30 dicembre 2021): 107–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.26565/2524-2547-2021-62-10.
Abstract (sommario):
The article considers theoretical provisions concerning the direct and indirect impact of epidemics / pandemics on the macroeconomic indicators of different countries. The aim of the study is to study how the pandemic affects macroeconomic indicators and the scale of this impact using a system-dynamic concept of simulation to assess long-term trends in the analyzed processes - including combined dynamics and interactions of demographic, epidemic and economic indicators. In particular, we have analyzed and compared supply and demand shocks and economic losses associated with epidemics of different years and study the assumptions of classical compartmental models of epidemics (in particular SARS and SEIR ones) and the experience of system-dynamics concept using in simulating infections spread. The article presents the epidemic and economic situation in Ukraine in 2020-2021. We’ve evaluated the impact of infection spread on demographic indicators and have determined the correlation of the pandemic with the fall of Ukraine’s GDP in percentage to the same period of the previous year, in particular during the first lockdown in March-April 2020. Extension of SEIR model assumptions allowed us to build a demographic-epidemic system-dynamic model, which aggregated results were used in economic model. Both models are implemented in Vensim PLE. The control run results show a high accuracy of real processes reflection. In the economic model the GDP indicator is calculated during the model run, using a dynamized Cobb-Douglus production function, which parameters were estimated on the basis of the real data of Ukraine. The results of the economic model fairly accurately reflect the dynamics of population, capital investment and GDP per capita (the correlation coefficient of model and real data is 0.995). We consider that the main areas of experimentation with the model and of its use in decisions support are forecasting of macroeconomic indicators depending on different scenarios of the Covid-19 pandemic in Ukraine and on measures of its containment.
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Zachariah, K. C., E. T. Mathew e S. Irudaya Rajan. "Social, Economic and Demographic Consequences of Migration on Kerala". International Migration 39, n. 2 (giugno 2001): 43–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-2435.00149.
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May, Robert M., Roy M. Anderson e Angela R. McLean. "Possible demographic consequences of HIV/AIDS epidemics. I. assuming HIV infection always leads to AIDS". Mathematical Biosciences 90, n. 1-2 (luglio 1988): 475–505. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0025-5564(88)90079-x.
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Smutchak, Zinaida. "CONSEQUENCES OF DEMOGRAPHIC COLLAPSE IN UKRAINE". Innovative economics and management 10, n. 3 (29 novembre 2023): 14–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.46361/2449-2604.10.3.2023.14-23.
Abstract (sommario):
Zinaida Smutchak
E-mail: smutchakzv@gmail.com
Doctor of economic sciences, professor, Educational and Scientific Institute of Management and Psychology of State Higher Educational Institution «University of Educational Management»,
Kyiv, Ukraine
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6079-9227
Abstract: The article analyzes the demographic situation in Ukraine, which testified to the existence of a deep demographic crisis in Ukraine along with socio-economic problems. The low standard of living, political instability and difficult state conditions caused a dramatic shift in the country's demographic balance. Attention is paid to the problem of migratory activity of the population, in particular forced migration, as a factor influencing the indicators of the demographic situation in the country. Due to the full-scale war caused by russia, millions of women and children were forced to leave the country. It is worth noting, that many years, Ukraine was the main labour donor country for neighboring Poland, Slovakia, the Czech Republic, and Hungary. The consequences for the economy of Ukraine are determined, as well as the main problems relevant for the labour market based on the results of a general analysis of demographic, statistical and analytical information. In any case, depopulation awaits Ukraine - regardless of whether the forced migrants return or not. This means that there will be a shortage of labour in Ukraine, and human capital will be lost. If nothing is changed, in a few years' time, there will be twice as many pensioners in Ukraine as there are working people. That is why the issue of demography should be a priority today and requires urgent measures. The strategy for overcoming the demographic crisis in Ukraine should primarily include two directions: the returning of Ukrainians home from forced emigration; maximum wide-scale work to restore the reproductive potential of the nation.
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Tanır, Gönül, e Rumeysa Yalçınkaya. "Re-Emergence of Measles in the World and Our Country: Causes and Consequences". Klimik Dergisi/Klimik Journal 35, n. 3 (28 settembre 2022): 120–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.36519/kd.2022.3742.
Abstract (sommario):
Measles, an old and highly contagious disease successfully controlled by vaccination, has revived worldwide epidemics without reaching its elimination and eradication goals. In this review, epidemiological data from the United States and Turkey were mainly analyzed. Vaccine rejection or hesitation has been mentioned as one of the reasons for the recurrence of measles. This review includes evaluating the cases followed in our hospital in three time periods when the number of measles cases increased in our country. Demographic data, vaccination status of the patients, complications, and prognosis were also emphasized. Keywords: measles, measles-mumps-rubella vaccine, vaccination refusal, measles elimination
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Arthur, Ronan F., James H. Jones, Matthew H. Bonds, Yoav Ram e Marcus W. Feldman. "Adaptive social contact rates induce complex dynamics during epidemics". PLOS Computational Biology 17, n. 2 (10 febbraio 2021): e1008639. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1008639.
Abstract (sommario):
Epidemics may pose a significant dilemma for governments and individuals. The personal or public health consequences of inaction may be catastrophic; but the economic consequences of drastic response may likewise be catastrophic. In the face of these trade-offs, governments and individuals must therefore strike a balance between the economic and personal health costs of reducing social contacts and the public health costs of neglecting to do so. As risk of infection increases, potentially infectious contact between people is deliberately reduced either individually or by decree. This must be balanced against the social and economic costs of having fewer people in contact, and therefore active in the labor force or enrolled in school. Although the importance of adaptive social contact on epidemic outcomes has become increasingly recognized, the most important properties of coupled human-natural epidemic systems are still not well understood. We develop a theoretical model for adaptive, optimal control of the effective social contact rate using traditional epidemic modeling tools and a utility function with delayed information. This utility function trades off the population-wide contact rate with the expected cost and risk of increasing infections. Our analytical and computational analysis of this simple discrete-time deterministic strategic model reveals the existence of an endemic equilibrium, oscillatory dynamics around this equilibrium under some parametric conditions, and complex dynamic regimes that shift under small parameter perturbations. These results support the supposition that infectious disease dynamics under adaptive behavior change may have an indifference point, may produce oscillatory dynamics without other forcing, and constitute complex adaptive systems with associated dynamics. Implications for any epidemic in which adaptive behavior influences infectious disease dynamics include an expectation of fluctuations, for a considerable time, around a quasi-equilibrium that balances public health and economic priorities, that shows multiple peaks and surges in some scenarios, and that implies a high degree of uncertainty in mathematical projections.
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Majdzińska, Anna. "Ekonomiczne następstwa zmian w strukturach ludnościowych w krajach Unii Europejskiej". Wiadomości Statystyczne. The Polish Statistician 2014, n. 10 (28 ottobre 2014): 48–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.59139/ws.2014.10.5.
Abstract (sommario):
The changes in demographic structure of a majority of European countries which are visible mainly by the progress in population aging have numerous consequences (both social and economic). One of the most important negative consequences seems the decrease in the potential labour force and the decline in financial efficiency of pension systems. The paper aims at evaluating current and future changes (and their economic consequences) in European demographic structures, with particular reference to Poland.
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Alfani, Guido. "Epidemics, Inequality, and Poverty in Preindustrial and Early Industrial Times". Journal of Economic Literature 60, n. 1 (1 marzo 2022): 3–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/jel.20201640.
Abstract (sommario):
Recent research has explored the distributive consequences of major historical epidemics, and the current crisis triggered by COVID-19 prompts us to look at the past for insights about how pandemics can affect inequalities in income, wealth, and health. The fourteenth-century Black Death, which is usually believed to have led to a significant reduction in economic inequality, has attracted the greatest attention. However, the picture becomes much more complex if other epidemics are considered. This article covers the worst epidemics of preindustrial times, from the Plague of Justinian of 540–41 to the last great European plagues of the seventeenth century, as well as the cholera waves of the nineteenth. It shows how the distributive outcomes of lethal epidemics do not only depend upon mortality rates, but are mediated by a range of factors, chief among them the institutional framework in place at the onset of each crisis. It then explores how past epidemics affected poverty, arguing that highly lethal epidemics could reduce its prevalence through two deeply different mechanisms: redistribution toward the poor or extermination of the poor. It concludes by recalling the historical connection between the progressive weakening and spacing in time of lethal epidemics and improvements in life expectancy, and by discussing how epidemics affected inequality in health and living standards. (JEL D31, I12, I14, I30, N30, J11, J31)
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Ojo, Olusola Bamidele. "Socio-Economic Impacts of 1918–19 Influenza Epidemic in Punjab". Journal of Asian and African Studies 55, n. 7 (31 gennaio 2020): 1023–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021909619900906.
Abstract (sommario):
The 1918–19 influenza epidemic arguably remains the worst natural disaster in the annals of colonial India. The scourge of the 1918–19 influenza in Punjab eclipsed the significant malaria epidemics of 1908 and the Bubonic plague catastrophe of the first decade of the 20th century. Over 800,000 people died from the outbreak between October and November 1918. This article examines the social and economic impacts of the 1918–19 influenza outbreak in Punjab. It argues that the scarcity of everyday food items as well as an escalation in the prices of staple foodstuffs were direct consequences of the epidemic. This study discovered that massive influenza mortalities triggered severe disruptions in the agricultural activities and public services in Punjab. Other studies had focused mainly on the spread and mortality of the epidemic in the public domains of colonial India. However, this study illuminates the socio-economic effects of an outbreak from a regional perspective. A focus on Punjab, the colonial capital of Northern India, affords us a rare privilege to gauge how epidemics influence the socio-economic spaces on a provincial basis.
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Yach, D., D. Stuckler e K. D. Brownell. "Erratum: Corrigendum: Epidemiologic and economic consequences of the global epidemics of obesity and diabetes". Nature Medicine 12, n. 3 (marzo 2006): 367. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nm0306-367a.
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Chernogor, Nikolay, Alexander Zemlin, Ivan Kholikov e Irada Mamedova. "Impact of the spread of epidemics, pandemics and mass diseases on economic security of transport". E3S Web of Conferences 203 (2020): 05019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202020305019.
Abstract (sommario):
The problem of the spread of the coronavirus epidemic is now being widely discussed not only in the media, but also in legislative and executive authorities, business and scientific circles around the world, including in Russia. The article provides a brief overview of the main epidemics that occurred in modern world history, their impact on the economy of individual countries and the world economy as a whole. The main attention is paid to the analysis of the impact degree of epidemics and pandemics on the transport sector of the economy. The specificity of the impact of the spread of mass diseases on the functioning of transport system and its’ economic security is shown. Possible directions of organizational and legal support for the activities aimed at minimizing the consequences of the pandemic on the economic security of transport are substantiated.
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Suleimanova, R. N. "CHILDREN'S HEALTH PROTECTION IN BASHKIRIA IN THE 1920s: IN SEARCH OF WAYS TO SOLVE THE PROBLEM". Izvestiya of Samara Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences. History Sciences 4, n. 3 (2022): 13–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.37313/2658-4816-2022-4-3-13-23.
Abstract (sommario):
The article is devoted to the consequences of the disaster that befell Bashkiria: the famine of 1921-1922, the developed epidemics and mass diseases that negatively affected the demographic situation in the region, the health of residents, especially children. Demographic indicators, including birth and death rates, have deteriorated significantly, and the rate of reproduction has declined. The author examines the formation of the health authorities in the Bashkir ASSR in the 1920s on the basis of archival documents and published sources. She analyzes the activities of local governments with the assistance of central authorities and departments to take the necessary measures to support the population in emergency situations of famine and epidemics, and the organize medical care for the population. Particular attention is paid to the organization of medical care for children, especially orphans, and the influence of objective and subjective factors on the promotion of social help. Particular attention is paid to the organization of medical care for children, especially orphans, the influence of objective and subjective factors on the provision of social assistance. The author reveals difficulties and omissions that influenced the solution of a social problem of national importance.
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GEYETS, V. M. "The consequences of demographic challenges for economic growth in Ukraine". Demography and social economy, n. 1 (23 maggio 2011): 3–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/dse2011.01.003.
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P., P. "Nations Unies — Demographic causes and economic consequences of population aging". Population Vol. 49, n. 2 (1 febbraio 1994): 558–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/popu.p1994.49n2.0561.
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DELFINO, DORIANA, e PETER J. SIMMONS. "Dynamics of tuberculosis and economic growth". Environment and Development Economics 10, n. 6 (21 novembre 2005): 719–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1355770x05002500.
Abstract (sommario):
We find significant empirical links between the health structure of the population and the productive system of an economy that is subject to infectious disease, in particular tuberculosis. Consequently, development policy, aimed to improve the level of prosperity, has significant effects on the demographic-epidemiological dynamics of the population. Moreover, infectious diseases, such as tuberculosis, affect the size of the labour force and the productive capacity of the economy. We combine a Lotka-Volterra type system capturing the dynamics of TB epidemics with a Solow-Swan growth model where output is produced from capital and healthy labour. The demographic-epidemological parameters of the Lotka-Volterra type system are functions of GDP per healthy worker. We find significant differences between the most prosperous quartile and the rest of the world. In the former, the disease is eradicated whereas in the lowest three quartiles we predict damped capital and epidemic cycles converging to a population which is about 80 per cent of capacity and of whom about 2 per cent are TB infected. It follows that raising productivity in the lower quartiles is a critical policy aim.
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Nunu Achuashvili, Nunu Achuashvili, e Ia Goderdzishvili Ia Goderdzishvili. "Socio-economic Problems and Living Standards in Georgia". Economics 105, n. 03 (15 aprile 2022): 133–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.36962/ecs105/3/2022-133.
Abstract (sommario):
Raising living standards means increasing incomes, reducing poverty, improving education, health and the environment. Improving the quality of life is achieved through sustainable economic development, which also results in: Maintaining macroeconomic balance, Reducing inflation, Maximizing satisfaction of human needs and in special situations: wars, epidemics, natural disasters that lead to unemployment and poverty, maximizing protection of people. The current acute economic and social background in our country forces us through in-depth analysis to set out the justified measures for raising the standard of living, which should be done through the well-designed socio-economic policies of the state, promotion of employment and implementation of correct demographic policies. Keywords: standard of living; inflation; economic efficiency; economic policy; economic growth.
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Bloom, David E., Michael Kuhn e Klaus Prettner. "Modern Infectious Diseases: Macroeconomic Impacts and Policy Responses". Journal of Economic Literature 60, n. 1 (1 marzo 2022): 85–131. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/jel.20201642.
Abstract (sommario):
We discuss and review literature on the macroeconomic effects of epidemics and pandemics since the late twentieth century. First, we cover the role of health in driving economic growth and well-being and discuss standard frameworks for assessing the economic burden of infectious diseases. Second, we sketch a general theoretical framework to evaluate the trade-offs policy makers must consider when addressing infectious diseases and their macroeconomic repercussions. In so doing, we emphasize the dependence of economic consequences on (i) disease characteristics; (ii) inequalities among individuals in terms of susceptibility, preferences, and income; and (iii) cross-country heterogeneities in terms of their institutional and macroeconomic environments. Third, we study pharmaceutical and nonpharmaceutical policies aimed at mitigating and preventing infectious diseases and their macroeconomic repercussions. Fourth, we discuss the health toll and economic impacts of five infectious diseases: HIV/AIDS, malaria, tuberculosis, influenza, and COVID-19. Although major epidemics and pandemics can take an enormous human toll and impose a staggering economic burden, early and targeted health and economic policy interventions can often mitigate both to a substantial degree. (JEL E20, H50, I12, I14, I15, I18, J17)
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Kalabikhina, Irina E. "Demographic and social issues of the pandemic". Population and Economics 4, n. 2 (18 maggio 2020): 103–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/popecon.4.e53891.
Abstract (sommario):
The article begins with a small paragraph on why it is necessary to carefully assess operational data on morbidity and mortality from coronavirus. Further, the author discusses the complex of possible geo-spatial, demographic, socio-economic, socio-cultural and political factors of unequal impact of morbidity and overmortality from COVID-19 on various social groups and territories; hypothesize about the demographic and gender consequences of the pandemic and its accompanying economic recession in the short-term and long-term period. The author comes to the conclusion that the pandemic will have minor demographic consequences or won’t have any. And despite a number of negative effects, the pandemic offers a window of opportunity for the development of gender equality.
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Kholikov, I. "The spread of epidemics, pandemics, and mass diseases as a contemporary global challenge". Pathways to Peace and Security, n. 2 (2020): 27–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.20542/2307-1494-2020-2-27-40.
Abstract (sommario):
The article focuses on the spread of mass diseases as one of the critical modern global challenges. It analyzes the negative consequences of this phenomenon, including medical, economic, social, political, and legal consequences. The author provides a brief overview of major epidemics that occurred in the recent history, assesses economic damage inflicted by them and identifies spheres of human activity most vulnerable to pandemics. The article also raises the issue of legal responsibility of states and international organizations for actions (or inaction) that contribute to the spread of mass diseases. Recommended strategies to increase the level of global epidemiological security include the need to both strengthen national health systems and ensure international exchange of knowledge, technologies and materials, including viruses and laboratory samples, and to develop and expand overall international cooperation in this field. The author argues that the World Health Organization should continue to play the key role in this process on the basis of its systems of epidemiological surveillance, global warning and response, its long and solid experience as a global leader in public health and its partnerships with governments, UN system organizations, civil society, academia, private sector and media.
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von Overbeck, Jan. "Insurance and Epidemics: SARS, West Nile Virus and Nipah Virus". Journal of Insurance Medicine 49, n. 1 (1 gennaio 2021): 37–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.17849/insm-49-1-37-45.1.
Abstract (sommario):
Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) reminds us that sudden disease emergence is a permanent part of our world—and should be anticipated in our planning. Historically the emergence of new diseases has had little or no impact beyond a small, localized cluster of infections. However, given just the right conditions, a highly virulent pathogen can suddenly spread across time and space with massive consequences, as has occurred on several occasions in human history. In the wake of the SARS outbreak, we are now forced to confront the unpleasant fact that human activities are increasing the frequency and severity of these kinds of emergences. The idea of more frequent biological ‘‘invasions’’ with economic and societal impacts comparable to SARS, presents stakeholders in the global economy with unprecedented new risks, challenges and even opportunities. As a major contributor to economic stability, the insurance industry must follow these trends very closely and develop scenarios to anticipate these events.