Tesi sul tema "Dune éolienne"
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Wu, Jianzhao. "Numerical simulation of wind erosion : application to dune migration". Thesis, Lyon, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LYSEC016/document.
Testo completoWind erosion is a complex dynamic process consisting in an atmospheric boundary layer, aeolian particle transport, sand dune deformation and their intricate interactions. This thesis undertakes this problems by conducting three-dimensional numerical simulations of solid particle transport over a fixed or deformable sand dune. Turbulent flow is calculated by a developed numerical solver (Large-eddy simulation (LES) coupled with immersed boundary method (IBM)). Solid particle trajectories are tracked by a Lagrangian approach. Particle entrainment, particle-surface interactions and particle deposition are taken into account by physical comprehensive wind erosion models. Firstly, a new numerical solver has been developed to simulate turbulent flows over moving boundaries by introducing the IBM into LES. Two canonical simulation cases of a turbulent boundary layer flow over a Gaussian dune and over a sinusoidal dune are performed to examine the accuracy of the developed solver. Recirculation region characteristics, mean streamwise velocity profiles, Reynolds stress profiles as well as the friction velocity over the dune are presented. In the Gaussian case, a good agreement between experimental data and simulated results demonstrates the numerical ability of the improved solver. In the sinusoidal case, the developed solver with wall modeling over the immersed boundary shows a better performance than the pure one, when a relatively coarse grid is used. Secondly, physical comprehensive modeling of wind erosion is described in detail, based on the forces acting an individual particle. An instantaneous entrainment model for both lifting and rolling-sliding modes is proposed to initialize particle incipient motions. Lagrangian governing equations of aeolian particle motion are presented and used to simulate the trajectories of solid particles. Particularly, Lagrangian governing equations of bed-load particle motion are originally deduced and applied to model the particle rolling-sliding movement on the bed surface. In addition, particle-surface interactions are taken into account by probabilistic rebound/splash models. Thirdly, numerical simulations of particle transport over a fixed Gaussian dune and over a deformable sinusoidal dune are carried out. In the fixed Gaussian case, an overall good agreement on the particle concentration profiles over the dune between the simulated results and the experimental data of Simoens et al. (2015) preliminarily validates the ability and accuracy of the developed numerical solver coupled with physical comprehensive wind erosion models. In the deformable sinusoidal case, the simulated dune shapes are compared with the experimental ones of Ferreira and Fino (2012). A good agreement between them is observed at t = 2.0 min and an obvious underestimate of the dune shape is shown at t = 4.0 min and t = 6.0 min. By analyzing the simulated results, it is shown that the recirculation zone behind the dune is gradually reduced as the dune deforms and that windward erosion and lee side deposition is observed. It is also shown after testing that the splash entrainment is important for the lee side erosion. Moreover, a preliminary attempt is presented to apply an improved splash model with accounting for the bed slope effect to the simulation of sand dune deformation. A better performance on the simulated dune shape is achieved at t = 4.0 min in comparison with the experimental one
Vanhée, Stéphane. "Processus de transport éolien à l'interface plage macrotidale-dune bordière : le cas des plages à barres intertidales, Côte d'Opale, nord de la France". Littoral, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002DUNK0093.
Testo completoSeveral experiments aimed at elucidating the effects of ridge and runnel morphology on aeolian transport were carried out on macrotidal beaches on the Opal Coast. The results show that in spite of a potentially large wind fetch with onshore winds given the width of these beaches, the effective fetch is generally limited to the upper beach terrace and to the first ridge on the upper beach, and is especially segmented by the runnels which may act as efficient sand traps. The results also highlight highly variable trapping rates. The rates were commonly weak and this could be a limiting factor in terms of beach-dune sand transfers, especially in view of the fact that the dominant winds on the North Sea sites are essentially obliquely offshore. The short term topographic surveys and digital elevation models have highlighted the efficiency of dune management and rehabilitation schemes. Differential contour maps generated by these surveys bring out the stages of foredune accretion
Daynac, Jimmy. "Contribution de l'Intelligence Artificielle à la cartographie pour l'analyse des dunes à l'échelle d'un désert : cas d'étude du Rub'Al Khali". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Le Mans, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024LEMA1027.
Testo completoAeolian dunes at different scales (m-km) are the primary topographic forms in aeolian systems and are found on various planetary bodies such as Earth, Mars, or Venus. They result from the interaction between wind, transported sediments, and the substrate. The shape, size, spatial arrangement, and movement of dunes allow for the analysis of interactions between airflows and sediment supply, modulated by surface conditions. The production of detailed maps of individual dune characteristics, coupled with spatial morphometric statistical analysis, is thus necessary to understand better and characterize the origin of dune formation and evolution.However, accurately mapping dunes over large areas remains a challenging task today for two reasons. Firstly, considering the availability of remote sensing datasets with ever-increasing spatial (and temporal) resolution, such mapping requires automated processes since manual digitization i) is time-consuming and ii) can be subjective and of uneven quality. These limitations are mainly because human operators cannot maintain consistent mapping criteria across large study areas, especially when dealing with complex morphologies. Secondly, this mapping is challenging, particularly due to the complexity of some forms and the lack of a universally accepted dune classification, despite recent research efforts.The primary objective of this work is to propose a new method for mapping aeolian dunes, focusing on an approach that couples Deep Learning to delineate the dune outlines, "skeletonization," and network analysis to map their crestlines and connectivities (defects). The originality of this study lies in the ability to map these features at various scales, ranging from a few kilometers to entire deserts. The developed algorithms demonstrate excellent performance in analyzing large and complex geographic areas with an accuracy of around 90%. This method has enabled the creation, for the first time, of a database containing several thousand dunes from the Rub'Al Khali desert (the largest active desert in the world), with high fidelity compared to visual observations of the dunes present in the Digital Elevation Model (DEM).From this database, we studied the morphological variability of the dunes by comparing them with wind data (ERA5 Land Reanalysis) on a desert scale, in order to quantify and understand their morphological changes and spatial distributions in relation to wind dynamics. This spatialized morphometric analysis is based on Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and highlights the dominant parameters as follows: dune length (PC1) explains more than 50% of the variance and describes the linear dunes in the SW of the desert; height (PC2) represents 18% of the variance and describes the crescent-shaped dunes in the NW; and defect density (PC3) explains 14% of the variance, representing star and dome dunes in the SE. P-value tests were also conducted on these parameters and revealed values below 0.05, thus confirming a significant spatial organization of dunes at the desert scale.Each archetypal dune form is dominated by one of the three parameters identified by the PCA, and transitions between these forms represent evolutionary stages. By comparing these results with wind data, we obtain an evolutionary model in which dunes shape, size, and orientation are strongly influenced by the directional characteristics of sand flow associated with the Shamal and Kharif winds. The analysis of wind data to the different statistically defined dune populations also revealed two dune growth modes: an elongation mode in the west, where the crests of linear dunes align with the sediment flow, favoring their stretching, and an instability mode in the east, where isolated and crescentic dunes, perpendicular to the flow, optimize their vertical growth
Lamy, Antoine. "Processus éolien et son transport sédimentaire associé en condition de vent de terre sur le système dune-plage". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Perpignan, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024PERP0015.
Testo completoThis Research aims to characterize the aeolian processes on a beach-dune system under prevailing offshore winds. To achieve this, the site of Leucate-Plage has been chosen due to the Tramontane, an offshore wind blowing more than 70 % of thetime. This field site is composed of a small foredune on a microtidal area sometimes hit by intense marine storms. These characteristics make this site one of the representative coastal areas present on the Gulf of Lion. This research demonstrates, using observations and modelisations, that a small dune can nonetheless have significant effects on aeolian dynamics. This work highlights an area of wind separation and recirculation in the leeward region of the dune during perpendicular wind. However, this does not cause transport towards the dune foot because, regardless of the incident wind speeds, the threshold shear velocity for grain movement is never reached in this recirculation zone. the dune at Leucate-Plage is human-made, this cause longitudinal variations in its morphology due to different construction methods. These variations create variable disturbances in wind flow and aeolian transport. In some cases, with gentler dune slopes, the wind is not separated but only deflected and much less attenuated when passing over the dune, allowing sediment transport in the lee side. In all cases, the wind is accelerated approaching the dune crest, especially when the wind is perpendicular, reaching up to twice the speed of the incident wind. Aeolian sand transport depends on many control factors, this work focused on the beach grain size and histemporal variability, often neglected in studies. The results show that this parameter can have significant consequences on the observed and calculated transport rates. In an environment with wide variations in grain size over time, annual transport rates can differ by more than 75 times from those observed depending on the grain size applied to the transport formula. In the case of offshore winds, the distribution of wind speeds and aeolian sand transport fluxes is unequal across the beach profile, with an increase observed moving away from the dune. Thus, transport rates can easily exceed 100 kg/m/h at the berm. The consequence of this seaward aeolian transport can cause significant erosion of the beach, depending on wind speeds and beach's grain size state. This erosion can reach values greater than 50 cm on the berm and 20 cm on the beach in a few hours. This thesis highlights the impact of offshore winds on a microtidal beach and the influence of an artificial dune and its construction methods, on wind flow and aeolian sediment transport. It also warns about using an appropriate grain size for calculating aeolian transport rates in a heterogeneous and variable grain size environment
Venard, Cédric. "La morphodynamique éolienne en régions sèches : des échelles spatiales et temporelles aux outils". Thesis, Lyon 2, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012LYO20092/document.
Testo completoDrylands share with deserts many environmental conditions that make them sensitive and fragile. It is a necessity to understand the mechanisms of these environments, especially in contexts where there is a risk of desertification. Such an understanding is often assessed by monitoring vegetation. Field experience, however, shows that aeolian morphodynamics may provide useful additional information. The aeolian morphodynamics plays indeed a significant role in the environmental risk of drylands. In desert systems, the anthropogenic pressure on aeolian processes is low. On the other hand, in non-desert drylands, features are smaller but have a faster reaction time to environmental change. They interact strongly with other components of the landscape, such as human activities. Accordingly, the study of non-desertic aeolian morphodynamics has to be designed following a systematic approach. It relies on a good knowledge of fundamental physics of wind geomorphology that is described in this dissertation. Various tools and concepts developed in desert environments, including potential displacement and roughness density, are given. The effects of aeolian morphodynamics on landscapes are illustrated by various examples. Standard studies of wind dynamics are discussed and questioned to demonstrate that new approaches can be explored. This study focuses anchored dunes, which remain poorly studied despite their importance in drylands. Anchored dunes are described and characterized in detail. Then a protocole of quantification and qualitative evaluation can be elaborated.Our aim was to develop methods that are reproducible and minimize the complexity and costs of implementation. The unmanned platform, Pixy, illustrates the potential of drones which provide accurate images with a great flexibility of use. The interest of very high spatial resolution imagery provided by satellites such as QuickBird is also demonstrated. Their images introduce to an intermediate scale between field and large-scale satellite imagery. Among the providers of very high spatial resolution imagery, Google Earth (GE) appears to be a good alternative to commercial suppliers. Increasing availability of free high resolution images offers potential applications in various fields. However, their use has constraints that are managed by Mathematical Morphology (MM), an object-oriented image analysis discipline. Tools from MM allow the analysis of uncorrected images, like those of Pixy or GE. It relies on simple procedures easy to reproduce and explain. It thus contributes to reducing the cost of studies. This economic issue of environmental diagnosis cannot be ignored, especially in the countries concerned by the fight against desertification.Each chapter of this thesis demonstrates the importance of two thresholds through particular example. The threshold of heterogeneity, below which information is embedded in the background noise produced by too much detail, is the first one. The threshold of homogeneity, beyond which information is too smooth to be relevant, is the second one. This work attempts to show how these thresholds may have direct effects on results of a remote sensing study. This consideration is thus a structuring element of the methods used. Beyond the issue of aeolian morphodynamics, this thesis combines semi-automatic characterization methods of landscape elements with processes of multi-scalar integration. The results are potentially useful to any approach that seeks to understand the effects of a phenomenon at different scales
Rioual, François. "Etude de quelques aspects du transport éolien : processus de saltation et formation des rides". Phd thesis, Rennes 1, 2002. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00199032.
Testo completoBabah, Houda Mint. "Étude expérimentale de quelques aspects de la problématique des dunes éoliennes : des processus d'avalanche à la stratigraphie des dunes". Rennes 1, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010REN1S029.
Testo completoThis thesis addresses two questions related to the general topic of aeolian dune migration. The first aspect concerns the processes of erosion and deposition during an avalanche of grains. By means of an experimental device allowing to drop a column of grains without initial speed on a granular slope, we have quantified the relative importance of erosion and deposition phenomena. In particular we have measured the neutral angle which defines the critical slope at which these two processes balance each other. The second aspect focuses on the internal structure of aeolian dunes. With our co-workers from the University of Cornell (USA), we have developed capacitance probes allowing to determine the volume fraction and water content of a granular pile from measurements of electric permittivity. Thanks to these probes, we were able to characterize the stratigraphy of dunes in Mauritania. Our results showed that the internal structure of the dunes presents a marked stratification with an alternation of loose and compact layers
Bretel, Patrice. "Processus éoliens et morphodynamique dunaire sur les côtes bas-normandes (France)". Caen, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003CAEN2012.
Testo completoBeladjine, Djaoued. "Étude expérimentale du processus de collision d'une bille sur un empilement granulaire : application au mécanisme de saltation dans le transport éolien". Rennes 1, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007REN1S036.
Testo completoSand grains transported by the desert wind move in successive jumps on a granular bed. During the impact, they can eject other grains. To study this process, we collided a single bead on a packing of identical grains. We reported the experiment for a broad range of incident speeds and impact angles. The results show that, although the incident bead dissipates less energy for grazing impacts, the number of ejected grains is smaller in this case. The mean values of the ejection speed and ejection angle are, to first order, insensitive to the kinematics characteristics of the incident bead. In addition, the total kinetic energy of ejected beads is directly proportional to the fraction of incident energy given
Ould, Ahmedou Dah. "Formation et migration des dunes de sable : : Etudes expérimentales des processus d'érosion, d'avalanches et du transport éolien". Rennes 1, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005REN1S034.
Testo completoLacroix, Claire. "Chronologie holocène des feux de forêt et dynamique éolienne pour le secteur de Radisson, Québec nordique". Thesis, Université Laval, 2011. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2011/28606/28606.pdf.
Testo completoTresca, Antoine. "Contrôle souple de la dynamique éolienne le long d'un littoral artificialisé et propositions de gestion : le cas de la façade maritime du Grand Port Maritime de Dunkerque". Phd thesis, Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00825877.
Testo completoHersen, Pascal. "Morphogenèse et Dynamique des Barchanes". Paris 7, 2004. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00008602.
Testo completoSitzia, Luca. "CHRONOSTRATIGRAPHIE ET DISTRIBUTION SPATIALE DES DÉPÔTS ÉOLIENS QUATERNAIRES DU BASSIN AQUITAIN". Phd thesis, Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux I, 2014. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01009617.
Testo completoBendali, Frédéric. "Dynamique de la végétation et mobilité du sable en Jeffara tunisienne". Montpellier 2, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987MON20255.
Testo completoSimone, Yves Claude. "Le Géosystème Dunaire Anthropisé d'Essaouira-Est (Maroc atlantique) : Dynamique et Paléoenvironnements". Phd thesis, Université de Provence - Aix-Marseille I, 2000. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00171576.
Testo completoJe mets en relief deux géofaciès structurants : un géofaciès dunaire et un géofaciès lagunaire présent dans la partie ouest au contact géosystème / espace urbain. Horizontalement, leur organisation spatiale prend la forme d'une mosaïque où ils s'interpénètrent. Et verticalement, le premier se superpose au second dont la lithomasse limono-argileuse constitue le substratum. Aussi, la partie supérieure de ce dernier forme une surface d'érosion décapée par l'alizé notamment dans le couloir de déflation principal. Cette déflation est mesurée et indique une ablation cumulée de sables et limons de 3 cm/an en moyenne depuis 50 ans. Mais l'efficacité de la dynamique éolienne est aussi démontrée par l'analyse diachronique de photographies aériennes, soulignant l'évolution considérable de la forme et de la répartition des dunes à la périphérie de la ville entre 1953 et 1984. De façon cohérente, l'index de mobilité de Lancaster M = 160 marque une instabilité élevée des versants et des sommets. La réalisation des assemblages de phytolithes actuels calibrés sur la végétation, permet de calculer les index du couvert arboré, de l'aridité édaphique et du climat (d/P = 0,5 ; Iph = 91 % et Ic = 27 %). Ces quantifications montrent le positionnement actuel vers l'aride et le chaud contraignant le géosystème à une mutation accélérée, d'autant plus que l'anthropisation récente exerce une pression élevée et crée des couloirs de déflation hiérarchisés.
Ma réflexion porte aussi sur l'étude du passé et des relations à l'environnement naturel. La présence humaine marque le site dès la fin du Néolithique et les rapports mutuels entre nature et sociétés sont jalonnés de crises depuis au moins cinq siècles. Alors que sur le plan morphoclimatique, j'observe un assèchement du climat à partir de 4 350 +/- 120 ans cal BP sur un carottage effectué dans le substratum limono-argileux dont les dépôts paléo-synsédimentaires continentaux sont liés à la régression océanique post-mellahienne.
Il apparaît clairement qu'une mutation si rapide du paysage autour d'Essaouira est principalement contrôlée ou incontrôlée par les activités humaines. Un petit « Sahara » s'est formé fonctionnant comme un désert brumeux particulier, unique dans le domaine macaronésien. J'en déduit, d'une part que des boucles de rétroaction (pouvant être récursives) liées au mode d'anthropisation et aux activités humaines se forment dans le géo-système et accroissent sa complexité ; d'autre part, que le paysage en transformation permanente n'est que la partie émergée du géo-système qui tend à assurer son autoconservation.
Mezrag, Mohamed. "Dynamique environnementale des zones steppiques à Djelfa (Algérie) : caractérisation par télédétection des changements du couvert végétal et des processus d'ensablement". Thesis, Lyon, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LYSE2080/document.
Testo completoThe Algerian steppes are located between the Sahara and the Mediterranean. The semi-arid climate allows the development of natural vegetation and the maintenance of pasture. This fragile environment is the scene of change, with the decline of nomadism, the transformation of pastoralists into agro-pastoralists, the extension of agriculture and urbanization. We approach these points by articulating the past to the present to highlight the weight of the livestock activity strongly rooted in the polarization of current trends.Based on a quantitative remote sensing and analysis method for large number of satellite images, this work captures changes in environmental processes and seeks useful links between them. The precipitation analysis by a specialized indicator (SPI) reveals its fluctuating nature. Dry sequences leave damaging consequences on vegetation, human activity and sand drift reactivation.Spectacular changes are observed, agriculture has emerged from preferential places to conquer new spaces in the plains and terraces. The sand occasionally reappears, its correlation with the drought could be demonstrated. The sand drift begins after the persistence of three dry years. On the other hand, a wet year is enough to substantially reduce the sand area. This is why the interaction between water and wind activity is analyzed. We propose a model of sedimentary exchange, introducing the concept of sedimentary recycling, added transport and opposite transport.In terms of management, anticipatory protective measures are favored for the later management of the impacts of degradation. Furthermore, the prospective management is approached through the exploitation of meteorological forecast data and the identification of spectral variations indicative of reactivation of the sand drift in satellite imagery
Meurisse, Murielle. "Enregistrement haute résolution des massifs dunaires Manche, mer du Nord et Atlantique : le rôle des tempêtes". Lille 1, 2007. https://pepite-depot.univ-lille.fr/RESTREINT/Th_Num/2007/50376-2007-347.pdf.
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