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Letteratura scientifica selezionata sul tema "Ecology parasite"

Autore: Grafiati

Pubblicato: 5 ottobre 2024

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Articoli di riviste sul tema "Ecology parasite"

Weatherhead, Patrick J., e Gordon F. Bennett. "Ecology of Red-winged Blackbird parasitism by haematozoa". Canadian Journal of Zoology 69, n. 9 (1 settembre 1991): 2352–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z91-331.

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We sampled haematozoa in Red-winged Blackbirds (Agelaius phoeniceus) over three consecutive breeding seasons in eastern Ontario to identify factors that affect the reliability of quantifying parasites as this pertains to testing Hamilton and Zuk's hypothesis of sexual selection. Parasite prevalence and intensity varied seasonally, indicating that for samples to be reliable they should not be taken either early or late in the breeding season, and analysis should be limited to prevalence (presence versus absence). Among males (but not females), parasite prevalence increased with age, indicating that all individuals are not exposed to parasites early in life, and therefore tests of the "parasite" hypothesis of sexual selection are best restricted to older individuals. Resampling of known individuals within and between years showed that some individuals changed from positive to negative. Prevalence estimates also varied by year, indicating that reliable estimates of prevalence for a species, necessary for interspecific tests of the parasite hypothesis, will require extensive sampling. Overall, parasite prevalence did not vary with habitat. Parasites were detectable in only 1 of 119 nestlings sampled, indicating either lack of exposure or inadequate time for infections to reach detectable intensities. In either case, it is not possible to test the assumption that parasite resistance is heritable using blood samples from nestlings. Although males and females were parasitized by the same array of parasites, the distribution of specific parasites differed significantly (males were more heavily parasitized by leucocytozoids). If males and females generally differ in either exposure or resistance to specific parasites, the coevolutionary dynamics between host and parasite and the implications for sexual selection will require reassessment.

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GLEICHSNER, ALYSSA M., e DENNIS J. MINCHELLA. "Can host ecology and kin selection predict parasite virulence?" Parasitology 141, n. 8 (24 aprile 2014): 1018–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182014000389.

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SUMMARYParasite virulence, or the damage a parasite does to its host, is measured in terms of both host costs (reductions in host growth, reproduction and survival) and parasite benefits (increased transmission and parasite numbers) in the literature. Much work has shown that ecological and genetic factors can be strong selective forces in virulence evolution. This review uses kin selection theory to explore how variations in host ecological parameters impact the genetic relatedness of parasite populations and thus virulence. We provide a broad overview of virulence and population genetics studies and then draw connections to existing knowledge about natural parasite populations. The impact of host movement (transporting parasites) and host resistance (filtering parasites) on the genetic structure and virulence of parasite populations is explored, and empirical studies of these factors using Plasmodium and trematode systems are proposed.

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POULIN, ROBERT, e HASEEB S. RANDHAWA. "Evolution of parasitism along convergent lines: from ecology to genomics". Parasitology 142, S1 (11 novembre 2013): S6—S15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182013001674.

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SUMMARYFrom hundreds of independent transitions from a free-living existence to a parasitic mode of life, separate parasite lineages have converged over evolutionary time to share traits and exploit their hosts in similar ways. Here, we first summarize the evidence that, at a phenotypic level, eukaryotic parasite lineages have all converged toward only six general parasitic strategies: parasitoid, parasitic castrator, directly transmitted parasite, trophically transmitted parasite, vector-transmitted parasite or micropredator. We argue that these strategies represent adaptive peaks, with the similarities among unrelated taxa within any strategy extending to all basic aspects of host exploitation and transmission among hosts and transcending phylogenetic boundaries. Then, we extend our examination of convergent patterns by looking at the evolution of parasite genomes. Despite the limited taxonomic coverage of sequenced parasite genomes currently available, we find some evidence of parallel evolution among unrelated parasite taxa with respect to genome reduction or compaction, and gene losses or gains. Matching such changes in parasite genomes with the broad phenotypic traits that define the convergence of parasites toward only six strategies of host exploitation is not possible at present. Nevertheless, as more parasite genomes become available, we may be able to detect clear trends in the evolution of parasitic genome architectures representing true convergent adaptive peaks, the genomic equivalents of the phenotypic strategies used by all parasites.

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Ezenwa, Vanessa O., Elizabeth A. Archie, Meggan E. Craft, Dana M. Hawley, Lynn B. Martin, Janice Moore e Lauren White. "Host behaviour–parasite feedback: an essential link between animal behaviour and disease ecology". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 283, n. 1828 (13 aprile 2016): 20153078. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2015.3078.

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Animal behaviour and the ecology and evolution of parasites are inextricably linked. For this reason, animal behaviourists and disease ecologists have been interested in the intersection of their respective fields for decades. Despite this interest, most research at the behaviour–disease interface focuses either on how host behaviour affects parasites or how parasites affect behaviour, with little overlap between the two. Yet, the majority of interactions between hosts and parasites are probably reciprocal, such that host behaviour feeds back on parasites and vice versa. Explicitly considering these feedbacks is essential for understanding the complex connections between animal behaviour and parasite ecology and evolution. To illustrate this point, we discuss how host behaviour–parasite feedbacks might operate and explore the consequences of feedback for studies of animal behaviour and parasites. For example, ignoring the feedback of host social structure on parasite dynamics can limit the accuracy of predictions about parasite spread. Likewise, considering feedback in studies of parasites and animal personalities may provide unique insight about the maintenance of variation in personality types. Finally, applying the feedback concept to links between host behaviour and beneficial, rather than pathogenic, microbes may shed new light on transitions between mutualism and parasitism. More generally, accounting for host behaviour–parasite feedbacks can help identify critical gaps in our understanding of how key host behaviours and parasite traits evolve and are maintained.

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Barber, Iain, e Niels J. Dingemanse. "Parasitism and the evolutionary ecology of animal personality". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 365, n. 1560 (27 dicembre 2010): 4077–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2010.0182.

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The ecological factors responsible for the evolution of individual differences in animal personality (consistent individual differences in the same behaviour across time and contexts) are currently the subject of intense debate. A limited number of ecological factors have been investigated to date, with most attention focusing on the roles of resource competition and predation. We suggest here that parasitism may play a potentially important, but largely overlooked, role in the evolution of animal personalities. We identify two major routes by which parasites might influence the evolution of animal personality. First, because the risk of acquiring parasites can be influenced by an individual's behavioural type, local parasite regimes may impose selection on personality traits and behavioural syndromes (correlations between personality traits). Second, because parasite infections have consequences for aspects of host ‘state’, parasites might induce the evolution of individual differences in certain types of host behaviour in populations with endemic infections. Also, because infection often leads to specific changes in axes of personality, parasite infections have the potential to decouple behavioural syndromes. Host–parasite systems therefore provide researchers with valuable tools to study personality variation and behavioural syndromes from a proximate and ultimate perspective.

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Cole, David J. W. "Parasite Ecology Symposium". International Journal for Parasitology 27, n. 2 (febbraio 1997): 153. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0020-7519(96)00141-5.

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Horn, Collin J., e Lien T. Luong. "Proximity to parasites reduces host fitness independent of infection in a Drosophila–Macrocheles system". Parasitology 145, n. 12 (13 marzo 2018): 1564–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182018000379.

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AbstractParasites are known to have direct negative effects on host fitness; however, the indirect effects of parasitism on host fitness sans infection are less well understood. Hosts undergo behavioural and physiological changes when in proximity to parasites. Yet, there is little experimental evidence showing that these changes lead to long-term decreases in host fitness. We aimed to determine if parasite exposure affects host fitness independent of contact, because current approaches to parasite ecology may underestimate the effect of parasites on host populations. We assayed the longevity and reproductive output of Drosophila nigrospiracula exposed or not exposed to ectoparasitic Macrocheles subbadius. In order to preclude contact and infection, mites and flies were permanently separated with a mesh screen. Exposed flies had shorter lives and lower fecundity relative to unexposed flies. Recent work in parasite ecology has argued that parasite–host systems show similar processes as predator–prey systems. Our findings mirror the non-consumptive effects observed in predator–prey systems, in which prey species suffer reduced fitness even if they never come into direct contact with predators. Our results support the perspective that there are analogous effects in parasite–host systems, and suggest new directions for research in both parasite ecology and the ecology of fear.

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Poulin, Robert, Boris R. Krasnov, David Mouillot e David W. Thieltges. "The comparative ecology and biogeography of parasites". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 366, n. 1576 (27 agosto 2011): 2379–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2011.0048.

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Comparative ecology uses interspecific relationships among traits, while accounting for the phylogenetic non-independence of species, to uncover general evolutionary processes. Applied to biogeographic questions, it can be a powerful tool to explain the spatial distribution of organisms. Here, we review how comparative methods can elucidate biogeographic patterns and processes, using analyses of distributional data on parasites (fleas and helminths) as case studies. Methods exist to detect phylogenetic signals, i.e. the degree of phylogenetic dependence of a given character, and either to control for these signals in statistical analyses of interspecific data, or to measure their contribution to variance. Parasite–host interactions present a special case, as a given trait may be a parasite trait, a host trait or a property of the coevolved association rather than of one participant only. For some analyses, it is therefore necessary to correct simultaneously for both parasite phylogeny and host phylogeny, or to evaluate which has the greatest influence on trait expression. Using comparative approaches, we show that two fundamental properties of parasites, their niche breadth, i.e. host specificity, and the nature of their life cycle, can explain interspecific and latitudinal variation in the sizes of their geographical ranges, or rates of distance decay in the similarity of parasite communities. These findings illustrate the ways in which phylogenetically based comparative methods can contribute to biogeographic research.

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Rahimian, Hassan. "Parasites of fingerling herringClupea harengusL.: ecology and fine morphology". Journal of Helminthology 81, n. 2 (giugno 2007): 199–217. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022149x07735381.

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AbstractThe parasite fauna of young-of-the-year herringClupea harengusL., off Gullmarsfjord and Brofjorden, west coast of Sweden, was studied between May and October for 4 years, from 1994 to 1997. Fifteen species of parasites were found: two Protozoa –Trichodina sp.andCeratomyxa auerbachi; one species of uncertain affinity –Ichthyophonus hoferi; two Monogenea –Gyrodactylus harengiandPseudanthocotyloides heterocotyle; five Digenea –Cryptocotyle linguametacercariae,Cercaria pythionikemetacercariae,Hemiurus luehei,Lecithaster confususandPseudobacciger harengulae; three Cestoda plerocercoids –Bothriocephalussp., an acrobothriid and a tetraphyllid; one Nematoda –Hysterothylacium aduncumlarva; and one Copepoda –Caligus elongatus. The number of species found in this study represents more than one-sixth of all parasites reported in herring worldwide and all parasites were acquired locally. The parasite fauna of herring from the west coast of Sweden is compared with that of herring from the Baltic Sea and other areas of the north-east Atlantic. The prevalence and intensity of parasites are presented and discussed. Morphological descriptions are based on both light and scanning electron microscopy and new features are described. Possible applications of this new information about the parasite fauna, in different areas of fisheries and fish biology studies, are discussed.

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Dunn, A. M., M. J. Hatcher, R. S. Terry e C. Tofts. "Evolutionary ecology of vertically transmitted parasites: transovarial transmission of a microsporidian sex ratio distorter in Gammarus duebeni". Parasitology 111, S1 (gennaio 1995): S91—S109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182000075843.

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SUMMARYVertically transmitted parasites are transmitted from generation to generation of hosts usually via the host's gametes. Owing to gamete size dimorphism, the major transmission route is transovarial and selection (on the parasite) favours strategies which increase the relative frequency of the transmitting (female) host sex. These strategies impose unusual selection pressures on the host, and coevolution between hosts and vertically transmitted parasites has been implicated in speciation, in the evolution of symbiosis, and in the evolution of novel systems of host reproduction and sex determination. We review the evolutionary implications of vertically transmitted parasites in arthropods before focusing on strategies of transmission of a parasitic sex ratio distorter in Gammarus duebeni. The efficiency of parasite transmission to new hosts is a key factor underlying the relationship between vertically transmitted parasites and their hosts. Vertically transmitted parasites must overcome 2 bottlenecks in order to ensure successful infection of future host generations: first, transmission from adult to gamete; and secondly, transmission to the germ-line of the infected host. We investigate these 2 processes with regard to transovarial transmission by a microsporidian parasite in Gammarus duebeni. Parasite transmission from adult to eggs is highly efficient, with 96% of eggs of infected mothers inheriting the infection, whereas transmission to germ-line within infected embryos is relatively inefficient (72%). We measure parasite distribution between cells of developing embryos, and use these distributions to infer possible mechanisms of parasite transmission to germ-line. Parasite distribution within the embryo is dependent on host cell lineage, and is not consistent with unbiased segregation between daughter cells. These results indicate that parasites segregate together at host cell division, and may reflect a strategy of differential segregation to the host germ-line. We consider alternative parasite strategies at the cell-level in terms of their evolutionary implications.

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Più fonti

Tesi sul tema "Ecology parasite"

Prior, Kimberley Faith. "The evolutionary ecology of circadian rhythms in malaria parasites". Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/29562.

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Biological rhythms are thought to have evolved to enable organisms to organise their activities according to the Earth’s predictable cycles, but quantifying the fitness advantages of rhythms is challenging and data revealing their costs and benefits are scarce. More difficult still is explaining why parasites that exclusively live within the bodies of other organisms have biological rhythms. Rhythms exist in the development and traits of parasites, in host immune responses, and in disease susceptibility. This raises the possibility that timing matters for how hosts and parasites interact and, consequently, for the severity and transmission of diseases. Despite their obvious importance in other fields, circadian rhythms are a neglected aspect of ecology and evolutionary biology. The ambitions of this thesis are to integrate chronobiology, parasitology and evolutionary theory with mathematical models to obtain a greater understanding about how and suggest why malaria parasites have rhythms as well as the effect of infection on host rhythms. First, I identify how malaria parasites lose their developmental rhythms in culture, when they lack any potential time cues from the host. Next, I characterise parasite rhythms inside the mammalian host in terms of synchrony and timing and demonstrate there is genotype by environment interactions for characteristics of parasite rhythms. Then, I investigate the effect that parasite infection has on host rhythms and show there is variation between parasite genotypes in their effect on host locomotor activity and body temperature rhythms during infections. Finally, I explore which host rhythms may be driving parasite synchrony and timing and demonstrate the importance of peripheral host rhythms for the timing of malaria parasite developmental rhythms. The data presented here provides novel and important information on the role of rhythms during disease and opens up a new arena for studying host-parasite coevolution.

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Tompkins, Daniel Michael. "Evolutionary ecology of bird-parasite associations". Thesis, University of Oxford, 1996. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:a5f5ea19-b799-490b-b738-99ff52df25c1.

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This thesis investigates the ecological determinants of chewing louse (Insecta: Phthiraptera) host-specificity on four species of Malaysian swiftlets (Aves: Apodidae). Influences of host coloniality on louse ecology were also demonstrated, illustrating the dependence which these permanent ectoparasites have on their hosts. Louse collections were made to look for incidences of host-specific lice occurring on the "wrong" host ("straggling"). Straggling was observed, implying that lice disperse among host species. Thus, opportunity for louse dispersal (or lack thereof) does not govern the host-specificity of chewing lice on swiftlets. Experimental transfers of lice between hosts were conducted. Louse survival was reduced on foreign host species. This implies adaptation to specific host characters, suggesting that specialisation governs chewing louse host-specificity on swiftlets. There was no evidence for reciprocal adaptation of swiftlets to their normal louse species. Lice had no impact on the fitness of either swiftlets or the related common swift. Furthermore, neither swiftlet nor swift lice were transmitting pathogenic endoparasites. This implies that chewing lice and Malaysian swiftlets have not "coevolved". Survival of transferred lice was determined by the relatedness of donor and recipient hosts. Closer related swiftlet species are more similar in body size and feather dimensions. When the feather dimensions of the microhabitat distributions of the same louse species on different hosts were compared the results suggested that lice keep the dimensions of barb and barbule diameter, at which they occur, "constant" through microhabitat shifts. This suggests that feather dimensions are the host characters which determine the survival (and host-specificity) of chewing lice on birds. The ability of chewing lice to survive on hosts with similar feather morphology implies that "host-switching", between distantly related hosts with similar morphological characters (due to parallel or convergent host evolution), may have been an important factor in the evolution of bird-louse associations.

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Gregory, Richard D. "Host-parasite interactions : population and community ecology". Thesis, University of Oxford, 1990. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.276582.

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O'Brien, Chris. "Appreciating the Importance of Parasites: Analyzing and Understanding the Ecology of Parasite-Host Interactions". Diss., The University of Arizona, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/194212.

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There is a growing interest in the nature of parasite-host interactions, the role these relationships play in ecological communities, and how human activities alter these associations. Furthermore, because inference about these interactions is usually gained by methods of statistical hypothesis testing, additional importance should be placed on the analysis and interpretation of parasite-host interactions. In this dissertation I address these ideas in three separate but interrelated studies with the three following questions: 1) How do two parasites with complex life-cycles alter the behavior of a novel amphipod host, and how do host and non-host predators respond to infected amphipod prey? In contrast to other studies, I found that two parasites of an endemic amphipod at Montezuma Well had little affect on their amphipod host, and that these associations had little affect on predation rates by both host and non-host predators. Results from this study underscore the importance of further investigating novel parasite-host interactions and placing them in their phylogenetic and evolutionary context. 2) Does human recreation affect spatial patterns of infection in an otherwise natural ecosystem? This study demonstrates that human visitors to Montezuma Castle National Monument alter patterns of waterfowl space use that in turn affect spatial patterns of disease in invertebrate hosts. This is the first study to document such an effect, and I discuss the important implications of this finding. 3) How is hypothesis testing applied in studies of wildlife disease, what conclusions can we make about the relative usefulness of these methodologies, and how can the analysis and interpretation of wildlife disease studies be improved? In this final study I conducted a literature review, computed statistical power for methodologies used in the literature, and re-analyzed published data to provide an example of the advantages of my suggested approach. I conclude that many studies report findings using methods that could be more informative and some studies may lack statistical power, demonstrating the importance of using prospective power analysis in the design of future studies. Furthermore, using statistical techniques that estimate the observed effect size can aid in increasing information transfer in studies of wildlife disease.

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Mahmud, Muayad Ahmed. "Evolutionary ecology of virulence in a fish parasite". Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2016. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/32945/.

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Virulence (parasite- induced host fitness reduction) is thought to correlate positively with pathogen reproduction rates, but its relationship with pathogen transmission is likely to be determined by a trade- off between the costs and benefits of harming hosts. This project aims to investigate factors which affect host-parasite interactions and particularly those which may play a role in virulence evolution. In doing so, it describes experiments carried out using a monogenean ectoparasitic flatworm (Gyrodactylus arcuatus) and its three-spined stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus) host. Populations of this fish species experience a range of both environmental and ecological conditions. Such environmental heterogeneity has been found to drive changes in fish phenotypic traits such as morphology, behaviour, life history and physiology which may consequently affect parasite fitness. I demonstrate that under these conditions, parasite strains from different host populations evolve variation in virulence levels. I also reveal that coevolution in this host parasite system is likely to lead to local adaptation of G. arcuatus at the host population level. I show that competition between parasite species sharing a single host leads to increased parasite reproduction rates, but it shortens the infection time which may be due to earlier stimulation of host immune responses. I show that virulence is neither influenced by the population density, immunity (epidermal mucus), social behaviour of fish hosts nor the natural parasite life expectancy. Lastly, I find that virulence in this system is negatively influenced by the density of stickleback predators and positively associated with loch water pH. Taken together, these results suggest that in this host parasite system, both ecological and environmental factors which drive phenotypic changes in fish hosts may evolutionarily feedback to affect parasite virulence.

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Lynsdale, Carly L. "Evolutionary ecology of parasite infection in Asian elephants". Thesis, University of Sheffield, 2017. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/19058/.

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Jackson, M. H. "The epidemiology and ecology of toxoplasmosis". Thesis, University of Strathclyde, 1986. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.381379.

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Keeling, Matthew James. "The ecology and evolution of spatial host-parasite systems". Thesis, University of Warwick, 1995. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/30/.

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All ecological and epidemiological systems are embedded in space and composed of individuals; these facts often have a profound effect on the dynamics and means many tools and definitions require reformulation. Modelling has always been about taking highly complex dynamical systems, such as the natural environment, and attempting to simplify them to a leve that can be conceptualised, in the process losing all the features that are not understood or not anticipated. The individual based spatial models which form the basis of this work start from the simple rules for individuals and build up to a complex system, allowing new, unexpected phenomenon to arise naturally. The local interactions in spatial models lead to short scale correlations and self-induced spatial heterogeneity as the small fluctuations of environmental noise are amplified into macro-scale patterns. These spatial patterns can lead to ephemeral refuges for hosts from where they can disperse stabilising the dynamics. After discussing the importance and variety of host-parasite interactions several techniques to be used in this work are developed and explained on simple examples. Chapters III and IV introduce a caricature host-pathogen model and how how this deviates from the standard mean field theory approximations. Attention is then turned to host-parasitoid systems and the spatially extended Nicholson-Bailey equations; probems with this coupled map lattice are highlighted and an alternative artificial ecology is formulated. Remaining with the Nicholson-Bailey equations these are forced to be integer based by utilising stochastic events, this greatly stabilises the dynamics hence the method was applied to the persistence of measles epidemics in small populations (=500000). Chapter VII demonstrates how the inclusion of space enhances the effects of parasitism in increasing the evolutionary advantage of sexual hosts over asexual ones. Finally general techniques are developed to implicitly model the effects of spatial correlations and stochastic individual based interactions.

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Fedna, Jimmy. "Prévalence du parasite Angiostrongylus cantonensis en Haïti chez les rats et gastéropodes". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024UBFCD017.

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Ma recherche examine la prévalence et la répartition du parasite Angiostrongylus cantonensis en Haïti, également connu sous le nom de ver pulmonaire du rat, et qui est la première cause de méningite à éosinophiles chez l’homme dans le monde. Ce parasite a un cycle de vie complexe impliquant à la fois des hôtes définitifs (rats) et des hôtes intermédiaires (escargots et les limaces). J’ai documenté l'écologie du parasite et sa persistance deux décennies après sa découverte initiale dans le pays. Trois objectifs ont été fixés : synthétiser les connaissances sur les dimensions spatiales et écologiques d’A. cantonensis, déterminer sa présence et sa répartition en Haïti parmi les populations de rats et de gastéropodes à l'aide d'analyses moléculaires et morphologiques, et identifier les similitudes génétiques entre les souches haïtiennes et celles provenant d’autres régions du monde. Nous avons ciblé deux contextes écologiques contrastés : la vallée de l'Artibonite (milieu rural) et la zone urbaine de Port-au-Prince. L'échantillonnage a eu lieu pendant la saison des pluies et à la fin de la saison des pluies en raison de l'influence potentielle de la saisonnalité hydrologique sur la prévalence du parasite.Une revue systématique utilisant la méthode PRISMA a synthétisé les connaissances existantes sur la niche écologique du parasite, en mettant l'accent sur les facteurs abiotiques et biotiques affectant sa dynamique. Soixante-dix rats ont été capturés :23 Rattus norvegicus et 47 Rattus rattus. Sous la loupe binoculaire, nous avons récupéré des vers adultes chez seulement cinq rats (7%, 5/70) mais la détection moléculaire a révélé une prévalence d'A. cantonensis dans les poumons de rat de 31,4 %, (22/70), le parasite étant détecté dans quatre des huit sites, dont Port-au-Prince. La prévalence du parasite n’était pas reliée de manière significative aux variables prédictives telles que l'âge, la saison, le sexe et l'espèce de rat. Un seul haplotype COX1, le génotype II-G, a été identifié en Haïti, ce qui suggère une large répartition similaire à celle d'autres régions. La technique qPCR AcanR3990 a permis d'identifier deux échantillons positifs d'espèces de gastéropodes : Subulina octona à Port-au-Prince et une limace de la famille des Veronicellidae dans l’Artibonite, concordant avec la présence du parasite retrouvé chez les rats à ces endroits.C'est la première étude sur A. cantonensis en Haïti portant à la fois sur les hôtes définitifs et intermédiaires. Les diagnostics moléculaires par PCR révèlent une prévalence plus élevée que l'identification morphologique, ce qui est prometteur pour l'étude systématique de la contamination potentielle des espèces hôtes. Les résultats indiquent une endémicité du parasite potentiellement principalement liée à deux espèces de gastéropodes : l'escargot terrestre S. octona et les limaces Veronicellidae, ainsi que les rats R. rattus et R. norvegicus, soulignant les risques importants pour la santé des populations locales
My research examines the prevalence and distribution of the parasite Angiostrongylus cantonensis, also known as the rat lungworm, in Haiti. It is the leading cause of eosinophilic meningitis in humans worldwide. This parasite has a complex life cycle involving definitive hosts (rats) and intermediate hosts (snails and slugs). I documented the parasite's ecology and persistence two decades after its initial discovery in the country. Three objectives were set: synthesizing knowledge on the spatial and ecological dimensions of A. cantonensis’ niche, determining its presence and distribution in Haiti among rat and gastropod populations using molecular and morphological analyses, and identifying genetic similarities between Haitian strains and those from other regions of the world. We targeted two contrasting ecological contexts: the Artibonite Valley (rural environment) and the urban area of Port-au-Prince. Sampling occurred during and at the end of the rainy season due to the potential influence of hydrological seasonality on parasite prevalence. A systematic review using the PRISMA method synthesized existing knowledge on the parasite's ecological niche, focusing on abiotic and biotic factors affecting its dynamics. Seventy rats were captured:23 Rattus norvegicus and 47 Rattus rattus. Under a binocular loupe, we recovered adult worms from only five rats (7%, 5/70), but molecular detection revealed a prevalence of A. cantonensis in rat lungs of 31.4% (22/70), with the parasite detected in four of the eight sites, including Port-au-Prince. Parasite prevalence was not significantly related to predictive variables such as age, season, sex, and rat species. Only one COX1 haplotype, genotype II-G, was identified in Haiti, suggesting a widespread distribution similar to other regions. The qPCR technique AcanR3990 identified two positive samples of gastropod species: Subulina octona in Port-au-Prince and a Veronicellidae slug in the Artibonite, indicating the presence of the parasite found in rats at these locations. This is the first study on A. cantonensis in Haiti addressing both definitive and intermediate hosts. Molecular diagnostics by PCR reveal a higher prevalence than morphological identification, promising for the systematic study of potential host species contamination. Results indicate that endemicity of the parasite may primarily be linked to two gastropod species: the land snail S. octona and Veronicellidae slugs, as well as R. rattus and R. norvegicus rats, highlighting significant health risks for local populations

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Aguirre, Macedo Maria Leopoldina. "Study on helminth and other parasite communities of oysters". Thesis, University of Exeter, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.337758.

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Libri sul tema "Ecology parasite"

Takken, Willem, e Constantianus J. M. Koenraadt, a cura di. Ecology of parasite-vector interactions. The Netherlands: Wageningen Academic Publishers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/978-90-8686-744-8.

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Telford, Sam Rountree. The ecology of a symbiotic community. Malabar, Fla: Krieger Pub. Co., 1997.

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K, Collinge Sharon, e Ray Chris, a cura di. Disease ecology. Oxford: New York : Oxford University Press, 2006.

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T, Grenfell B., e Chappell Leslie H, a cura di. Ecology of wildlife: Host-parasite interactions. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995.

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A, Huffman Michael, e Chapman Colin A, a cura di. Primate parasite ecology: The dynamics and study of host--parasite relationships. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009.

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E, Loye J., e Zuk M, a cura di. Bird-parasite interactions: Ecology, evolution, and behaviour. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1991.

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W, Esch Gerald, Bush Albert O. 1948- e Aho John M, a cura di. Parasite communities: Patterns and processes. London: Chapman and Hall, 1990.

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D, Rollinson, Anderson Roy M e Linnean Society of London, a cura di. Ecology and genetics of host-parasite interactions: Papers presented at an International Symposium organized by the Linnean Society of London and the British Society for Parasitology, held at Keele University, 12-13 July 1984. London: Published for the Linnean Society of London [by] Academic, 1985.

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D, Rollinson, Anderson Roy M, Linnean Society of London e British Society for Parasitology, a cura di. Ecology and genetics of host-parasite interactions: Papers presented at an international symposium organized by the Linnean Society of London and the British Society for Parasitology, held at Keele University, 12-13 July 1984. London: Orlando, Fla., 1985.

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Keeling, Matthew James. The ecology and evolution of spatial host-parasite systems. [s.l.]: typescript, 1995.

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Capitoli di libri sul tema "Ecology parasite"

Santiago-Alarcon, Diego, e Jane Merkel. "New Host-Parasite Relationships by Host-Switching". In Disease Ecology, 157–77. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-65909-1_7.

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Levin, Iris I., e Arnaud Bataille. "Movement Among Islands by Host, Vector, or Parasite". In Disease Ecology, 181–212. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-65909-1_8.

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Takken, Willem, e Constantianus J. M. Koenraadt. "Introduction – who was there first?" In Ecology of parasite-vector interactions, 13–15. Wageningen: Wageningen Academic Publishers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/978-90-8686-744-8_1.

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North, Ace, e Penelope Hancock. "Modelling the control of mosquito-borne diseases". In Ecology of parasite-vector interactions, 181–96. Wageningen: Wageningen Academic Publishers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/978-90-8686-744-8_10.

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Bousema, Teun, e Amrish Baidjoe. "Heterogeneity in malaria transmission: underlying factors and implications for disease control". In Ecology of parasite-vector interactions, 197–220. Wageningen: Wageningen Academic Publishers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/978-90-8686-744-8_11.

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Helinski, Michelle E. H., e Laura C. Harrington. "Considerations for male fitness in successful genetic vector control programs". In Ecology of parasite-vector interactions, 221–44. Wageningen: Wageningen Academic Publishers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/978-90-8686-744-8_12.

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Koenraadt, Constantianus J. M., e Willem Takken. "Ecology of parasite-vector interactions: expect the unexpected". In Ecology of parasite-vector interactions, 247–51. Wageningen: Wageningen Academic Publishers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/978-90-8686-744-8_13.

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Pike, Andrew D., Chris M. Cirimotich e George Dimopoulos. "Impact of transgenic immune deployment on mosquito fitness". In Ecology of parasite-vector interactions, 19–33. Wageningen: Wageningen Academic Publishers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/978-90-8686-744-8_2.

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Stone, Chris M., e Woodbridge A. Foster. "Plant-sugar feeding and vectorial capacity". In Ecology of parasite-vector interactions, 35–79. Wageningen: Wageningen Academic Publishers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/978-90-8686-744-8_3.

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Alto, Barry W., e L. Philip Lounibos. "Vector competence for arboviruses in relation to the larval environment of mosquitoes". In Ecology of parasite-vector interactions, 81–101. Wageningen: Wageningen Academic Publishers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/978-90-8686-744-8_4.

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Atti di convegni sul tema "Ecology parasite"

Jaenike, John. "Symbiont-mediated shift in the evolutionary ecology of host-parasite interactions". In 2016 International Congress of Entomology. Entomological Society of America, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1603/ice.2016.92973.

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Chihai, Oleg, Dumitru Erhan, Stefan Rusu, Nina Talambuta, Victoria Nistreanu, Alina Larion, Maria Zamornea e Galina Melnic. "Structura parazitismului la șoarecele scurmător in ecosisteme forestiere". In International symposium ”Functional ecology of animals” dedicated to the 70th anniversary from the birth of academician Ion Toderas. Institute of Zoology, Republic of Moldova, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.53937/9789975315975.35.

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Bank vole (Myodes glareolus) is widely spread silvicolous species, inhabiting in woods, forest clearings, shrub vegetation, at forest edge, near ponds with abundant vegebtation. The parasite fauna is structured of 3 classes, 13 families, 14 genera and 15 species, of which 6.6% belong to class Trematoda, 46.7% to class Cestoda and 46.7% to class Nematoda. The results of the parasitological investigations show a prevalence of Plaghiorchis elegans of 13.8% and an average intensity of 3.8 ex, respectively with Mesocestoides lineatus larvae 14.0%, 1.5 ex, Paranoplocephala omphaloides - 10.3%, 2.7 ex, Rodentolipis straminea - 69.0%, 3.0 ex, Hydatigera taeniaeformis larvae - 10.3%, 1.0 ex, Catenotaenia cricetorum - 10.3%, 2.7 ex, Skrewabinotaenia lobata - 3 ex, Taenia pisiformis - 13.7%, 1.0 ex, Capillaria hepatica - 27.5% and liver infestation is about 50.0% (++), Syphacia stroma - 17.2%, 94 ex, Syphacia obvelata - 24,1%, 84,9 ex, Heligmosomoides polygirus - 10,0%, 5,3 ex, Strongyloides ratti - 6,9%, 23,3 ex, Mastophorus muris - 17,2%, 3 , 6 ex and Trichocephalus muris 17.2%, intensity 3.8 ex. The share of the Trematoda species is 6.6%, in the Cestoda class - 46.7%, and in the Nematoda class - 46.7%. The massive abundance of foxes on large land surfaces, including ecological plasticity with tendency toward synantropization, are the primary factors in the formation, maintenance and spreading of parasitosis outbreaks in natural and anthropic ecosystems. The aim of the research is to study the diversity of parasite fauna in Myodes glareolus from forest ecosystems with specifying the parasite taxonomic structure and determining the degree of infestation.

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Sivkova, T. N., e P. A. Kosintsev. "FINDING OF ASCARID EGGS IN MAMMOTH". In THEORY AND PRACTICE OF PARASITIC DISEASE CONTROL. All-Russian Scientific Research Institute for Fundamental and Applied Parasitology of Animals and Plant – a branch of the Federal State Budget Scientific Institution “Federal Scientific Centre VIEV”, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.31016/978-5-6048555-6-0.2023.24.426-430.

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Mammoth parasites (Mammuthus primigenius Blumenbach, 1799) are currently being studied according to the morphological characteristics of parasite residues due to the lack of established genetic markers for performing genetic tests. A parasitological study of the intestinal contents of two mammoths was carried out – Mongochensky (Gydan Peninsula) and Tadibе (Yamal Peninsula). We conducted a parasitological study of the remains of the intestines of two mammoths - Mongochensky and Tadibe, provided by employees of the Institute of Plant and Animal Ecology of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences. The work was carried out according to the generally accepted in paleoparasitology method with the use of residue rehydration and the subsequent use of the combined and sedimentation method. In a parasitological study of the intestinal contents of the Mongochensky mammoth, no parasites were found, while analysis of the material from the mammoth from Tadibe revealed two nematode eggs. The number of eggs found was small 1.5 eggs per 1 g of feces. Large sizes, rounded shape, the presence of a thick layered shell made it possible to identify these objects as eggs of representatives of the family Ascarididae Baird, 1853. The structure of the eggs was similar to ones from modern horse parascarids. The diameter of the eggs was 78.68±1.19 and 87.94±0.47 mkm, the wall thickness was 4.14±0.29 and 4.48±0.34 microns, which is comparable to similar indicators of modern representatives. This is the first report of the detection of Ascarididae nematode in mammoths.

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Melnic, Maria, Dumitru Erhan, Stefan Rusu e Olesea Gliga. "Impactul parazitar: nematoda Ditylenchus destructor–tuberculi de cartofi infestaţi în primele faze de ditilenhoză". In International symposium ”Functional ecology of animals” dedicated to the 70th anniversary from the birth of academician Ion Toderas. Institute of Zoology, Republic of Moldova, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.53937/9789975315975.48.

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There are presented data about morpho-physiological changes, as well as physiologico biochemicals, which appear in the tissue of potato tubers infested with Ditylenchus destructor (phases 2, 3 ditylenchose). The obtained data confirms that, D. destructor in the nutrition process eliminates in parallel celulosolitic and pectolytic enzymes, which cause complete maceration of the pectocellulosic membranes of the infected potato cell, as well as the parenchymal cortical tissue in which predominantly cellulose and pectic substances , dominating being cellulose. The results of the biochemical analyzes revealed that, at this stage in the parasite tissue there is a diminishing of the dry mass quantity, and the increase of the quantity of water. It is important to mention that in the plasmalemma mechanically traumatized by the nematode stiletto, the main intracellular inclusions of the potato tuber - the starch granules - were kept without change. Subsequently, when plasmalemma is destroyed, the granules diffuse into the nematode suspension.

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Lisovsky, P. A., e N. S. Malysheva. "THE ECOLOGY OF TICKS OF THE FAMILY IXODIDAE IN THE KURSK REGION". In THEORY AND PRACTICE OF PARASITIC DISEASE CONTROL. VNIIP – FSC VIEV, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.31016/978-5-6050437-8-2.2024.25.241-245.

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Ixodid ticks are temporary obligate bloodsuckers attacking at all development stages. They pose danger to humans and animals as they are carriers of various natural focal infections. The current climate change trend towards warming creates more favorable conditions for the spread and vital activity of many arthropods including ixodid ticks. This article discusses ecological features of family Ixodidae ticks in the Kursk Region. A comparative analysis of the species ratio and biotopic allocation as well as number dynamics of ixodid ticks was carried out. In the Kursk Region in 2022–2023, 2 species of ixodid ticks were recorded, namely, Dermacentor reticulatus (Fabricius, 1794) and Ixodes ricinus (Linnaeus, 1758). The most numerous species was D. reticulatus. The activity peak periods of the species inhabiting the Region differ. According to our observations, the first D. reticulatus activity peak begins in March followed by a decrease in summer months with the second activity peak in September. The I. ricinus activity begins in March-April depending on weather conditions and lasts until the end of October.

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Moskvin, A. S. "DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY FORMULA: NEW STYLIZED CATEGORY TO REPRESENT THE MAIN PARAMETERS OF HELMINTH BIOLOGY AND ECOLOGY". In THEORY AND PRACTICE OF PARASITIC DISEASE CONTROL. All-Russian Scientific Research Institute for Fundamental and Applied Parasitology of Animals and Plant – a branch of the Federal State Budget Scientific Institution “Federal Scientific Centre VIEV”, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.31016/978-5-6048555-6-0.2023.24.312-318.

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Within the section of general helminthology, based on the diversity analysis of biological cycles of helminth development, and the objective availability of common algorithms in closely related species, a conceptual proposal has been developed to introduce a new stylized category, the Helminth Developmental Biology Formula (DBF), into theory and scientific practice. The new category, the DBF, is designed for a logically sound, stylized and concise presentation of essential elements of bioecological characteristics of helminths. Basic regulations for the formation of the formula structure have been developed. A number of indicative parameters are proposed which, in accordance with helminthological terminology and pictograms, form the informational basis of the helminth DBF category. The regulation algorithm is universal, and, taking into account the bioecology characteristics of helminths, it is applicable to the DBF formation for representatives from various zoological taxa. On the example of biological cycles of development of trematode Paramphistomum daubneyi Dinnik, 1962, cestode Spirometra erinacei-europaei (Rudolphi, 1819), nematode Avioserpens mosgovoyi Suprjaga, 1965, Acanthocephala Macracanthorhynchus hirudinaceus (Pallas, 1781), and Monogenea Diplozoon paradoxum Nordman, 1832, in a stylized format, the structure and information content of the category Helminth Developmental Biology Formula are presented. The field of practical use of the helminth DBF is the following: 1) scientific and methodological, educational and reference helminthological literature, as an additional subheading within the main Helminth Developmental Biology Section; 2) in computer databases of various thematic orientation, in scientific characterization of the main bioecological parameters of helminths, due to the need to present material in a concise format.

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Rusu, Ștefan, Dumitru Erhan, Oleg Chihai, Maria Zamornea, Ion Gologan, Nina Chihai, Mihail Pruteanu e Vadim Rusu. "Diversitatea helmintofaunei la câinii maidanezi în dependență de vârstă și biotop". In International symposium ”Functional ecology of animals” dedicated to the 70th anniversary from the birth of academician Ion Toderas. Institute of Zoology, Republic of Moldova, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.53937/9789975315975.58.

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More than 1200 biological samplings were collected from the free-ranging dogs of various ages and biotopes that allowed to study the diversity of their helminth fauna. The results of investigations revealed that 95% of researched dogs are infested with multiple parasites mostly endoparasites (Eimeria canis, Dipilidium caninum, Echinococcus granulosus, Toxocara canis, Toxascaris leonina, Ancylostoma caninum and Trichocephalus vulpis.). It was established that the level of contamination with the all above mentioned parasites in free-ranging dogs is hogher in the adult dogs compared to the young ones. The young dogs were predominantly infested with parasites from the class Sporozoite (Eimeria canis) and the Nematoda class (Toxocara leonina). The level of contamination with parasites of the free-rangeging dogs is higher in the rural regions compared to the urban area.

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Kambarov, S. S., e H. S. Eshova. "PHYTONEMATODES IN CABBAGE (BRASSICA OLERACEA SUBSP. CAPITATA L.) AGROCENOSES IN EASTERN FERGANA". In THEORY AND PRACTICE OF PARASITIC DISEASE CONTROL. VNIIP – FSC VIEV, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.31016/978-5-6050437-8-2.2024.25.153-157.

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The article provides data on the species composition, ecological groups, and distribution of plant nematodes in cabbage agrocenoses in Eastern Fergana. The result identified 39 plant nematode species that belonged to two subclasses, 7 orders, 15 families and 25 genera. In terms of species composition, representatives of the orders Rhabditida, Dorylaimida and Tylenchida dominated. Aphelenchida species had an average abundance; species of Plectida, Mononchida and Enoplida orders had the lowest abundance. Most of the identified species were distributed in the root system and rhizosphere. The above-ground organs and the root system of the cabbage mainly contained species of the genera Rhabditis, Panagrolaimus, Chiloplacus, Aphelenchus, and Ditylenchus. In terms of nutrition and ecology, pararhizobionts and devisaprobionts predominated; eusaprobionts, nonspecific and true phytohelminths were less common. Of true parasites, the most common species were Ditylenchus dipsaci, Meloidogyne hapla, and M. incognita. Of which, species of the genus Meloidogyne were more often found in the Jalaquduq and Asakinsky Districts, and the infection of cabbage roots by these nematodes was observed. Plant nematodes in cabbage agrocenoses were uneven in species and quantity. By region, number of species and their composition, the most common parasites were found in agrocenoses of the low adyr zone.

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Lisovsky, P. A., e N. S. Malysheva. "DISTRIBUTION OF IXODES RICINUS AS A VECTOR OF TICK-BORNE BORRELIOSIS PATHOGENS IN THE KURSK REGION". In THEORY AND PRACTICE OF PARASITIC DISEASE CONTROL. All-Russian Scientific Research Institute for Fundamental and Applied Parasitology of Animals and Plant – a branch of the Federal State Budget Scientific Institution “Federal Scientific Centre VIEV”, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.31016/978-5-6048555-6-0.2023.24.256-261.

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The article discusses some characteristics of the ecology of the tick Ixodes ricinus, which is often found in the central part of Eastern Europe and in many regions of the Russian Federation including the Kursk Region. Some circulation patterns of tick-borne borreliosis in natural foci of the Kursk Region and cases of infected humans are shown. The main material was the data from the state reports of the Federal Service for Supervision of Consumer Rights Protection and Human WellBeing for 2015–2021. A comparative analysis was conducted of the number of cases infected with ixodid tick-borne borreliosis (ITBB) with the I. ricinus infection rate in natural foci in the Kursk Region from 2015 to 2021. The ITBB circulation is widespread throughout the Kursk Region. According to our observations, the peaks of infection of humans with ITBB may depend on the circulation characteristics of Borrelia among I. ricinus and their feeders. In the results of the study, it can be noted that the I. ricinus population has a temporary downward trend, while the percentage of infected ticks fluctuates slightly and has a cyclic nature. The number of cases of people presenting tick bites is interrelated with the population density and the nature of ixodid ticks spreading in the Kursk Region.

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Shesteperov, A. A., e S. V. Lychagina. "SCARBILOVICH TATIANA S. (TO THE 120th BIRTH ANNIVERSARY)". In THEORY AND PRACTICE OF PARASITIC DISEASE CONTROL. VNIIP – FSC VIEV, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.31016/978-5-6050437-8-2.2024.25.35-40.

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It marked 120 years since the birth of Tatyana Semenovna Skarbilovich, the founder of Soviet and Russian phytonematology and helminthology (January 24, 1904). While in the Moscow University, T. S. Skarbilovich studied in a helminthological group organized by Academician K. I. Skryabin in 1924. In 1926 to 1933, T. S. Skarbilovich mainly worked in zoohelminthology. During this period, she published 20 scientific papers on helminth fauna of domestic and wild animals, as well as biology of some helminths. T. S. Skarbilovich stood at the origins of phytohelminthology in our country. From 1929 until the end of her life (1988), T. S. Skarbilovich’s scientific activity was associated with the All-Union Institute of Helminthology where she headed the Laboratory of Phytohelminthology for more than 25 years, and then continued to work as a consulting Professor. Tatyana Semenovna studied dozens of phytohelminth species that cause nematode diseases of agricultural, medicinal, and ornamental plants. The results of these studies were presented in the monograph that was translated into Chinese and published in the PRC. An in-depth and detailed study of biology and ecology of, and control measures against, the beet cyst nematode formed the basis of her doctorate thesis. She was the author of over 100 scientific papers. Bibliography "Domestic literature on nematodes of plants, insects, soil and aquatic environments for 1874 to 1980" published by T. S. Skarbilovich was translated into English in India.

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Rapporti di organizzazioni sul tema "Ecology parasite"

Leslie, Katie L., Rachel L. Welicky, Maureen A. Williams e Chelsea L. Wood. Parasite Biodiversity. American Museum of Natural History, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5531/cbc.ncep.0150.

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In this module, students have the opportunity to discover the hidden world of parasites: they will come face to face with living parasites, learn about what differentiates parasites from free-living species, observe some common adaptations to a parasitic lifestyle, explore the ecological role of parasites in food webs, and assess how parasite abundance might change in a changing world. To accomplish these goals, this module includes an introductory PowerPoint presentation (including a video of parasite ecologist Dr. Chelsea L. Wood delivering this introductory lecture) and two exercises. The first exercise is a wet lab that involves dissecting an easy (and disturbing) source of live parasite material: fresh fish from your local seafood market. The second exercise is a computer lab that will allow students to engage with real data to answer the question: how do human impacts on ecosystems change the abundance of parasites in wildlife? This module will introduce students to the basics of parasite ecology and provide an opportunity to practice their data analysis and interpretation skills.

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