Tesi sul tema "Drosophila"
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Le, Thomas Adrien. "Piwi function and piRNA cluster regulation : Drosophila melanogaster". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris 6, 2014. https://accesdistant.sorbonne-universite.fr/login?url=https://theses-intra.sorbonne-universite.fr/2014PA066688.pdf.
Testo completoPiRNAs are a diverse population of small RNA found in the animal germline to silence mobile genetic elements: loaded into Piwi proteins, they guide homology-dependent cleavage of active transposon mRNAs. In Drosophila, three Piwi proteins are expressed, from which two, AUB and AGO3, are known to destroy transposon transcripts in the cytoplasm. The third one, Piwi itself, is nuclear and the molecular mechanism of its function remains unknown. The main sources of piRNAs are discrete genomic loci called piRNA clusters, however it is not known what differentiate them from non-piRNA producing loci. During my PhD, I focused my work on two central questions:1) What is the role of Piwi in the nucleus? We showed that Piwi is responsible for transcriptional silencing by mediating installment of repressive marks, especially H3K9me3, over active transposons copies in a piRNA dependent manner.2) How are piRNA clusters defined, and what regulates their expression? Analyzing what features differentiate a piRNA producing loci from any non-producing loci in the genome, we were able to single out some specific characteristics: . We showed that maternally inherited piRNAs are responsible to define germline clusters at the next generation through two mechanisms: in the nucleus, by deposition of H3K9me3 onto complementary genomic sequence, and, in the cytoplasm, by initiating the ping-pong cycle using cluster transcripts as substrates, leading to their processing into mature piRNAs.. We found that cluster promoters are essential to mediate full cluster transcription, which is allowed thanks to a very specific chromatin signature necessary to ensure piRNA production
Le, Thomas Adrien. "Piwi function and piRNA cluster regulation : Drosophila melanogaster". Thesis, Paris 6, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA066688/document.
Testo completoPiRNAs are a diverse population of small RNA found in the animal germline to silence mobile genetic elements: loaded into Piwi proteins, they guide homology-dependent cleavage of active transposon mRNAs. In Drosophila, three Piwi proteins are expressed, from which two, AUB and AGO3, are known to destroy transposon transcripts in the cytoplasm. The third one, Piwi itself, is nuclear and the molecular mechanism of its function remains unknown. The main sources of piRNAs are discrete genomic loci called piRNA clusters, however it is not known what differentiate them from non-piRNA producing loci. During my PhD, I focused my work on two central questions:1) What is the role of Piwi in the nucleus? We showed that Piwi is responsible for transcriptional silencing by mediating installment of repressive marks, especially H3K9me3, over active transposons copies in a piRNA dependent manner.2) How are piRNA clusters defined, and what regulates their expression? Analyzing what features differentiate a piRNA producing loci from any non-producing loci in the genome, we were able to single out some specific characteristics: . We showed that maternally inherited piRNAs are responsible to define germline clusters at the next generation through two mechanisms: in the nucleus, by deposition of H3K9me3 onto complementary genomic sequence, and, in the cytoplasm, by initiating the ping-pong cycle using cluster transcripts as substrates, leading to their processing into mature piRNAs.. We found that cluster promoters are essential to mediate full cluster transcription, which is allowed thanks to a very specific chromatin signature necessary to ensure piRNA production
Entrevan, Marianne. "Caractérisation de la diversité des sites de fixation des protéines du groupe Polycomb chez la Drosophile". Thesis, Montpellier, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017MONTT029/document.
Testo completoPolycomb group (PcG) complexes were initially discovered in Drosophila as transcriptionnal repressors of homeotic genes. To date, we know that they are involves in a large pleithora of biological processes including the maintenance of stem cells plasticity, differentiation, X chromosome inactivation and imprinting. PcG complexes are highly conserved from Drosophila to Humans and can be divided into two main complexes: PRC1 and PRC2 (Polycomb repressive complex 1 and 2). Both complexes have a histone modifying activity: PRC1 catalyses the mono-ubiquitination of the lysine 118 on histone H2A (H2AK118Ub) and PRC2 catalyses the tri-methylation of the lysine 27 on histone H3 (H3K27me3).In Drosophila, these complexes are recruited to cis regulatory elements named Polycomb Responsive Elements (PREs) that drive the epigenetic inheritance of silent chromatin states throughout development. Importantly, PcG complexes do not contain DNA-binding activity but are recruited to PREs via their interaction with Transcription Factors (TF) recognizing DNA motifs clustered at PREs. However the mechanism how PREs target PcG complexes is still not well understood due to the complexity of PcG recruitment, which is reflected at different levels: The DNA signature between PREs can differ significantly and several TF are implicated in PcG recruitment, but none of them is sufficient to recruit PcG complexes to PREs. Moreover PcG complexes can cooperate in different ways to stabilize each other’s binding. Finally, another layer of complexity is found at a more global level since PcG complexes do not only bind repressed sites, but they are also found at active regions.Therefore, our working hypothesis is that different classes of PREs exist in Drosophila. My PhD work was thus to define these different classes of PREs on a genome-wide scale and to functionally characterize them in order to get a complete molecular description of PRE function. Understanding how PcG complexes are recruited is of high importance, since deregulation of both, PcG complexes and their recruiting factors can led to cancer and diseases. My work led to the identification of six different classes of PREs that are characterized by different chromatin and genomic features. Interestingly the majority of PREs are associated with active genes that can be divided into housekeeping regulatory regions and developmental enhancers. In addition another class comprises bona fide chromatin domain boundaries. On the other hand PREs associated with repressed chromatin states shows features of previously described PREs and associate with repressed genes and PcG-associated histone marks. Finally another class comprises PREs that are likely in a poised chromatin state. We further demonstrated that PREs located at repressed and active regions differ in their combination of TF. In vivo analyses along with a transcriptomic analysis performed in cell lines mutated for a member of PcG complexes revealed that PcG complexes play a repressive role at both, active and repressed PREs.Taken together, our result suggest an unexpected heterogeneity of PREs and contributes to the better understanding of their characteristics and function
Barthez, Marine. "Functional characterisation of Drosophila M1BP". Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019AIXM0298.
Testo completoThe transcription factor Motif 1 Binding protein (M1BP) is a zinc finger protein known to be involved in the pausing of RNA Polymerase II (Pol II) at the transcription start site of thousands of Drosophila genes. I was able to demonstrate direct protein interaction between M1BP and the Drosophila Hox proteins AbdA and Ubx, providing evidence that Hox-M1BP collaborate to regulate gene expression. While M1BP expression is maintained during all larval stages, loss of M1BP expression in the feeding stage induces premature autophagy. In characterising the diverse functions of M1BP, I determined that M1BP transcriptionally regulates 25% of all cellular metabolic pathways. Indeed, many severe mitochondrial defects and phenotypes are observed upon M1BP knock down in the Drosophila fat body and indirect flight muscle. One of the major consequences of M1BP knock down is that the respiratory chain is strongly impacted forcing the cell to switch to anaerobic respiration for the production of ATP. Together, these data provide evidence that M1BP is an essential transcriptional regulator of mitochondrial and cellular metabolic processes. In searching for a vertebrate homolog of Drosophila M1BP, I identified ZKSCAN3 as a vertebrate functional homolog of M1BP in autophagy repression in Drosophila fat body or in human cell lines. Additionally, transcriptomic studies demonstrate that ZKSCAN3 expression in the Drosophila fat body reverses the deregulation of the majority of genes observed upon M1BP knock down. Together with the identification that ZKSCAN3 binds to 90% of M1BP genomic targets, these data provide evidence that M1BP and ZKSCAN3 are functionally homologous proteins
Ducuing, Antoine. "Signalling and morphogenesis during Drosophila dorsal closure". Thesis, Lyon, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LYSEN002/document.
Testo completoDrosophila dorsal closure is a key embryonic process during which the dorsal-most epidermal cells called leading edge cells differentiate and act in a coordinated manner to close a transient dorsal hole covered by the amnioserosa in a process reminiscent of wound healing. I showed that JNK and DPP are wired in a network motif called ‘feed-forward loop’ (FFL) that controls leading edge cell specification and differentiation. The DPP branch of the FFL filters unwanted JNK activity that occurs during thermal stress. Next, I focused on the actin cable, a supra-cellular structure produced by the leading edge cells during dorsal closure or wound healing from fly to humans. My data suggest that the actin cable does not provide a major contractile force. Rather, the actin cable balances forces and stabilizes cell geometry so that closure resolves in a perfectly structured and scar-free tissue. The absence of the cable leads to cell shape irregularities as well as patterning and planar cell polarity defects that are reminiscent of scarring. We propose that the cable prevents scaring by acting as a mechanical freeze field that protects fine cellular structures from the major closure forces that operate at tissue level. Altogether, my work brings new insights on the signalling and morphogenesis during dorsal closure
Lepot, Frédérique. "Recherches sur l'apprentissage associatif chez la drosophile (drosophila melanogaster)". Toulouse 3, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986TOU30033.
Testo completoLepot, Frédérique. "Recherches sur l'apprentissage associatif chez la Drosophile, Drosophila melanogaster". Grenoble 2 : ANRT, 1986. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb37599134t.
Testo completoRuby, Vincent. "Étude des évènements mitochondriaux impliqués dans le contrôle de l'apoptose par rbf1, l'homologue de drosophile du gène suppresseur de tumeur rb". Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SACLV039/document.
Testo completoThe gene rb is the first tumor suppressor discovered in humans. Its prevents the appearance of tumors by regulating negatively the cell cycle. The role of pRb in apoptosis is more complex and the molecular mechanisms triggered by this transcription factor are not completely elucidated. There is a rb homologue in drosophila: rbf1. I participated in the characterization of mitochondrial events induced during activation of apoptosis by Rbf1 in a proliferating tissue of this model organism, the wing disc. In this apoptosis pathway, the Debcl protein, the only drosophila pro-apoptotic member of the Bcl-2 family, is activated and induces recruitment and oligomerization of Drp1, the main effector of mitochondrial fission. This triggers the mitochondrial fragmentation and the accumulation of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS). Both events participate to the transmission of the apoptotic signal. I have also been able to highlight the implication of factors involved in maintaining mitochondrial quality control which ensures the integrity of the mitochondria and, if necessary, triggers the degradation of damaged elements by mitophagy. Finally, I have contributed to the study of the links between translation and apoptosis induced by Rbf1. In this study, we show that the Poly-A Binding Protein (PABP) can suppress the Rbf1-induced notch phenotype in adults while cell death induced during larval stage was not inhibited but increased. These results prompted us to study the compensation mechanisms induced by the translational apparatus, which allowed us to show that a mRNA translation-related mechanism could counteract the loss of tissue resulting from Rbf1-induced apoptosis independently of apoptosis inhibition
Garrido, Damien. "Etude de l’homéostasie lipidique chez Drosophila melanogaster". Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015SACLS030.
Testo completoFatty acid (FA) metabolism is crucial in maintaining homeostasis, but also in a numerous of processes including signaling, energy storage, protection to temperature loss, regulation of behavior... In addition, FA metabolism is deregulated in several pathologies including diabetes, obesity, and cancers... Therefore, the enzymes that catalyze the reactions of the FA metabolic pathways constitute attractive targets to develop novel therapies. However the consequences of these deregulations in healthy organism are still poorly known, in particular at the level of each organ.The aim of my PhD was to estimate how FA metabolism participates in the regulation of homeostasis within a whole body organism. To address these issues, I used the genetic possibilities of the Drosophila model, whose metabolism is similar to that of mammals.I showed that FA synthesis contributes to neutralize the toxic effects of dietary sugar. This process operates in cooperation with the methylglyoxal detoxification pathway, which prevents the formation of compounds resulting from the non-enzymatic glycation. I also contributed to a project showing that the precursors of hydrocarbons and pheromones have a flexible origin, which depends on lipid homeostasis and may affect sexual recognition between individuals. Currently, I’m studying the consequences of FA synthesis inhibition in various deregulated growth models. Finally, in a preliminary work, I showed that the FA metabolism is essential in the digestive tract, possibly by disrupting water homeostasis in larvae. Taken together, these results will help to characterize the importance of FA metabolism in healthy organism as well as in deregulated processes
Lamiré, Laurie-Anne. "Identification and characterization of the mechanical role of germline growth in Drosophila melanogaster epithelial morphogenesis". Thesis, Lyon, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LYSEN002.
Testo completoEpithelial morphogenesis is essential for organ formation. I use the Drosophila ovarian follicle as a model for studying cell flattening. A follicle is composed of growing germ cells surrounded by a monolayer of cuboidal epithelial cells. At a specific stage of development, some of these cells flatten out following a regulated wave. This flattening is partly controlled by a pressure gradient from part of the germ cells (the nurse cells). All germ cells are connected via cytoplasmic bridges. This thesis studies the mechanisms leading to the generation of the gradient of pressure, and to the molecular modulation induced by this mechanical force to allow flattening. I have shown that the number and diameter of cytoplasmic bridges affect the pressure. Using three-dimensional reconstructions of follicles, I studied the role of differential growth of nurse cells by measuring the change in germ cell volume during epithelial cell flattening. Finally, I looked for the molecular mechanism leading to the flattening and influenced by a mechanical stimulus from the germinal pressure, supporting a role of the Hippo pathway in this process. In conclusion, we propose that germ cell growth mechanically and genetically influences epithelial cells to allow elongation, and thus the acquisition of the final form of the follicle
Miller, Marion. "Caractérisation du rôle et du mode d'action de MLF au cours de l'hématopoïèse chez la drosophile". Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015TOU30282/document.
Testo completoHaematopoiesis is the developmental process responsible for the formation of all blood cell types. At the molecular level, many transcription factors allow tight regulation of this process and deregulation of their activity, by affecting blood cell proliferation or differentiation, can lead to the appearance of various diseases including leukaemia. Interestingly, many genes implicated in haematopoiesis are conserved between Drosophila and human. Consequently, this insect has emerged as a potent model to study normal and pathological blood cell development. Taking advantage of this conservation, my thesis aimed at characterizing the role and mode of action of the "Myeloid Leukemia Factor" (MLF) family in Drosophila. Indeed, although the founding member of this family is involved in the development of Acute Myeloid Leukaemia in humans, this family remains poorly characterised. Previous work showed that MLF controls Drosophila blood cell homeostasis and that one conserved aspect of MLF function is to regulate the activity of RUNX transcription factor activity, including that of the Drosophila hematopoietic factor LOZENGE (LZ). Further to these results, I sought to determine more precisely MLF function in haematopoiesis and its molecular mechanism of action on RUNX factors. In vivo, I showed that mlf controls not only the number of LZ + blood cells but also their differentiation into "crystal cells. Notably, the establishment of wild type or mlf-/- LZ+ cells transcriptome by RNAseq allowed me to identify new markers for this lineage and revealed that mlf regulates the expression of a large number of them. Interestingly, I found that mlf controls both LZ+ cell number and their differentiation by regulating LZ level. Indeed, although lz is required for crystal cell development, a decrease in lz level is associated with increased LZ+ cell number and these cells exhibit "hyper-differentiated" phenotypes as well as Notch signalling pathway over-activation. These data underline the crucial role of RUNX level regulation by MLF for normal blood cell development. In parallel, using a Drosophila blood cell line (Kc167 cells), I showed that MLF physically interacts with LZ and post-translationally regulates its level. To open new leads concerning the molecular mode of action of MLF, I undertook a proteomic approach to identify its partners. Thereby, I found that the chaperon protein DNAJ1/HSP40 binds to MLF and I demonstrated that DNAJ1 is also implicated in the regulation of LZ level and activity in Kc cells. Using a CRISPR approach, I then generated a null dnaj1 allele in Drosophila and its phenotypic characterisation allowed me to show that DNAJ1 also controls the development of LZ+ blood cells, probably in interaction with MLF. All together, my results suggest that MLF could be part of a " chaperon " complex involved in controlling RUNX activity and haematopoiesis
Matias, Neuza. "Regulation of Abscission in Female Drosophila Germ Cells". Thesis, Paris 11, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA112211/document.
Testo completoAt the end of cytokinesis, a thin cytoplasmic intercellular bridge is cleaved to allow physical separation of the two daughter cells. This process is called abscission, and its cellular and molecular events have been extensively explored in yeast and isolated mammalian cells. However, how abscission is regulated in different cell types or in a developing organism remains poorly understood.Drosophila oogenesis is a great model to study how abscission is regulated developmentally, as within the same developmental unit, the germarium, we find cells undergoing abscission next to others where this process is blocked. Indeed, the germline stem cell (GSC) divides asymmetrically to give rise to another GSC and to an individualized cystoblast. This cell then enters a well-studied process of differentiation, where through four rounds of mitosis with incomplete cytokinesis, gives rives to a cyst of 16 interconnected cells. The duration of abscission, seems to be tightly regulated and dependent on the developmental context. Our lab has recently discovered that AurB and CycB/Cdk1 function as abscission timers in Drosophila GSC and isolated mammalian cells. Thus, my work consisted in exploring how this process is regulated in the Drosophila female germline.We showed that the ESCRT-III protein Shrb localizes to the midbody of the dividing GSC, functioning to promote abscission. Indeed, we found that reduced levels of Shrb resulted in the blockage, or strong delay, of abscission in the GSC and formation of a structure similar to a cyst. In these so called stem-cysts, the GSC keeps dividing while interconnected to its daughter cells. As a consequence, we saw the appearance of egg chambers formed of 32 cells, instead of 16. Furthermore, Shrb function in abscission seems to be counteracted by AurB, as reducing AurB levels in Shrb heterozygous resulted in decreased stem-cysts and 32-cell cysts. Finally, Lethal giant discs (lgd), required for Shrb function in the endosomal pathway, was also seen localizing at the midbody and regulating abscission in GSCs. Removing one copy of Lgd from Shrb heterozygous increased the number of stem-cysts, but surprisingly the number of 32-cell cysts was reduced. This paradoxical result was explained with the observation of late abscission events in mitotic cysts, which divided the 32-cell cysts in the middle, leading to the formation of two cysts of 16 cells
Alegot, Hervé. "Etude des mécanismes d'élongation du follicule ovarien de Drosophila melanogaster". Thesis, Clermont-Ferrand 1, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016CLF1MM06/document.
Testo completoTissue elongation plays a key role during development. Schematically, this morphogenetic process can be described by three main parameters: the cue orienting the elongation, the movement generating force and the associated cellular behavior. The Drosophila ovarian follicle, initially spherical, elongates as it develops, ending as a 2.5 time longer than wide mature egg. I found that follicles elongate through at least three consecutive phases and I aimed to determine the parameters of the early phase. The signal comes from a cluster of cells located at each pole of the follicle secreting the Jak-Stat pathway ligand and the subsequent activation of the pathway as a gradient from the poles. A pulling force is generated by the Jak-Stat dependent apical pulsations of the cells following the same gradient. The elongation is stabilized by oriented cell intercalations along the elongation axis and a gradient of apical constriction. Our data allow proposing a mechanism where a gradient of transcription factor activity can lead to epithelial elongation without any planar polarity requirement
Macchi, Marc. "Contribution à l' étude de la morphogénèse des mitochondries chez la drosophile". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Aix-Marseille, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012AIXM4051.
Testo completoMitochondria are organelles which are a few micrometers long and are originated from the incorporation of an alpha-proteobacteria in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells through endosymbiosis. In eukaryotic cells, mitochondria play a central role in ATP production as well as in programmed cell death and in the biosynthesis of many molecules. Mitochondria are highly polymorphic in size and form. Their organization also varies considerably according to the cell type or physiological or pathological state of the cell. In the last two decades, the study of the mechanisms controlling morphogenesis, dynamic of mitochondrial fission and fusion and their physiological roles has become a major research field of mitochondria. In addition, the progress in video-microscopy enable to record mitochondrial dynamics in the cytoplasm of living cells. I participated in the research on the characterization of gene function called Pantagruelian Mitochondria I (PMI), a novel determinant of the mitochondrial morphology that we discovered in Drosophila. PMI, a protein of the inner membrane, is involved in its membrane organization and essential to form tubular mitochondria. I also contributed to the development of experimental tools and protocols to visualize and study the mitochondrial dynamics in living Drosophila embryos. Interestingly, a stereotyped process of mitochondrial remodeling during Drosophila embryogenesis has been found and it raised a question about its role in developmental processes through my work
Laddada, Lilia. "Etude du développement des tendons et de leur interaction avec les précurseurs de muscles lors de la myogenèse appendiculaire chez la Drosophile". Thesis, Université Clermont Auvergne (2017-2020), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018CLFAC011/document.
Testo completoThe formation of the musculo-(exo)skeletal system in drosophila is a remarkable example of tissue patterning making it a suitable model for studying multiple tissue interactions during development.The aim of our study is to better understand appendicular myogenesis through the identification of early interactions between tendon and muscle precursors, and by investigating the mechanisms governing the specification of tendon cell precursors of the leg disc. In order to characterize the interaction between these two tissues, we adapted the GRASP method (GFP Reconstitution Across Synaptic Partners) and set up live imaging experiments to reveal cellular interactions between tendon precursors and myoblasts. We have also conducted a genome wide cell-specific analysis using Fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) on imaginal discs which allowed us to perform a tendon cell specific transcriptional analysis.To test whether reciprocal muscle-tendon interactions are necessary for correct muscle-tendon development, I performed experiments to specifically interfere with the development of tendon or muscle precursors. By altering tendon precursors formation during the early steps of leg development, we affect the spatial localization of the associated myoblasts. These findings provide the first evidence of the developmental impact of early interactions between muscle and tendon precursors in the leg disc.In the second part of my project, I investigated the role of Notch pathway and odd-skipped genes in the differentiation and morphogenesis of tendon precursors. Thus, I have demonstrated that Notch signalling pathway is necessary and locally sufficient for the initiation of stripe expression, and that both odd-skipped genes and stripe are required downstream of Notch to promote morphological changes associated with formation of long tubular tendons
Louradour, Isabelle. "Réponse au parasitisme par des guêpes chez la drosophile : rôle de la voie de signalisation Toll/NFkB". Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015TOU30256/document.
Testo completoIn all organisms, the immune response is divided into two parts: the humoral response, which consists of producing a large number of molecules to combat the pathogen, and the cellular response, which relies on immune cells produced during hematopoiesis. In adult mammals, hematopoiesis occurs in the bone marrow, where a particular microenvironment called the "hematopoietic niche" controls self-renewal, proliferation and differentiation of Hematopoietic Stem Cells (HSCs), which give rise to all blood cell types. Following a pathogenic infection, the hematopoietic system's homeostasis is modified in order to obtain an adapted cellular immune response. The role that the hematopoietic niche plays during an immune response remains unclear. Drosophila is used as a model system to study in vivo hematopoiesis and the immune response. In drosophila, hematopoiesis occurs at the larval stage in a specialized organ called the Lymph Gland (LG). Within this organ, a small group of cells termed the Posterior Signalling Center (PSC), controls the balance between hematopoietic progenitors and differentiated immune/blood cells, a role similar to the mammalian hematopoietic niche. Following an immune challenge, especially in response to wasp parasitism, a massive differentiation of specific immune cells called lamellocytes occurs in the LG. The LG subsequently disperses to release lamellocytes into the hemolymph. During parasitism, the wasp lays an egg in the drosophila larva. In the absence of a cellular immune response, the wasp egg will develop and kill its host. By forming a capsule around the wasp egg, lamellocytes impede the pathogen's development and permit the host's survival. During my PhD, I studied the drosophila larva cellular immune response to wasp parasitism. I focused my research on the role of the "hematopoietic niche". I therefore initiated a transcriptomic study, in order to identify genes expressed by the PSC in response to parasitism. In parallel, I characterized the role of the Toll/NF?B signalling pathway in the LG during parasitism. The Toll/NF?B pathway plays a key role in the humoral response both in drosophila and mammals; however its role in the cellular immune response remains unknown. My results indicate that the Toll/NF?B pathway is activated in the PSC following parasitism. Its activation is mediated by the NF?B transcription factor " Dorsal-related Immunity Factor " (Dif), which is required in the PSC for rapid lamellocyte production and LG dispersion. Furthermore, I established the existence of a genetic network comprising the Toll/NFkB and EGFR signalling pathways and Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS), in order to control the immune response to parasitism. An increase in ROS levels in the PSC and EGFR pathway activation in the immune cells, have been described as required for wasp egg encapsulation. My data suggest that the ROS and the EGFR pathway are also required for LG dispersion following wasp parasitism, in PSC cells and in hematopoietic progenitors, respectively. Based on the high conservation of signalling pathways and molecular processes controlling hematopoiesis, my results raise the question of whether such a network is conserved in the mammalian hematopoietic niche in response to pathogenic infections
Lavagnini-Pizzo, Taís Carmona. "História evolutiva de Drosophila serido (\"cluster\" Drosophila buzzatii)". Universidade de São Paulo, 2015. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/59/59139/tde-30032015-201941/.
Testo completoDrosophila buzzatii cluster comprises seven species endemic of South America and that present a mandatory ecological association with cacti. Among these species, Drosophila serido has a wide geographical range, in Caatinga and along Atlantic coast, and is considered as a polytypic species, divided in two groups: northeast and coast populations. The purpose of this study was understand the process that shaped the current distribution of D. serido populations through genetic analysis using sequences of nuclear genes period and kl-5, X- and Y-linked, respectively, autosomal genes GstD1 e E5, and mitochondrial gene COI. The genetic homogeneity among Northeast populations and the north-south division among coast Atlantic populations were observed for all markers. Three patterns related to population structure in coast Atlantic were seen for the different markers. Hypothesis that Diamantina Plateau was the dispersion center for the species were confirmed at this study, although, TMRCA estimated for Santa Catarina populations suggested that these ones were ancestral, and that Northeast would be colonized from them. Expansion range and allopatric fragmentation were historical events suggested as phylogeographic inferences to explain the current isolation of D. serido populations in Goiás and Minas Gerais. According to TMRCA estimations, it is possible that causal events of historical process inferred were related to the influence of climatic fluctuations during Quaternary in the geographic distribution range of vegetation/cacti, indirectly affecting the populations of cactofilic flies. Furthermore, selection events, associated with ecological factors due to cacti use, as well as contributed to diversification process in populations, once it was found evidence of positive selection at autosomal genes.
Massie, Katie. "Sexual Isolation Between Drosophila mojavensis and Drosophila arizonae". Thesis, The University of Arizona, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/193326.
Testo completoSrivastava, Diwas. "Modulation of hippo pathway by alternative splicing". Thesis, Montpellier, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019MONTT015/document.
Testo completoThe Hippo pathway is a conserved pathway involved in tissue growth and tumor suppression. Studies have demonstrated its significance in the development of human cancers. This cascade controls the activity of the transcription co-activator Yorkie (Yki) in flies and Yes-associated protein (YAP) in mammals. Due to Alternative Splicing (AS), both Yki and YAP proteins exist as two isoforms containing one (Yki1/YAP1) or two (Yki2/YAP2) WW domains. Since WW domains are essential for interaction with specific partners, the alternative inclusion of this domain in Yki/YAP protein may remodel their interaction network and therefore their activity. The regulation and functional consequences of AS of yki/YAP in vivo are unknown.In this Ph.D. project, we identified that depletion of splicing factor B52 in Drosophila lowers inclusion of the alternative exon in yki mRNAs and favors the expression of Yki1 isoform at the expense of the Yki2 isoform. B52 depletion in the wing reduces growth and Yki activity. We demonstrate that Yki1 isoform is an attenuated version of Yki protein that can compete with Yki2 isoform in the nucleus. To ascertain the role of yki AS in vivo and the importance of short isoform Yki1, we abrogated this splicing by using CRISPR/Cas9 technology and created flies that can express Yki2 isoform only. yki2only flies are viable but display a random phenotype of asymmetric wing size. This rise in “fluctuating asymmetry” that is the consequence of subtle deviation from normal development, suggests that AS of yki is crucial for the development robustness. Taking together, these results highlight a new layer of modulation of Hippo pathway via AS of yki.Alternative inclusion of the second WW domain is a conserved feature between Yki and YAP. This further supports the idea that Yki1 and YAP1 isoforms have an important function in vivo and that AS of yki/YAP is a conserved mechanism of control of the Hippo pathway. This study opens up new perspectives for modulation of the Hippo pathway in cancer cells by altering YAP AS
Zhang, Li. "DRMT4 (Drosophila arginine methyltransferase 4) : functions in Drosophila oogenesis". Thesis, McGill University, 2004. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=80905.
Testo completoLautier, Nicole. "Relation entre le virus c de drosophile et son hôte drosophila melanogaster". Paris 6, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993PA066402.
Testo completoElrefaey, Marwa. "The identification of novel regulators of autophagy in the L3 Drosophila melanogaster fat body". Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020AIXM0178.
Testo completoAutophagy is an evolutionary conserved cellular process, in which parts of the cytoplasm and organelles are delivered to lysosomes for degradation and recycling. Autophagy has gained immense attention in the past decade, due to its pleiotropic role and implication in a large panel of human pathologies. Thus, autophagy needs to be finely regulated. While cytoplasmic control of autophagy through posttranslational modifications has been extensively studied, nuclear transcriptional regulation of autophagy remains largely uncharacterized. The aim of my PhD project was to further characterize the function of Hox proteins and identify additional transcriptional regulators of autophagy in the fat body. My work identified the transcriptomic changes associated with developmental and starvation induced autophagy. Focusing on changes impacting transcription factor encoding genes, I uncovered Slbo as novel transcriptional regulator of autophagy. Slbo was found to act as an autophagy inducer, and to be expressed in a temporally complementary expression pattern to Hox proteins, which were previously established as autophagy repressors. The obtained results collectively allow the conclusion that a tandem of transcriptional activator/repressor times developmental autophagy. Additionally, I investigated the processes that differ in developmentally-programmed and starvation-induced autophagy and further investigated Hox function in the larval fat body. Novel Hox targets were identified, providing further insights into Hox control of autophagy, in addition to highlighting that Hox functions in the fat body are not limited to autophagy control
Potier, Delphine. "Approches in silico et in vivo pour l'étude de la régulation transcriptionnelle : application à la cardiogenèse chez D. melanogaster". Thesis, Aix-Marseille 2, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011AIX22055.
Testo completoDuring my thesis, I focused on the development of the cardiovascular system in Drosophila in order to investigate the regulatory logic of this process. During embryogenesis, cardiogenesis is mediated by a gene regulatory network which includes conserved signaling pathways and transcription factors, and leads to the formation of a linear cardiac tube. Then, during metamorphosis, the larval cardiac tube is remodeled to form the adult organ.I first participated in the evaluation and the improvement of a new method, cisTargetX, that uses a comprehensive library of motifs, combined with phylogenetic conservation, to identify potential cis-regulatory modules (CRM) presenting common features in a cluster of co-expressed genes.Using this method among other tools, I analysed cardiac remodeling during metamorphosis to predict motifs for transcription factors (TF) involved in the temporal control of gene expression, and also their associated CRM. I performed in-vivo validations of predicted CRM, and demonstrated that they reproduce the expected temporal expression pattern. In addition, I demonstrated that motifs mutation within selected CRM abrogate this expression pattern. This motif is predicted to be recognized by a TF that belong to the nuclear receptor (NR) family. Dhr3, a NR highly expressed at the onset of the induction of the analysed gene set, is demonstrated to be essential for CRM temporal pattern. Our results suggest a modular architecture of the regulatory machinery, in which the temporal and spatial regulations are distinct.Next, I participated in the characterization of the Gene Regulatory Network (GRN) involved in cardiac differentiation during embryogenesis. Combining transcriptome profiling of differentiating cardiac cells with Mef2 Chip-on-Chip experiments allowed me to predict that TF belonging to bZIP and REL family are likely to participate in the GRN driving cardiac differentiation. In-vivo validation of these predictions is in progress
Aradhya, Rajaguru. "Characterization of quiescent state and reactivation of adult muscle precursor cells in Drosophila melanogaster". Thesis, Clermont-Ferrand 1, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013CLF1MM16.
Testo completoUse of stem cells in regenerative medicine has attracted great interest in the past decade. Muscle stem cells such as satellite cells were shown to regenerate skeletal muscle tissue after injury and to contribute to muscle growth. These properties have raised an enormous interest in using satellite cells for the therapy of skeletal muscle wasting disorders where the intrinsic stem cell population is unable to repair muscle tissue. However, better understanding of the mechanisms controlling satellite cell lineage progression and self-renewal is crucial to exploit the power of these cells in combating myopathic conditions. In the studies described here, the mechanisms regulating the in vivo behavior and maintenance of quiescence of Drosophila Adult Muscle Precursors (AMPs) that share several properties with the vertebrate satellite cells are analyzed. We show that undifferentiated embryonic AMPs display homing behavior and that their survival depends on the somatic muscles. We observe that AMPs establish direct contact with muscle fibers by sending thin filopodia and that this AMP-muscle interaction is crucial for AMPs spatial positioning. Larval muscles also play an important role in promoting the AMP cell proliferation. They achieve this by secreting Drosophila Insulin like peptide 6 (dIlp6) that activate the AMPs from their quiescent state and induce proliferation during the end of the second larval instar. We also demonstrate that Notch acts downstream of Insulin pathway and positively regulates proliferation of AMPs via dMyc. In the second part of the thesis manuscript we report that the affected formation ofadult muscles impacts on persisting abdominal larval templates. In this section role of the Notch signaling pathway in specification of the Adult founder cells is also demonstrated. Finally, we report generation of new tools for the cell type specific genome wide approaches that can be applied to identify global gene expression profiles in quiescent versus activated AMPs. Together these studies identified several new features of AMPs and enhance our understanding on the processes regulating stem cells homing, quiescence and reactivation
Dib, Azza. "Pri a novel target of ecdysone for the temporal control of drosophila development". Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016TOU30144/document.
Testo completoRecent advances in genomics have revealed that most species produce a broad variety of long non-coding RNAs, whose functions remain generally not well understood. A growing body of evidence yet indicates that apparently non-coding RNAs can often encode peptides from small Open-Reading Frames (smORFs). While additional data clearly support their translation in cells, an important issue is to elucidate the putative mode of action of smORF peptides and whether these peptides could contribute to the regulation of differentiation or development. Our team is studying the development of epidermal derivatives in flies. Previous work has identified a key transcription factor, OvoL/Shavenbaby (Svb) that governs the differentiation of epidermal trichomes, which are cuticle extensions contributing to different aspects of the insect life. Svb is both required and sufficient to determine trichome formation, and thus Svb expression defines which subsets of cells form trichomes. Recent studies showed that Svb directly activates the expression of a large number of genes encoding cellular effectors, collectively responsible for trichome differentiation. Unexpectedly, trichome formation also requires an atypical RNA, called polished rice/ tarsal less/ mille pattes (pri), which was initially considered as non-coding but that acts through the production of four smORF peptides (11-32aa). The absence of pri leads to embryos lacking any trichomes, as seen following the inactivation of Svb, thus suggesting a functional interaction between Pri & Svb. Indeed, a collaborative work has demonstrated that Pri peptides induce a post-translational maturation of the Svb protein, switching its activity from a transcriptional repressor to an activator. Therefore, whereas Svb expression defines the spatial pattern of epidermal cells forming trichomes, Pri peptides are required to turn ON the genetic program of trichome differentiation. While recent work in the team now unravels the molecular mechanisms by which Pri peptides achieve Svb maturation, the developmental rationale of such a complex process remained to be explored. To address this question, the aim of my PhD has been to investigate the transcriptional control of pri expression. This issue appeared important since this is ultimately the onset of pri expression that defines when the transcriptional program of trichome is executed, in Svb positive cells. In a first step, I used a series of bacterial artificial chromosomes to functionally delineate the extent of the pri genetic locus. Although pri is an intron-less RNA of approx. 1.5kb, rescuing assays showed that pri function relies on distant genomic regions, spanning more than 50 kb. Using a battery of in vivo reporter constructs, I then characterized pri genomic regions and found that they include a large array of cis-regulatory regions driving pri expression in different tissues, and at several stages of embryonic and post-embryonic development. In collaboration with other members of the team, our studies further demonstrate that pri expression is regulated by the ecdysone steroid hormone, a signaling pathway well known for providing a temporal control of developmental transitions. We collected a set of complementary pieces of evidence showing that the Ecdysone Receptor activates the expression of pri, directly binding to different enhancers that drive various spatiotemporal patterns of pri expression. All together, these data establish that a main role of pri is to mediate the systemic signal of steroid hormone to precisely time the execution of epidermal differentiation, at the successive stages of Drosophila development. This allows us to explain the developmental importance of Pri peptides in the temporal control of epidermis differentiation, and additional results suggest a broader implication of Pri in implementing ecdysone signaling for the timing of different programs of development
Falzone, Charlie. "Molecular analysis of the cGMP-dependent kinase signaling pathway which mediates foraging behaviour in Drosophila melanogaster". Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp01/MQ27347.pdf.
Testo completoRagheb, Ramy. "Etude de l'intéraction entre inflammation et infection chez la drosophile". Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016AIXM4104.
Testo completoMacchi, Marc. "Contribution à l' étude de la morphogénèse des mitochondries chez la drosophile". Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012AIXM4051/document.
Testo completoMitochondria are organelles which are a few micrometers long and are originated from the incorporation of an alpha-proteobacteria in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells through endosymbiosis. In eukaryotic cells, mitochondria play a central role in ATP production as well as in programmed cell death and in the biosynthesis of many molecules. Mitochondria are highly polymorphic in size and form. Their organization also varies considerably according to the cell type or physiological or pathological state of the cell. In the last two decades, the study of the mechanisms controlling morphogenesis, dynamic of mitochondrial fission and fusion and their physiological roles has become a major research field of mitochondria. In addition, the progress in video-microscopy enable to record mitochondrial dynamics in the cytoplasm of living cells. I participated in the research on the characterization of gene function called Pantagruelian Mitochondria I (PMI), a novel determinant of the mitochondrial morphology that we discovered in Drosophila. PMI, a protein of the inner membrane, is involved in its membrane organization and essential to form tubular mitochondria. I also contributed to the development of experimental tools and protocols to visualize and study the mitochondrial dynamics in living Drosophila embryos. Interestingly, a stereotyped process of mitochondrial remodeling during Drosophila embryogenesis has been found and it raised a question about its role in developmental processes through my work
Romero, Soriano Valèria. "Transposable element misregulation in Drosophila buzzatii–Drosophila koepferae interspecific hybrids". Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/393906.
Testo completoTransposable elements (TEs) are mobile genetic units present in almost all the eukaryotic sequenced genomes. Their mobilizing capacity, together with their repetitive nature, makes them powerful endogenous mutators able to create novel genetic variants, which will be then subject to selection. However, their mutagenic potential can also endanger their host’s fitness, which has led to the development of several regulatory strategies against TE mobilization in eukaryotic organisms. These are especially important in the germline, where mutations can be transmitted to the offspring. In Drosophila ovaries, TEs are mainly regulated by a small RNA-mediated silencing mechanism, the piRNA (Piwi-interacting RNA) pathway, which affects transcriptional and post-transcriptional TE silencing. This strong regulation can be relaxed under several stress conditions, including interspecific hybridization, a genomic stressor that promotes TE mobilization. Several cases of transposition events have been described in hybrids of different species, including both animals and plants. In the case that concerns us, D. buzzatii–D. koepferae hybrids, a previous survey in our group detected mobilization of at least 28 TEs. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying this TE release remain elusive, although recent studies on hybrid TE expression seem to point to a transcriptional deregulation. Furthermore, little is known about the effects this phenomenon can have in the genome of the hybrid progeny. In this work, we first assess the impact that hybridization-induced TE proliferation has on the genome size of D.buzzatii–D. koepferae hybrids, throughout four generations of hybridization (an interspecific cross followed by three backcrosses). We demonstrate the existence of a sex-specific genome expansion, that affects only females at the first backcross. These results provide the first evidence of genome size increase in interspecific hybrids of animal species. We hypothesize that a TE deregulation at a transcriptional level occurs in F1 females, leading to new TE insertions that result in a genome size increase in the following generation. In order to test this hypothesis, we address two TE expression studies in the same hybrids, using two different approaches. First, we perform an in-depth analysis of the expression of one of the mobilized transposons, Helena, in both sexes and different tissues. We show that Helena expression in somatic tissues is not altered after hybridization, whereas in gonads sex-biased effects are observed. Indeed, Helena is repressed in F1 testes, in concordance with the unaltered genome size in males. In ovaries, an early Helena overexpression seems to occur in young flies, being then controlled in older ones. We subsequently performed a global analysis using a transcriptomic approach, in order to evaluate if the results for Helena could be extended to other TEs. To disentangle the molecular mechanisms involved in TE deregulatiom, we analysed the piRNA populations of parental species and hybrids. We show that F1 testes indeed tend to present a TE expression lower than D. buzzatii, which is coupled with a global increase of piRNA amounts. In ovaries, TE overexpression is the more common effect, and seems to be mainly due to differences in piRNA production strategies between parental species. Actually, the piRNA pathway proteins are divergent between parental species and could be at the origin of the hybrid instability. Moreover, differences in piRNA amounts between D. buzzatii and D. koepferae cytoplasms could also account for some cases of deregulation, as occurs in hybrid dysgenesis syndrome. Finally, other explanations are needed to account for the whole pattern of deregulation, such as the failure of histone modification’s deposition or of other TE silencing pathways.
Belliart-Guerin, Ghislain. "Etude du rappel des Mémoires à Long Terme chez Drosophila melanogaster". Thesis, Paris 6, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA066199/document.
Testo completoDrosophila brain is subject to complex neuronal processes, and their study is very convenient in drosophila due to powerful genetic tools. Drosophila can form aversive or appetitive olfactory associative memory, if an odor is associated to a punishment or a reward. When an aversive conditioning is repeated more than five times with rest intervals, the memory is strengthened, implying de novo protein synthesis and lasting over one week, in what we call Long Term Memory (LTM). With appetitive paradigm, a protein synthesis dependent LTM can also be formed, but from only one conditioning cycle.Mushroom Bodies (MB) are the brain memory center where olfactory memory is encoded, and they comprise 4000 neurons, the Kenyon Cells (KC). They are targeted by around 150 cholinergic projection neurons, bringing olfactory information, but also by 130 afferent dopaminergic neurons and only 34 efferent neurons. Over the past 15 years, one have identified many neurons involved in olfactory memory formation and storage. The first goal of my PhD work was to precisely identify which neurons encode LTM within MB and which neurons carry mnesic information out of MB. To this purpose, we used thermogenetic tools to block synaptic transmission, in precise neuronal populations and at precise time windows. After the induction of aversive or appetitive LTM formation, we can inhibit KC or MB output neurons during the retrieval of recorded informations, 24H later. Then, aiming at understanding the physiology of the unravelled neurons, i.e. how their activity support their role in memory, we record their calcic activity with a genetically encoded fluorescent probe, in vivo, with a confocal microscopy device. To mimick LTM retrieval conditions, we present the conditioned odor to LTM trained flies
Silva, de Castro Sandra. "Contrôle génétique de l'établissement et de la plasticité de la pigmentation abdominale chez Drosophila melanogaster". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SORUS320.
Testo completoPhenotypic plasticity is the ability of a given genotype to produce different phenotypes in response to different environmental factors such as temperature, nutrition or presence of predators. This phenomenon allows the adaptation of individuals to their fluctuating environments. It can also facilitate evolution, as it broadens the range of phenotypes produced by a given genotype. As a model of phenotypic plasticity, we study the abdominal pigmentation in Drosophila melanogaster females. Indeed, this trait is temperature-sensitive: drosophila females are darker when they develop at lower temperatures particularly in the posterior segments. In the laboratory, it has been previously shown, that tan (t), a gene encoding a pigmentation enzyme, is more expressed at 18°C than at 29°C. Moreover, this gene plays an essential role in the phenotypic plasticity of abdominal pigmentation in Drosophila melanogaster females. During my thesis, I aimed to characterize the gene regulatory network involved in t regulation in the abdominal epidermis of Drosophila melanogaster females. I also tried to identify, in this network, the actors mediating the effect of temperature on t expression. Using a candidate gene approach, I showed that the transcription factors Bric-à-brac (Bab) and Abdominal-B (Abd-B) are involved in the phenotypic plasticity of abdominal pigmentation by regulating t. Furthermore, I performed a genetic screen targeting 573 genes encoding transcription factors and chromatin regulators to identify new regulators of t. At the end of this screen, I obtained a list of 27 genes involved in this regulation. I then started the functional characterization of two of these candidates: forkhead box subgroup O (foxo) encoding a transcription factor involved in the insulin response pathway and little imaginal discs (lid) encoding a histone demethylase
Kern, Andrew David. "Drosophila population genomics /". For electronic version search Digital dissertations database. Restricted to UC campuses. Access is free to UC campus dissertations, 2005. http://uclibs.org/PID/11984.
Testo completoIndelicato, Claire-Emmanuelle. "Caractérisation des mécanismes impliqués dans la promotion de croissance de la Drosophile par Lactobacillus plantarum". Thesis, Lyon, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LYSEN094/document.
Testo completoIntestinal microbiota can modulate virtually all aspects of their host physiology, and particularly, digestion and metabolism. However, the molecular mechanisms at play remain largely unknown. To tackle this question, we use a simple gnotobiotic model: Drosophila larvae monoassociated with one of its major natural symbiont, Lactobacillus plantarum. Previous work from our group showed that L. plantarum promotes the juvenile growth of larvae facing a protein scarcity, thereby dampening the deleterious effect of the nutrient deficiency on larval growth. This growth enhancement partially relies on the upregulation of intestinal proteases, as well as on the modulation of the host TOR (Target Of Rapamycin) pathway by the symbionts. My thesis work aimed at unraveling other host genetic mechanisms involved in the interaction between Drosophila and L. plantarum during growth. Our work showed that host natural genomic variations affect the fly physiologic response to L. plantarum. Furthermore, the bases of our work enabled to unveil a novel role of intestinal bacteria, revealing their ability to act as a genetic buffer to compensate the growth impairments due to the fly genetic background. In addition, L. plantarum decreases the phenotypic variations in various host fitness traits (growth, organ size, timing to pupariation) and it also confers robustness to organ patterning. Finally, we showed that the TGF-β ligand, Dawdle plays an important regulatory role on digestive enzymes in a protein-deficient nutritional context, and that this regulation can be inhibitory or activating depending on the microbial environment
Yung, Yuk Kwong. "Histone H3 Serine 28 is essential for efficient Polycomb-mediated gene repression in Drosophila". Thesis, Montpellier, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015MONTT001/document.
Testo completoPolycomb group (PcG) proteins maintain repression on key developmental genes to preserve cell fates. It is unknown on how PcG-mediated repressive chromatin is inherited across cell cycles. This project aims to study the chromatin-binding profile of PcG proteins and their cognate histone mark (H3K27me3) in mitosis. We observed that Polycomb (Pc) were dissociated from chromosomes during mitosis and reassociation begins from late anaphase onwards. In contrary, Ph, PSC and high level of H3K27me3 were detected on mitotic chromosomes. Importantly, drug-inhibition of Aurora B and hence depletion of H3S28ph retained Pc on mitotic chromosomes. To further understand how mitotic H3S28ph affects PcG proteins binding profile, a FACS-sorting protocol was optimized to isolate mitotic cells for ChIP-seq analyses. In parallel, Drosophila model of histone mutants (H3K27R and H3S28A) were established to assess the importance of these modifications on PcG-mediated epigenetics inheritance across mitoses
Travaillard, Solène. "Evolution of sweet taste perception in Drosophila suzukii egg-laying behavior". Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2020. http://theses.univ-amu.fr.lama.univ-amu.fr/200319_TRAVAILLARD_595zznphj441ia478s759qzxd_TH.pdf.
Testo completoAnimal’s behavior is the direct result of its perception of the outside world. Numerous crucial behaviors, like the egg-laying site choice in insects, are the product of adaptations to specific sensory cues. Two species can detect and respond differently to the same sensory cue, but not much is known about the mechanisms underlying the evolution of behavior.The majority of Drosophila prefers to lay eggs on rotten fruits in nature. On the contrary, D. suzukii prefers to lay eggs on ripe fruits. Because of this specific behavior, D. suzukii became a major crop pest during the last decade. D. suzukii’s host shift from rotten to ripe fruits is a unique opportunity to study the mechanims of behavior evolution. My thesis project seeks to identify the gustatory cues and components of sensory system (receptors, neurons) involved in the egg-laying preference of D. suzukii for ripe fruits.In the ripe fruits, sugars (fructose, glucose, sucrose) are present in abundance, and could be an important chemical cue that guide D. suzukii egg-laying choice.To test this hypothesis, I used a comparative approach between D. suzukii and D. melanogaster which includes (1) various egg-laying behavior assays, and (2) the transcriptomic profiling of taste organs by mRNA sequencing.Together, my results suggest that D. suzukii oviposition preference for ripe fruits could be the result of its strong preference for fructose and glucose. Important changes in the GRs’ pool could be at the origin of this response to fruit sugars, by enhancing the detection of fructose and glucose notably
Pearson, Bret James. "Regulation of temporal identity in Drosophila neuroblast lineages /". view abstract or download file of text, 2005. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/uoregon/fullcit?p3164084.
Testo completoTypescript. Includes vita and abstract. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 152-164). Also available for download via the World Wide Web; free to University of Oregon users.
Sabl, Joy F. "Effects of repetitiveness, pairing and linkage on position-effect variegation in Drosophila /". Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/5204.
Testo completoWAGER, JORJ ANNE. "BACTERIA ASSOCIATED WITH THE CACTOPHILIC SPECIES DROSOPHILA ARIZONAE AND DROSOPHILA ALDRICHI". Thesis, The University of Arizona, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/192247.
Testo completoGonzález, Morales Nicanor. "L'intestin adulte comme modèle d'étude de l'asymétrie droite-gauche chez la Drosophile : couplage entre la myosine ID et la polarité planaire dans l'asymétrie droite-gauche chez la Drosophile". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Nice, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014NICE4071.
Testo completoStereotyped left right (LR) asymmetry ensures proper looping of internal organs. In Drosophila, the adult hindgut (AHG) has a clear stereotypical dextral loop and, like all LR asymmetric organs, require MyoID for correct orientation. MyoID is an unconventional myosin type I that binds to DE-Cadherin, this association is required for proper LR establishment; however the mechanism that translates MyoID chirality into proper morphogenesis remains unknown. The AHG is a long tube coiled dextrally and located in the middle of the abdominal region. It develops from a cluster of progenitors containing two different populations of cells, H1 and H2. Here, we show that MyoID controls the AHG dextral loop by binding to the atypical cadherin Dachsous in H1 cells. Further, Ds-Fat signaling propagates towards the H2 cells which in turn become polarized towards the right and consequently loop. H1 is a transient population of cells that wear off in the first hours of metamorphosis; nevertheless the dextral information generated in H1 is maintained in H2 cells due to the cooperative action of PCP components. We demonstrate that the molecular basis of the LR establishment downstream of MyoID action lies in the PCP system, which has a double role transmitting and maintaining a dextral signal in the AHG. Thus, we provide for the first time a link in L/R morphogenesis between Drosophila and vertebrates in which PCP mutants result in L/R defects. Furthermore, in our attempts to better understand the evolution of L/R morphogenesis we found the recently co-Appearance of a myoID cis-Regulatory element and the AHG dextral loop, during Drosophila evolution, suggesting that changes in myoID express
Silva, de Castro Sandra. "Contrôle génétique de l'établissement et de la plasticité de la pigmentation abdominale chez Drosophila melanogaster". Thesis, Sorbonne université, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SORUS320/document.
Testo completoPhenotypic plasticity is the ability of a given genotype to produce different phenotypes in response to different environmental factors such as temperature, nutrition or presence of predators. This phenomenon allows the adaptation of individuals to their fluctuating environments. It can also facilitate evolution, as it broadens the range of phenotypes produced by a given genotype. As a model of phenotypic plasticity, we study the abdominal pigmentation in Drosophila melanogaster females. Indeed, this trait is temperature-sensitive: drosophila females are darker when they develop at lower temperatures particularly in the posterior segments. In the laboratory, it has been previously shown, that tan (t), a gene encoding a pigmentation enzyme, is more expressed at 18°C than at 29°C. Moreover, this gene plays an essential role in the phenotypic plasticity of abdominal pigmentation in Drosophila melanogaster females. During my thesis, I aimed to characterize the gene regulatory network involved in t regulation in the abdominal epidermis of Drosophila melanogaster females. I also tried to identify, in this network, the actors mediating the effect of temperature on t expression. Using a candidate gene approach, I showed that the transcription factors Bric-à-brac (Bab) and Abdominal-B (Abd-B) are involved in the phenotypic plasticity of abdominal pigmentation by regulating t. Furthermore, I performed a genetic screen targeting 573 genes encoding transcription factors and chromatin regulators to identify new regulators of t. At the end of this screen, I obtained a list of 27 genes involved in this regulation. I then started the functional characterization of two of these candidates: forkhead box subgroup O (foxo) encoding a transcription factor involved in the insulin response pathway and little imaginal discs (lid) encoding a histone demethylase
Kumar, Arun. "Cellular and molecular mechanism controlling collective glial cell migration in drosophila". Thesis, Strasbourg, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013STRAJ071/document.
Testo completoThe functionality of the complex neural network depends on the interactions between neurons and glia. While many efforts have been made to understand the neuron-neuron interactions, less is known about those amongst glial cells. Due to the complexity of the vertebrate nervous system, which comprises manifold more glia than neurons, it is hard to tackle the role of glia-glia interactions. The nervous system of Drosophila, however, has a lower glia-neuron ratio, which makes this simple animal an ideal model. I use genetic approaches at cellular resolution to dissect the cellular and molecular mechanisms of glial collective migration in vivo. In Sum, I have shown some basic mechanism controlling collective cell migration: 1) cells at the front of the collective interact with each other through anterograde and retrograde bidirectional interaction. 2) N-cad appears necessary for timely movement of glial community
Layden, Michael J. "Motor neuron development in the Drosophila embryonic central nervous system /". view abstract or download file of text, 2006. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1188873381&sid=1&Fmt=2&clientId=11238&RQT=309&VName=PQD.
Testo completoTypescript. Includes vita and abstract. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 101-115). Also available for download via the World Wide Web; free to University of Oregon users.
Tixier, Vanessa. "Identification et analyse fonctionnelle de nouveaux gènes impliqués dans la myogénèse chez la drosophile : et mise en évidence d'une transition métabolique nécessaire à la différenciation musculaire". Thesis, Clermont-Ferrand 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011CLF1MM19/document.
Testo completoA large number of genes involved in myogenesis has been described, but several gaps in comprehension of mechanisms giving rise to functional muscles are still remaining. To fill in these gaps, we selected conserved uncharacterized genes expressed in muscular compartments in drosophila and zebrafish and tested their functions by RNAi knockdown. We found that most of the candidate genes have a role in different steps of embryonic myogenesis in drosophila and interestingly more than a half of them are involved in metabolism. One of these candidates, Pglym78, encodes a glycolytic enzyme and gives rise to late muscle differentiation defects after knockdown in drosophila. Glycolysis is a major metabolic process providing energy and components for biomass synthesis to rapidly growing/proliferating cells such as cancer cells but its role in embryonic development remains unknown. Here we show that starting from midembryogenesis, drosophila Pglym78 and almost all the glycolytic genes display muscle specific expression and that, consistent with this, an important increase in glycolytic activity appears since embryonic stage 14, suggesting that glycolysis can play a role in late steps of myogenesis. This possibility is supported by the fact that attenuation of Pglym78 and other glycolytic genes results in affected muscle differentiation. As shown in Pglm78 knockdown embryos these phenotypes are due to myoblasts fusion arrest and formation of significantly smaller muscle fibres.In order to understand how glycolysis controls myogenesis, we analysed the insulin pathway known to control glycolytic activity and to positively regulate muscle growth by stimulating protein synthesis. Interestingly, inhibition of insulin pathway in differentiating embryonic drosophila muscles leads to the reduced activity of PyK and to phenotypes that are reminiscent of those of glycolytic genes such as fusion arrest and formation of smaller fibres. Thus, our data reveal that metabolic switch to glycolysis positively regulated by insulin pathway is required to support increased biomass synthesis in syncytial muscle cells, revealing direct link between metabolism and development
Thum, Andreas Stephan. "Sugar reward learning in Drosophila neuronal circuits in Drosophila associative olfactory learning /". Doctoral thesis, [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2006. http://deposit.ddb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?idn=980586771.
Testo completoCapy, Pierre. "Variabilite genetique des populations naturelles de drosophila melanogaster et de drosophila simulans". Paris 11, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987PA112376.
Testo completoCapy, Pierre. "Variabilité génétique des populations naturelles de Drosophila melanogaster et de Drosophila simulans". Grenoble 2 : ANRT, 1987. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb37603608h.
Testo completoJackson, Catherine. "Gfat1/zeppelin is an essential heterochromatic gene involved in cuticle formation in D. melanogaster /". Burnaby B.C. : Simon Fraser University, 2007. http://ir.lib.sfu.ca/handle/1892/9354.
Testo completoTheses (Dept. of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry) / Simon Fraser University. Senior supervisor: Dr. Barry M. Honda -- Dept. of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry. Also issued in digital format and available on the World Wide Web.
González, Morales Nicanor. "L'intestin adulte comme modèle d'étude de l'asymétrie droite-gauche chez la Drosophile : couplage entre la myosine ID et la polarité planaire dans l'asymétrie droite-gauche chez la Drosophile". Thesis, Nice, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014NICE4071/document.
Testo completoStereotyped left right (LR) asymmetry ensures proper looping of internal organs. In Drosophila, the adult hindgut (AHG) has a clear stereotypical dextral loop and, like all LR asymmetric organs, require MyoID for correct orientation. MyoID is an unconventional myosin type I that binds to DE-Cadherin, this association is required for proper LR establishment; however the mechanism that translates MyoID chirality into proper morphogenesis remains unknown. The AHG is a long tube coiled dextrally and located in the middle of the abdominal region. It develops from a cluster of progenitors containing two different populations of cells, H1 and H2. Here, we show that MyoID controls the AHG dextral loop by binding to the atypical cadherin Dachsous in H1 cells. Further, Ds-Fat signaling propagates towards the H2 cells which in turn become polarized towards the right and consequently loop. H1 is a transient population of cells that wear off in the first hours of metamorphosis; nevertheless the dextral information generated in H1 is maintained in H2 cells due to the cooperative action of PCP components. We demonstrate that the molecular basis of the LR establishment downstream of MyoID action lies in the PCP system, which has a double role transmitting and maintaining a dextral signal in the AHG. Thus, we provide for the first time a link in L/R morphogenesis between Drosophila and vertebrates in which PCP mutants result in L/R defects. Furthermore, in our attempts to better understand the evolution of L/R morphogenesis we found the recently co-Appearance of a myoID cis-Regulatory element and the AHG dextral loop, during Drosophila evolution, suggesting that changes in myoID express
Langevin-Doussaint, Johanna. "Etude des mécanismes de polarisation des cellules épithéliales et des divisions asymétriques chez la drosophile : rôle de Lethal giant larvae et de l'exocyste". Paris 7, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006PA077117.
Testo completoCell polarity is essential to define the apical and the basolateral domains of epithelial cells and is necessary to polarise the localisation of cell fate determinants during asymmetric divisions. The aim of my thesis was to identify new partners and regulators of protein complexes which had been implicated in apico-basal polarity and in the establishment of planar polarity during the asymmetric division of the pi cell, the external sensorial organs precusrsors, on the dorsal thorax of Drosophila melanogaster. My study of the pi cell asymmetric division highlights the importance of the protein Lethal giant larvae (Lgl). Lgl regulates cellular fate by controlling the cortical localisation of Pon, the asymmetric localisation of the cell fate determinants Numb and Neuralized and the membrane localisation of Sanpodo. Moreover, my results show that Lgl function is inhibited by DaPKC phosphorylation. The E-Cadherin-Catenins complex is essential in cell adhesion, polarisation and morphogenesis. I studied the implication of the exocyst complex in the mechanism of DE- Cadherin localisation in epithelial cells of the drosophila dorsal thorax. The loss of function of the exocyst components sec5, sec6 or sed5 led to an accumulation of DE-Cadherin in recycling compartiments regulated by Rab11 and inhibited DE-Cadherin transport to the plasma membrane. This result led me to propose a model in which the exocyst complex regulates DE-Cadherin trafficking from recycling endosomes to plasma membrane. This study is the first description of exocyst function in Drosophila epithelial cell polarity
Storelli, Gilles. "Caractérisation de l’interaction mutualiste liant Drosophila melanogaster à son symbionte Lactobacillus plantarum". Thesis, Lyon, École normale supérieure, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015ENSL1041.
Testo completoSymbiotic bacterial populations (also called the “microbiota”) have a dramatic impact on their host’s physiology. However, our understanding of the mechanisms shaping host/microbes mutualism remains limited. We took advantage of Drosophila tractability to characterize the host’s and the microbial factors engaged in mutualism. During my PhD, I focused on the impact of the microbiota during the Drosophila larval phase, which constitutes its juvenile growth period. Drosophila larval phase is influenced by nutrition, but also by symbiotic microbes: specific association with the bacterium Lactobacillus plantarum buffers the deleterious effects of nutrient scarcity on the host’s juvenile growth, by sustaining greater growth rates and hastening maturation. L.plantarum mediate these effects by modulating the activity of the steroid hormone Ecdysone and the Insulin/Insulin-like Signaling pathway in its host. In return, L.plantarum benefits from Drosophila presence, as larvae ensure its long-term persistence in the niche (the niche being the nutritive substrate, the larvae and the bacteria dwelling on it). To characterize the mechanisms engaged in this mutualistic relationship, we described the host’s transcriptomic and metabolic responses to L.plantarum presence and characterized the metabolic perturbations occurring in the niche. Our results put forward the optimization of amino-acids extraction from the nutritive substrate as a cornerstone of mutualism. L.plantarum activates the expression of the host’s digestive proteases via IMD/NF-κB signaling and would benefit in return from an enhanced AA availability, which would help sustaining its long-term persistence. Altogether, our studies contribute to the understanding of the mechanisms regulating host/microbiota interaction and could lead to numerous therapeutic applications, notably aiming at counteracting the deleterious effects of nutritional imbalances