Tesi sul tema "Dynamiques cérébrales"
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Bennis, Kenza. "Dynamiques cérébrales des trajectοires cοgnitives dans le vieillissement nοrmal". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Normandie, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024NORMC017.
Testo completoThe aging of the population is a growing global phenomenon, raising major public health issues relating to the preservation of autonomy in older adults. While some individuals show preserved cognitive functioning, others show a more or less marked decline, reflecting the heterogeneity of cognitive trajectories associated with varied cerebral changes. Recent research suggests that the temporal dynamics of brain activity are a fine, early indicator of age-related cognitive changes. However, the time of day, which influences these dynamics, is rarely taken into account in studies. The main aim of this thesis was to characterize the temporal dynamics of brain activity on a daytime scale in healthy older adults, using high temporal resolution electroencephalography (EEG). Our results showed that theta and gamma rhythms are distinctly associated with cognition. Global fluctuations in theta activity increase over the course of the day and are negatively correlated with memory performance, while gamma fluctuations decrease and are positively associated with executive functions. Using multi-layer network methods, we also characterized the dynamics of inter- and intra-network functional connectivity, revealing that the stability or fluctuation of these connections has specific effects on cognition depending on the frequency band considered. These results highlight the importance of taking into account the daily dynamics of brain activity when studying cognitive aging. In clinical terms, our work opens up prospects for the development of early screening tools and personalized interventions aimed at maintaining or improving cognitive health in the elderly. By integrating the time of day into neuropsychological assessment, and specifically targeting relevant brain rhythms, it would be possible to refine diagnosis and propose appropriate therapeutic strategies
Garnier, Aurélie. "Dynamiques neuro-gliales locales et réseaux complexes pour l'étude de la relation entre structure et fonction cérébrales". Thesis, Paris 6, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA066562/document.
Testo completoA current issue in neuroscience is to elaborate computational models that are able to reproduce experimental data recorded with various imaging methods, and allowing us to study the relationship between structure and function in the human brain. The modeling objectives of this work are two scales and the model analysis need the development of specific theoretical and numerical tools. At the local scale, we propose a new ordinary differential equations model generating neuronal activities. We characterize and classify the behaviors the model can generate, we compare the model outputs to experimental data and we identify the dynamical structures of the neural compartment underlying the generation of pathological patterns. We then extend this approach to a new neuro-glial mass model: a bilateral coupling between the neural compartment and a new one modeling the impact of astrocytes on neurotransmitter concentrations and the feedback of these concentrations on neural activity is developed. We obtain a theoretical characterization of these feedbacks impact on neuronal excitability by formalizing the variation of a bifurcation value as a problem of optimization under constraint. Finally, we propose a network model, which node dynamics are based on the local neuro-glial mass model, embedding a neuronal coupling and a glial one. We numerically observe the differential propagations of information according to each of these coupling types and their cumulated impact, we highlight qualitatively distinct patterns of neural and glial activities of each node, and link the transitions between behaviors with the dynamical structures identified in the local models
Garnier, Aurélie. "Dynamiques neuro-gliales locales et réseaux complexes pour l'étude de la relation entre structure et fonction cérébrales". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris 6, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA066562.
Testo completoA current issue in neuroscience is to elaborate computational models that are able to reproduce experimental data recorded with various imaging methods, and allowing us to study the relationship between structure and function in the human brain. The modeling objectives of this work are two scales and the model analysis need the development of specific theoretical and numerical tools. At the local scale, we propose a new ordinary differential equations model generating neuronal activities. We characterize and classify the behaviors the model can generate, we compare the model outputs to experimental data and we identify the dynamical structures of the neural compartment underlying the generation of pathological patterns. We then extend this approach to a new neuro-glial mass model: a bilateral coupling between the neural compartment and a new one modeling the impact of astrocytes on neurotransmitter concentrations and the feedback of these concentrations on neural activity is developed. We obtain a theoretical characterization of these feedbacks impact on neuronal excitability by formalizing the variation of a bifurcation value as a problem of optimization under constraint. Finally, we propose a network model, which node dynamics are based on the local neuro-glial mass model, embedding a neuronal coupling and a glial one. We numerically observe the differential propagations of information according to each of these coupling types and their cumulated impact, we highlight qualitatively distinct patterns of neural and glial activities of each node, and link the transitions between behaviors with the dynamical structures identified in the local models
Ciuciu, Philippe. "Dynamique cérébrale en neuroimagerie fonctionnelle". Habilitation à diriger des recherches, Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00333734.
Testo completoCe thème de recherche embrasse à la fois des problèmes bas niveau relatifs à la reconstruction d'images en IRM mais aussi des aspects plus haut niveau qui concernent l'estimation et la sélection de modèles hémodynamiques régionaux non-paramétriques, capables de prendre en compte la variabilité inter-individuelle de la réponse impulsionnelle du système neuro-vasculaire. Les problèmes de reconstruction sont traités à l'aide de méthodes classiques de régularisation dans l'espace image ou des méthodes plus évoluées opérant dans l'espace transformé des coefficients d'ondelette. Les aspects inférentiels haut niveau sont majoritairement abordés dans le cadre des statistiques bayésiennes.
Krolak-Salmon, Pierre. "Dynamique cérébrale de la reconnaissance des expressions faciales". Lyon 1, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004LYO10179.
Testo completoArrais, Marouan. "Stimulation cérébrale multi-sites : modèles dynamiques et applications aux crises d'épilepsie". Thesis, Rennes 1, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020REN1S055.
Testo completoMore than 17 million epileptic patients worldwide are not effectively relieved by medication. For these patients, electrical stimulation of the brain is a promising technique for stopping recurrent seizures that disrupt their daily lives. However, the effects of electrical stimulation on brain activity are not yet well understood. In addition, the stimulation parameters are often chosen empirically, based on trial-and-error approach, which limits the effectiveness of this therapy. In this thesis, we aim, using bio-inspired computational models and mathematical methods derived from the theory of dynamical systems, to design an optimal stimulation capable of attenuating or even suppressing epileptic brain activity
Xiang, Wentao. "Modélisation causale dynamique dans l'inférence de changements en connectivité cérébrale". Thesis, Rennes 1, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019REN1S083.
Testo completoOur work mainly focuses on inferring effective connectivity in distant neural populations involved in epileptic seizures using a model-based technique, the spectral dynamic causal modelling (DCM). A neural mass model (NMM) is used to describe the observed epileptic intracerebral signals and their power spectral densities. DCM includes mainly two steps (i) model inversion based on the maximization of the free energy concept using the variational estimation-maximization (EM) algorithm to identify the parameters of the model and (ii) model comparison where the best model structure in terms of the maximized free energy is identified among other possible structures as the one underlying the observed data. As spectral DCM reveals some sensitivity to the initialization during the variational EM process, a misestimation of the model structure may arise. To cope with this issue, we propose two variants of spectral DCM, the L-DCM and the D-DCM algorithms. While L-DCM is based on a local adjustment of the initial guess, D-DCM relies on a deterministic annealing scheme. The performance of the proposed strategies in terms of effective connectivity inference is assessed using simulated and real human epileptic SEEG (stereoelectroencephalographic) signals. Regarding simulated and real signals, two kinds of NMM are investigated, the physiology-based model (PBM) and the complete physiology-based model (cPBM). Our experiments show the efficiency of the proposed approaches compared to the standard spectral DCM using either PBM or cPBM. The reported results also confirm that cPBM offers lower computational complexity and better estimation quality of the model parameters compared to PBM. Besides, in order to cope with the complexity of spectral DCM which is essentially related to the Gauss-Newton method used in the variational EM algorithm, a simpler ascent gradient method based on an exact line search (ELS) scheme can be employed. It allows for an optimal computation of the gradient step size to be used at each iteration towards the final solution in the given search direction. The feasibility of the ELS scheme in a probabilistic framework is not straightforward and, in this work, the ELS scheme is considered in the context of Gaussian mixture models (GMM) to accelerate the standard EM algorithm. Numerical results using both simulated and real datasets show the efficiency of the proposed ELS scheme when applied to the standard EM algorithm as well as to anti-annealing-based acceleration techniques derived from either the EM algorithm or the expectation conjugate gradient one. The ELS feasibility being proved, its applicability on spectral DCM will be an extension of the present work
Poupard, Laurent. "Dynamique de l'activité cérébrale et de la respiration pendant la somnolence". Paris 12, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998PA120020.
Testo completoHadriche, Abir. "Caractérisation du répertoire dynamique macroscopique de l'activité électrique cérébrale humaine au repos". Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013AIXM4724/document.
Testo completoWe propose an algorithme based on set oriented approach of dynamical system to extract a coarse grained organization of brain state space on the basis of EEG signals. We use it for comparing the organization of the state space of large scale simulation of brain dynamics with actual brain dynamics of resting activity in healthy and SEP subjects
Daunizeau, Jean. "Localisation et dynamique des sources d'activité cérébrale par fusion d'informations multimodales EEG/IRMf". Paris 11, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005PA112204.
Testo completoCombining electroencephalography (EEG) and functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) should enable better characterization of brain activity in both space and time. To do so, the potential decoupling between haemodynamic and bioelectric must be accounted for. Therefore, we proposed three graphical and hierarchical models, associated with Bayesian inference processes:-Compared fusion: an EEG data generative model that introduces all available and physiologically plausible information about the expected structure of bioelectric activity. The extended sources mixing model provides a specific feature that can be compared with fMRI activation maps: the spatial profile of the bioelectric sources. -Constrained fusion: a method to assess the relevance of any informative fMRI-derived prior that is to be included in the resolution of the EEG inverse problem. By quantifying the adequacy between EEG data and fMRI active sources, this approach allows us to decide whether the fMRI-based informative prior should, or not, be introduced in the resolution of the EEG inverse problem. -Symmetrical fusion: a joint EEG/fMRI data generative model, which defines spatially concordant (bioelectric and haemodynamic) responses. Based on the spatio-temporal decomposition of the extended sources mixing model, this approach defines the spatial substrate common to EEG and fMRI activity sources. This extends both previous approaches, and allows us to identify the areas of strong coupling between bioelectric and haemodynamic activities. The three approaches were extensively evaluated on simulated data and validated on real patient data in the context of epileptogenic network characterization
Thomasson, Nitza. "Approche dynamique non-linéaire de l'activité électrique cérébrale dans les troubles de l'humeur". Paris, EHESS, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999EHES0045.
Testo completoDavid, Olivier. "Etude de l'intégration fonctionnelle cérébrale à l'aide du problème inverse en magnétoencéphalographie". Paris 11, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002PA112107.
Testo completoThis PhD work deals with the study of functional integration between distant brain areas using the inverse problem in magnetoencephalography (MEG) and electroencephalography (EEG). The theoretical framework for the study of brain interactions is introduced and put in the context of the inverse problem in MEG/EEG. This approach aims at clarifying the neurobiological requirements that methodological tools must respect for an accurate estimation of cerebral activity and its modes of interaction. Some of the methods available in the literature dealing with the estimation of functional interactions and the source localisation are introduced and discussed. Besides, we propose a complete methodological framework for studying the functional integration in MEG/EEG. This needs to estimate sources significantly correlated with the measured signals during a given task. For this, the statistics we use are based on the surrogate data method. This method has been introduced to reveal non-linearities in time series and has become a very popular tool. We adapt it to the inverse problem in MEG/EEG. The developed methods are evaluated on the basis of bath simulated data and real MEG data. The investigated experimental protocols concern the estimation of cortical representations of fingers in the primary somatosensory cortex, and the estimation of synchronous networks involved during the visual perception of a dynamical stimulus (standard stimulation and binocular rivalry). Finally, the study of interictal signals measured on epileptic patients allow us to investigate the notion of epileptic network. The results of this work show the evidence of cortico-cortical interactions largely distributed in the whole brain, as neurobiological knowledge largely suggests. Thus, the MEG/EEG seems to be relatively well adapted to the non-invasive study of functional integration. For this reason, we believe that more and more studies, similar to our work, will be performed in the future
Magro, Elsa. "Innovations en imagerie et en recherche clinique pour la prise en charge des patients porteurs d'une malformation artérioveineuse cérébrale". Thesis, Brest, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017BRES0081.
Testo completoBrain arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) are a rare and heterogeneous pathology. Imaging anAVM is complex because of their temporal dynamic feature. The management is controversial in particular due to the risks associated with the proposed treatments.The first part of this work is about imaging AVMs. We focused on a new technique, 4-Dimensional digital substraction angiography (4D DSA). Initially, we studied its feasibility and validated this technique in comparison with conventional cerebral angiography. Then we compared 4D DSA with another dynamic modality, 4-dimensional magnetic resonance angiography (4D MRA), in the analysis of angio-architectural characteristics of AVMs. Finally, we used this technique as a supplementary tool in the pre- and intraoperative planning of micro-AVM surgery.The second part deals with the management of AVMs patients in clinical studies. Given the lack of consensus, and the heterogeneity of practices in the management of this pathology, the conduct of this work was done in several stages: a systematic review and a critical analysis of a randomized trial recently published on unruptured brain AVMs; the design of a new pragmatic randomized trial incorporating the clinical judgment of the multidisciplinary team, the evaluation of the applicability of this design to the different practices using questionnaires; the implementation of this international multi-center study called TOBAS (Treatment of Brain Arteriovenous Malformation); and finally, the analysis of the pilot phase of the study
Deneux, Thomas. "Modèles Hémodynamiques: Investigation et Application à l'Analyse en Imagerie Cérébrale". Phd thesis, Ecole Polytechnique X, 2006. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00457464.
Testo completoMotsch, Jean-François. "La dynamique temporelle du tronc cérébral : recueil, extraction et analyse optimale des potentiels évoqués auditifs du tronc cérébral". Paris 12, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987PA120013.
Testo completoLabrecque, Lawrence. "Influence du sexe sur l'autorégulation cérébrale dynamique chez des individus actifs et en santé". Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/32549.
Testo completoAccumulating evidence supports the notion that there are sexual differences in the regulation of cerebral blood flow (CBF), notably for resting CBF and cerebrovascular reactivity to carbon dioxide. Plus, very few studies have attempted to assess sexual differences in cerebral autoregulation (CA), a crucial determinant relating mean arterial pressure (MAP) and CBF [evaluated via mean blood velocity in the middle cerebral artery [MCAv)]. All the studies examining sex influence on CA during either sit-to-stand (StS) or squat-stand maneuvers were done in older populations or by examining static CA (i.e. comparison of steady-state variables). Plus, most metrics quantifying the dynamic cerebral autoregulatory response have a limited ability to characterize each other and comparisons between studies using diverse analytical techniques can produce variable physiological interpretations. Therefore, the aim of this study was to examine the influence of sex on the dynamic cerebral autoregulatory capacity in a young and healthy population using a multiple assessment strategy and hemodynamic stressors (StS, transfer function analysis of spontaneous and forced MAP and MCAv oscillations). We also examined the degree to which dynamic cerebral autoregulatory capacity was related to the prevalence of initial orthostatic hypotension, in order to appreciate whether the potential impact of sex on dynamic cerebral autoregulatory denotes a functional outcome. Our results indicate a reduced ability of women’s cerebrovasculature to react to large and rapid changes in MAP. However, these subtle impairments did not appear sufficient enough to represent a functional impairment of the female cerebrovasculature.
Gouy-Pailler, Cédric. "Vers une modélisation dynamique de l'activité cérébrale pour la conception d'interfaces cerveau-machines asynchrones". Grenoble 1, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009GRE10179.
Testo completoBrain-Computer Interfaces (BCIs) aim at establishing a direct communication pathway between the human brain and an electronic device. In the past twenty years, many breakthroughs have been made in the field, but current systems remain slow and difficult to use. They indeed often constrain users to send their command at precise moments (synchronous systems). Our research work is devoted to asynchronous systems based on electroencephalography (EEG): subjects are allowed to send their commands whenever they want. This entails brain activity of the subject to be analyzed in real time to detect the task-related brain activity among the whole brain activity. Our research work focuses on three main issues raised by asynchronous BCIs: 1. To allow users to send their command whenever they want; 2. To improve the ability of the system to correctly recognize a particular mental task; 3. To increase the robustness of the system when coping with possible variations in the way the subject performs mental tasks. The proposed methods aim at jointly using the spatial (cerebral areas implied), frequential (frequency bands involved) and temporal (succession of activations) features of the different mental tasks in order to compensate the low signal to interference ratio. The approaches are evaluated and compared to state-of-the-art results using datasets from the successive BCI Competitions
Nasr, Nathalie. "L' autorégulation dynamique de la circulation cérébrale : étude physiopathologique dans les situations à risque cérébrovasculaire". Toulouse 3, 2011. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/1469/.
Testo completoAutoregulation of cerebral blood flow is a homeostatic mechanism which limits the variations of cerebral blood flow when the arterial blood pressure (ABP) changes. The so-called static autoregulation refers to stability of cerebral blood flow when ABP is increased or reduced in a steady fashion on prolonged periods of time. The dynamic approach of cerebral autoregulation is based on the analysis of the rapid adaptive response of cerebral arteries to acute changes in ABP to restore cerebral blood flow to baseline. We assessed dynamic cerebral autoregulation (DCA) in three situations associated with an increased risk of cerebral ischemia: obstructive sleep apnea syndrome, Type 1 diabetes with cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy, and stenosis and occlusions of the cervical carotid artery due to atherosclerosis. DCA was assessed from slow changes in mean cerebral blood flow velocity and mean ABP which were analysed over time using a custom-made validated algorithm. We found a significant impairment of DCA in the three pathological situations that we addressed. In obstructive sleep apnea syndrome, DCA impairment was probably caused by the residual impact of hypercapnia because it correlated to the apnea-hypopnea index. In type 1 diabetes, DCA impairment correlated to the severity of cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy. In atherosclerotic stenosis and occlusions of the cervical carotid artery, DCA impairment inversely correlated to baroreflex sensitivity. In type 1 diabetes with cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy and in carotid atherosclerosis, our results suggest that sympathetic activity enhances DCA. Our research shows that the pathological situations and pathways that can alter DCA are numerous. The physiopathological changes associated with these medical situations can explain a reduction in cerebral vasomotor tone which is responsible for DCA impairment. Further studies are needed to assess the impact of DCA impairment on stroke risk
Sockeel, Stéphane. "Détection de réseaux et étude de la dynamique des connectivités fonctionnelles cérébrales en EEG couplée avec l'IRMf". Paris 6, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA066598.
Testo completoThe main goal of this work is answering this two questions: could electroencephalography (EEG) detect large-scale functional networks? What contribution could bring EEG in the study of dynamics of connectivity? We have developed an original method specifically for EEG to detect large-scale functional networks in the brain. We first assume that BOLD signal in fMRI is correlated with the power of EEG signal and then, we applied a spatial Independent Components Analysis (sICA). Our method can be divided in six steps : preprocessing of EEG data, sources localization, power computation in five frequency bands, sICA for each subject, hierarchical clustering (group analysis), stepwise regression with fMRI templates. The main advantages in regards of the other classic methods (seed-based methods, atlas, …) are: a fully data-driven method, use of individual sICA and a group analysis, multifrequency analysis. We validated our method with a comparison with a fMRI study on healthy subjects during resting states and visual tasks. The networks detected with EEG and fMRI overlap. Then, we have studied the dynamics of connectivity inside the extracted EEG networks using three connectivity measures. The temporal precision of EEG can evaluate connection and information flow between this regions and give us acces to a frequency scale similar to that of brain's rythmes. This study has provided some interesting and promising results, for example a memory trace after a visual task in the visual network
Baillet, Héloïse. "Approche dynamique de l'utilisation d'un cheval mécanique au service de la rééducation posturale de patients cérébrolésés". Thesis, Normandie, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018NORMR078/document.
Testo completoRooted in the dynamical system approach of motor control, the aim of this thesis is to analyze the motor coordination of healthy and brain-damaged participants oscillating on a new rehabilitation tool: the mechanical horse. The analysis of spontaneous coordination exhibited by individuals on this horse and the learned coordination adopted after a learning phase provided by the addition of a visual biofeedback allowed (i) to determine the usefulness of biofeedback in learning an oscillating task and (ii) to evaluate the interest of a 24 sessions rehabilitation protocol performed using the mechanical horse. The final goal is to participate to the development of a postural rehabilitation protocol for a population of brain-damaged patients. The first study allowed to highlight the role of expertise in the dynamics of the postural coordination on the mechanical horse bringing the expert riders towards a more adapted postural coordination (i.e. maintaining in phase and antiphase patterns). Through this first analysis, the spontaneous trunk/horse coordination was highlighted as antiphase, corresponding to the coordination found in real equestrian activity. Furthermore, the implementation of a learning method (study 2) allowed to modify the postural behavior of novice riders after only 3 sessions. The oscillation frequency had a significant impact on the coordination of participants who fell in an antiphase coordination (strong attractor) when the environmental constraint was high. However concerning those novice but healthy participants, this experiment did not demonstrate the real value of an additional video feedback during learning of a new postural coordination. Finally, the third study performed in brain-damaged patients showed the interest of this new rehabilitation method on the postural coordination of these patients. After 24 sessions, their coordination was different from the one of the control group, allowing to highlight their ability to adapt of constraints and to develop specific modes of postural coordination (trunk/horse antiphase) in order to optimize their posture
Eliat, Pierre-Antoine. "Analyse de texture et relaxométrie dynamique pour la caractérisation tissulaire en IRM : applications aux tumeurs mammaires et cérébrales". Rennes 1, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002REN1B066.
Testo completoDrapeau, Audrey. "Influence de 6 semaines d'entraînement par intervalles à haute intensité sur l'autorégulation cérébrale dynamique d'hommes entraînés en endurance". Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/36447.
Testo completoRecent cross-sectional evidence revealed that an elevated cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) is associated with an impaired dynamic cerebral autoregulation (dCA); ability of the cerebrovasculature to alter its resistance in response to abrupt and rapid changes in blood pressure to maintain cerebral blood flow (CBF). Very few studies have attempted to assess longitudinally how resting CBF and dCA react to training. The ones that did, observed that sedentary young and elderly or clinical populations had beneficial effects of training on cardiorespiratory and cerebrovascular health. The extend at which improving CRF in already cardiofit individuals remains unknown. When seeking CRF improvement, they often resort to high-intensity interval training (HIIT) either submaximal or supramaximal. The literature related to the influence of intensity training per se on the cerebral hemodynamics is limited. The present study characterized CBF at rest and dCA using forced oscillations of blood pressure induced by the repeated squat-stand maneuver following 6 weeks of HIIT in endurance-trained men. We also examined if the potential changes would be intensity-dependant. Our results indicate that independently of intensity, CBF at rest remained unchanged following training even in the face of a significantly improved CRF. Furthermore, the cerebrovasculature of endurance-trained men retained the ability to counteract slow and abrupt changes during forced oscillations of BP at 0.05 Hz. However, when the forced oscillations are more rapid, at 0.10 Hz, there is a decrease in phase shift as estimated by transfer function analysis. Taken together, HIIT training over a period of 6 week is beneficial for CRF but deteriorates dCA of endurance-trained me.
Cosmelli, Diego. "Des montagnes et des vallées : Perception consciente et structure dynamique de l'intégration cérébrale chez l'être humain dans l'expérience de rivalité binoculaire". Palaiseau, Ecole polytechnique, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004EPXX0006.
Testo completoLefèvre, Julien. "Méthodes et modèles pour la caractérisation de la dynamique spatiotemporelle cérébrale : application à l'imagerie électromagnétique par magnéto et électroencéphalographie". Paris 11, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PA112179.
Testo completoThis work aims at offering new mathematical tools in order to better understand and analyse the dynamical processes of the brain in action, as observed through imaging techniques with high temporal resolution such as magnetoencephalography (MEG) or electroencephalography (EEG). First we replace our work in the context of the computational neurosciences. We present some physiological models and sorne methods dedicated to the functional imagery with high temporal resolution. Secondly we propose a theoretical framework in order to study the evolution of brain activations sequences. We generalize a classical tool in image processing -the optical flow - whose study domain is extended to any surface of the Euclidian space of dimension 3 thanks to a variational method. We test the physiological validity of a "cortical flow" with advection techniques which simulate propagation phenomena. Ln the last part, we apply the previous methods to MEG data corning frorn a motor task and visual stimulations. We show that the cortical flow allows detecting several temporal periods corresponding to stable or transitory states. Besides it offers a directional measure that can explain how brain processes neural information. We discuss also the possibility of measuring horizontal propagation in the cortex with MEG
Riès, Stéphanie. "Dynamique cérébrale du contrôle cognitif dans la production du langage : cas des processus de sélection lexicale et de supervision". Aix-Marseille 1, 2010. http://theses.univ-amu.fr.lama.univ-amu.fr/2010AIX11026.pdf.
Testo completoTo speak is a deliberate action, and is therefore under cognitive control. Partly overlapping brain regions have been associated to linguistic and non-linguistic cognitive control mechanisms. However, language has generally been considered in isolation from other cognitive functions. The existence of common control mechanisms has hardly been studied. Our approach was to clarify this point by contributing to the characterization of the largely unknown brain dynamics of lexical selection and speech monitoring. We developed a methodology enabling to study these processes using electro-encephalography and -myography in healthy speakers. Importantly, we were able to successfully reduce articulation-related EMG artifacts in the EEG signal. After enhancing the spatial resolution of the EEG signal, we identified a spatio-temporal sequence of activities from visual inputs to speech output. We then investigated the role of these activities in 2 studies focused on the control mechanisms of interest. A left frontal activity reaching its maximum at the beginning of response execution was specifically associated to lexical selection. By contrast, a set of fronto-medial activities reaching their maximum before and after the response were associated to domain-general selection and monitoring mechanisms. Our results lead to reconsider the specificity of cognitive control mechanisms involved in language production. They suggest at least part of these mechanisms are common to language and non-linguistic actions
Gueguen, Maëlle. "Dynamique intracérébrale de l'apprentissage par renforcement chez l'humain". Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017GREAS042/document.
Testo completoWe make decisions every waking day of our life. Facing our options, we tend to pick the most likely to get our expected outcome. Taking into account our past experiences and their outcome is mandatory to identify the best option. This cognitive process is called reinforcement learning. To date, the underlying neural mechanisms are debated. Despite a consensus on the role of dopaminergic neurons in reward processing, several hypotheses on the neural bases of reinforcement learning coexist: either two distinct opposite systems covering cortical and subcortical areas, or a segregation of neurons within brain regions to process reward-based and punishment-avoidance learning.This PhD work aimed to identify the brain dynamics of human reinforcement learning. To unravel the neural mechanisms involved, we used intracerebral recordings in refractory epileptic patients during a probabilistic learning task. In the first study, we used a computational model to tackle the brain dynamics of reinforcement signal encoding, especially the encoding of reward and punishment prediction errors. Local field potentials exhibited the central role of high frequency gamma activity (50-150Hz) in these encodings. We report a role of the ventromedial prefrontal cortex in reward prediction error encoding while the anterior insula and the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex encoded punishment prediction errors. In addition, the magnitude of the neural response in the insula predicted behavioral learning and trial-to-trial behavioral adaptations. These results are consistent with the existence of two distinct opposite cortical systems processing reward and punishments during reinforcement learning. In a second study, we recorded the neural activity of the anterior and dorsomedial nuclei of the thalamus during the same cognitive task. Local field potentials recordings highlighted the role of low frequency theta activity in punishment processing, supporting an implication of these nuclei during punishment-avoidance learning. In a third behavioral study, we investigated the influence of risk on reinforcement learning. We observed a risk-aversion during punishment-avoidance, affecting the performance, as well as a risk-seeking behavior during reward-seeking, revealed by an increased reaction time towards appetitive risky choices. Taken together, these results suggest we are risk-seeking when we have something to gain and risk-averse when we have something to lose, in contrast to the prediction of the prospect theory.Improving our common knowledge of the brain dynamics of human reinforcement learning could improve the understanding of cognitive deficits of neurological patients, but also the decision bias all human beings can exhibit
Desestret, Virginie. "Dynamique et rôle de la réponse phagocytaire post-ischémique précoce dans des modèles murins d’ischémie cérébrale : évaluation histopathologique et IRM". Thesis, Lyon 1, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009LYO10214.
Testo completoClinical outcome in cerebral ischemia may be influenced by innate immune cells of myeloid lineage : central nervous system (CNS)-infiltrating peripheral macrophages and CNS-resident microglia. Noninvasive monitoring of these cells may improve the understanding of postischemic inflammation. Accumulation of Ultrasmall Superparamagnetic Particles of Iron Oxide (USPIO) has been observed in infarcted areas at the subacute stage of experimental stroke. However, the exact route of USPIO uptake and early brain distribution remain elusive, hampering the interpretation of USPIO-relatedsignals. Therefore, we compared MRI signal changes after intravenous USPIO injection with the histological distribution of iron particles and macrophagic cells 6 to 24 hours after permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion in mice. Our results suggest that in this model, early USPIO-related MR signal changes are mainly related to passive diffusion of free USPIO through a damaged blood-brain barrier and to intravascular trapping rather than peripheral phagocyte infiltration. To understand the complex interactions between microglia, hypoxic neurons and CNS-infiltrating macrophages, we setup an in vitro model where primary macrophages were co-cultured with hippocampal slices submitted to hypoxia and glucose deprivation (OGD). Our results indicate that under these experimental conditions, cultured macrophages engage in a M2 activation pattern and afford partial protection from OGD-induced neuronal loss through paracrine mechanisms. We also conclude that microglia is susceptible to hypoxia-induced cell death in vitro and in vivo
Louis, Caroline. "Rôle dynamique de la sérotonine et de la dopamine cérébrales chez le rat soumis à des situations d'anxiété : étude par microdialyse in vivo". Paris 11, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001PA11T007.
Testo completoSerotonin (5-HT) is thought to be involved in anxiety-related disorders, and dopamine (DA) in response to stress. Using an intracerebral microdialysis technique, variations of extracellular 5-HT (5-HText) or DA (DAext) levels were studied in rats subjected to benzodiazepine-sensitive paradigms. Two operant conflict procedures and a test of neophobia have been validated. Cortical DAext and 5-HText levels, and hippocampal 5-HText levels were modified neither during the punished period of conflict procedures, nor in rats given diazepam, at a dose which induced an anxiolytic-like release of punished responding. Buspirone had no effect on behavioral blockade and did not modify hippocampal 5-HText levels. A modest increase in cortical DAext was observed during food eating and in the open field test of neophobia. Thus, mesocortical DA and mesocorticolimbic 5-HT systems seem not to play a pivotal role in the anxiolytic effect of benzodiazepines, at least as it is approached in conflict procedures. In the striatum, 5-HText levels increased during the open field test and during the punished period of the operant conflict procedure in a subgroup of rats classified as ‘low responders’. Both biochemical and behavioral modifications were counteracted by diazepam. Striatal 5-HText levels did not change in 'high responder' rats or in rats given non contingent footshocks. 5,7-DHT lesion studies suggested that the 5-HT fibers afferent to the striatum are not solely responsible for the punishment-induced behavioral blockade. However these fibers are clearly involved in the adaptation of the animals to low rhythm of reward. The anticonflict activity of benzodiazepines might therefore be attributed to a reduction in 5-HT transmission in motor structures, in keeping with clinical data suggesting an important role of 5-HT in the control of impulsive-related behaviour
Detorakis, Georgios. "Plasticité corticale, champs neuronaux dynamiques et auto-organisation". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lorraine, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013LORR0140.
Testo completoThe aim of the present work is the modeling of the formation, maintenance and reorganization of somatosensory cortical maps using the theory of dynamic neural fields. A dynamic neural field is a partial integro-differential equation that is used to model the cortical activity of a part of the cortex. Such a neural field is used in this work in order to model a part of the area 3b of the primary somatosensory cortex. In addition a skin model is used in order to provide input to the cortical model. From a computational point of view the model is able to perform distributed, numerical and adaptive computations. The model is able to explain the formation of topographic maps and their reorganization in the presence of a cortical lesion or a sensory deprivation, where balance between excitation and inhibition plays a crucial role. In addition, the model is consistent with neurophysiological data of area 3b. Finally, it has been shown that attention plays a key role in the organization of receptive fields of neurons of the somatosensory cortex. Therefore, in this work has been proposed a definition of somatosensory attention and a potential explanation of its influence on somatotopic organization through a number of experimental results. By changing the gains of lateral connections, it is possible to control the shape of the solution of the neural field. This leads to significant alterations of receptive fields sizes, resulting to a better performance during the execution of demanding haptic tasks
Labatut, Vincent. "Réseaux causaux probabilistes à grande échelle : un nouveau formalisme pour la modélisation du traitement de l'information cérébrale". Phd thesis, Université Paul Sabatier - Toulouse III, 2003. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00005190.
Testo completoSergent, Claire. "Dynamique de l' accès à la conscience : caractérisation comportementale et bases cérébrales de l' accès à la conscience lors du clignement attentionnel (attentional blink)". Paris 6, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005PA066548.
Testo completoKoechlin, Étienne. "Représentation et processus cognitifs dans le cortex cérébral : décision et dynamique d'activation bayesiennes dans les populations de neurones corticaux". Paris, EHESS, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996EHES0004.
Testo completoDetorakis, Georgios. "Plasticité corticale, champs neuronaux dynamiques et auto-organisation". Phd thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00879910.
Testo completoDewalle, Anne-Sophie. "Nouvelles approches de traitement du signal et de l'image en IRM fonctionnelle d'activation cérébrale". Lille 1, 2006. https://ori-nuxeo.univ-lille1.fr/nuxeo/site/esupversions/c3ff9e5f-e824-4cc2-a6ea-a22cb4383bc2.
Testo completoFauvel, Baptiste. "Particularités cérébrales anatomiques et fonctionnelles associées à l’expertise musicale : Quelles influences sur le vieillissement cognitif normal et sur la dynamique neurale de la mémoire de reconnaissance musicale". Caen, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015CAEN1005.
Testo completoThrough learning-related brain plasticity, individuals’ experiences could help building a cognitive reserve that favors a successfull cognitive aging. Many studies conducted with children reveal that musical learning promotes the development of cognitive functions. Therefore, the question of whether the involvment in musical practice in old age would also influence cognition has become a main topic of neuropsychology. This is what this thesis deals with, by featuring three correlational studies about the effect of musical expertise through anatomical and resting-state functional MRI data of young adult participants (study 1), behavioral measures obtained with adult and old individuals (study 2), and an effective connectivity analysis applied to activation-state functional MRI data recorded when young adult subjects performed a familiarity judgment task (study 3). Study 1 highlights that several brain regions were impacted by musical expertise, both in terms of gray matter volume and functional connectivity. Study 2 brings only poor clues in favour of a cognitive aging that would be reduced due to musical practice. Finally, study 3 shows that activity of the left hippocampus is elicited by an excitatory signal from the left inferior frontal gyrus in order to contribute to musical familiarity judgment, in musicians only. Methodologies and results of these three studies are discussed
Loubinoux, Isabelle. "Mise en évidence des potentialités des techniques de RMN "in vivo" pour caractériser la dynamique des évènements métaboliques cérébraux : par spectroscopie 1D et 2D au cours d'une activation cérébrale par imagerie de diffusion et de T2 consécutivement àune ischémie cérébrale". Paris 11, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995PA11T024.
Testo completoGross, Raphaël. "Modulation de l'activité musculaire pendant la marche de l'enfant : vers une modélisation de l'EMG dynamique". Thesis, Brest, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017BRES0064.
Testo completoChildren with cerebral palsy benefit from gait analyses in motion labs for approximately thirty years. The interpretation of the numerous data that can be obtained during such evaluations still remains cautious, because of methodological and statistical reasons, and because of the lack of an exhaustive knowledge regarding the motor control of gait. This Ph D thesis focused on the study of electromyographic signals, which are representative of the dynamic muscle activations during gait. We designed two series of experiments, leading to four studies into the dynamic electromyography during gait in children with unilateral cerebral palsy and their typically developing peers. The effect of gait speed on muscle coactivation, the impact of this coactivation on the range of motion during gait, the muscle adaptations to turning gait, and finally the specificities of these adaptations in children with cerebral palsy were investigated successively. The results of the studies give insight into the role of physiological factors linked to the motor control of gait, such as speed or change of direction, but also into the impact of pathology on the muscle activations, which are the parameters of interest. Some methodological and statistical difficulties, linked to the nature of the signals that are studied, compromise the possibility to interpret the data with respect to motor control. The continuous reflection on these methodological limitations allows the development of specific, appropriate statistical analyses, and the emergence of propositions regarding the metrology of dynamic electromyography
Dupont, Jérôme. "Les désafférentations cochléo-vestibulaires et leurs conséquences centrales sur l'innervation gabaergique du tronc cérébral chez le cobaye adulte : études dynamiques et morpho-fonctionnelles". Bordeaux 2, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992BOR28207.
Testo completoPutois, Benjamin. "L’étude du traitement des relations spatiales visuelles : approche dynamique des capacités cognitives". Thesis, Lyon 2, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009LYO20035/document.
Testo completoThe computational-functional conception of high-level processing of vision in Kosslyn and Koenig (1992) relies on dissociation between object recognition and spatial processing. In 1987, Kosslyn postulated that two different processes compute spatial-relations: categorical process computes relative position of objects and coordinate process computes the distance between objects. Some studies indicate a left-hemisphere advantage for processing categorical spatial relations and a right-hemisphere advantage for processing coordinate spatial relations. This hemispheric difference is interpreted as an evidence of a dichotomy between these two processes. A pluridisciplinary review was conducted to assure that single process hypothesis is dismissed out. Some studies showed, in a coordinate task, that practice resulted in a decreased right-hemisphere involvement and a concurrent increase in left-hemisphere involvement (i.e., practice effect). Furthermore, the left-hemisphere advantage in categorical was seldom observed. The theoretical aim of the thesis was based on two questions: (1) Are there single or several processes encoding visual spatial relations? (2) How can we interpret this practice effect ?Five experiments were run to verify possible bias which might explain observed hemispheric differences and practice effect. Our results suggested that hemispheric communication might be an important factor in spatial-relation processing.An theoretical investigation of divided visual field paradigm was led and several interhemispheric models were described. Three experiments were conducted to estimate hemispheric communication in spatial-relation process. In the light of our results, separate categorical-coordinate processes hypothesis were discussed
Souchotte, Pascal. "Pressions pariétales induites par des discontinuités de surface soumises à un gradient de pression externe : applications à l'automobile". Ecully, Ecole centrale de Lyon, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999ECDL0027.
Testo completoWall pressure fluctuations inducted by a surface roughness in adverse pressure gradient: Automobile applications Wall pressure fluctuations near isolated singularities under an adverse mean pressure gradient are experimentally investigated. A new concept of anechoic wind tunnel is designed in order to obtain a channel flow which is representative of the flow around a given region of a real car. The experiment is carried out in two phases: first, the flow around a singularity is examined under an unperturbed mean flow, the singularities being a backward facing step; second, singularities like windshield joints or roof antennas are placed into the adverse pressure gradient flow which mimics the around the upper side of the car. An extensive data base is provided both as validation tool for computer programs and as input for vibro-acoustic models. Furthermore results give a new insight into the physics of flow reattachment
Mheich, Ahmad. "Méthodes de classification des graphes : application à l’identification des réseaux fonctionnels impliqués dans les processus de mémoire". Thesis, Rennes 1, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016REN1S115/document.
Testo completoThe human brain is a "large-scale" network consisting of distributed and functionally interconnected regions. The information processing in the brain is a dynamic process that involves a fast reorganization of functional brain networks in a very short time scale (less than one second). In the field of cognitive neuroscience, two big questions remain about these networks. Firstly, is it possible to follow the spatiotemporal dynamics of the brain networks with a temporal resolution significantly higher than the functional MRI? Secondly, is it possible to detect a significant difference between these networks when the brain processes stimuli (visual, for example) with different characteristics? These two questions are the main motivations of this thesis. Indeed, we proposed new methods based on dense electroencephalography. These methods allow: i) to follow the dynamic reconfiguration of brain functional networks at millisecond time scale and ii) to compare two activated brain networks under specific conditions. We propose a new algorithm benefiting from the excellent temporal resolution of EEG to track the fast reconfiguration of the functional brain networks at millisecond time scale. The main objective of this algorithm is to segment the brain networks into a set of "functional connectivity states" using a network-clustering approach. The algorithm is based on K-means and was applied on the connectivity graphs obtained by estimation the functional connectivity values between the considered regions of interest. The second challenge addressed in this work falls within the measure of similarity between graphs. Thus, to compare functional connectivity networks, we developed an algorithm (SimNet) that able to quantify the similarity between two networks whose node coordinates is known. This algorithm maps one graph to the other using different operations (insertion, deletion, substitution of nodes and edges). The algorithm is based on two main parts, the first one is based on calculating the nodes distance and the second one is to calculate the edges distance. This algorithm provides a normalized similarity index: 0 for no similarity and 1 for two identical networks. SimNet was evaluated with simulated graphs and was compared with previously-published graph similarity algorithms. It shows high performance to detect the similarity variation between graphs involving a shifting of the location of nodes. It was also applied on real data to compare different brain networks. Results showed high performance in the comparison of real brain networks obtained from dense EEG during a cognitive task consisting in naming items of two different categories (objects vs. animals)
Llorens, Anaïs. "Dynamique spatiotemporelle de la production de mots". Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014AIXM5011.
Testo completoWords production involves a vast brain network mainly localized in the left hemisphere, summarized in a review of literature based on studies of word production in intracranial recordings.We focused principally on the involvement of the cerebral network during lexical access by using two picture naming protocols manipulating the semantic interference effect, known to modulate the links between semantic and lexical processes. We compare the spatiotemporal dynamics of these protocols interchangeably used in the literature, but which differ in the involvement of methodological parameters that may involve mnemonic mechanisms such as familiarity and repetition. Our hypothesis was that these parameters are so divergent that the underlying neural network should at least be modulated by the protocol investigated. Our EEG study reveals two distinct patterns of electrophysiological activity between the protocols due to the familiarization effect. We studied the involvement of the hippocampal structure in the production of word through intracranial recordings. The time-frequency and the local field analyses show that the hippocampus is involved in the progressive learning links between semantic and lexicon, but also in keeping them in memory for a short period and in their recovery. This work revealed that the spatiotemporal dynamics of picture naming is modulated by various factors, which goes against the involvement of a common network shared by these two picture naming protocols
Abdoun, Oussama. "Analyse spatiotemporelle de données MEA pour l'étude de la dynamique de l'activité de la moelle épinière et du tronc cérébral immatures chez la souris". Thesis, Bordeaux 1, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012BOR15266/document.
Testo completoImmature neural networks generate a peculiar type of activity that persists even in the absence of electrical inputs and was termed for this reason “endogenous”or “spontaneous”. This activity is ubiquitous and was found involved in a wide range of developmental events. In vitro, it can be observed as calcium or electrical waves propagating over great distances, often invading the whole preparation,but its dynamics remain poorly described. In order to somewhat fill this gap,we used multielectrode arrays (MEAs) to characterise the spontaneous rhythmic activity in the mouse developing spinal cord, in both acute and cultured isolated hindbrain-spinal cord preparations.To extract relevant information from the massive amounts of data yielded by MEA recordings, adapted analysis tools are needed. Thus, we have developedmethods for the detection, classification and mapping of spatiotemporal patternsof activity in multichannel data. Our mapping approach is based on the thin plates pline interpolation and includes the possibility to combine maps of activity with anatomical or stained data for multimodal imaging.These methods allowed us to analyse in great detail the evolution of spontaneousactivity at early stages (E12.5–E15.5). In addition, we have localised theinitiation site of E14.5 activity in the medulla and shown that it matches a densemidline population of serotoninergic neurons, suggesting a new role for 5-HTpathways in the maturation of spinal networks. Finally, we have recorded andtracked spontaneous limb movements of E14.5 embryos and found that features of motility were consistent with patterns of spinal activity
Lokossou, Armelle. "Étude de la plasticité liquidienne du système cranio-spinal : de la physiologie à la pathologie". Thesis, Amiens, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019AMIE0019.
Testo completoAlterations in cranio-spinal pulsatility (blood, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and intracranial pressure (ICP)) are implicated in idiopathic brain diseases such as chronic adult hydrocephalus. We investigated the different mechanisms of cranio-spinal system (CSS) fluid adaptation in physiological and pathological conditions. With Phase Contrast Magnetic Resonance Imaging (PC-MRI) and ICP monitoring during infusion tests, physiological cranio-spinal compliance was determined in hydrocephalus patients with and without CSF resorption pathways alterations. We have shown that neither CSF oscillations nor morphological changes in brain tissue are biomarkers of ICP pulsatility but that ICP pulsatility is related to the intracranial blood stroke volume. Through the studies of animal model of hydrocephalus and on hydrocephalus patients, we have deduced that changes in brain morphology are associated to CSF dynamics alterations, but that with the evolution of the pathology, the morpho-dynamic relationships depend on the subjects, the stage of the pathology, the biomechanical properties of CSS such as resistance and compliance, and also the probably altered lymphatic pathways. Physiologically, the jugular venous pulsatility is greater than that of the sinuses. Our study also revealed that hydrocephalus is not determined by an increase in blood pulsatility. Evidence of a reorganization of the cerebral venous system in aging and hydrocephalus has been shown. Morpho-dynamic markers have been identified
Ghorbal, Abdel-Mounai͏̈m. "Etude fonctionnelle du réseau auditif du tronc cérébral par analyse de la dynamique spatio-temporelle des champs de potentiel intra-cérébraux enregistrés in vivo chez le cobaye : contribution à l'étude des générateurs des potentiels évoqués auditifs précoces". Poitiers, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997POIT2368.
Testo completoHerbet, Guillaume. "Vers un modèle à double voie dynamique et hodotopique de l'organisation anatomo-fonctionnelle de la mentalisation : étude par cartographie cérébrale multimodale chez les patients porteurs d'un gliome diffus de bas-grade". Thesis, Montpellier 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014MON1T004/document.
Testo completoUnderstanding how the brain produces sophisticated behaviours strongly depends of our knowledge on its anatomical and functional organization. Until recently, it was believed that high-level cognition was merely the by-product of the neural activity of discrete and highly specialized cortical areas. Major findings obtained in the past decade from neuroimaging, particularly from the field of connectomics, prompt now researchers to revise drastically their conceptions about the links between brain structures and functions. The brain seems indeed organized in complex, highly distributed and plastic neurocognitive networks. This is in this state of mind that our work has been carried out. Its foremost ambition was to rethink actuals models of social cognition, especially mentalizing, through the behavioural study of patients harbouring a diffuse low-grade glioma. Because this rare neurological tumour induces major functional reorganization phenomena and migrates preferentially along axonal associative connectivity, it constitutes an excellent pathophysiological model for unmasking the core structures subserving complex cognitive systems. Anatomo-clinical correlations were conducted according to both a classical topological approach (region of interest analyses, voxel-based lesion-symptom mapping, intraoperative cortical electrostimulation) and a hodological approach (degree of disconnection of associative white matter fasciculi, intraoperative axonal connectivity mapping). The main results of our different studies enable us to lay the foundation of a dynamic (plastic) and hodotopical (connectivity) dual-stream model of mentalizing. Specifically, a dorsal stream, interconnecting mirror frontoparietal areas via the perisylvian network (arcuate fasciculus and lateral superior longitudinal fasciculus), may subserve low-level perceptual processes required in rapid and pre-reflective identification of mental states; a cingulo-medial stream, interconnecting medial prefrontal and rostro-cingulated areas with medial posterior parietal areas via the cingulum, may subserve higher-level processes required in reflective mentalistic inferences. These original findings represents a great step in social neuroscience, have major implications in clinical practice, and opens new opportunities in understanding certain pathological conditions characterized by both mentalizing deficits and aberrant structural connectivity (e.g. autism spectrum disorders)
Alecu, Lucian. "Une approche neuro-dynamique de conception des processus d'auto-organisation". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Nancy 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011NAN10031.
Testo completoIn this work we propose a cortically inspired neural architecture capable of developping an emergent process of self-organization. In order to implement this neural architecture in a distributed manner, we use the dynamic neural fields paradigm, a generic mathematical formalism aimed at modeling the competition between the neural activities at a mesoscopic level of the cortical structure. In order to examine in detail the dynamic properties of classical models, we design a formal criterion and an evaluation instrument, capable of analysing and quantifying the dynamic behavior of the any neural field, in specific contexts of stimulation. While this instrument highlights the practical advantages of the usage of such models, it also reveals the inability of these models to help implementing the self-organization process (implemented by the described architecture) with satisfactory results. These results lead us to suggest an alternative to the classical neural field models, based on a back-inhibition model which implements a local process of neural activity regulation. Thanks to this mechanism, the new neural field model is capable of achieving successful results in the implementation of the self-organization process described by our cortically inspired neural architecture. Moreover, a detailed analysis confirms that this new neural field maintains the features of the classical field models. The results described in this thesis open the perspectives for developping neuro-computational architectures for the design of software solutions or biologically-inspired robot applications
Rudrauf, David. "Aspects of the dynamics of the human cerebral cortex during induction of emotion". Paris 6, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005PA066353.
Testo completoVallet, Anais. "Etude de la balance Excitatiοn/Ιnhibitiοn de régiοns cérébrales impliquées dans une tâche de cοntrôle inhibiteur : mοdélisatiοn de dοnnées οbtenues en Ιmagerie par Résοnance Μagnétique fοnctiοnnelle et inversiοn". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Normandie, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024NORMC014.
Testo completoIn psychology, inhibitory control is a cognitive mechanism that stops a motor, emotional orcognitive response from achieving a desired goal. At cerebral level, inhibitory control is associatedwith a network of brain regions, whose function may be measured using BOLD signals from fMRI.Prefrontal control regions lower the BOLD activity of target regions. fMRI provides an indirectmeasure of the activity of neurons. How can we then infer from fMRI data, neural excitatory andinhibitory (E/I) properties of brain regions involved in an inhibitory control task ?We start with a non-linear biophysical model that describes by region the temporal evolutionof neural excitatory and inhibitory activities (Naskar et al., 2021). These variations in activityproduce BOLD changes in each brain region. Analysis of this model enables us to : 1) identifyneural parameters of the E/I balance ; 2) show that increasing the BOLD activity of a controlregion does not lower the BOLD activity of a target region, since these regions are connected bytheir excitatory neurons only ; 3) propose a new connectivity architecture to enable this ; 4) studyhow the lowering of activity in the target region depends on the E/I balance in the target region.We then propose a new inversion procedure. We check its reliability through simulations, beforepresenting a proof-of-concept using real data from a subject during a Think/No-Think task, aparadigm used for studying the inhibitory control of memory intrusions (Mary et al., 2020)
Alecu, Lucian. "Une approche neuro-dynamique de conception des processus d'auto-organisation". Phd thesis, Université Henri Poincaré - Nancy I, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00606926.
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