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1
Aydin, Hasan Riza, Lokman Irkilata, Mustafa Aydin, Selim Gorgun, Hüseyin Cihan Demirel, Senol Adanur, Mevlüt Keles, Aynur Atilla e Mustafa Kemal Atilla. "Incidence of bacterial colonisation after indwelling of double-J ureteral stent". Archivio Italiano di Urologia e Andrologia 87, n. 4 (14 gennaio 2016): 291. http://dx.doi.org/10.4081/aiua.2015.4.291.
Abstract (sommario):
Objective: To determine the bacterial colonisation after double-J stent use and the risk factors for bacteriuria linked to the stent. Materials and Methods: A total of 102 patients (61 men and 41 women, mean age 47.5 ± 14.16) were examined. The stents were removed under aseptic conditions, and a urine culture was obtained before the removal of the stents. After the stents were removed, the upper, central and lower sections were separated, and washing water was sent through the stent. Results: Bacterial colonisation was found in 29.4% (30 of 102) of the stents. The most frequently observed microorganisms were determined as staphylococcus, coagulase negative (8 of 30) and E. coli (5 of 30). The washing fluid used to clean the interior of the catheter produced pathogens in 8 patients (7.8%), and these pathogens were observed to be the same microorganisms that colonised the outside of the stent. There was no statistical difference between the patients with colonisation and those without in terms of age, gender, duration of stenting and reason for stent insertion. Conclusions: Though stent colonisation does not always entail symptomatic urinary tract infections, as shown in our study, the pathogens in the urine culture are the same as those colonising the stent, confirming the reality that colonisation is the main factor in these events. Additionally, according to our study, significant colonisation may be found in the first 3 weeks, contrary to the literature, causing us to consider that urinary tract infections may develop even in the early period.
2
Abu, S., MC Igbokwe, OO Olatise, M. Okafor, SO Asaolu e AR Adetunbi. "Urine Bacteriology in Post-Kidney Transplant Patients with Double-J Stents". Annals of Health Research 7, n. 4 (24 dicembre 2021): 358–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.30442/ahr.0704-04-146.
Abstract (sommario):
Background: Kidney transplantation is the gold standard treatment modality for patients with end-stage renal disease. Ureteric stenting is commonly used during kidney transplantation to reduce the incidence of ureteric complications post-transplantation. The presence of ureteric stents could be complicated by bacterial colonisation and urinary tract infections.
Objective: To identify the urinary flora in patients with double-J stents following kidney transplantation and establish bacteria colonisation and their antimicrobial susceptibility.
Methods: Over one-year, single urine samples of consecutive 100 post-renal transplant patients were subjected to bacteriologic analysis. Early morning midstream urine was obtained into a sterile bottle from all the participants for laboratory analysis.
Results: The mean age of post kidney transplantation patients was 47.6 ±12.3 years. Hypertension and diabetes were the commonest co-morbidities associated with End-Stage-Renal-Disease (ESRD), accounting for 61% and 28%, respectively. E. coli was the commonest isolate (70.4%). Microbiological evidence of Urinary Tract Infection (UTI) revealed by pyuria (pus cells >4/HPF) was found in 40.9%. Tigecycline, nitrofurantoin and tetracycline showed the highest sensitivity pattern in 9%, 8% and 8%, respectively, with significant resistance against cephalosporins and fluoroquinolones.
Conclusion: The fourth week of double-J ureteric stent insertion in kidney transplant recipients showed a high incidence of urinary bacterial colonisation.
3
Petla, Vhonani MS. "‘Two Souls, Two Thoughts, and Two Unreconciled Strivings in One Body’". Thinker 97, n. 4 (1 dicembre 2023): 58–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.36615/the_thinker.v97i4.2858.
Abstract (sommario):
American sociologist W.E.B. Du Bois introduces the phrase double consciousness in his work. According to Du Bois, this phrase describes a dilemma of two consciousnesses that Black Americans face due to what he calls ‘the veil of racism’. While the consciousness that Du Bois speaks of is in the context of Black Americans, this work attempts to answer whether colonisation and racism in South Africa did not also lead to a form of double consciousness to those who experienced it. This work does this by firstly exploring the institutionalised form of colonisation in South Africa known as apartheid. It shows how this system characterisedand made Black people seem as though they were lazy, stupid, and inferior, which in turn led to the second consciousness. This work further shows the experience of double consciousness by Black South Africans through hair and beauty politics. It shows that Black South Africans retaliate and assert their blackness through protest despite the double consciousness. Furthermore, this work usesSouth African literature to demonstrate how Black people in South Africa are knowledgeable of the consciousness, its effects, and how it operates.
4
Ramos-Sevillano, Elisa, Giuseppe Ercoli, José Afonso Guerra-Assunção, Philip Felgner, Rafael Ramiro de Assis, Rie Nakajima, David Goldblatt et al. "Protective Effect of Nasal Colonisation with ∆cps/piaA and ∆cps/proABCStreptococcus pneumoniae Strains against Recolonisation and Invasive Infection". Vaccines 9, n. 3 (15 marzo 2021): 261. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines9030261.
Abstract (sommario):
Rationale: Nasopharyngeal administration of live virulence-attenuated Streptococcus pneumoniae strains is a potential novel preventative strategy. One target for creating reduced virulence S. pneumoniae strains is the capsule, but loss of the capsule reduces the duration of S. pneumoniae colonisation in mice which could impair protective efficacy against subsequent infection. Objectives: To assess protective efficacy of nasopharyngeal administration of unencapsulated S. pneumoniae strains in murine infection models. Methods: Strains containing cps locus deletions combined with the S. pneumoniae virulence factors psaA (reduces colonisation) or proABC (no effect on colonisation) were constructed and their virulence phenotypes and ability to prevent recolonisation or invasive infection assessed using mouse infection models. Serological responses to colonisation were compared between strains using ELISAs, immunoblots and 254 S. pneumoniae protein antigen array. Measurements and Main Results: The ∆cps/piaA and ∆cps/proABC strains were strongly attenuated in virulence in both invasive infection models and had a reduced ability to colonise the nasopharynx. ELISAs, immunoblots and protein arrays showed colonisation with either strain stimulated weaker serological responses than the wild type strain. Mice previously colonised with these strains were protected against septicaemic pneumonia but, unlike mice colonised with the wild type strain, not against S. pneumoniae recolonisation. Conclusions: Colonisation with the ∆cps/piaA and ∆cps/proABC strains prevented subsequent septicaemia, but in contrast, to published data for encapsulated double mutant strains they did not prevent recolonisation with S. pneumoniae. These data suggest targeting the cps locus is a less effective option for creating live attenuated strains that prevent S. pneumoniae infections.
5
Hayes, Kelly, Patricia Janssen, Beth A. Payne, Cecilia Jevitt, Will Johnston, Patricia Johnson e Michelle Butler. "Oral Probiotic Supplementation in Pregnancy to Reduce Group B Streptococcus Colonisation (OPSiP trial): study protocol for a double-blind parallel group randomised placebo trial". BMJ Open 14, n. 2 (febbraio 2024): e076455. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2023-076455.
Abstract (sommario):
IntroductionGroup B streptococcus(GBS), orStreptococcus agalactiae, remains a leading cause of neonatal morbidity and mortality. Canadian guidelines advise universal maternal screening for GBS colonisation in pregnancy in conjunction with selective antibiotic therapy. This results in over 1000 pregnant individuals receiving antibiotic therapy to prevent one case of early-onset neonatal GBS disease, and over 20 000 pregnant individuals receiving antibiotic therapy to prevent one neonatal death. Given the growing concern regarding the risk of negative sequela from antibiotic exposure, it is vital that alternative approaches to reduce maternal GBS colonisation are explored.Preliminary studies suggest some probiotic strains could confer protection in pregnancy against GBS colonisation.Methods and analysisThis double-blind parallel group randomised trial aims to recruit 450 pregnant participants in Vancouver, BC, Canada and will compare GBS colonisation rates in those who have received a daily oral dose of three strains of probiotics with those who have received a placebo. The primary outcome will be GBS colonisation status, measured using a vaginal/rectal swab obtained between 35 weeks’ gestation and delivery. Secondary outcomes will include maternal antibiotic exposure and urogenital infections. Analysis will be on an intention-to-treat basis.Patient or public involvementThere was no patient or public involvement in the design of the study protocol.Ethics and disseminationThis study protocol received ethics approval from the University of British Columbia’s Clinical Research Ethics Board, Dublin City University and Health Canada. Findings will be presented at research rounds, conferences and in peer-reviewed publications.Trial registration numberNCT03407157.
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MÁRQUEZ GUERRA, JOSÉ FRANCISCO. "Politiques publiques, OBJETS INTERMÉDIAIRES ET CONFLITS DE CADRAGES: LE CAS DE LA CONFIGURATION TERRITORIALE AUTOUR D’UNE ROUTE DANS L’AMAZONIE BOLIVIENNE". ADVOCATUS, n. 24 (1 gennaio 2015): 229. http://dx.doi.org/10.18041/0124-0102/advocatus.24.995.
Abstract (sommario):
Les politiques publiques de la colonisation et la conservation dans l’Amazonie souvent sont contradictoires dans les logiques d’action et la manière d’envisager le territoire et les populations. Les cadres juridiques et sa mise en situation pratique ont des effets performatifs dans la configuration des identités et la transformation du paysage culturel et naturel. Le texte décrit les conflits socio-environnementaux autour de la route Yucumo-Rurrenabaque qui sépare d’un côté, Pilón Lajas un territoire de double statut juridique à la fois Aire protégée et Territoire collectif indigène titré a faveur des peuples Tsimane et Mosetene, et d’un autre côté, une aire de colonisation de communautés paysans de migrants andins Quechua et Aymara venus en Amazonie bolivienne á la suite de projets de développement rural et de colonisation des années 70. L’article décrit comment les conflits environnementaux sont activés localement par une route rudimentaire en tant qu’objet intermédiaire d’une politique publique et comment les différents cadrages juridiques imposés sur sa zone d’influence configurent les identités, les représentations et les pratiques de gestion de ressources naturelles de divers acteurs locaux.
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MONTAGNON, R., L. ROUFFILANGE, A. T. NGUYEN, X. BERRY e J. DEZILE. "Ponctuations nauséabondes : Quel est votre diagnostic ?" Médecine et Armées Vol.49 No.4, Volume 49, Numéro 4 (20 dicembre 2023): 145–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.17184/eac.8050.
Abstract (sommario):
Un jeune légionnaire consulte pour des pieds malodorants, prurigineux avec une sensation de brûlure à la marche. L’examen clinique met en évidence une kératolyse ponctuée plantaire. Cette pathologie est fréquente dans les armées, notamment lors d’hyperhidrose endogène ou exogène . Le traitement de cette pathologie est double, lutter contre la macération, traiter la colonisation bactérienne.
8
de Oliveira, Márcio. "De la double colonisation au préjugé : polonais dans le sud du Brésil". Migrations Société N° 123-124, n. 3 (2009): 287. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/migra.123.0289.
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Aydın, H. R., L. Irkılata, M. Aydin, S. Görgün, H. C. Demirel, S. Adanur, M. Keleş, A. Atilla e M. K. Atilla. "18 Incidence of bacterial colonisation after indwelling of double-J ureteral stent". European Urology Supplements 14, n. 8 (novembre 2015): e1356-e1356a. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1569-9056(15)30400-0.
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Sebaux, Gwénola. "Entre Heimat et Vaterland. Le double patriotisme des Auslandsdeutsche d’Europe centre-orientale et d’Asie". Chroniques allemandes 13, n. 1 (2009): 405–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/chral.2009.944.
Abstract (sommario):
L’un des héritages les plus fascinants de la colonisation germanique en Europe centre-orientale et en Asie (XIIe-XIXe siècle) est l’émergence d’un double patriotisme, sensible dès l’origine chez les colons, transmis au fil des siècles, et qui s’exprime avec une intensité frappante aujourd’hui chez leurs descendants – minorités allemandes, ou Aussiedler rapatriés en RFA. Quels sont les ressorts profonds de cette dualité patriotique spécifiquement germanique ?
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Liatsikos, Konstantinos, Angela Hyder-Wright, Sherin Pojar, Tao Chen, Duolao Wang, Kelly Davies, Christopher Myerscough et al. "Protocol for a phase IV double-blind randomised controlled trial to investigate the effect of the 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine and the 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine on pneumococcal colonisation using the experimental human pneumococcal challenge model in healthy adults (PREVENTING PNEUMO 2)". BMJ Open 12, n. 7 (luglio 2022): e062109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2022-062109.
Abstract (sommario):
IntroductionDespite widely available vaccinations, Streptococcus pneumoniae (SPN) remains a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, causing community-acquired pneumonia, meningitis, otitis media, sinusitis and bacteraemia. Here, we summarise an ethically approved protocol for a double-blind, randomised controlled trial investigating the effect of the 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV13) and the 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (PPV23) on pneumococcal nasopharyngeal colonisation acquisition, density and duration using experimental human pneumococcal challenge (EHPC).Methods and analysisHealthy adult participants aged 18–50 years will be randomised to receive PCV13, PPV23 or placebo and then undergo one or two EHPCs involving intranasal administration of SPN at 1-month post-vaccination with serotype 3 (SPN3) and 6 months with serotype 6B (SPN6B). Participants randomised to PCV13 and placebo will also be randomised to one of two clinically relevant SPN3 strains from distinct lineages within clonal complex 180, clades Ia and II, creating five study groups. Following inoculation, participants will be seen on days 2, 7, 14 and 23. During the follow-up period, we will monitor safety, colonisation status, density and duration, immune responses and antigenuria. The primary outcome of the study is comparing the rate of SPN3 acquisition between the vaccinated (PCV13 or PPV23) and unvaccinated (placebo) groups as defined by classical culture. Density and duration of colonisation, comparison of acquisition rates using molecular methods and evaluation of the above measurements for individual SPN3 clades and SPN6B form the secondary objectives. Furthermore, we will explore the immune responses associated with these vaccines, their effect on colonisation and the relationship between colonisation and urinary pneumococcal antigen detection.Ethics and disseminationThe study is approved by the NHS Research and Ethics Committee (Reference: 20/NW/0097) and by the Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (Reference: CTA 25753/0001/001–0001). Findings will be published in peer-reviewed journals.Trial registration numberISRCTN15728847, NCT04974294.
12
Sabih, Joshua A. "Under the Gaze of Double Critique: De-colonisation, De-sacralisation and the Orphan Book". Tidsskrift for Islamforskning 9, n. 1 (5 febbraio 2017): 79. http://dx.doi.org/10.7146/tifo.v9i1.25346.
Abstract (sommario):
Instead of the orientalist reformist paradigm as frame and episteme, Khatibi proposes a theory of double critique, critical liminality that targets, in a bi-directional movement, a Eurocentric or Orientalist discourse and an ethnocentric local discourse. Three critical concepts, constitutive of the theory of double critique: decolonisation, desacralisation and the orphan book are operative in Khatibi´s analysis of Orientalism, identity, and the issue of origin. As a professional outsider, Khatibi follows conceptually and methodologically the rules of the epistemological critique in an enunciation of negotiation, not of negation; a site of hybridity.
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Hamelin, Louis-Edmond. "Le rang d'habitat au Québec depuis 1840". Morphologie et aménagement 29, n. 2-3 (12 aprile 2005): 373–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/056374ar.
Abstract (sommario):
L'espace rural du Québec se rattache au type d'habitat aligné duquel l'entité de base est le rang ou série de lots dont les résidences sont clairsemées au long d'un chemin. Cette formule de colonisation, adoptée de l'Europe puis adaptée, a fait créer des milliers de rangées durant trois siècles. L'étape la plus importante, celle du rang de canton, a duré de 1840 à 1950. Soutenu pat une idéologie agrarienne, par l'Église, l'État, les sociétés de colonisation, mais concurrencé par l'exploitation forestière, l'émigration et l'urbanisation, le rang de canton exprime une «québécisation » profonde de la formule: ethnie colonisatrice, forme des lots, maison, rang double, Pré Nord, langue courante, et cycle du rang. Depuis 1950, l'évolution sociale et la rationalisation économique ont amené la fermeture d'environ la moitié des rangs, surtout ceux situés en périphérie; la plaine de Montréal résiste mieux en se spécialisant.
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Garg, Anshul, Kumar Gaurav Mishra, Pawan Kumar Bharti, Kanika Goel e Urvashi Mishra. "OBSERVATION OF DOUBLE J STENT BACTERIAL COLONISATION AND ITS CORRELATION WITH BACTERIURIA FREQUENCY". Journal of Evolution of Medical and Dental Sciences 6, n. 84 (19 ottobre 2017): 5861–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.14260/jemds/2017/1273.
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Suwa, Akira. "What Makes It Neo-Victorian?: The Handmaiden and the Double Internalisation of Cultural Colonisation". Victoriographies 9, n. 3 (novembre 2019): 280–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/vic.2019.0354.
Abstract (sommario):
This article investigates the way in which The Handmaiden (2017), a South-Korean adaptation of Sarah Waters's Fingersmith (2002), provides a way of considering neo-Victorian adaptation in the globalised context. Although set in Korea under Japanese colonial rule in the 1930s, the film indirectly refers in the background to traces of Victorian Britain. Replacing Fingersmith's class conflict with the cultural conflict between Japan and Korea, The Handmaiden represents the intricate process of cultural colonisation. Korean society in the 1930s is depicted in the film as doubly indebted to Victorian British and Japanese culture, for Japan modernised the country through absorbing Western culture in the late nineteenth century. The influence of Victorian Britain, a looming presence in the background of The Handmaiden, reveals how Victorian culture resonates in a country distant from Britain in a different time period. The Handmaiden serves to globalise the definition of the term ‘(neo)Victorian’ by shedding light on the influence of Victorian Britain in the Korean society of the 1930s. The Handmaiden's unique way of bringing together Victorian Britain and the regional politics of 1930s Northeast Asia serves to widen the range of neo-Victorian imaginations.
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Djuikoue, Cécile Ingrid, Paule Dana Djouela Djoulako, Rodrigue Kamga Wouambo, Rosine Yemetio Foutsa, Dorine Ekeu Ngatcheu e Teke Apalata. "Frequency and Antibiotic Susceptibility Patterns of Streptococcus agalactiae Strains Isolated from Women in Yaounde, Cameroon". Microbiology Research 13, n. 4 (24 novembre 2022): 954–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microbiolres13040068.
Abstract (sommario):
Group B Streptococcus (GBS), a commensal in the body, causes a wide range of infectious diseases. This bacterium is dangerous for pregnant women and their babies, in whom it is responsible for early neonatal bacterial sepsis (EOS). The colonisation levels of GBS and its resistance profile to antibiotics provide important information that is useful for orienting prevention strategies. There are few data available on the subject on the determination of resistance phenotypes in Cameroon. We therefore aimed to determine the prevalence of colonisation and antibiotic resistance, including patterns of inducible resistance to clindamycin, of GBS in the city of Yaounde. To achieve this goal, a prospective cross-sectional study with an analytical component was carried out from 28 June to 29 August 2020 at the BIOSANTE laboratory and the Yaounde Gynaeco-Obstetrics and Paediatrics hospital. Vaginal swabs and urine were collected from 163 women. This samples were analysed using 5% defibrinated sheep blood agar and chocolate plus polyvitex agar. The isolates were identified using the morphology of the colony, Gram staining, haemolysis, catalase tests and latex grouping tests. Antibiotic susceptibility testing was carried out by disk diffusion method following the recommendations of the ACFSM 2019. The double disk diffusion method was used to identify isolates with clindamycin-inducible resistance. Our data were analysed with SPSS version 2.1. The results obtained showed that the overall prevalence of colonisation by GBS was 37% (57/163), or 40.3% in non-pregnant women and 59.7% in pregnant women. Pregnancy (p-value = 0.019) and earlier (from the second semester of pregnancy) gestational age (p-value = 0.025) constituted the risk factors of maternal colonisation by GBS. In addition, the strains of GBS were resistant to all 16 antibiotics tested. A D test showed that 64.7% of GBS strains were constitutively resistant to clindamycin. We also note the presence of M phenotypes. As a whole, our results demonstrated that the rate of GBS colonisation in this study was similar to or higher than those in previous reports in Cameroon. All these results indicate that attention should be paid to this bacterium in the monitoring of antimicrobial resistance and in the care of pregnant women and newborns.
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Bouchard, Gérard. "Naissance d’une élite : les médecins dans la société saguenayenne (1850-1940)". Revue d'histoire de l'Amérique française 49, n. 4 (26 agosto 2008): 521–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/305463ar.
Abstract (sommario):
RÉSUMÉ Cet essai reconstitue les efforts persistants et fructueux des médecins (et chirurgiens) du Saguenay pour se hisser au rang des élites régionales à partir de la seconde moitié du XIXe siècle. Au cours des premières décennies du peuplement, le corps médical se trouvait confronté à un double défi. Il devait d'abord structurer sa profession et ensuite la faire reconnaître dans une société largement sollicitée par les tâches de la colonisation et imprégnée de ses modes de vie. Ce double défi exigeait une triple accréditation, sur les plans scientifique, social et culturel. Selon la thèse défendue par l'auteur, la promotion sociale du médecin à l'époque considérée (1850-1940) s'est appuyée davantage sur des stratégies culturelles et sociopolitiques que sur des privilèges ou avantages économiques et strictement scientifiques.
18
Hepenstrick, Daniel, Niklaus Zemp, Alex Widmer e Rolf Holderegger. "Neither connectivity nor genetic diversity matter in the conservation of a rare fern and a moss on insular erratic boulders". Conservation Genetics 23, n. 1 (3 novembre 2021): 193–209. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10592-021-01414-6.
Abstract (sommario):
AbstractErratic boulders provide habitat for rock-dwelling species and contribute to the biodiversity of landscapes. In the calcareous Swiss lowlands, siliceous erratic boulders are exclusive habitat islands for the regionally critically endangered fern Asplenium septentrionale, about 20 bryophyte species and numerous lichens. Focusing on island biogeographical processes, we analysed the conservation genomics of A. septentrionale and the moss Hedwigia ciliata on insular erratic boulders in the Swiss lowlands and the adjacent “mainland” in siliceous mountains. We genotyped both species using double digest restriction associated DNA sequencing (ddRAD). For the tetraploid A. septentrionale, abundant identical multilocus genotypes within populations suggested prevalent intragametophytic selfing, and six out of eight boulder populations consisting of a single multilocus genotype each indicated single spore founder events. The genetic structure of A. septentrionale mainland populations coincided with Pleistocene glacial refugia. Four genetic lineages of H. ciliata were identified, and populations consisting of a single multilocus genotype were less common than in A. septentrionale. For both taxa, multilocus genotype diversity on boulders was lower than in mainland populations. The absence of common genetic groups among boulder populations, and the absence of isolation by distance patterns, suggested colonisation of boulders through independent long-distance dispersal events. Successful boulder colonisation of A. septentrionale seems to be rare, while colonisation by H. ciliata appears to be more frequent. We conclude that pivotal principles of conservation biology, such as connectivity and genetic diversity, are of less importance for the studied cryptogams on insular erratic boulders because of long-distance dispersal, intragametophytic selfing and polyploidy.
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Boter, Babs, e Irene Villaescusa Illán. "Self-fashioning and othering: Women’s double strategies of travel writing". Feminismo/s, n. 36 (3 dicembre 2020): 77. http://dx.doi.org/10.14198/fem.2020.36.04.
Abstract (sommario):
This essay examines early 20th century travel texts written by two European women: the Catalan journalist Aurora Bertrana (1899-1974) who lived in French Polynesia from 1926 until 1929, and her contemporary, the Dutch journalist Mary Pos (1904-1987), who travelled to the Dutch East Indies in the fall of 1938 and returned early in 1939. Our research is double-focused: on the one hand it examines issues of empire, colonisation, and orientalism, and on the other hand it explores issues of modernity and feminism. The travel texts under study offer personal registrations of self-fashioning strategies that both authors employ, which significantly question gender expectations regarding women’s social and sexual practices, their professional, familial and marital roles, and their opportunities for education. Presenting them as emancipated modern women, however, the accounts are also embedded in an orientalist and colonial discourse and seem to impose their own views of modernity and feminism on other women–despite ardent appeals to intercultural understanding.
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Boter, Babs, e Irene Villaescusa Illán. "Self-fashioning and othering: Women’s double strategies of travel writing". Feminismo/s, n. 36 (3 dicembre 2020): 77. http://dx.doi.org/10.14198/2020.36.04.
Abstract (sommario):
This essay examines early 20th century travel texts written by two European women: the Catalan journalist Aurora Bertrana (1899-1974) who lived in French Polynesia from 1926 until 1929, and her contemporary, the Dutch journalist Mary Pos (1904-1987), who travelled to the Dutch East Indies in the fall of 1938 and returned early in 1939. Our research is double-focused: on the one hand it examines issues of empire, colonisation, and orientalism, and on the other hand it explores issues of modernity and feminism. The travel texts under study offer personal registrations of self-fashioning strategies that both authors employ, which significantly question gender expectations regarding women’s social and sexual practices, their professional, familial and marital roles, and their opportunities for education. Presenting them as emancipated modern women, however, the accounts are also embedded in an orientalist and colonial discourse and seem to impose their own views of modernity and feminism on other women–despite ardent appeals to intercultural understanding.
21
Viscardi, Rose Marie, Michael L. Terrin, Laurence S. Magder, Natalie L. Davis, Susan J. Dulkerian, Ken B. Waites, Namasivayam Ambalavanan et al. "Randomised trial of azithromycin to eradicate Ureaplasma in preterm infants". Archives of Disease in Childhood - Fetal and Neonatal Edition 105, n. 6 (13 marzo 2020): 615–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/archdischild-2019-318122.
Abstract (sommario):
ObjectiveTo test whether azithromycin eradicates Ureaplasma from the respiratory tract in preterm infants.DesignProspective, phase IIb randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.SettingSeven level III–IV US, academic, neonatal intensive care units (NICUs).PatientsInfants 240–286 weeks’ gestation (stratified 240–266; 270–286 weeks) randomly assigned within 4 days following birth from July 2013 to August 2016.InterventionsIntravenous azithromycin 20 mg/kg or an equal volume of D5W (placebo) every 24 hours for 3 days.Main outcome measuresThe primary efficacy outcome was Ureaplasma-free survival. Secondary outcomes were all-cause mortality, Ureaplasma clearance, physiological bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) at 36 weeks’ postmenstrual age, comorbidities of prematurity and duration of respiratory support.ResultsOne hundred and twenty-one randomised participants (azithromycin: n=60; placebo: n=61) were included in the intent-to-treat analysis (mean gestational age 26.2±1.4 weeks). Forty-four of 121 participants (36%) were Ureaplasma positive (azithromycin: n=19; placebo: n=25). Ureaplasma-free survival was 55/60 (92% (95% CI 82% to 97%)) for azithromycin compared with 37/61 (61% (95% CI 48% to 73%)) for placebo. Mortality was similar comparing the two treatment groups (5/60 (8%) vs 6/61 (10%)). Azithromycin effectively eradicated Ureaplasma in all azithromycin-assigned colonised infants, but 21/25 (84%) Ureaplasma-colonised participants receiving placebo were culture positive at one or more follow-up timepoints. Most of the neonatal mortality and morbidity was concentrated in 21 infants with lower respiratory tract Ureaplasma colonisation. In a subgroup analysis, physiological BPD-free survival was 5/10 (50%) (95% CI 19% to 81%) among azithromycin-assigned infants with lower respiratory tract Ureaplasma colonisation versus 2/11 (18%) (95% CI 2% to 52%) in placebo-treated infants.ConclusionA 3-day azithromycin regimen effectively eradicated respiratory tract Ureaplasma colonisation in this study.Trial registration numberNCT01778634.
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Hibou, Béatrice. "Banque mondiale : les méfaits du catéchisme économique. L'exemple de l'Afrique subsaharienne". Politique africaine 71, n. 1 (1998): 58–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/polaf.1998.6151.
Abstract (sommario):
La Banque mondiale a réussi à s’attribuer le monopole du discours légitime sur l’économie et la bonne gouvernance en se fondant sur un ensemble de théories politiques et économiques qui s’avèrent n’être finalement que des croyances. Ce discours reflète une position politique et morale qui se sert de thèses scientifiques édulcorées pour se légitimer. Il s’agit en cela d’un véritable catéchisme proche du travail des missions religieuses de l’époque de la colonisation. Le discours continue de s’imposer alors même que, pour des raisons organisationnelles internes et en raison des pratiques politiques de ses interlocuteurs, la Banque voit ses réformes lui échapper et doit accepter les pratiques de double langage et de falsification de son action.
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Pérez-Nadales, Elena, Ángela Cano, Manuel Recio, María José Artacho, Julia Guzmán-Puche, Antonio Doblas, Elisa Vidal et al. "Randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 2, superiority trial to demonstrate the effectiveness of faecal microbiota transplantation for selective intestinal decolonisation of patients colonised by carbapenemase-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae (KAPEDIS)". BMJ Open 12, n. 4 (aprile 2022): e058124. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2021-058124.
Abstract (sommario):
IntroductionInfections caused by carbapenemase-producing Enterobacterales are frequent and associated with high rates of mortality. Intestinal carriers are at increased risk of infection by these microorganisms. Decolonisation strategies with antibiotics have not obtained conclusive results. Faecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) could be an effective and safe strategy to decolonise intestinal carriers of KPC-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae (KPC-Kp) but this hypothesis needs evaluation in appropriate clinical trials.Methods and analysisThe KAPEDIS trial is a single-centre, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 2, superiority clinical trial of FMT for eradication of intestinal colonisation by KPC-Kp. One hundred and twenty patients with rectal colonisation by KPC-Kp will be randomised 1:1 to receive encapsulated lyophilised FMT or placebo. The primary outcome is KPC-Kp eradication at 30 days. Secondary outcomes are: (1) frequency of adverse events; (2) changes in KPC-Kp relative load within the intestinal microbiota at 7, 30 and 90 days, estimated by real-time quantitative PCR analysis of rectal swab samples and (3) rates of persistent eradication, KPC-Kp infection and crude mortality at 90 days. Participants will be monitored for adverse effects throughout the intervention.Ethics and disseminationEthical approval was obtained from Reina Sofía University Hospital Institutional Review Board (approval reference number: 2019-003808-13). Trial results will be published in peer-reviewed journals and disseminated at national and international conferences.Trial registration numberNCT04760665.
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Tofighi, Nasrin, Mohsen Gohari, Maryam Sadeh, Hosein Fallahzadeh e Fatemeh Jabinian. "Effects of chloramphenicol, povidone-iodine 1% and 5% eye drops on the colonisation of conjunctival flora in patients undergoing cataract surgery". Ghana Medical Journal 57, n. 2 (1 giugno 2023): 79–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/gmj.v57i2.1.
Abstract (sommario):
Objectives: the aim was to compare 2 drops of either 5% chloramphenicol, 1% povidone-iodine or 5% povidone-iodine before cataract surgery on reducing the colonisation of bacterial flora in the conjunctiva.Design: This was a double-blind, randomised clinical trial study.Setting: Patients referred to Shahid Sadoughi Hospital in Yazd, Iran, for cataract surgery were studied.Participants: Totally 260 patients were enrolled.Intervention: The affected lower fornix was gently sampled with a sterile swab and cultured on appropriate microbiological media. Then one of the 3 solutions mentioned above was instilled into the conjunctival sac of the cases in groups 1, 2 and 3, respectively. After thirty minutes, new conjunctival swabs were taken and cultured.Main outcome measures: The type of bacteria isolated and their colony-forming unit per mL (CFU/mL) number were primary end-points. The statistical tests of Phi and Cramer's V and Wilcoxon and Kruskal-Wallis were applied to evaluate the relationship between the studied variables and culture results as the secondary end-point.Results: The studied patients were 129 (49.6%) males and 131 (50.4%) females. Bacterial growth was observed in 49 cases (18.85%); the most commonly isolated bacteria were Staphylococcus epidermidis (71.42%). In the povidone-iodine 5% and chloramphenicol groups (but not the povidone-iodine 1%), the decrease in the number of CFU/mL was statistically significant (P = 0.032 and P = 0.005, respectively, Wilcoxon test).Conclusion: A single dose of povidone-iodine 5% and chloramphenicol effectively reduces the colonisation of normal conjunctival bacteria and can be used as effective prophylaxis.
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Broberg, A., e J. Faergemann. "Topical antimycotic treatment of atopic dermatitis in the head/neck area. A double-blind randomised study." Acta Dermato-Venereologica 75, n. 1 (1 gennaio 1995): 46–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.2340/00015555754649.
Abstract (sommario):
In order for us to evaluate the effect of topical antimycotic treatment in patients with atopic dermatitis affecting the head and neck area, 60 patients (36 females and 24 males range 14-53 years) were included in a double-blind study during 6 weeks. Of the 53 evaluable patients, 55% had positive skin prick tests to Pityrosporum ovale. In addition to oral antibiotic treatment, patients in group A (n = 26) were given miconazole-hydrocortisone cream and ketoconazole shampoo, whereas patients in group B (n = 27) were given hydrocortisone cream and placebo shampoo. At the start of the study P. ovale cultures were positive in 83% of all patients (no significant difference between the groups). After 4 weeks of treatment, there was a decrease in P. ovale colonisation in group A (p < 0.001) but not in group B. Patients in both groups improved (p < 0.001). The decrease in eczema score did not differ between group A and group B after 4 weeks' treatment. A further decrease of the eczema score was seen in both groups at the end of the study, but no difference was found between the groups.
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Amonov, Malik, Nordin Simbak, Wan Mohd Razin Wan Hassan, Salwani Ismail, Nor Iza A. Rahman, Stuart C. Clarke e Chew Chieng Yeo. "Disruption of the cpsE and endA Genes Attenuates Streptococcus pneumoniae Virulence: Towards the Development of a Live Attenuated Vaccine Candidate". Vaccines 8, n. 2 (15 aprile 2020): 187. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines8020187.
Abstract (sommario):
The majority of deaths due to Streptococcus pneumoniae infections are in developing countries. Although polysaccharide-based pneumococcal vaccines are available, newer types of vaccines are needed to increase vaccine affordability, particularly in developing countries, and to provide broader protection across all pneumococcal serotypes. To attenuate pneumococcal virulence with the aim of engineering candidate live attenuated vaccines (LAVs), we constructed knockouts in S. pneumoniae D39 of one of the capsular biosynthetic genes, cpsE that encodes glycosyltransferase, and the endonuclease gene, endA, that had been implicated in the uptake of DNA from the environment as well as bacterial escape from neutrophil-mediated killing. The cpsE gene knockout significantly lowered peak bacterial density, BALB/c mice nasopharyngeal (NP) colonisation but increased biofilm formation when compared to the wild-type D39 strain as well as the endA gene knockout mutant. All constructed mutant strains were able to induce significantly high serum and mucosal antibody response in BALB/c mice. However, the cpsE-endA double mutant strain, designated SPEC, was able to protect mice from high dose mucosal challenge of the D39 wild-type. Furthermore, SPEC showed 23-fold attenuation of virulence compared to the wild-type. Thus, the cpsE-endA double-mutant strain could be a promising candidate for further development of a LAV for S. pneumoniae.
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Blanco, Ramon, e Ana Carolina Teixeira Delgado. "Problematising the Ultimate Other of Modernity: the Crystallisation of Coloniality in International Politics". Contexto Internacional 41, n. 3 (dicembre 2019): 599–619. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0102-8529.2019410300006.
Abstract (sommario):
Abstract This article examines a key element of the power relations underpinning international politics, namely coloniality. It delineates the coloniality of international politics, and elucidates the fundamental aspects of its operationalisation on the one hand, and its crystallisation into international politics on the other. The article is structured into three sections. First, it explores the meaning of coloniality, and outlines its fundamental characteristics. Next, it delineates a crucial operative element of coloniality, the idea of race, and the double movement through which coloniality is rendered operational – the colonisation of time and space. Finally, the article analyses two structuring problematisations that were fundamental to the crystallisation of coloniality in international politics – the work of Francisco de Vitoria, and the Valladolid Debate. It argues that the way in which these problematisations framed the relationship between the European Self and the ultimate Other of Western modernity – the indigenous peoples in the Americas – crystallised the pervasive role of coloniality in international politics.
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Leone, Massimo. "Sutures taxidermiques : sémiotique et ontologie". Cygne noir, n. 2 (26 luglio 2022): 57–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1090757ar.
Abstract (sommario):
Au début de la période que l’on appelle moderne, l’exploration et la colonisation européenne du monde soulevèrent un problème à la fois cognitif et communicationnel : comment transmettre au public du Vieux Continent l’idée de la nature exotique que l’on découvrait dans les « Indes » orientales et occidentales ? Confronté à cette question, le discours de voyage européen de la première modernité déploya toute sorte de signes, textes et discours censés évoquer, chez leurs énonciataires, un effet de sens double, combinant de façon paradoxale un sentiment de vraisemblance et une impression de merveille. L’analyse comparée des mots, des images, et des index de ce discours relève d’une question théorique outre qu’historique : on y lit en filigrane l’élaboration progressive de l’épistémè européenne moderne, celle où des types de signes différents agencent de façons diversifiées la relation entre réel et sens, vérité et vraisemblance. C’est le sujet dont s’enquiert cet article, en jetant un regard sémiotique sur des ouvrages tels que les Relations de divers voyages curieux de Melchisédec de Thévenot.
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Holz, C., J. Benning, M. Schaudt, A. Heilmann, J. Schultchen, D. Goelling e C. Lang. "Novel bioactive from Lactobacillus brevis DSM17250 to stimulate the growth of Staphylococcus epidermidis: a pilot study". Beneficial Microbes 8, n. 1 (7 febbraio 2017): 121–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/bm2016.0073.
Abstract (sommario):
Commensal skin microbiota plays an important role in both influencing the immune response of the skin and acting as a barrier against colonisation of potentially pathogenic microorganisms and overgrowth of opportunistic pathogens. Staphylococcus epidermidis is a key constituent of the normal microbiota on human skin. It balances the inflammatory response after skin injury and produces antimicrobial molecules that selectively inhibit skin pathogens. Here we describe Lactobacillus brevis DSM17250 that was identified among hundreds of Lactobacillus strains to exhibit an anti-inflammatory effect in human keratinocytes in vitro and specific stimulatory impact on the growth of S. epidermidis. The aqueous cell-free extract of L. brevis DSM17250 was used in an ointment formulation and tested in a randomized placebo-controlled double blinded human pilot study. Healthy volunteers with diagnosed dry skin were treated for four weeks. The study data shows that L. brevis DSM17250 extract induces re-colonisation of the skin by protective commensal microorganisms as judged from selective bacterial cultivation of surface-associated skin microorganism of the lower leg. Furthermore, the 4 week administration of the L. brevis DSM17250 extract significantly improved the transepidermal water loss value (TEWL), reduced the xerosis cutis symptoms and stinging. The data shows that daily application of L. brevis DSM17250 extract in a topical product significantly improves the microbial skin microbiota by promoting the growth of species which possess beneficial regulatory and protective properties such as S. epidermidis. Restoring the natural skin microbiota leads to significantly improved skin barrier function (as transepidermal water loss) and decrease of xeroderma (xerosis cutis) symptoms (as measured by dry skin area and severity index, DASI). We propose that improving and stabilizing the natural skin microbiota by specifically stimulating the growth of S. epidermidis is an important and novel concept to manage skin diseases associated with microbiota dysbiosis.
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Courbage, Youssef. "Le facteur démographique dans la marche de l'Irlande vers la partition (1607-1921)". Population Vol. 51, n. 6 (1 giugno 1996): 1129–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/popu.p1996.51n6.1152.
Abstract (sommario):
Résumé Courbage (Youssef). - Le facteur démographique dans la marche de l'Irlande vers la partition (1607-1921) Les relations entre la démographie et la politique sont étudiées dans l'un des contextes historique et géographique où elles confinent à l'archétype : l'Irlande et l'Ulster avant la partition de 1921. Les migrations anglo-écossaises de Grande-Bretagne prennent une coloration confessionnelle à partir du XVIe siècle et la colonisation de peuplement, les Plantations du XVIIe siècle, confortent l'occupation militaire de l'Irlande. En 1659, 18 % des habitants de l'île étaient anglo-écossais, protestants anglicans et presbytériens, 41 % dans la (future) Irlande du Nord plus proche des côtes britanniques. La colonisation démographique fit chuter les catholiques à 70 % en Irlande et 30 % au Nord en 1732. Les projets de W. Petty étaient de transférer les deux tiers des catholiques et de les remplacer par des protestants. Pourtant, les catholiques ne cesseront d'augmenter : 43% de l'Irlande du Nord en 1834 (autant qu'en 1996). Migration et fécondité différenciées expliquent le regain catholique : les migrations furent surtout protestantes, la nuptialité précoce et les descendances abondantes, le fait des catholiques. Cet élan fut toutefois brisé par la généralisation de la règle de l'héritier unique. Le recul du mariage fit chuter la natalité catholique. La grande famine de 1845-1855 amorça les grandes vagues migratoires; exode de 6,5 millions d'Irlandais dont près de 9 sur 10 étaient catholiques. En Irlande du Nord, le nouveau régime démographique naturel et migratoire fut encore plus marqué. Aussi, lors de la partition de 1921, les catholiques étaient 2 fois moins nombreux que les protestants dans les six comtés qui feront l'Irlande du Nord. En revanche, dans les trois autres comtés de l'Ulster, les protestants avaient régressé. La démographie avait balisé le terrain à la double partition : de l'Irlande et de la province d'Ulster.
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Rozé, Jean-Christophe, Sébastien Barbarot, Marie-José Butel, Nathalie Kapel, Anne-Judith Waligora-Dupriet, Inès De Montgolfier, Magali Leblanc et al. "An α-lactalbumin-enriched and symbiotic-supplemented v. a standard infant formula: a multicentre, double-blind, randomised trial". British Journal of Nutrition 107, n. 11 (14 novembre 2011): 1616–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s000711451100479x.
Abstract (sommario):
The aim of the present study was to evaluate the safety, tolerance and preventive effect on atopic dermatitis of an experimental α-lactalbumin-enriched and symbiotic-supplemented infant formula. A total of ninety-seven non-breastfed term neonates were enrolled into a double-blind, multicentre, randomised controlled trial in which they received experimental (n 48) or standard formula (n 49) for 6 months. The primary outcome was weight at 6 months of age. Secondary outcomes were gastrointestinal tolerance and manifestation of atopic dermatitis. Faecal secretory IgA (SIgA) concentration and microbiota composition of forty-three infants were analysed at 1 and 6 months. Growth was similar in both groups. At 1 month, compared to those in the control group, infants in the experimental group exhibited less crying or agitation, and more quiet behaviour (P = 0·03). At 6 months, atopic dermatitis was less frequently observed in the experimental group (P < 0·05). Decrease of faecal SIgA concentration between 1 and 6 months was mainly observed in the control group. This decrease was significantly associated with atopic dermatitis (P < 0·014) and negatively correlated to the level of colonisation by bifidobacteria (P < 0·005). In conclusion, compared to the control formula, the experimental formula guaranteed a similar growth, was better tolerated at 1 month and had a protective effect against the development of atopic dermatitis.
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Guyver, Robert. "Doing justice to their history: London’s BAME students and their teachers reflecting on decolonising the history curriculum". Historical Encounters: A journal of historical consciousness, historical cultures, and history education 8, n. 2 (6 maggio 2021): 156–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.52289/hej8.209.
Abstract (sommario):
This paper examines qualitative data emerging from interviews in five London schools with different groups of BAME ([British] Black, Asian and Minority Ethnic) students aged between 14 and 18 (a total of 33), and seven of their teachers. The students are questioned about their reactions to the taught curriculum especially in the light of their sometimes complex but common postcolonial identities. The methodology followed here, that of Bourdieusian relational phenomenology (Atkinson, 2020), mirrors both the literature review and the conclusions, in that the history of the movement of peoples as a consequence of colonisation and empire not only explains the way Britain is but also defines an imperative for societal and curriculum change. The contextual literature relates to some of the history of migration and settlement including in London, and to some aspects of historiography, especially the work of Peter Fryer (1984/2018), Catherine Hall (2002), Rosina Visram (1994, 2002) and David Olusoga (2014, 2015) to demonstrate that Black history is British history and that there is a mutual responsibility to rediscover what has been hidden and forgotten. But that history, with its power relations, is also intertwined and interrelated with relationships between citizens in society today. The core and periphery paradigm (Mycock, 2017) is clearly reflected in the concept of double-consciousness (Du Bois, 1903; Gilroy, 1993) as both a personal and curriculum dimension. The findings demonstrate the importance of a history education that connects migration, empire and postcoloniality, for all citizens, including those wielding official power. Four themes emerge for analysis: double-consciousness; curriculum and pedagogy; understanding power relations; and citizenship, social justice and curriculum change.
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Daoud, Frederic C., Fatima M’Zali, Arnaud Zabala, Nicholas Moore e Anne-Marie Rogues. "Do Different Sutures with Triclosan Have Different Antimicrobial Activities? A Pharmacodynamic Approach". Antibiotics 11, n. 9 (3 settembre 2022): 1195. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics11091195.
Abstract (sommario):
(1) Background: Three antimicrobial absorbable sutures have different triclosan (TS) loads, triclosan release kinetics and hydrolysis times. This in vitro study aims to analyse and compare their antimicrobial pharmacodynamics. (2) Methods: Time-kill assays were performed with eight triclosan-susceptible microorganisms common in surgical site infections (SSIs) and a segment of each TS. Microbial concentrations were measured at T0, T4, T8 and T24 h. Similar non-triclosan sutures (NTS) were used as controls. Microbial concentrations were plotted and analysed with panel analysis. They were predicted over time with a double-exponential model and four parameters fitted to each TS × microorganism combination. (3) Results: The microbial concentration was associated with the triclosan presence, timeslot and microorganism. It was not associated with the suture material. All combinations shared a common pattern with an early steep concentration reduction from baseline to 4–8 h, followed by a concentration up to a 24-h plateau in most cases with a mild concentration increase. (4) Conclusions: Microorganisms seem to be predominantly killed by contact or near-contact killing with the suture rather than the triclosan concentration in the culture medium. No significant in vitro antimicrobial pharmacodynamic difference between the three TS is identified. Triclosan can reduce the suture microbial colonisation and SSI risk.
34
Ryan, Peter G., Ben J. Dilley, Delia Davies, Trevor Glass e Fitsum Abadi. "Short-term movement patterns, population estimates and breeding biology of an island endemic bird, the Tristan Thrush". Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia 27, n. 4 (dicembre 2019): 245–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03546070.
Abstract (sommario):
AbstractThe Tristan Thrush Turdus eremita is the only land bird that survived human colonisation of the main island of Tristan da Cunha and is listed as “Near Threatened”. Population estimates are confounded by the thrushes’ inquisitive and gregarious nature as well as limited information on their movements. We report the first measures of nest densities on Nightingale Island: 6 nests·ha-1 in Phylica arborea woodland and 4–5 nests·ha-1 in tussock habitat, which suggests that the population is approximately double the previous estimate. At Inaccessible Island, we individually color ringed 110 thrushes over two months to track their short-term movements and estimate the local population size. Individuals moved up to 950 m along the coast, but 96% of resightings were < 100 m. A Bayesian data augmentation approach estimated that some 260 thrushes visited the core study area, a 200-m stretch of cobble and boulder beach where birds come to drink, bathe and forage. This result suggests that the population on Inaccessible Island also is substantially larger than reported previously. We estimate the total population to be 8000–15,000 Tristan Thrushes. The main need is a population estimate for the nominate subspecies on the main island of Tristan.
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Camargo, L. F. A., A. R. Marra, G. L. Büchele, A. M. C. Sogayar, R. G. R. Cal, J. M. A. de Sousa, E. Silva, E. Knobel e M. B. Edmond. "Double-lumen central venous catheters impregnated with chlorhexidine and silver sulfadiazine to prevent catheter colonisation in the intensive care unit setting: a prospective randomised study". Journal of Hospital Infection 72, n. 3 (luglio 2009): 227–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhin.2009.03.018.
36
Lehmann, Anna, Kacper Nijakowski, Michalina Nowakowska, Patryk Woś, Maria Misiaszek e Anna Surdacka. "Influence of Selected Restorative Materials on the Environmental pH: In Vitro Comparative Study". Applied Sciences 11, n. 24 (16 dicembre 2021): 11975. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app112411975.
Abstract (sommario):
In dental caries treatment, it is worth using such restorative materials that may limit plaque accumulation. The pH of the filling seems to be an important factor affecting the potential bacterial colonisation. Our study aimed to assess how selected restorative materials influence the environmental pH. A total of 150 specimens (30 of each: Ketac Molar, Riva LC, Riva SC, Filtek Bulk Fill, and Evetric) were placed in 100 sterile hermetic polyethene containers with saline and stored in 37 °C. The pH of each sample was measured using the electrode Halo HI13302 (Hanna Instruments, Poland) at specific points in time for 15 days. The initial pH levels were significantly lower for glass ionomer cements (3.9–4.7) compared to composites (5.9–6.0). With time, the pH increased for samples with glass ionomer cements (by nearly 1.5), whereas it decreased for samples with composites (maximally by 0.8). In the end, all materials were in the pH range between 5.3 and 6.0. The highest final pH was obtained with Ketac Molar at about 5.9. Double samples had lower pH values than single samples, irrespective of the type of material. In conclusion, immediately after application, restorative materials decreased the environmental pH, especially light-cured glass ionomer cements. For glass ionomers, within two weeks, the pH increased to levels comparable with composites.
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Poghosyan, Sevanna. "Russian Approaches to the Right of Peoples to Self-Determination: From the 1966 United Nations Covenants to Crimea". Juridica International 30 (13 ottobre 2021): 183–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.12697/ji.2021.30.20.
Abstract (sommario):
Two moments proved decisive for the development of the right of peoples to self determination in Russia, related to the Soviet approach in the de-colonisation era, as manifested in the 1966 United Nations Covenants, and Russia’s approach to this right after the 2014 annexation of Crimea: with its annexation of Crimea, Russia, just as the Soviet Union had in 1966, challenged the universality of the right to self-determination. The paper examines theory and practice of the right of peoples to self-determination in Russian context from a historical-legal perspective, to trace the roots of the contradictions found in Russia’s current approach to that right. Aimed at understanding the specifics of the Soviet approach to self-determination and considering the case of Crimea in light of analogies between the past and present approaches to the right, the discussion posits the existence of a link between the Soviet and the Russian approach to self-determination, on the basis of legal ties between post-1991 Russia and the Soviet Union established under the doctrine of state succession or continuity. The article offers support for the hypothesis that the current Russian approach to self-determination resembles the Soviet one in demonstrating legal flexibility characterised by self-interest, hypocrisy, and double standards. This calls for renewed discussion of the influence of Soviet international legal thinking on that of contemporary Russia.
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Armitage, Michael N., Daniella A. Spittle e Alice M. Turner. "A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of the Prevalence and Impact of Pulmonary Bacterial Colonisation in Stable State Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)". Biomedicines 10, n. 1 (31 dicembre 2021): 81. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines10010081.
Abstract (sommario):
Background: Half of acute exacerbations of COPD are due to bacterial infection, and the other half are likely influenced by microbial colonisation. The same organisms commonly cultured during acute exacerbations are often found in the sputum of patients during stability. A robust assessment of the prevalence of potentially pathogenic microorganisms (PPMs) in the sputum of stable COPD patients may help to inform the targeted prevention of exacerbation by these organisms. Methods: A systematic review and meta-analysis was carried out to determine the prevalence of PPMs in patients with COPD in the stable state. Meta-analysis of prevalence was carried out using the Freeman–Tukey double arcsine transformation random effects model, and sub-group analysis was performed for sputum modality. Prevalence of total and individual PPMs was calculated from patient-level data from individual studies. Results: Pooled prevalence of PPMs identified by sputum culture was found to be 41% (95% CI 36–47%). Significant heterogeneity was found across all studies, which can likely be attributed to inconsistent measuring and reporting of PPMs. The most commonly reported organisms were H. influenzae, M catarrhalis, S. pneumoniae, S. aureus, and P. aeruginosa. Declining lung function was weakly correlated with prevalence of PPMs. Conclusion: The airways of patients with COPD are colonised with PPMs during the stable state in almost half of patients. A complex relationship likely exists between the microbiome in the stable state and the phenotype of COPD patients. Targeted microbial therapy for preventing exacerbations of COPD should carefully consider the stable microbiome as well as the exacerbated.
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Peel, Trisha, Sarah Astbury, Allen C. Cheng, David Paterson, Kirsty Buising, Tim Spelman, An Tran-Duy e Richard S. de Steiger. "Multicentre randomised double-blind placebo controlled trial of combination vancomycin and cefazolin surgical antibiotic prophylaxis: the Australian surgical antibiotic prophylaxis (ASAP) trial". BMJ Open 9, n. 11 (novembre 2019): e033718. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2019-033718.
Abstract (sommario):
IntroductionResistant Gram-positive organisms, such as methicillin-resistant staphylococci, account for a significant proportion of infections following joint replacement surgery. Current surgical antimicrobial prophylaxis guidelines recommend the use of first-generation or second-generation cephalosporin antibiotics, such as cefazolin. Cefazolin, however, does not prevent infections due to these resistant organisms; therefore, new prevention strategies need to be examined. One proposed strategy is to combine a glycopeptide antibiotic with cefazolin for prophylaxis. The clinical benefit and cost-effectiveness of this combination therapy compared with usual therapy, however, have not been established.Methods and analysisThis randomised, double-blind, parallel, superiority, placebo-controlled, phase 4 trial will compare the incidence of all surgical site infections (SSIs) including superficial, deep and organ/space (prosthetic joint) infections, safety and cost-effectiveness of surgical prophylaxis with cefazolin plus vancomycin to that with cefazolin plus placebo. The study will be performed in patients undergoing joint replacement surgery. In the microbiological sub-studies, we will examine the incidence of SSIs in participants with preoperative staphylococci colonisation (Sub-Study 1) and incidence of VRE acquisition (Sub-Study 2). The trial will recruit 4450 participants over a 4-year period across 13 orthopaedic centres in Australia. The primary outcome is the incidence of SSI at 90 days post index surgery. Secondary outcomes include the incidence of SSI according to joint and microorganism and other healthcare associated infections. Safety endpoints include the incidence of acute kidney injury, hypersensitivity reactions and all-cause mortality. The primary and secondary analysis will be a modified intention-to-treat analysis consisting of all randomised participants who undergo eligible surgery. We will also perform a per-protocol analysis.Ethics and disseminationThe study protocol was reviewed and approved by The Alfred Hospital Human Research Ethics Committee (HREC/18/Alfred/102) on 9 July 2018. Study findings will be disseminated in the printed media, and learnt forums.Trial registration numberACTRN12618000642280
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de Rugy, Marie. "Des cartes autochtones en situation coloniale : Le cas du Tonkin à la fin du xixe siècle". Annales. Histoire, Sciences Sociales 75, n. 2 (giugno 2020): 189–232. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ahss.2020.126.
Abstract (sommario):
Des cartes autochtones en situation coloniale: Le cas du Tonkin à la fin du xixe siècleÀ partir d’un corpus de cartes vietnamiennes conservées dans les Archives nationales de Hà Nội, cet article vise à répondre à une double interrogation, méthodologique et heuristique : comment analyser en historien des sources cartographiques détachées de leur contexte de production ; peut-on voir une spécificité du cas vietnamien dans l’appropriation des savoirs autochtones en situation coloniale ? En comparant ces cartes à celles des géographies royales vietnamiennes, en les croisant avec des sources coloniales françaises de la conquête du Tonkin (années 1880-1890), en analysant l’entremêlement des écritures – caractères chinois, vietnamien romanisé et français –, les codes visuels et la matérialité de ces documents, cette étude propose trois pistes fécondes et complémentaires pour l’histoire et l’anthropologie des savoirs. La spécificité vietnamienne réside d’abord dans l’existence de ce grand nombre de cartes, qui n’a d’équivalent ni dans les possessions coloniales en Afrique ni ailleurs en Asie du Sud-Est. Elle apparaît aussi dans les contextes de production des cartes, que la correspondance privée d’un officier, Fernand Bernard, et les journaux de marche militaires permettent de retracer : si les enquêtes orales dans les villages ou le renseignement sont des situations répandues, la sollicitation des fonctionnaires locaux, habitués à dresser des cartes pour le pouvoir, l’est moins. Finalement, l’étude de ces documents laisse entrevoir des formes de contact et une appropriation propres aux débuts de la colonisation, qui disparaissent ensuite.
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Harvey, Mark. "Climate emergency: how the inequality crisis is dynamically linked to the sociogenesis of climate change". Global Social Challenges Journal 1, n. 1 (giugno 2022): 115–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1332/mepz5639.
Abstract (sommario):
The failure of COP26 to secure binding commitments delivering a pathway to global warming limited to 1.5°C is attributable to a UN political process that prevents addressing the inequalities between and within nations in generating greenhouse gases. Historical divergences of national wealth and the present extreme inequalities of purchasing power (Piketty, Milanovic, Savage) manifest themselves in how the richest people in the richest nations are now the leading forcers of climate change. A second dimension of inequality, receiving less attention, concerns the inequalities between nations of environmental resources in fossil energy, agricultural land, minerals and renewable alternatives. The concept of sociogenesis of climate change analyses the combination of these two dimensions of inequality to account for the present political impasse, national and international. A dominant feature of a nation’s wealth has historically been based on the unrestricted exploitation of its own environmental resources, or those that it commands through colonisation or trade. This has resulted in the US now producing more than double the CO₂eq per capita than China, or Germany consuming four times more coal per capita than India. The COP26 impasse on coal and fossil fuels arose in part from China’s and India’s unwillingness to strand its environmental assets without alternative pathways to equivalent national wealth, while wealthier nations continue to excessively exploit theirs. A sociogenic analysis of wealth and environmental resource inequalities signals the need for a radical change in the political processes required to mitigate the climate emergency.
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Bourgeois-Gironde, Sacha, e Éric Monnet. "Expériences naturelles et causalité en histoire économique: Quels rapports à la théorie et à la temporalité ?" Annales. Histoire, Sciences Sociales 72, n. 4 (dicembre 2017): 1087–116. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0395264918000574.
Abstract (sommario):
RésuméUn courant récent et influent, porté principalement par des économistes, propose de renouveler l'analyse historique à partir des notions d'expérience naturelle et de causalité. Il a la double ambition d'unifier diverses disciplines autour d'une acception commune de la causalité afin de réinterroger des grandes questions historiques (comme le rôle de la colonisation, des régimes politiques ou de la religion dans le développement économique) et de rendre l'analyse de l'histoire plus scientifique. La définition de la causalité qu'il promeut – de type interventionniste – vise à traiter les événements historiques comme un protocole d'expérience de laboratoire. Celle-ci s'articule avec une perspective néo-institutionnaliste visant à mesurer les effets dans la longue durée de certains changements institutionnels passés, considérés comme exogènes. Dans un premier temps, cet article présente les ambitions, les apports, les méthodes et les hypothèses (implicites et explicites) de ce courant de recherche, avant de montrer comment il se différencie de l'histoire économique quantitative plus traditionnelle, et de le resituer dans le contexte des récents tournants empirique et néo-institutionnaliste de la discipline économique. Dans un second temps, cet article fait état des critiques – souvent virulentes – formulées par des historiens ou des économistes à l'encontre de cette méthode et de ses objectifs. Enfin, nous insistons sur les difficultés de cette approche à prendre en compte l'historicité des phénomènes, à produire des énoncés généraux à partir de cas particuliers, et à proposer une définition complète et cohérente de la causalité en histoire.
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Morton, Ben, Kondwani Jambo, Tarsizio Chikaonda, Jamie Rylance, Marc Y. R. Henrion, Ndaziona Peter Banda, Edna Nsomba, Joel Gondwe, Daniela Ferreira e Stephen B. Gordon. "The influence of pneumococcal conjugate vaccine-13 on nasal colonisation in a controlled human infection model of pneumococcal carriage in Malawi: a double-blinded randomised controlled trial protocol". Wellcome Open Research 6 (16 giugno 2022): 240. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/wellcomeopenres.17172.2.
Abstract (sommario):
Streptococcus pneumoniae is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality due to community acquired pneumonia, bacterial meningitis and bacteraemia worldwide. Pneumococcal conjugate vaccines protect against invasive disease, but are expensive to manufacture, limited in serotype coverage, associated with serotype replacement, and demonstrate reduced effectiveness against mucosal colonisation. For Malawi, nasopharyngeal carriage of vaccine-type pneumococci is common in vaccinated children despite national roll-out of 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV13) since 2011. Our team has safely transferred an established experimental human pneumococcal carriage method from Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine to the Malawi-Liverpool Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, Malawi. This study will determine potential immunological mechanisms for the differential effects of PCV13 on nasal carriage between healthy Malawian and UK populations. We will conduct a double-blinded randomised controlled trial to vaccinate (1:1) participants with either PCV13 or control (normal saline). After a period of one month, participants will be inoculated with S. pneumoniae serotype 6B to experimentally induce nasal carriage using the EHPC method. Subsequently, participants will be invited for a second inoculation after one year to determine longer-term vaccine-induced immunological effects. Primary endpoint: detection of inoculated pneumococci by classical culture from nasal wash recovered from the participants after pneumococcal challenge. Secondary endpoints: local and systemic innate, humoral and cellular responses to PCV-13 with and without pneumococcal nasal carriage The primary objective of this controlled human infection model study is to determine if PCV-13 vaccination is protective against pneumococcal carriage in healthy adult Malawian volunteers. This study will help us to understand the observed differences in PCV-13 efficacy between populations and inform the design of future vaccines relevant to the Malawian population. Trial Registration: Pan African Clinical Trial Registry (REF: PACTR202008503507113)
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Morton, Ben, Kondwani Jambo, Tarsizio Chikaonda, Jamie Rylance, Marc Y. R. Henrion, Ndaziona Peter Banda, Edna Nsomba, Joel Gondwe, Daniela Ferreira e Stephen B. Gordon. "The influence of pneumococcal conjugate vaccine-13 on nasal colonisation in a controlled human infection model of pneumococcal carriage in Malawi: a double-blinded randomised controlled trial protocol". Wellcome Open Research 6 (20 settembre 2021): 240. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/wellcomeopenres.17172.1.
Abstract (sommario):
Streptococcus pneumoniae is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality due to community acquired pneumonia, bacterial meningitis and bacteraemia worldwide. Pneumococcal conjugate vaccines protect against invasive disease, but are expensive to manufacture, limited in serotype coverage, associated with serotype replacement, and demonstrate reduced effectiveness against mucosal colonisation. For Malawi, nasopharyngeal carriage of vaccine-type pneumococci is common in vaccinated children despite national roll-out of 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV13) since 2011. Our team has safely transferred an established experimental human pneumococcal carriage method from Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine to the Malawi-Liverpool Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, Malawi. This study will determine potential immunological mechanisms for the differential effects of PCV13 on nasal carriage between healthy Malawian and UK populations. We will conduct a double-blinded randomised controlled trial to vaccinate (1:1) participants with either PCV13 or control (normal saline). After a period of one month, participants will be inoculated with S. pneumoniae serotype 6B to experimentally induce nasal carriage using the EHPC method. Subsequently, participants will be invited for a second inoculation after one year to determine longer-term vaccine-induced immunological effects. Primary endpoint: detection of inoculated pneumococci by classical culture from nasal wash recovered from the participants after pneumococcal challenge. Secondary endpoints: local and systemic innate, humoral and cellular responses to PCV-13 with and without pneumococcal nasal carriage The primary objective of this controlled human infection model study is to determine if PCV-13 vaccination is protective against pneumococcal carriage in healthy adult Malawian volunteers. This study will help us to understand the observed differences in PCV-13 efficacy between populations and inform the design of future vaccines relevant to the Malawian population. Trial Registration: Pan African Clinical Trial Registry (REF: PACTR202008503507113)
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Hla, Thel Khin, Joshua Osowicki, Sam Salman, Kevin T. Batty, Julie A. Marsh, Joseph Kado, Renae Barr et al. "Study protocol for controlled human infection for penicillin G againstStreptococcus pyogenes: a double-blinded, placebo-controlled, randomised trial to determine the minimum concentration required to prevent experimental pharyngitis (the CHIPS trial)". BMJ Open 12, n. 12 (dicembre 2022): e064022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2022-064022.
Abstract (sommario):
IntroductionRegular intramuscular benzathine penicillin G injections have been the cornerstone of rheumatic heart disease (RHD) secondary prophylaxis since the 1950s. As the pharmacological correlate of protection remains unknown, it is difficult to recommend changes to this established regimen. Determining the minimum effective penicillin exposure required to preventStreptococcus pyogenesinfection will accelerate development of new long-acting penicillins for RHD prevention as well as inform opportunities to improve existing regimens. The CHIPS trial will address this knowledge gap by directly testing protection afforded by different steady state plasma concentrations of penicillin in an established model of experimental humanS. pyogenespharyngitis.Methods and analysisThis is a double-blinded, placebo-controlled, randomised experimental human infection study. Sixty healthy adult volunteers aged 18–40 years will be recruited and randomised 1:1:1:1:1 to continuous intravenous penicillin infusions targeting five different steady state plasma concentrations of 0 (placebo), 3, 6, 12 and 20 ng/mL via a midline catheter. Each participant’s penicillin pharmacokinetic parameters will be established prior to the challenge, to ensure accurate dosing for the continuous infusion. Following the challenge with a well-characterised strain ofS. pyogenes, participants will be observed for up to 6 days for the development of pharyngitis and treated with antibiotics prior to discharge. The primary objective is to determine the minimum effective steady-state plasma penicillin concentration required to prevent experimental pharyngitis. Secondary objectives will explore systemic and mucosal immunoinflammatory responses during pharyngitis, bacterial colonisation dynamics, environmental contamination and qualitative evaluation of the participant experience.Ethics and disseminationEthical approval has been obtained (Bellberry Human Research Ethics Committee). Findings will be reported in peer-reviewed publications and presented at national/international stakeholder forums.Trial registration numberACTRN12621000751875.
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Pastor-Villaescusa, B., J. A. Hurtado, M. Gil-Campos, J. Uberos, J. A. Maldonado-Lobón, M. P. Díaz-Ropero, O. Bañuelos, J. Fonollá e M. Olivares. "Effects of Lactobacillus fermentum CECT5716 Lc40 on infant growth and health: a randomised clinical trial in nursing women". Beneficial Microbes 11, n. 3 (11 maggio 2020): 235–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/bm2019.0180.
Abstract (sommario):
The breast milk microbiota has been described as a source of bacteria for infant gut colonisation. We studied the effect of Lactobacillus fermentum CECT5716 (Lc40) on growth and infection incidence of the infants, when the probiotic is administrated to the mothers. Moreover, whether such effects might depend on the interaction between the mother or infant microbiota and the probiotic administration. A total of 291 mother-infant pairs were studied for 16 weeks in a randomised double-blinded placebo-controlled multicentre trial. The Lc40 group (n=139) received 1 capsule/day containing 3×109 cfu Lc40; the control group (n=152) received 1 placebo (maltodextrin) capsule/day. A positive and significant correlation of the Staphylococcus load between breast milk and infant faeces was only observed in control group. Additionally, the weight z-score of the infants whose mothers had higher values of Lactobacillus in their breast milk were significantly higher for the Lc40 group. We observed a significant lower incidence of conjunctivitis in the infants whose mothers received Lc40. A higher load of Staphylococcus in infant faeces significantly increased the risk of respiratory infections. Such incidence, under an absent or low Staphylococcus load in the faeces, was significantly 36 times higher in the infants in the control group than in the infants in the Lc40 group. However, the protective effect of Lc40 was gradually reduced as the Staphylococcus load of the milk increased. The administration of Lc40 to nursing women might influence infant growth and health but it seems to depend on its interactions with mother or infant microbiota. Registered in the US Library of Medicine ( www.clinicaltrials.gov ): NCT02203877.
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McGuigan, Gerald F. "La concession des terres dans les cantons de l'Est du Bas-Canada (1763-1809)". Articles 4, n. 1 (12 aprile 2005): 71–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/055164ar.
Abstract (sommario):
Comme on peut s'en rendre compte en étudiant la période pré-confédérative de l'histoire du Canada, il existe une grande lacune dans notre connaissance du rôle joué par la terre dans le développement économique et politique des territoires qui forment maintenant les provinces de Québec et d'Ontario. Il est vrai que certains travaux ont été faits sur le système seigneurial, sur les grandes compagnies terriennes et sur les problèmes des réserves de la Couronne et du clergé, particulièrement dans le Haut-Canada. Quelle que soit leur qualité, ces travaux n'en demeurent pas moins fragmentaires. En nous attachant à reconstituer, dans un tableau d'ensemble, l'évolution de la politique des terres au cours du demi-siècle qui a suivi la conquête, nous avons voulu contribuer d'une modeste façon à combler cette lacune. Le but du présent article est de tracer les grandes lignes des travaux de recherche que l'auteur vient de terminer sur la politique de concession et de distribution des terres dans les cantons de l'Est du Bas-Canada, de 1763 à 1809. Dans l'exécution de ces travaux de recherche nous avons visé un double objectif. Premièrement, nous avons voulu découvrir et, tenant compte de l'histoire traditionnelle, expliquer les relations chronologiques et organiques entre les divers documents et les témoignages relatifs à l'administration et à la distribution des terres en franc et commun socage dans les cantons de l'Est de 1763 à 1809. De la période qui s'étend de 1763 à 1791 nous n'avons retenu que les caractères généraux, tandis que nous avons fait une étude plus détaillée de la période qui va de 1791 à 1809. Nous avons accordé une attention particulière au mode de concession le plus général au cours de cette période : la concession de terres à des chefs de canton sur présentation de listes d'associés. En deuxième lieu, et d'une façon subordonnée, nous avons essayé de tirer des documents ainsi classifiés et analysés quelques conclusions se rapportant aux relations entre la tenure des terres (et les règles et décrets s'y rapportant) et le développement de certains aspects de l'organisation interne des sociétés commerciales au cours de cette période. Nos recherches nous ont permis de mettre en évidence l'existence d'une relation très étroite entre l'incertitude des règles et des décrets concernant la tenure des terres et le développement du Bas-Canada, entre les années 1792 et 1809, période où apparaît la corporation comme forme d'organisation économique. D'une manière plus générale, nous pensons que le conflit qui s'est manifesté dans le Bas-Canada, après 1791, au sujet de la politique des terres, n'était que l'expression d'un conflit plus général entre les tendances centralisatrices de l'administration coloniale anglaise et les efforts — apparents surtout dans les colonies de la Nouvelle-Angleterre — visant à renforcer l'autonomie locale en matières fiscales et politiques. Le pouvoir de formuler une politique des terres, de diviser et de distribuer les terres, fut un aspect important de cette autonomie locale. La présence de cette tradition d'autonomie parmi les immigrants du Québec qui, pour la plupart, venaient des États de la Nouvelle-Angleterre, amena les colons à adopter une forme d'entreprise incorporée. Les circonstances favorisaient d'ailleurs cette forme d'entreprise : déjà, dans les cantons de l'Est, existait la pratique non officielle d'une forme de colonisation semblable à celle qu'avaient connue les immigrants des colonies de la Nouvelle-Angleterre. Ce type de colonisation engendrait l'incertitude chez les colons, à cause de l'imprécision des lois relatives à la distribution des terres.
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Lowe, John, David Gillespie, Marie Hubbard, Lei Zhang, Nigel Kirby, Timothy Pickles, Emma Thomas-Jones et al. "Study protocol: azithromycin therapy for chronic lung disease of prematurity (AZTEC) - a randomised, placebo-controlled trial of azithromycin for the prevention of chronic lung disease of prematurity in preterm infants". BMJ Open 10, n. 10 (ottobre 2020): e041528. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2020-041528.
Abstract (sommario):
IntroductionChronic lung disease of prematurity (CLD), also known as bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), is a cause of significant respiratory morbidity in childhood and beyond. Coupled with lung immaturity, infections (especially by Ureaplasma spp) are implicated in the pathogenesis of CLD through promotion of pulmonary inflammation. Azithromycin, which is a highly effective against Ureaplasma spp also has potent anti-inflammatory properties. Thus, azithromycin therapy may improve respiratory outcomes by targeting infective and inflammatory pathways. Previous trials using macrolides have not been sufficiently powered to definitively assess CLD rates. To address this, the azithromycin therapy for chronic lung disease of prematurity (AZTEC) trial aims to determine if a 10-day early course of intravenous azithromycin improves rates of survival without CLD when compared with placebo with an appropriately powered study.Methods and analysis796 infants born at less than 30 weeks’ gestational age who require at least 2 hours of continuous respiratory support within the first 72 hours following birth are being enrolled by neonatal units in the UK. They are being randomised to receive a double-blind, once daily dose of intravenous azithromycin (20 mg/kg for 3 days, followed by 10 mg/kg for a further 7 days), or placebo. CLD is being assessed at 36 weeks’ PMA. Whether colonisation with Ureaplasma spp prior to randomisation modifies the treatment effect of azithromycin compared with placebo will also be investigated. Secondary outcomes include necrotising enterocolitis, intraventricular/cerebral haemorrhage, retinopathy of prematurity and nosocomial infections, development of antibiotic resistance and adverse reactions will be monitored.Ethics and disseminationEthics permission has been granted by Wales Research Ethics Committee 2 (Ref 18/WA/0199), and regulatory permission by the Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency (Clinical Trials Authorisation reference 21323/0050/001–0001). The study is registered on ISRCTN (ISRCTN11650227). The study is overseen by an independent Data Monitoring Committee and an independent Trial Steering Committee. We shall disseminate our findings via national and international peer-reviewed journals, and conferences. A summary of the findings will also be posted on the trial website.
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Cabridain, Clémentine, Hélène Aubert, Bertrand Kaeffer, Virginie Badon, Marion Boivin, Vincent Dochez, Norbert Winer et al. "Effectiveness of an antenatal maternal supplementation with prebiotics for preventing atopic dermatitis in high-risk children (the PREGRALL study): protocol for a randomised controlled trial". BMJ Open 9, n. 4 (aprile 2019): e024974. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2018-024974.
Abstract (sommario):
IntroductionAtopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic inflammatory disease affecting 10%–15% of children in Europe. There is a need for new primary preventive therapeutic strategies in at-risk populations. Recent research has indicated that atopic diseases are associated with a disrupted gut microbial ‘balance’ in early life raising the possibility that interventions which yield optimal patterns of microflora could improve host’s health. Prebiotics, sugars with immunomodulatory properties that stimulate the diversity of the digestive microbiota, are ideal candidates for such research. So far, most clinical trials have focused on improving infant gut colonisation postnatally. However, prenatal life is a crucial period during which different tolerance mechanisms are put in place. We aim to determine whether antenatal prebiotics supplementation prevents AD in high-risk children.Methods and analysisThis is a randomised, multicentre, double-blind, trial to evaluate the effectiveness of antenatal prebiotic maternal supplementation (galacto-oligosaccharide/inulin) in pregnant women versus placebo on the occurrence of AD at 1 year of age in at-risk children (defined as having a maternal history of atopic disease). Participating women will be randomised to daily ingestion of a prebiotics or placebo (maltodextrin) from 20 weeks’ gestation until delivery. The primary outcome is the prevalence of AD at 1 year of age, using the version of the UK Working Party Diagnostic Criteria optimised for preventive studies. Key secondary endpoints are AD severity, quality of life and prebiotics tolerance. The target sample size is 376 women (188 patients per group) which will provide 80% power to detect a 33% reduction of the risk of AD in the verum group (α=0.05). The primary analysis will be based on the intention-to-treat principle.Ethics and disseminationResults will be presented in peer-reviewed journals and at international conferences. Ethics approval for the study was obtained from the institutional ethical review board of ‘Comité de Protection des Personnes Sud Ouest—Outre-Mer III’ of the University Hospital Centre of Bordeaux (2017/13).Trial registration numberNCT03183440; Pre-results.
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BENMOUSSAT, Nabil Djawad. "Assia Djebar: ‘L’Immortelle’ of the Algerian French-Speaking Literature". Revue plurilingue : Études des Langues, Littératures et Cultures 6, n. 1 (29 dicembre 2022): 47–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.46325/ellic.v6i1.79.
Abstract (sommario):
The present article is a plea for a reconsideration of colonial and post-colonial Algerian French-speaking literature; not least Assia Djebar’s literary works in pre- and post- independence Algeria. It attempts to redraw the boundaries of Djebbar’s writings in relation to the status and role of the Algerian woman during and after French colonial rule. This two-fold issue actually represents the rationale of the movement for women’s lib in Algeria. It also expands into a discussion of the discrepancies and disparities existing between men’s rights and women’s duties in light of a newly-emerging nation. This ambivalence, all too often called into question in Djebar’s novels, imposes itself de facto in an Algerian deeply male-dominated society. Worth noting, her literary production did not go unnoticed in the Métropole and many French provinces and overseas territories, and subsequently she emerged as a powerful voice to be reckoned within French literature at large. Résumé Cet article est en fait un plaidoyer qui s’inscrit dans une perspective de reconsidération de la littérature algérienne d’expression française, et plus particulièrement les œuvres littéraires pré et postcoloniales d’Assia Djebar. Il essai de délimiter les écrits d’Assia Djebar par rapport au statut et rôle de la femme algérienne durant et après la colonisation. Cette question à double volets représente le fondement de l’émergence du mouvement relatif à l’émancipation de la femme en Algérie. L’article s’étale sur une discussion des différences et des disparités existantes entre les droits des hommes et les devoirs des femmes au sein d’une Algérie nouvelle et indépendante. Cette ambivalence, souvent remise en question dans les romans d’Assia Djebar, s’impose de facto dans une société algérienne à domination masculine. Notons aussi que la production littéraire de l’auteure a eu un écho significatif en Métropole, et dans plusieurs départements français et outre-mer. Ainsi, Assia Djebar émerge comme une voix puissante et reconnue au sein de la littérature française en général.