Tesi sul tema "Dosage génétique"
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Patalano, Solenn. "The translation regulator UNR performs opposite sex-specific functions for dosage compensation in Drosophila". Nice, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008NICE4099.
Testo completoDosage compensation is the process by which the expression levels of X-linked genes are equalized between males and females. In Drosophila, binding of the dosage compensation complex to the single X chromosome of males causes a twofold increase of gene expression levels on this chromosome, thereby achieving the same level of expression as in females. In female flies, in contrast, the complex cannot be assembled because of the translational repression of one of its subunits, MSL2, by the binding of the female specific protein, SXL, to its RNA untranslated region. To understand the molecular mechanisms of msl-2 translational repression, in vitro translation experiments have identified a region necessary for msl-2 inhibition where UNR, a SXL co-factor, can indeed bind, highlighting its importance for dosage compensation repression in female flies. Strong evidence in support of such a function for UNR was provided by an in vivo study of a UNR hypomorphic mutant. Despite the low levels of MSL2 in mutant females, they were sufficient for the assembly and binding of the dosage compensation complex on the X “high affinity sites”. Curiously, in mutant males, the complex was weakly recruited to the single X chromosome where X chromatin was highly decondensed. RNAi inactivation of UNR in cultured male cells reproduced this phenotype without affecting the distribution of the complex components suggesting a major role for UNR in dosage compensation in males effected through chromatin regulation. Taken together, these observations uncover dual, sex-specific functions of UNR in X chromosome dosage compensation: repressing msl-2 expression in female flies while promotion DCC recruitment in males
Casado, Marie. "Studies of HEI10 dosage effect on the regulation of meiotic recombination in 2 Brassicaceae allopolyploid crops (C. sativa and B. napus)". Electronic Thesis or Diss., université Paris-Saclay, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024UPASB056.
Testo completoMeiotic regulation is an essential process not only for maintaining fertility, but also for creating diversity through the generation of new allelic combinations via cross-overs (CO). Recently, more and more evidence has emerged in support of the importance of meiotic protein dosage in the regulation of CO formation. With this in mind, during my thesis, I studied the effect of meiotic protein HEI10 dosage on CO formation in 2 allopolyploid Brassicaceae: rapeseed and camelina, with carry 5 and 3 copies of HEI10 respectively. I was thus able to show that HEI10 is essential for the formation of class I CO in camelina, and to confirm its dosage effect. Unexpected results were shown for low doses of HEI10, emphasizing the contribution of polyploid species for such studies. I also worked on the generation of haploid-inducing lines, useful tools for the study of homoeologous recombination, in these 2 species by generating dmp mutated lines
Stef, Marianne. "Mise en oeuvre de la technique d'hybridation génomique comparative sur puces à ADN pour l'analyse du dosage génique en génétique médicale". Bordeaux 2, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005BOR21262.
Testo completoGenomic abnormalities, such as deletions, duplications or amplifications of chromosome segments are responsible for a number of genomic disorders. Array-CGH, a recent technology, seems very appropriate to identify these aberrations. Array-CGH microarrays contain various genomic fragments derived from the studied locus, as well as other control loci that are hybridized with genomic DNA from a patient and from a reference, labeled with distinct fluorochromes. Fluorescence intensity ratios between test and reference labeled DNA are calculated for each fragment and the length of the aberration could thus be defined. We used and optimized this technology to identify deletions in Rubinstein-Taybi patients, with different kinds of targets to increase the resolution of array-CGH
Moja, Sandrine. "Dosage de l'amplification et de l'expression de l'oncogène c-myc : mise au point d'une technique de quantification par la réaction de polymérisation en chaîne". Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994GRE19007.
Testo completoJaillard-Herrebrecht, Sylvie. "Place de la CGH-array dans l'étude des anomalies du développement". Rennes 1, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010REN1B141.
Testo completoAl, Saabi Alaa. "Relevance of Ethylglucuronide as a marker of alcohol consumption : development of dosage methods and study of factors potentially affecting its production". Phd thesis, Université du Droit et de la Santé - Lille II, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00992193.
Testo completoSari-Minodier, Irène. "Evaluation biogénotoxicologique des expositions professionnelles aux rayonnements ionisants dans les secteurs de la santé et de la radiographie industrielle". Aix-Marseille 2, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002AIX20679.
Testo completoPollex, Tim. "Analysis of the role of nuclear organization during random X chromosome inactivation". Thesis, Paris 11, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA112192.
Testo completoX-chromosome inactivation (XCI) ensures dosage compensation in female mammals. Random XCI is established in the epiblast of female mouse embryos and can be recapitulated in vitro in differentiating embryonic stem cells (ESCs). The major regulator of XCI is the long non-coding RNA Xist, which is expressed from the X-inactivation center (Xic), covers the chromosome in cis and initiates gene silencing. During XCI, the two X chromosomes are treated very differently, despite their homology and the fact that they reside in the same nucleus. Nuclear localization has been hypothesized to play a role in monoallelic gene regulation, not only during XCI but also in other contexts. For example, association with heterochromatin and homologous trans interactions (“pairing”) have been implicated in the establishment of monoallelic gene expression in lymphoid cells and transient pairing has been suggested to participate in symmetry breaking during random XCI. Using the bacterial tetO/tetR system to alter the subnuclear localization and environment of one or both Xics, we have tested the function of subnuclear localization and trans interactions between the Xic loci during initiation of XCI. Using stable expression and reversible binding of TetR fusion proteins (e.g. LaminB1, Cbx5) we show that binding of these proteins can induce local gene repression and chromatin changes, although this is not always associated with subnuclear relocalization. We further show that the forced association of the Xic with the nuclear envelope, does not impact on the choice-making process during XCI. In particular, tethering both Xics to the nuclear lamina during early ESC differentiation resulted in a substantial reduction of homologous pairing events, but had no obvious impact on the onset of random, monoallelic Xist expression. Taken together, our results suggest that nuclear localization and trans interactions of the Xic may be downstream events rather than causal in the regulation of the XCI process.Furthermore, we recruited CTCF, a protein suggested to be involved in structural organization of the genome, to the Xic using the tetO/tetR system. Upon binding of CTCF the overall structure of the Xic remained unaltered though few cis interactions appeared to be weakened, which was accompanied by gene repression in the Xic. Surprisingly, the only upregulated gene in the Xic was Xist in ESCs and during differentiation, which demonstrates that the induced minor changes of cis interactions might impact on gene regulation in the Xic
Ahumada, Saavedra José Tomás. "Craniofacial analysis of Down syndrome rodent models". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Strasbourg, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024STRAJ041.
Testo completoThe most frequent and distinctive alterations found in Down syndrome (DS) are learning disability and craniofacial (CF) dysmorphism. The CF phenotype includes reduced head dimensions, brachycephaly, reduced mediolateral orbital region, reduced bizygomatic breadth, small maxilla, small mandible, and increased individual variability. Until now, the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying this CF phenotype remain unknown. This thesis, using a new panel of rats and mice models proposed new candidate genes for the DS-CF phenotype. We confirmed the role of Dyrk1a in neurocranium brachycephaly and identified the overdosage of the transcription factor Ripply3 for midface shortening through the downregulation of Tbx1, another transcription factor involved in similar phenotypes was found in Di George Syndrome. We defined new dosage-sensitive genes responsible for DS-CF malformations, and new models were proposed to rescue the DS-CF phenotype. This new knowledge may also lead to insights for specific brain and cardiovascular phenotypes observed in Tbx1 mutants and DS models
Barbary, Arnaud. "Bases génétiques de la résistance vis-à-vis des nématodes du genre Meloidogyne chez le piment". Thesis, Nice, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014NICE4120.
Testo completoRoot-knot nematodes (RKNs), Meloidogyne spp., are extremely polyphagous plant parasites worldwide. Since the use of most chemical nematicides is being prohibited, genetic resistance is an efficient alternative way to protect crops against these pests. However, nematode populations proved able to breakdown plant resistance, and genetic resources in terms of resistance genes (R-genes) are limited. Sustainable management of these valuable resources is thus a key point of R-gene durability. In pepper, Me1 and Me3 are two dominant major R-genes, currently used in breeding programs to control M. arenaria, M. incognita and M. javanica, the three main RKN species. Challenging these two genes in different genetic backgrounds against M. incognita demonstrated that (1) the efficiency of the R-genes in reducing the reproductive potential of RKNs is strongly affected by the plant genetic background, (2) the allelic status of the R-genes has no effect on nematode reproduction. According to these first results, a QTL analysis was performed to identify and to localize partial resistance factors against RKNs which could explain the differences observed between the genetic backgrounds. Focusing on M. incognita, M. arenaria and M. javanica, four new major QTLs were localized. They are all regrouped on pepper chromosome P1 except one QTL efficient against M. javanica, which was located on pepper chromosome P9. The cluster on chromosome P1, regrouping most of the newly discovered resistance factors, is described for the first time with respect to RKN resistance. As a conclusion, this work should contribute to the breeding of new pepper varieties with a high level of resistance against RKNs
Barbary, Arnaud. "Bases génétiques de la résistance vis-à-vis des nématodes du genre Meloidogyne chez le piment". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Nice, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014NICE4120.
Testo completoRoot-knot nematodes (RKNs), Meloidogyne spp., are extremely polyphagous plant parasites worldwide. Since the use of most chemical nematicides is being prohibited, genetic resistance is an efficient alternative way to protect crops against these pests. However, nematode populations proved able to breakdown plant resistance, and genetic resources in terms of resistance genes (R-genes) are limited. Sustainable management of these valuable resources is thus a key point of R-gene durability. In pepper, Me1 and Me3 are two dominant major R-genes, currently used in breeding programs to control M. arenaria, M. incognita and M. javanica, the three main RKN species. Challenging these two genes in different genetic backgrounds against M. incognita demonstrated that (1) the efficiency of the R-genes in reducing the reproductive potential of RKNs is strongly affected by the plant genetic background, (2) the allelic status of the R-genes has no effect on nematode reproduction. According to these first results, a QTL analysis was performed to identify and to localize partial resistance factors against RKNs which could explain the differences observed between the genetic backgrounds. Focusing on M. incognita, M. arenaria and M. javanica, four new major QTLs were localized. They are all regrouped on pepper chromosome P1 except one QTL efficient against M. javanica, which was located on pepper chromosome P9. The cluster on chromosome P1, regrouping most of the newly discovered resistance factors, is described for the first time with respect to RKN resistance. As a conclusion, this work should contribute to the breeding of new pepper varieties with a high level of resistance against RKNs
Gaillard, Tiphaine. "Identification et validation de marqueurs moléculaires de la résistance de Plasmodium falciparum à la doxycycline". Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015AIXM5036/document.
Testo completoDoxycycline is currently one of the recommended chemoprophylactic regimens for travellers visiting malaria-endemic, particularly in countries with a high prevalence of resistance to chloroquine and multiresistance. A previous study suggested that increased pfmdt or pftetQ copy number could be associated with a lower susceptibility to doxycycline.The first aim of this study was to validate the pre-established model involving these two molecular markers with other African isolates. The second was to evaluate these markers in P. falciparum isolates coming from a multiresistance area in Thaïland. The third was to investigate the eventual association between the polymorphism in genes encoding ribosomal rRNA and in vitro resistance to doxycycline.The results confirm that pfmdt or pftetQ copy numbers should be involved in in vitro susceptibility to doxycycline in African P. falciparum isolates. The results concerning the Thai isolates indicate that there is no correlation between the pfmdt and pftetQ genes copy numbers and the belonging to the high doxycycline IC50 phenotype; this implies that this mechanism of resistance is not enough by itself to explain resistance to doxycycline; it augurs that the resistance to doxycycline should be controlled by multiple genes, and that these genetic markers could be continent-dependent. The search for points of mutation in isolates from the different doxycycline IC50 phenotypic groups has not resulted with pfssrRNA. Other therapeutic targets are being considered to explain P. falciparum resistance to doxycycline
Cayla, Guillaume. "Approche génétique et pharmacologique de la réponse aux antiagrégants plaquettaires". Paris 7, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA077225.
Testo completoCoronary thrombosis plays a central role in acute coronary syndromes and the combination of aspirin and clopidogrel are a mainstay therapy for these syndromes. We present in this work six studies "clinico-biological projects " focused on acute coronary syndrome and antiplatelet agents. The first study provides new datas on the impact of age on platelet reactivity in response to clopidogrel. The second study examined the clinical, angiographic and genetic determinants of stent thrombosis in a multicenter case control study (123 cases and 246 controls). The third study is a phase IV study, which was focused on the measurement of platelet reactivity using three different biological tests in an unselected population of patients treated with prasugrel, a new thienopyrididine. The fourth study examined a population of healthy subjects exposed to second-hand smoking, the effects of legislation prohibiting smoking in public places on the parameters of haemostasis including viscoelastic properties of fibrin clot, platelet reactivity and inflammation. The fifth study was a randomized clinical trial (ABOARD) and the objective of the study was to determine the optimal timing to realize angiography in acute coronary syndromes without ST segment elevation. The sixth study was concerned with hemorrhagic complications of antithrombotic therapies in the ABOARD study
Silvain, Johanne. "Approche translationnelle génétique, moléculaire et pharmacologique de la thrombose coronaire". Paris 7, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA077111.
Testo completoCoronary thrombosis, a coagulation phenomenon yet physiological, lead, because of the brutality of his appearance in a confined space -the coronary artery- to an acute anoxia and irreversible myocardial damage whose consequences in the short and long term can be catastrophic in terms of morbidity and mortality. Among the five "clinico-biological projects" presented here, the first observation is the first ex-vivo study in human of the dynamics of composition of the thrombus responsible for the occlusion during intracoronary myocardial infarction. The second project is a princeps study demonstrating that there is an impact of red blood cells transfusion on platelet reactivity and provides answers on the pathophysiology of the reported harmful effects associated with this therapy. The third is a study on genetic determinants of the architecture and fonction of the network of fibrin, a major component of the thrombus and validates the concept of the existence of pharmacogenetic résistance to fibrinolysis in some patients. The fourth study is a pharmacological study on the variability of response to treatment by clopidogrel and demonstrates the usefulness of increasing the dose to overcome the poor response of some patients and improve their prognosis. Finally, the fifth study concerns the validation of a rapid biological test for measuring the anticoagulant activity obtained with enoxaparin in order to optimize and individualize the care of patients undergoing percutaneous revascularization with angioplasty of occluded coronary arteries
Smekens, François. "Planification inverse de la dose en hadronthérapie : prise en compte de la qualité du rayonnement pour une optimisation de la dose biologique". Phd thesis, INSA de Lyon, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00716665.
Testo completoBoch, Jérôme. "Effet du faible débit dose sur les technologies bipolaires". Reims, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003REIMS013.
Testo completoBipolar technologies play a variety of important roles in space systems where they are exposed to radiation. In an ionizing environment, the base current of bipolar transistors increases and the current gain decreases. Increased recombination in the emitter-base depletion region is the main mechanism responsible for the increased base current. Many bipolar technologies degrade more at low dose rates than at high dose rates for a given total dose what is a difficult hardness assurance challenge. Methods of predicting the low-dose-rate response using laboratory dose rates, including irradiation at high temperature, have been reasonably successful at identifying technologies that suffer from ELDRS, but it is still difficult to identify a single test for all bipolar technologies. The aim of this work is then to investigate and improve the present methods in order to establish a sigle test for all bipolar technologies. Based on experimental results, physical explanation of phenomena occurring during elevated temperature irradiations has been proposed and a model of degradation has been expanded. From the observation of all the obtained results, a new approach of the device testing, based on the switching from high dose rate to low dose rate has been proposed
Aguettaz, Pierre. "Utilisation de cultures photomixotrophiques de cellules d'épinard : 1, pour la sélection de lignées résistantes à la streptomycine. 2, pour l'étude de la transcription de gènes plastidiaux au cours de la transformation d'amyloplastes en chloroplastes". Grenoble 1, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987GRE10008.
Testo completoDucrocq, Véronique. "Étude de la souche Pseudomonas sp. B4 et de son utilisation dans un processus de biodégradation du 4-chlorobiphényle en microcosmes de sols : estimation de l'efficacité de la bioépuration par PCR quantitative, suivi microbiologique, dosages analytiques et tests écotoxicologiques". Compiègne, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998COMP1108.
Testo completoAzzopardi, Nicolas. "Apport de la modélisation pharmacocinétique à l'étude de la variabilité de réponse aux anticorps monoclonaux antitumoraux : application au cetuximab". Thesis, Tours, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011TOUR3309/document.
Testo completoMonoclonal antibodies have profoundly modified the treatment of many diseases. However, their pharmacokinetics (PK) and the influence of their concentrations on the clinical response are poorly known. We studied the sources of the interindividual variability of PK of cetuximab, an anti-EGFR, and the influence of the exposure to this antibody on the response. We validated an ELISA technique to measure cetuximab concentrations. We studied the pulmonary absorption of cetuximab in a murine model. We studied cetuximab PK in a hemodialysed patient. In metastatic colorectal cancer patients, we described cetuximab PK with the help of a model combining zero- and first-order eliminations. Finally, we identified the global clearance of cetuximab, a parameter which can be estimated by residual concentration on day 14, as a factor influencing progression-free survival of the patients. Our work shows that the description of the PK of an antibody by compartmental approach allows to identify sources of variability and to study the impact of PK on the clinical response
Colin, Catherine. "Effets radiobiologiques des irradiations mammographiques sur l'épithélium mammaire : cassures double-brin de l'ADN, interactions avec les prédispositions génétiques au cancer du sein et impacts sur les modalités de dépistages". Thesis, Lyon 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011LYO10063.
Testo completoThe potential risk of cancer induced by radiation mammography is a major public health issue, medical and scientific interest. The purpose of this study was to quantify the double-strand break (DSB) DNA in exact terms of mammographic radiation. This quantification was performed on untransformed mammary epithelial cells from ultrasound-guided biopsies in healthy tissue using fluorescent protein phosphorylated histone H2AX (γH2AX) before, 10 min and 24 h after irradiation. Two patient populations were included in the study : 19 with no family history of breast cancer and/or ovarian cancer (low risk, LR) and 11 high-risk identified by the geneticist with or without mutation (high risk, HR). Indeed, mutated tumor suppressor genes (BRCA1, BRCA2, CHK2, ATM, p53, PTEN) are also involved in signaling and/or repair of DSBs. Spontaneously, patients showed significantly higher HR of DSBs that spontaneous LR. Three major radiobiological effects were highlighted : 1) A dose low effect, higher in HR; 2) A significant increase in the number of γH2AX foci from 10 min to 24 h after irradiation; 3) An effect of repeated doses more pronounced in HR. These findings should lead to re-evaluate mammographics procedures in screnning in populations where the benefit in term of mortality has not been proved, as women with high familial risk, in the age of group of 40-49 years, and in women treated with chest radiation for childhood, adolescent, or young adult cancer. A single mammographic view could be indicated. Further works assessing the possible carcinogenesis effects of mammographic irradiations will be necessary
Gryspeirt, Aiko. "Impact des plantes Bt sur la biologie de Plodia interpunctella: évaluation de l'efficacité de la stratégie agricole "Haute dose - refuge" pour la gestion de la résistance des insectes ravageurs aux plantes Bt". Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/210542.
Testo completoMon projet de recherche s’inscrit dans le cadre de l’évaluation de l'efficacité de cette stratégie et s’articule en deux phases :une phase expérimentale et une phase théorique. La première se concentre sur la caractérisation en laboratoire de l'impact des toxines Cry sur la biologie d'un ravageur. Cette phase constitue un support au volet théorique :la mise au point d’un modèle mathématique évaluant l'efficacité de la stratégie HD/R. L'originalité de ce projet repose entre autre sur l'interactivité entre ces deux volets.
Volet expérimental. Impact des toxines Cry sur la biologie de Plodia interpunctella. Nous évaluons séparément l'impact d'une gamme de concentrations de deux toxines Cry (CryXX et CryYY) sur une série de paramètres comportementaux et biologiques d'un insecte commun des denrées stockées: Plodia interpunctella (Hübner) (Lepidoptera :Pyralidae). Ces paramètres sont sélectionnés car leur variation pourrait avoir un impact sur l'efficacité de la stratégie HD/R dans le contrôle de la résistance. Il est donc pertinent de les quantifier pour intégrer dans le modèle des ordres de grandeur réalistes et générer des résultats qui ne sont pas uniquement basés sur des spéculations théoriques.
Volet théorique A. Efficacité de la stratégie HD/R pour des plantes Bt synthétisant une ou deux toxines simultanément. La stratégie 'HD/R' a été développée pour prévenir la résistance envers les plantes Bt synthétisant une seule toxine. Or, depuis 2003, de nouvelles variétés de coton Bt synthétisant simultanément deux toxines Cry sont commercialisées (BollgardII® et WidestrikeTM). Nous évaluons, grâce au modèle que nous avons développé, l'efficacité de cette stratégie lors d'une utilisation exclusive de plantes Bt synthétisant une ou deux toxines.
Volet théorique B. Impact du ralentissement du développement des insectes sur les plantes Bt sur l'efficacité de la stratégie HD/R. Le volet expérimental met en évidence un allongement de la durée du développement des larves se nourrissant sur une diète contaminée en toxine Cry. Ce ralentissement induit une séparation temporelle entre l'émergence des adultes de la zone Bt et de la zone refuge et perturbe une hypothèse principale de la stratégie HD/R: le croisement aléatoire entre adultes, indépendamment du génotype et de la zone d'origine. Dans ce troisième chapitre, nous étudions l'impact de la perturbation du croisement aléatoire sur l'efficacité de la stratégie HD/R. Nous testons également deux options pour optimiser la stratégie en cas d'asynchronie: l'utilisation de plantes Bt synthétisant une faible concentration en toxine (atténuant le décalage entre l'émergence des adultes) ou l'augmentation de la taille de la zone refuge (favorisant la survie des individus porteurs d'allèle de sensibilité et donc optimisant la dilution de la résistance à la génération suivante).
Ce travail s'intègre dans une problématique actuelle et utilise des outils de biologie théorique (théories de la dynamique et de la génétique des populations) ainsi que le développement d'un modèle mathématique. Il apporte des éléments de réponse et de réflexion sur l'optimisation de la gestion de la résistance des insectes mais c'est aussi une illustration de la complémentarité entre la biologie expérimentale et théorique.
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On the market since 1996, genetically modified plants synthesizing an insecticidal toxin (Cry toxin) stemmed from Bacillus thuringiensis, called Bt plants, target several insect pests (Lepidoptera or Coleoptera). Bt crops cover increasingly larger areas and control important pest populations The Insect Resistance Management Strategy (IRM) strategy currently recommended in the U.S.A. to limit the development of resistant populations is the High Dose / Refuge zone (HD/R) strategy. This pre-emptive strategy requires a refuge zone composed by non-Bt plants, usable by the target insect and in close proximity of the Bt zone synthesizing a high toxin concentration.
My research project contributes to the effectiveness assessment of this HD/R strategy. It is structured on two main parts: an experimental, and a theoretical section. The first part characterizes the impact of Cry toxins on the biology of an insect pest. It is the basis of the theoretical part: the implementation of a mathematical model, which evaluates the effectiveness of the HD/R strategy.
The originality of this project is based on the interactivity of these two components.
Experimental section. Impact of the Cry toxins on the biology of Plodia interpunctella. We assess the impact of a range of concentrations of two Cry toxins (CryXX et CryYY) on several behavioural and biological parameters of a common pest of stored products: Plodia interpunctella (Hübner) (Lepidoptera :Pyralidae). These parameters are selected because their variation could influence the effectiveness of a HD/R strategy. So, it is important to quantify these parameters so that realistic values can be integrated in our model. The results of the model are thus not based on theoretical assumptions alone.
Theoretical section A. Effectiveness of a HD/R strategy with Bt plants synthesizing one or two toxins. Initially, the HD/R strategy has been developed to limit the resistance towards Bt plants synthesizing one toxin. However, since 2003, new Bt cotton varieties synthesize two toxins simultaneously (BollgardII® et WidestrikeTM). We assess, with our model, the effectiveness of this strategy for Bt plants synthesizing one or two toxins.
Theoretical section B. Impact of the slowing down of the insect development reared on Bt plants on the effectiveness of the HD/R strategy. The experimental part demonstrates that larvae reared on a Bt diet have a protracted development duration. The consequence of this is a temporal separation between adult emergence in the two zones (Bt zone and refuge zone). This could affect the main assumption of the HD/R strategy, i. e. random mating independently of the genotype and of the native zone. In this third chapter, we study the impact of random mating disruption on the effectiveness of a HD/R strategy. We test two options to optimise the strategy in case of asynchrony: the use of Bt plants synthesizing a lower toxin concentration (limiting emergence asynchrony) or increasing the refuge zone size (favouring the survival of insect carrying one or two susceptible allele and thus optimising the dilution of resistance at the next generation).
This work is applied to a current issue. It uses some of the tools of theoretical biology (theories of population dynamics and population genetics) and develops a mathematical model. It provides some responses and some elements of thought about insect resistance management. It is also an illustration of the complementarity between experimental and theoretical biology.
Doctorat en Sciences
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
Shim, Grace. "Influence of Individual Radiosensitivity on Biological Responses to Ionizing Radiation Dose Estimation and the Role of Telomere Maintenance". Thesis, Paris 11, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA11T050/document.
Testo completoExposure to ionizing radiation (IR), from both natural and man-made sources, is an inevitable part of modern life. It is well established that there are considerable inter-individual variations in sensitivity to IR among healthy individuals and cancer patients. However, the mechanisms involved in the heterogeneity of biological responses to IR are not well understood, and a reliable biodosimetric and clinical approach to measure and rank radiosensitivity remains to be established. In this thesis, we study the extent and impact of individual radiosensitivity in healthy individuals in the contexts of emergency dosimetry and radiotherapy, and we explore the roles of telomeres in the prediction of individual radiosensitivity and long-term human health risks following IR exposure (specifically, cardiovascular diseases and/or cancer). First, in the context of dosimetry in the event of an emergency situation (when rapid dose estimates of each individual in an irradiated population are needed), we demonstrate that the impact of individual radiosensitivity can be negligible using global cellular measurements of γH2AX fluorescence via flow cytometry in human fibroblasts and lymphocytes at 4 hours post-irradiation; this method could be an effective and rapid biodosimetry tool that can aid in the medical triage of irradiated individuals in an emergency setting based on individual levels of exposure. Second, we study the extent and influence of individual radiosensitivity on the induction of chromosomal aberrations following a routinely administered dose of 2 Gy during conventional fractionated photon radiotherapy (γ-rays) in lymphocytes of healthy individuals. For these analyses, we define individual radiosensitivity based on the frequency of IR-induced DNA double strand breaks (DSBs), which were calculated from the scoring of chromosomal aberrations visualized with telomere/centromere-fluorescence in situ hybridization (TC-FISH). This TC-FISH staining of metaphasic chromosomes enhances the “gold standard technique” of biodosimetry (the dicentric chromosome assay) with the visualization of telomeres and centromeres and thereby provides improved simplicity and sensitivity to the classical cytogenetic assay. We also compare individual radiosensitivity following γ-irradiation to that following carbon irradiation, an up-and-coming ion species currently being used in heavy ion radiotherapy. We provide dose response curves for both γ- and carbon irradiations based on the calculated frequency of IR-induced DNA DSBs at a range of doses, and estimate the relative biological effectiveness (RBE) of carbon irradiation relative to γ-irradiation. We then estimate the RBE of a third type of IR also frequently used in heavy ion radiotherapy (proton beams) in comparison to γ-irradiation, and compare individual radiosensitivity to each of these three types of IR with different IR energies. Third, we evaluate the roles of telomeres and telomere maintenance in the prediction of individual radiosensitivity; we find that inherent mean telomere length in combination with the IR-induced change in mean telomere length may be a strong predictor of individual radiosensitivity. Finally, we show how telomeres could be linked to long-term health risks following IR exposure: we demonstrate that telomere shortening could be a new prognostic factor for cardiovascular disease following radiotherapy, and discuss how telomeres could be key players in the process of radiation-induced carcinogenesis. In conclusion, we deliberate the relationships between telomere maintenance, radiation effects, and individual radiosensitivity, and propose a model of how telomeres could play crucial roles in the development of cardiovascular diseases and the process of IR-induced carcinogenesis
Nourgalieva, Kalamkas J. "Effets biologiques des faibles doses d'irradiation sur les organismes humains et animaux : observations et expériences effectuées en France et au Kazakhstan entre 1995 et 2000". Rennes 1, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003REN1B079.
Testo completoFresneau, Brice. "Analyses pronostiques en oncologie pédiatrique : Identification de facteurs de susceptibilité tumorale ou individuelle à l’efficacité et/ou à la toxicité des traitements anticancéreux utilisés chez l’enfant Investigating the Heterogeneity of Alkylating Agents' Efficacy and Toxicity Between Sexes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Trials Comparing Cyclophosphamide and Ifosfamide (MAIAGE Study) Is Alpha-Fetoprotein Decline a Prognostic Factor of Childhood Non-Seminomatous Germ Cell Tumours? Results of the French TGM95 Study New Insight into Severe Ototoxicity after Childhood Cancer. Is there an Impact of Melphalan and Busulfan? A French Childhood Cancer Survivor Study A Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacogenetic Analysis of Osteosarcoma Patients Treated with High-Dose Methotrexate: Data from the OS2006/Sarcoma-09 Trial". Thesis, université Paris-Saclay, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020UPASS034.
Testo completoTherapeutic advances in pediatric oncology have improved survival rates reaching over 80%. In order to increase cure rates and decrease complications and treatment sequelae, international collaborative efforts led to the development of therapeutic trials stratified on major prognostic factors including biological factors. However, treatment adaptation to individual patient characteristics remains marginal.In this thesis, our objective was to better understand how somatic (tumor-related) and constitutional (patient-related) characteristics could modify efficacy and toxicity of anticancer therapies used in pediatric oncology. Several works were performed: 1- Prognostic analysis of tumor markers: assessment of the alpha-foetoprotéine (AFP) decline prognostic value in childhood malignant germ cell tumors; 2- Prognostic analysis of constitutional factors: (i) assessment of the interaction between gender and type of alkylating agents on efficacy and acute toxicity; (ii) assessment of the efficacy and toxicity impact of genetic polymorphisms in patients with osteosarcoma treated with high-dose methotrexate; 3- Risk factors analysis of long-term toxicities: analysis of severe ototoxicity in the French Childhood Cancer Survivors Study (FCCSS)
Marechal, Damien. "Implication de la région Abcg1-U2af1 dans le syndrome de Down : effets de doses de la région et rôle du gène Cbs dans les défauts de mémorisation". Phd thesis, Université de Strasbourg, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00856595.
Testo completoChateigner, Aurélien. "Influence de l'environnement sur l'évolution des génomes de virus". Thesis, Tours, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014TOUR4020.
Testo completoThe purpose of this thesis was to study the influence of the environment on the evolution of baculovirus genomes. We first genetically characterised the AcMNPV natural population by high-throughput sequencing and established the susceptibility of 4 hosts to the virus by bioassays. Then, the AcMNPV natural population was subjected to experimental evolution on the 4 host species for 10 cycles. The 10th generation of the evolved viral lines were then phenotypically and genotypically characterised. This experiment showed a virulence trade-off for each line: to increase their virulence to the host on which they evolved, the lines have lost generalist adaptive potential. Furthermore, intra-population diversity decreased for all the lines regardless of host susceptibility. Lastly, by correlating all these results we found specific genome positions involved in host adaptation
Bahroun, Imen. "Rôles des polymorphismes génétiques dans la détermination de la dose individuelle de la warfarine chez les patients traités avec de l’amiodarone". Thèse, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/12046.
Testo completoBackground: Although the practice of the use of warfarin has improved during the last decade, no clear recommendation based on the determination of Amiodarone has been standardized until now, which is a major obstacle for clinicians. Warfarin has a narrow therapeutic index requiring regular monitoring and an individual dose ajustement, to this determines the therapeutic dose, while avoiding the side effects that could be fatal in some cases. The interindividual variability to the Warfarin depends on several factoring age, sex, weight, food and drug interactions but they only partially explain the differences in sensitivity to Warfarin. The polymorphisms of the genes CYP2C9 and VKORC1 play an important role in the response to the Warfarine and explain 50% of the variability of doses.The use of antiarrhythmic Amiodarone can greatly enhancethe effect of Warfain and generally requires a reduction of 30-50% of the dose of Warfarin. No study to date has attempted to determine the utility of genotyping polymorphisms of CYP2C9 and VKORC1 in patients on combination therapy of Warfarin and Amiodarone. Objectives: Our study aims to first determine if genetic factors influence the first dose stabilization of Warfarin in patients with AF after the introduction of Amiodarone. We will also attempt to confirm the previously reported between genetic association and the first dose of Warfarin stabilization in our study population. Methods: A retrospective cohort of all patients who frequent the clinic Warfarin of Montreal Heart Institute between 01/01/2007 and 02/30/2008 for the adjustment of their INR. The total of 1615 patients were recruited. The criteria for selection were patients with atrial fibrillation or flutter, with ECG documented with one of these tow diagnostic and younger than 67 years because of reduced morbidity. Patients with chronic liver disease were excluded from the study. All patients had to sign an informed consent for their participation in the project to which they contributed 15 ml of blood for genetic testing. Data collection was conducted from the patient's medical record of the Montreal Heart Institute. A data collection form was designed for this purpose and the data were then entered into a SQL database programmed by a computer expert in this field. Data validation was performed in several steps to minimize errors. Statistical analysis using regression tests were conducted to determine the association of genetic variants with the first dose of Warfarin. Results: We identified an association between polymorphisms of the genes CYP2C9 and VKORC1 and warfarin dose. Genetic polymorphisms to explain 42% of the variability in dose of Warfarin. We also demonstrated that genetic polymorphisms explain the reduction in the dose of Warfarin when Amiodarone is added to Warfarin. Conclusion: Our Work in the context of this thesis have shown the involvement of CYP2C9 and VKORC1 genes in response to treatment with Warfarin and Amiodarone. The results are used to create a personalized profile to reduce the risk of toxicity, enabling a more accurate dosing of warfarin for better monitoring of patients. In the future, other genetic polymorphisms in these genes could be evaluated to optimize the value of personalised therapy.
Vilain, Anne. "Impact des facteurs génétiques et cliniques sur la réponse au traitement par méthylphénidate chez des enfants avec un trouble déficitaire de l'attention/hyperactivité". Thèse, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/15331.
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