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Letteratura scientifica selezionata sul tema "Dorsal horn of the spinal cord"

Autore: Grafiati

Pubblicato: 31 agosto 2024

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Articoli di riviste sul tema "Dorsal horn of the spinal cord"

Omura, Yukiko, Jasmine P. Kipke, Siamak Salavatian, Andrew Shea Afyouni, Christian Wooten, Robert F. Herkenham, Uri Maoz et al. "Spinal Anesthesia Reduces Myocardial Ischemia–triggered Ventricular Arrhythmias by Suppressing Spinal Cord Neuronal Network Interactions in Pigs". Anesthesiology 134, n. 3 (7 gennaio 2021): 405–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/aln.0000000000003662.

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Background Cardiac sympathoexcitation leads to ventricular arrhythmias. Spinal anesthesia modulates sympathetic output and can be cardioprotective. However, its effect on the cardio-spinal reflexes and network interactions in the dorsal horn cardiac afferent neurons and the intermediolateral nucleus sympathetic neurons that regulate sympathetic output is not known. The authors hypothesize that spinal bupivacaine reduces cardiac neuronal firing and network interactions in the dorsal horn–dorsal horn and dorsal horn–intermediolateral nucleus that produce sympathoexcitation during myocardial ischemia, attenuating ventricular arrhythmogenesis. Methods Extracellular neuronal signals from the dorsal horn and intermediolateral nucleus neurons were simultaneously recorded in Yorkshire pigs (n = 9) using a 64-channel high-density penetrating microarray electrode inserted at the T2 spinal cord. Dorsal horn and intermediolateral nucleus neural interactions and known markers of cardiac arrhythmogenesis were evaluated during myocardial ischemia and cardiac load–dependent perturbations with intrathecal bupivacaine. Results Cardiac spinal neurons were identified based on their response to myocardial ischemia and cardiac load–dependent perturbations. Spinal bupivacaine did not change the basal activity of cardiac neurons in the dorsal horn or intermediolateral nucleus. After bupivacaine administration, the percentage of cardiac neurons that increased their activity in response to myocardial ischemia was decreased. Myocardial ischemia and cardiac load–dependent stress increased the short-term interactions between the dorsal horn and dorsal horn (324 to 931 correlated pairs out of 1,189 pairs, P < 0.0001), and dorsal horn and intermediolateral nucleus neurons (11 to 69 correlated pairs out of 1,135 pairs, P < 0.0001). Bupivacaine reduced this network response and augmentation in the interactions between dorsal horn–dorsal horn (931 to 38 correlated pairs out of 1,189 pairs, P < 0.0001) and intermediolateral nucleus–dorsal horn neurons (69 to 1 correlated pairs out of 1,135 pairs, P < 0.0001). Spinal bupivacaine reduced shortening of ventricular activation recovery interval and dispersion of repolarization, with decreased ventricular arrhythmogenesis during acute ischemia. Conclusions Spinal anesthesia reduces network interactions between dorsal horn–dorsal horn and dorsal horn–intermediolateral nucleus cardiac neurons in the spinal cord during myocardial ischemia. Blocking short-term coordination between local afferent–efferent cardiac neurons in the spinal cord contributes to a decrease in cardiac sympathoexcitation and reduction of ventricular arrhythmogenesis. Editor’s Perspective What We Already Know about This Topic What This Article Tells Us That Is New

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Sharma, K., e E. Frank. "Sensory axons are guided by local cues in the developing dorsal spinal cord". Development 125, n. 4 (15 febbraio 1998): 635–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.125.4.635.

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During development, different classes of sensory neurons establish distinctive central projections within the spinal cord. Muscle spindle afferents (Ia fibers) grow ventrally through the dorsal horn to the ventral cord, whereas cutaneous sensory collaterals remain confined to the dorsal horn. We have studied the nature of the cues used by Ia fibers in establishing their characteristic projections within the dorsal horn. An organotypic culture preparation of embryonic chicken spinal cord and sensory ganglia was used to test the influence of ventral spinal cord and local cues within the dorsal spinal cord on the growing Ia afferents. When the ventral half of the spinal cord was replaced with an inverted duplicate dorsal half, Ia fibers entering through the dorsal columns still grew ventrally within the host dorsal horn. After the fibers entered the duplicate dorsal half, they continued growing in the same direction. With respect to the duplicate dorsal tissue, this was in an opposite, ventral-to-dorsal, direction. In both cases, however, Ia collaterals remained confined to the medial dorsal laminae. Restriction to these laminae was maintained even when the fibers had to change their direction of growth to stay within them. These results show that cues from the ventral cord are not required for the development of correct Ia projections within the dorsal horn. Local, rather than long-range directional, cues appear to determine the pattern of these projections. When the ventral half of the spinal cord was left intact but sensory axons were forced to enter the dorsal gray matter growing rostrally or caudally, their collateral axons grew in random directions, further showing the absence of directional cues even when the ventral cord was present. Taken together, these observations suggest that Ia fibers are guided by local positional cues that keep them confined to the medial gray matter within the dorsal horn, but their direction of growth is determined primarily by their orientation and position as they enter the dorsal gray matter.

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Harrington, Andrea M., Sonia Garcia Caraballo, Jessica E. Maddern, Luke Grundy, Joel Castro e Stuart M. Brierley. "Colonic afferent input and dorsal horn neuron activation differs between the thoracolumbar and lumbosacral spinal cord". American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology 317, n. 3 (1 settembre 2019): G285—G303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.00013.2019.

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The distal colon is innervated by the splanchnic and pelvic nerves, which relay into the thoracolumbar and lumbosacral spinal cord, respectively. Although the peripheral properties of the colonic afferent nerves within these pathways are well studied, their input into the spinal cord remain ill defined. The use of dual retrograde tracing from the colon wall and lumen, in conjunction with in vivo colorectal distension and spinal neuronal activation labeling with phosphorylated MAPK ERK 1/2 (pERK), allowed us to identify thoracolumbar and lumbosacral spinal cord circuits processing colonic afferent input. In the thoracolumbar dorsal horn, central projections of colonic afferents were primarily labeled from the wall of the colon and localized in laminae I and V. In contrast, lumbosacral projections were identified from both lumen and wall tracing, present within various dorsal horn laminae, collateral tracts, and the dorsal gray commissure. Nonnoxious in vivo colorectal distension evoked significant neuronal activation (pERK-immunoreactivity) within the lumbosacral dorsal horn but not in thoracolumbar regions. However, noxious in vivo colorectal distension evoked significant neuronal activation in both the thoracolumbar and lumbosacral dorsal horn, with the distribution of activated neurons correlating to the pattern of traced projections. Dorsal horn neurons activated by colorectal distension were identified as possible populations of projection neurons or excitatory and inhibitory interneurons based on their neurochemistry. Our findings demonstrate how colonic afferents in splanchnic and pelvic pathways differentially relay mechanosensory information into the spinal cord and contribute to the recruitment of spinal cord pathways processing non-noxious and noxious stimuli. NEW & NOTEWORTHY In mice, retrograde tracing from the colon wall and lumen was used to identify unique populations of afferent neurons and central projections within the spinal cord dorsal horn. We show that there are pronounced differences between the spinal cord regions in the distribution pattern of colonic afferent central projections and the pattern of dorsal horn neuron activation evoked by colorectal distension. These findings demonstrate how colonic afferent input influences spinal processing of colonic mechanosensation.

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Sengul, Gulgun, Huazheng Liang, Teri M. Furlong e George Paxinos. "Dorsal Horn of Mouse Lumbar Spinal Cord Imaged with CLARITY". BioMed Research International 2020 (14 agosto 2020): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/3689380.

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The organization of the mouse spinal dorsal horn has been delineated in 2D for the six Rexed laminae in our publication Atlas of the Spinal Cord: Mouse, Rat, Rhesus, Marmoset, and Human. In the present study, the tissue clearing technique CLARITY was used to observe the cyto- and chemoarchitecture of the mouse spinal cord in 3D, using a variety of immunohistochemical markers. We confirm prior observations regarding the location of glycine and serotonin immunoreactivities. Novel observations include the demonstration of numerous calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) perikarya, as well as CGRP fibers and terminals in all laminae of the dorsal horn. We also observed sparse choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) immunoreactivity in small perikarya and fibers and terminals in all dorsal horn laminae, while gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA) and glutamate decarboxylase-67 (GAD67) immunoreactivities were found only in small perikarya and fibers. Finally, numerous serotonergic fibers were observed in all laminae of the dorsal horn. In conclusion, CLARITY confirmed the 2D immunohistochemical properties of the spinal cord. Furthermore, we observed novel anatomical characteristics of the spinal cord and demonstrated that CLARITY can be used on spinal cord tissue to examine many proteins of interest.

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Dodd, J., e T. M. Jessell. "Cell surface glycoconjugates and carbohydrate-binding proteins: possible recognition signals in sensory neurone development". Journal of Experimental Biology 124, n. 1 (1 settembre 1986): 225–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.124.1.225.

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Dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurones transmit cutaneous sensory information from the periphery to the dorsal horn of the spinal cord. Subpopulations of DRG neurones that subserve distinct sensory modalities project to discrete regions in the dorsal horn. The formation of specific sensory connections during development may involve cell-surface interactions with spinal cord cells. Molecules that are expressed on the surface of functional subpopulations of DRG and dorsal horn neurones have therefore been identified. Distinct subsets of DRG neurones express globo- or lactoseries carbohydrate differentiation antigens. The expression of defined carbohydrate structures correlates with the embryonic lineage, peptide phenotype and the central termination site of DRG neurones. Similar or identical glycoconjugates have been implicated in cellular interactions that contribute to preimplantation embryonic development. Small-diameter DRG neurones that project to the superficial dorsal horn express N-acetyllactosamine backbone structures that are potential ligands for beta-galactoside-specific binding proteins (lectins). Two lectins have been identified that are expressed early in development in the superficial dorsal horn. These complementary molecules may contribute to the development of sensory afferent projections in the spinal cord.

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Olsen, M. L., S. L. Campbell e H. Sontheimer. "Differential Distribution of Kir4.1 in Spinal Cord Astrocytes Suggests Regional Differences in K+ Homeostasis". Journal of Neurophysiology 98, n. 2 (agosto 2007): 786–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00340.2007.

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Neuronal activity in the spinal cord results in extracellular potassium accumulation that is significantly higher in the dorsal horn than in the ventral horn. This is suggestive of differences in K+ clearance, widely thought to involve diffusional K+ uptake by astrocytes. We previously identified the inward rectifying K+ channel Kir4.1 as the major K+ conductance in spinal cord astrocytes in situ and hence hypothesized that different expression levels of Kir4.1 may account for the observed differences in potassium dynamics in spinal cord. Our results with immunohistochemical staining demonstrated highest Kir4.1 channel expression in the ventral horn and very low levels of Kir4.1 in the apex of the dorsal horn. Western blots from tissue of these two regions similarly confirmed much lower levels of Kir4.1 in the apex of the dorsal horn. Whole cell patch-clamp recordings from astrocytes in rat spinal cord slices also showed a difference in inwardly rectifying currents in these two regions. However, no statistical difference in either fast-inactivating (Ka) or delayed rectifying potassium currents (Kd) was observed, suggesting these differences were specific to Kir currents. Importantly, when astrocytes in each region were challenged with high [K+]o, astrocytes from the dorsal horn showed significantly smaller (60%) K+ uptake currents than astrocytes from the ventral horn. Taken together, these data support the conclusion that regional differences in astrocytic expression of Kir4.1 channels result in marked changes in potassium clearance rates in these two regions of the spinal cord.

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Chen, Shao-Rui, Kristi L. Sweigart, Joan M. Lakoski e Hui-Lin Pan. "Functional μ Opioid Receptors Are Reduced in the Spinal Cord Dorsal Horn of Diabetic Rats". Anesthesiology 97, n. 6 (1 dicembre 2002): 1602–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00000542-200212000-00037.

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Background The mechanisms of decreased spinal analgesic potency of morphine in neuropathic pain are not fully known. Agonist-stimulated [35S]GTPgammaS receptor autoradiography has been used to measure receptor activation of G proteins in vitro. Using this technique, we determined changes in the functional mu opioid receptors in the spinal dorsal horn in diabetic rats. Methods Rats were rendered diabetic with an intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin. The lumbar spinal cord was obtained from age-matched normal and diabetic rats 4 weeks after streptozotocin treatment. [D-Ala2,N-MePhe4,Gly5-ol]-enkephalin (DAMGO, 10 microm)-stimulated [35S]GTPgammaS binding was performed in both tissue sections and isolated membranes. Results The DAMGO-stimulated [35S]GTPgammaS binding in the spinal dorsal horn was significantly reduced (approximately 37%) in diabetic rats compared with normal rats. However, [35S]GTPgammaS bindings in the spinal dorsal horn stimulated by other G protein-coupled receptor agonists, including [D-Pen2,D-Pen5]-enkephalin, R(-)N6-(2-phenylisopropyl)-adenosine, and WIN-55212, were not significantly altered in diabetic rats. The basal [35S]GTPgammaS binding in the spinal dorsal horn was slightly (approximately 13%) but significantly increased in diabetic rats. Western blot analysis revealed no significant difference in the expression of the alpha subunits of G(i) and G(o) proteins in the dorsal spinal cord between normal and diabetic rats. Conclusions These data suggest that the functional mu opioid receptors in the spinal cord dorsal horn of diabetic rats are reduced. The impaired functional mu opioid receptors in the spinal cord may constitute one of the mechanisms underlying the reduced spinal analgesic effect of mu opioids in diabetic neuropathic pain.

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Li, Ping, Amelita A. Calejesan e Min Zhuo. "ATP P2× Receptors and Sensory Synaptic Transmission Between Primary Afferent Fibers and Spinal Dorsal Horn Neurons in Rats". Journal of Neurophysiology 80, n. 6 (1 dicembre 1998): 3356–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1998.80.6.3356.

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Li, Ping, Amelita A. Calean, and Min Zhuo. ATP P2× receptors and sensory synaptic transmission between primary afferent fibers and spinal dorsal horn neurons in rats. J. Neurophysiol. 80: 3356–3360, 1998. Glutamate is a major fast transmitter between primary afferent fibers and dorsal horn neurons in the spinal cord. Recent evidence indicates that ATP acts as another fast transmitter at the rat cervical spinal cord and is proposed to serve as a transmitter for nociception and pain. Sensory synaptic transmission between dorsal root afferent fibers and neurons in the superficial dorsal horn of the lumbar spinal cord were examined by whole cell patch-clamp recording techniques. Experiments were designed to test if ATP could serve as a transmitter at the lumbar spinal cord. Monosynaptic excitatory postsynaptic currents (EPSCs) were completely abolished after the blockade of both glutamatergic α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid/kainate and N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors. No residual current was detected, indicating that glutamate but not ATP is a fast transmitter at the dorsal horn of the lumbar spinal cord. Pyridoxal-phosphate-6-azophenyl-2′,4′-disulfonic acid (PPADS), a selective P2× receptor antagonist, produced an inhibitory modulatory effect on fast EPSCs and altered responses to paired-pulse stimulation, suggesting the involvement of a presynaptic mechanism. Intrathecal administration of PPADS did not produce any antinociceptive effect in two different types of behavioral nociceptive tests. The present results suggest that ATP P2×2 receptors modulate excitatory synaptic transmission in the superficial dorsal horn of the lumbar spinal cord by a presynaptic mechanism, and such a mechanism does not play an important role in behavioral responses to noxious heating. The involvement of other P2× subtype receptors, which is are less sensitive to PPADS, in acute nociceptive modulation and persistent pain remains to be investigated.

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Bremner, L., M. Fitzgerald e M. Baccei. "Functional GABAA-Receptor–Mediated Inhibition in the Neonatal Dorsal Horn". Journal of Neurophysiology 95, n. 6 (giugno 2006): 3893–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00123.2006.

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Neonatal nociceptive circuits and dorsal horn cells are characterized by an apparent lack of inhibitory control: receptive fields are large and thresholds low in the first weeks of life. It has been suggested that this may reflect immature GABAA-receptor (GABAAR) signaling whereby an early developmental shift in transmembrane anion gradient is followed by a longer period of low Cl− extrusion capacity. To investigate whether functional GABAAR-mediated inhibition does indeed undergo postnatal regulation at the level of dorsal horn circuits, we applied the selective GABAAR antagonist gabazine to the spinal cord in anesthetized rat pups [postnatal day (P) 3 or 21] while recording spike activity in single lumbar dorsal horn cells in vivo. At both ages, blockade of GABAAR activity resulted in enlarged hind paw receptive field areas and increased activity evoked by low- and high-intensity cutaneous stimulation, revealing comparable inhibition of dorsal horn cell firing by spinal GABAARs at P3 and P21. This inhibition did not require descending pathways to the spinal cord because perforated patch-clamp recordings of deep dorsal horn neurons in P3 spinal cord slices also showed an increase in evoked spike activity after application of gabazine. We conclude that spinal GABAergic inhibitory transmission onto single dorsal horn cells “in vivo” is functional at P3 and that low Cl− extrusion capacity does not restrict GABAergic function over the normal range of evoked sensory activity. The excitability of neonatal spinal sensory circuits could reflect immaturity in other intrinsic or descending inhibitory networks rather than weak spinal GABAergic inhibition.

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Sharma, K., Z. Korade e E. Frank. "Development of specific muscle and cutaneous sensory projections in cultured segments of spinal cord". Development 120, n. 5 (1 maggio 1994): 1315–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.120.5.1315.

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Development of sensory projections was studied in cultured spinal segments with attached dorsal root ganglia. In spinal segments from stage 30 (E6.5) and older chicken embryos, prelabeled muscle and cutaneous afferents established appropriate projections. Cutaneous afferents terminated solely within the dorsolateral laminae, whereas some muscle afferents (presumably Ia afferents) projected ventrally towards motoneurons. Development of appropriate projections suggests that sufficient cues are preserved in spinal segments to support the formation of modality-specific sensory projections. Further, because these projections developed in the absence of muscle or skin, these results show that the continued presence of peripheral targets is not required for the formation of specific central projections after stage 29 (E6.0). Development of the dorsal horn in cultured spinal segments was assessed using the dorsal midline as a marker. In ovo, this midline structure appears at stage 29. Lack of midline formation in stage 28 and 29 cultured spinal segments suggests that the development of the dorsal horn is arrested in this preparation. This is consistent with earlier reports suggesting that dorsal horn development may be dependent on factors outside the spinal cord. Because dorsal horn development is blocked in cultured spinal segments, this preparation makes it possible to study the consequences of premature ingrowth of sensory axons into the spinal cord. In chicken embryos sensory afferents reach the spinal cord at stage 25 (E4.5) but do not arborize within the gray matter until stage 30. During this period dorsal horn cells are still being generated. In spinal segments, only those segments that have developed a midline at the time of culture support the formation of midline at the time of culture support the formation of specific sensory projections.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

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Più fonti

Tesi sul tema "Dorsal horn of the spinal cord"

Baseer, Najma. "Spinal cord neuronal circuitry involving dorsal horn projection cells". Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2014. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/5596/.

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The spinal cord dorsal horn is involved in the processing and transmission of sensory information to the brain. There are several distinct populations of dorsal horn projection cells that constitute the major output of the spinal cord. These cells are mostly found in lamina I and are scattered throughout the deep dorsal horn. There is a population of large lamina III projection cells that expresses the neurokinin 1 receptor (NK1r), which is the main target for substance P released by nociceptive primary afferents. These cells are densely innervated by peptidergic nociceptive afferents and more sparsely by low-threshold myelinated afferents. In addition, they also receive selective innervation from neuropeptide Y-containing inhibitory interneurons. However, not much is known about their input from glutamatergic spinal neurons. It has already been reported that the great majority of large lamina III NK1r expressing cells project to caudal ventrolateral medulla (CVLM) therefore in this study these cells were easily identified without retrograde tracer injection. Preliminary observations showed that these cells received contacts from preprodynorphin (PPD)-containing excitatory axons. The first part of the study tested the hypothesis that lamina III projection cells are selectively targeted by PPD-containing excitatory spinal neurons. Spinal cord sections from lumbar segments of the rat underwent immunocytochemical processing including combined confocal and electron microscopy to look for the presence of synapses at the sites of contact. The results showed that lamina III NK1r cells received numerous contacts from non-primary boutons that expressed vesicular glutamate transporter 2 (VGLUT2), and formed asymmetrical synapses on their dendrites and cell bodies. These synapses were significantly smaller than those formed by peptidergic afferents but provided a substantial proportion of the glutamatergic input to lamina III NK1r projection cells. Furthermore, it was observed that PPD was found to be present in ~58% of the VGLUT2 boutons that contacted these cells while a considerably smaller proportion of (5-7%) VGLUT2 boutons in laminae I-IV expressed PPD. These results indicate a highly selective targeting of the lamina III projection neurons by glutamatergic neurons that express PPD. Fine myelinated (Aδ) nociceptors are responsible for the perception of fast, well-localised pain. Very little is known about their postsynaptic targets in the spinal cord, and therefore about their roles in the neuronal circuits that process nociceptive information. In the second part of the study, Fluorogold injections were made into the lateral parabrachial region (LPb) of the rat brain on one side and cholera toxin B subunit (CTb) was injected into the sciatic nerve on the contralateral side to assess whether Aδ nociceptors provide input to lamina I projection cells. The vast majority of lamina I projection neurons belong to the spinoparabrachial tract, and these can be divided into two major groups: those that express NK1r, and those that do not. The results suggested that CTb labelled a distinct set of Aδ nociceptors, most of which lack neuropeptides. CTb-labelled Aδ afferents formed contacts on 43% of the spinoparabrachial lamina I neurons that lacked the NK1r, but on a significantly smaller proportion (26%) of NK1r projection cells. Combined confocal and electron microscopy established that the contacts were associated with synapses. Furthermore, the contact density of CTb labelled boutons was considerably higher on the NK1r- cells than on those with the NK1r. These results provide further evidence that primary afferents input to projection cells is organized in a specialized way and that both NK1r+ and NK1r- lamina I projection neurons are directly innervated by Aδ nociceptors, thus may have an important role in the perception of fast pain. Lamina I of the rat spinal cord dorsal horn contains a population of large spinoparabrachial projection neurons (giant cells) that receive numerous synapses from both excitatory (VGLUT2) and inhibitory (VGAT) interneurons. The giant cells are selectively innervated by GABAergic axons that express neuronal-nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) and are thought to originate from local inhibitory interneurons. In the rat, the nNOS inhibitory cells belong to a distinct functional population that differs from other inhibitory interneurons in terms of somatostatin receptor (sst2A) expression and also in responsiveness to painful stimuli. There is a population of inhibitory interneurons that express green fluorescent protein (GFP) in lamina II of mice in which GFP is under control of the prion promoter (PrP) and the great majority of these cells also express nNOS. In this part of the study, the inhibitory synaptic input from nNOS-containing GFP boutons to giant lamina I cells was investigated. The great majority of lamina I projection neurons express NK1 receptor; therefore, the possibility that lamina I NK1r-expressing projection neurons received innervation from GFP+/nNOS+ axons was also tested. Since retrograde tracing technique was not used in this part of the study, lamina I projection cells were identified based on the observations made in the previous studies in the rat. Lamina I giant cells were recognized with antibodies against glycine receptor associated protein gephyrin as well as VGLUT2 and VGAT boutons, all of which provide dense innervation to these cells while only those lamina I NK1cells were included in the sample that were large and strongly immunoreactive for NK1r. The results indicated that although GFP axons accounted for only 7-9% of the GABAergic boutons in superficial dorsal horn, they provided over 70% of the inhibitory synapses on most of the giant cells in the PrP-GFP mouse and the great majority of these boutons also contained nNOS. Moreover, a subset of large lamina I NK1r-expressing cells (18/60) received a substantial inhibitory input (> 30%) from GFP+ boutons while the majority of these neurons showed sparse (< 15%) synaptic input. Recently, it has been reported that loss of some inhibitory interneurons in mice lacking the transcription factor Bhlhb5 results in exaggerated itch, and the cells that are lost include many of those that would normally express nNOS. Therefore, in the final set of experiments was designed to test whether there is a reduction in the inhibitory synaptic input to the giant cells in Bhlhb5-/- mouse. Spinal cord sections from Bhlhb5-/- mice and the wild type littermates were processed and analysed to determine any difference in the inhibitory nNOS input to lamina I giant cells belonging to either group. The giant cells from the knockout mice showed a substantial reduction (~80%) in their inhibitory nNOS input; with a moderate reduction in their overall GABAergic input (~35%). There was a considerable increase in nNOS-/VGAT+ boutons in the Bhlhb5-/- mouse (18 ± 4.6 and 37.7 ± 8.2/100 µm of the dendrite in WT and KO, respectively), suggesting some compensation from other nNOS-negative inhibitory interneurons. These results suggest that the loss of nNOS-containing inhibitory synaptic input to lamina I projection cells may contribute to the abnormal scratching behaviour seen in the Bhlhb5-/- mouse. This raises the possibility that the giant cells and a subset of large lamina I NK1r-expressing cells are involved in perception of itch.

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Lawson, Jeffrey J. "Encoding of periodic skin stimuli by spinal dorsal horn neurons". Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 2000. http://etd.wvu.edu/templates/showETD.cfm?recnum=1654.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--West Virginia University, 2000.
Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains ix, 140 p. : ill. (some col.). Vita. Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 123-137).

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Jennings, Ernest Albert. "Cutaneous afferent evoked activity in the postnatal rat spinal cord". Thesis, University College London (University of London), 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.369052.

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Vu, Hung. "Mechanisms of rapid receptive field reorganization in rat spinal cord". Thesis, University of North Texas, 2002. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc3197/.

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Rapid receptive field (RF) reorganization of somatosensory neurons in the rat dorsal horn was examined using extracellular single unit recording. Subcutaneous injection of lidocaine into RFs of dorsal horn neurons results in expansion of their RFs within minutes. The expanded RFs appear adjacent to or/and proximal to original RFs. Out of 63 neurons tested, 36 (58%) show RF reorganization. The data suggest that dorsal horn of spinal cord is one of the initial sites for RF reorganization. The neural mechanisms of this effect are not well understood. We propose that changes in biophysical properties (membrane conductance, length constant) of the neurons resulting from lidocaine injection contribute to RF reorganization. Iontophoretic application of glutamate onto dorsal horn neurons that show lidocaine induced RF's expansion were used to test the model. Application of glutamate produced reduction of reorganized RFs in 9 of 20 (45%) tested cells. Application of NBQX produced no effect on either original or expanded RFs indicate that RF shrinkage effects of glutamate involve NMDA receptors. The results are consistent with the prediction of the proposed model. Subcutaneous injection of capsaicin into tactile RFs of low threshold mechanoreceptive dorsal horn neurons produced no effect on the RF sizes that are consistent with other studies. Following the injection, the original RFs were completely silenced (46%) or remained responsive (54%).

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Al, Ghamdi Kholoud Saad. "Populations of spinal cord dorsal horn neurons and their role in nociception". Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2012. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/3425/.

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Nociception involves detection of tissue damage by specialized receptors; nociceptors. These convey information to the first synaptic relays in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord. Within the dorsal horn itself are the dorsal horn neurons which can be divided into two broad classes, based on their axonal projections: projection neurons and interneurons. The neurokinin 1 receptor (NK1r), the main target for substance P, is expressed by most projection neurons and many interneurons in the dorsal horn. These NK1r-expressing neurons show a bimodal size distribution in lamina I. The 1st part of the project tested the hypothesis that large NK1r-immunoreactive cells in this lamina are projection neurons, while the small cells are interneurons. Rats were anaesthetised and received injections of tracers into two supraspinal areas that are likely to label all contralateral lamina I projection neurons. The rats were re-anaesthetized and perfused 3 days later and 1341 NK1r-positive cells were analysed, of which 441 were retrogradely labelled. Cross-sectional soma areas of projection neurons were larger than those of cells that were not retrogradely labelled. This difference was highly significant. Nearly all (99.4%) of the NK1r-expressing cells that were not retrogradely labelled had soma areas <200 microm2, while only 9.8% of the retrogradely labelled NK1r-expressing cells had somata <200 microm2. These results provide a means of distinguishing lamina I NK1r-expressing projection neurons from interneurons based on their soma sizes without the need of retrograde tracing surgeries. Lamina I contains another population of projection neurons that lack or weakly express the NK1 receptor and consists of very large cells: giant cells, which are coated with the glycine and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptor associated protein, gephyrin. There is also a group of large NK1r-expressing projection neurons with cell bodies in laminae III-IV and dendrites that pass dorsally to enter lamina I. Extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) is expressed in dorsal horn neurons and is activated (phosphorylated) by noxious stimuli. In the 2nd part of the project, ERK phosphorylation in NK1r-expressing neurons as well as in lamina I giant cells was investigated following different type of noxious stimuli. Anaesthetised rats received noxious cutaneous, deep or visceral stimuli. They remained anaesthetized for 5 min after the end of the stimulus, and were then fixed by perfusion. Spinal cord sections were immunoreacted to reveal NK1r, gephyrin and phosphorylated ERK (pERK). Among the NK1r-expressing lamina I neurons, pERK was detected in both projection (somata >200 microm2) neurons and interneurons, with a significantly higher proportion in the larger cells, after all types of noxious stimulation. There was no significant difference in the frequency of pERK expression between the three morphological classes (fusiform, pyramidal and multipolar) of lamina I NK1r-expressing projection neurons after these stimuli. Most of the giant cells contained pERK after noxious cutaneous stimuli, but few did so following noxious deep stimulation. Only a few of laminae III-IV NK1r-expressing projection cells contained pERK after noxious deep or visceral stimulation, and the labelling in these was very weak. Results from the present study indicate that different types of neurons have different roles in conveying nociceptive information. The superficial dorsal horn (SDH) is also a vital area for modulating nociception and contains large number of excitatory and inhibitory interneurons. Glutamate, released by primary afferents and local excitatory neurons, acts on G-protein-coupled metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGlus). Group I mGlus (mGlu1 and mGlu5) are strongly expressed in the SDH. It has been reported that intrathecal administration of the mGlu1/5 agonist 3,5-dihydroxyphenylglycine (DHPG) induces spontaneous nociceptive behaviours, which are ERK-dependent. In the 3rd part of the project, ERK phosphorylation in mGlu5-expressing neurons following the administration of DHPG was investigated. Anaesthetized rats underwent a laminectomy procedure. DHPG or saline was applied to their exposed lumbar cord for 8 minutes after which they were perfused. Sections from the lumbar spinal cord were immunoreacted to reveal mGlu5, pERK and one of various markers for excitatory or inhibitory interneurons. Following DHPG (but not saline), numerous pERK-positive cells were seen in the SDH, particularly lamina II, and the great majority of these were mGlu5-positive. ERK phosphorylation was detected in both inhibitory and excitatory mGlu5-expressing cells, suggesting that type I mGlus have a complex role in nociceptive processing.

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Suthamnatpong, Ornsiri. "Organisational aspects of the superficial dorsal horn of the lumbar spinal cord". Thesis, University of Liverpool, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.263765.

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Nagy, Gergely György. "Glutamate receptors in the spinal cord with emphasis on the dorsal horn". Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2004. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/30731/.

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Glutamate is the principal excitatory neurotransmitter throughout the CNS, including the spinal cord. It acts on ionotropic (iGluR) and metabotropic glutamate receptors. Three iGluR families have been identified by the development of more-or-less selective agonists: N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA), alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionic acid (AMPA) and kainate receptors. Both AMPA (GluR1-4) and NMDA (NR1, NR2A-D) receptors have been detected in the spinal cord and these play a major role in physiological processes such as fast excitatory transmission, synaptic plasticity and neuronal development. In addition, they have also been implicated in pathological conditions including neuropathic pain and neurodegenerative disorders. However, very little is known about the synaptic distribution of these receptors in the spinal gray matter. This is because conventional immunocytochemical techniques, generally used to investigate the location of proteins in the CNS, fail to detect these subunits at synapses due to the presence of an elaborate protein meshwork associated with the postsynaptic membrane, which masks synaptic receptors. Postembedding immunocytochemistry on freeze-substituted, Lowicryl-embedded material is a technique which has been used exclusively for the detection of synaptic AMPA and NMDA receptors. This project initially set out to use this method to examine these receptors on neurons of the adult rat spinal cord, with emphasis on their involvement in the sensory processing of the dorsal horn. With antibodies against the GluR1, GluR2/3, NR1, NR2A and NR2B subunits, heavy labelling was observed at many asymmetrical synapses and where the plane of section was perpendicular to the cleft, most of the immunogold particles were associated with the postsynaptic density. To examine the receptor expression pattern of selected cell populations a new method was developed which involved the combination of postembedding electron microscopy with immunofluorescence and confocal microscopy. However, during the course of this study heavy immunogold labelling of dense-cored vesicles (dcvs) inside axonal boutons was observed with all NMDA antibodies. Several studies have found iGluRs in primary afferent terminals in the spinal gray matter and these are thought to function as presynaptic receptor, in order to determine whether gold particles found over dcvs corresponded to presynaptic receptors in transit, immunogold reactions were carried out on transgenic mice which lacked the NR2A subunit. Surprisingly, not only did the dev labelling remain in these knock-out animals, but there was also a significant synaptic labelling. This suggested that the postembedding immunogold labelling observed with the NR2A antibody was non-specific. Since the labelling patterns were similar with other NMDA antibodies this cast doubts on the validity of the postembedding method for detecting NMDA receptors.

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Heppenstall, Paul Alexander. "Mechanisms of neurokinin₁ receptor action in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord". Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/29799.

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This study addressed the role of neurokin₁(NK₁) receptors in nociceptive transmission and their participation in a series of events involving glycine and NMDA receptor-mediated effects on spinal neurons. Using an in vivo electrophysiology protocol utilising ionosphoresis and extracellular recording from laminae III-V dorsal horn neurones of anaesthetised rats, the mechanisms of these interactions were assessed. The functions of the inflammatory cytokine leukaemia inhibitory factor (LIF) were also considered. Injury-induced alterations in the spinal expression pattern of this factor and the consequences of these changes to neuropeptide and excitatory amino acid expression were measured using in situ hybridisation. 1. The involvement of NK₁ receptors in spinal pain transmission may be dependent upon the duration and intensity of the nociceptive stimulus. 2. NK₁ receptors can contribute to the processing of sustained nociceptive stimuli by modulating excitatory amino acid-mediated transmission, particularly through potentiation of NMDA receptor activity. 3. LIF is a neuroactive cytokine that is associated with peripheral nerve injury. Using in situ hybridisation, the present study has examined the distribution of LIF mRNA in the spinal cord, normally or following peripheral inflammation or nerve injury and determined the consequences of intrathecally applied LIF on spinal expression of NK₁ receptor and the high affinity glutamate transporter, EAAT2. In control animals, dorsal horn expression of LIF was high in superficial laminae I-II with only light expression in the deeper laminae III-V and in the ventral horn. Both peripheral inflammation and neuropathy significantly increased levels of LIF mRNA in the dorsal horn and this was most evident in the lateral parts of laminae I and II. Interactions within the spinal cord may underlie the plasticity of the dorsal horn in sensory processing. This has been discussed with reference to the regulation of short-term co-operation between NK₁ and NMDA receptors by glycine and to long-term modifications of peptide and excitatory amino acid neurotransmission by altered LIF gene expression.

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Laird, Jennifer Marie Ann. "Dorsal horn neurones in the sacral spinal cord of the rat : receptive field and encoding properties". Thesis, University of Bristol, 1989. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.330080.

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Maile, Rebecca Ann. "Sensory processing in the isolated in vitro rat spinal cord with particular emphasis on opioid-related peptides, excitatory and inhibitory amino acids". Thesis, University of Southampton, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.249598.

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Libri sul tema "Dorsal horn of the spinal cord"

Cervero, F., G. J. Bennett e P. M. Headley, a cura di. Processing of Sensory Information in the Superficial Dorsal Horn of the Spinal Cord. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-0825-6.

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Fernando, Cervero, Bennett G. J, Headley P. M e North Atlantic Treaty Organization. Scientific Affairs Division., a cura di. Processing of sensory information in the superficial dorsal horn of the spinal cord. New York: Plenum Press, 1989.

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Pang, Dachling. Total Resection of Complex Dorsal Spinal Cord Lipoma and Reconstruction of the Neural Placode. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-81267-6.

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E, Coggeshall Richard, a cura di. Sensory mechanisms of the spinal cord. 3^a ed. New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, 2004.

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Willis, William D. Sensory mechanisms of the spinal cord. 3^a ed. New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, 2004.

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1932-, Coggeshall Richard E., a cura di. Sensory mechanisms of the spinal cord. 2^a ed. New York: Plenum Press, 1991.

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Pak, Youngshill. Characterization of voltage-activated K+ currents in rat spinal dorsal horn neurons in culture and modulation by adenosine. Ottawa: National Library of Canada, 1994.

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Quinn, Sean David Philip. Enhanced neuronal regeneration, by retinoic acid, of murine dorsal root ganglia and of fetal murine and human spinal cord, in vitro. Ottawa: National Library of Canada, 1990.

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Bennett, G. J., F. Cervero e P. M. Headley. Processing of Sensory Information in the Superficial Dorsal Horn of the Spinal Cord. Springer, 2013.

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Bennett, G. J., F. Cervero e P. M. Headley. Processing of Sensory Information in the Superficial Dorsal Horn of the Spinal Cord. Springer London, Limited, 2012.

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Capitoli di libri sul tema "Dorsal horn of the spinal cord"

Coggeshall, Richard E. "Spinal Cord, the Dorsal Horn". In Sensory Systems: II, 123. Boston, MA: Birkhäuser Boston, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-6760-4_53.

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Willis, William D., e Richard E. Coggeshall. "Structure of the Dorsal Horn". In Sensory Mechanisms of the Spinal Cord, 155–86. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-0035-3_5.

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Willis, W. D., e R. E. Coggeshall. "Structure of the Dorsal Horn". In Sensory Mechanisms of the Spinal Cord, 79–151. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-0597-0_4.

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Willis, William D. "Mechanisms of Central Sensitization of Nociceptive Dorsal Horn Neurons". In Spinal Cord Plasticity, 127–61. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-1437-4_6.

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Willis, William D., e Richard E. Coggeshall. "Chemical Anatomy of the Dorsal Horn". In Sensory Mechanisms of the Spinal Cord, 187–270. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-0035-3_6.

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Willis, William D., e Richard E. Coggeshall. "Functional Organization of Dorsal Horn Interneurons". In Sensory Mechanisms of the Spinal Cord, 271–560. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-0035-3_7.

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Willis, William D., e Richard E. Coggeshall. "Functional Organization of Dorsal Horn Interneurons". In Sensory Mechanisms of the Spinal Cord, 271–388. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-0037-7_7.

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Willis, W. D., e R. E. Coggeshall. "Functional Organization of Dorsal Horn Interneurons". In Sensory Mechanisms of the Spinal Cord, 153–215. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-0597-0_5.

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Atti di convegni sul tema "Dorsal horn of the spinal cord"

Xie, Tongzhen, Rachel E. Schorn, Cristina D. Peterson, Lucy Vulchanova, George L. Wilcox e Carolyn A. Fairbanks. "Agmatine inhibits NMDA Receptor-mediated Calcium Transients in Spinal Cord Dorsal Horn". In ASPET 2023 Annual Meeting Abstracts. American Society for Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1124/jpet.122.177710.

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Cliche, Francis, Jean-Marc Mac-Thiong e Yvan Petit. "Anterior Spinal Cord Contusion on Porcine Model". In ASME 2014 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2014-38874.

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Animal models are commonly used to study spinal cord injuries (SCI). These models aim to better understand the traumatic behaviour of the spinal cord in vivo. However, experimental SCI models usually simulate a posterior contusion of the spinal cord on small animals, which do not reproduce completely the SCI mechanisms in humans. The objectives of the study are: 1) to develop an experimental anterior contusion of the spinal cord on porcine models, and 2) to compare biomechanical differences between ventral and dorsal approaches. A total of 6 specimens were tested in vivo with a drop weight bench test. Impacts were produced at T10 with 5mm diameter impactor of 50g and dropped from a height of 100mm. Compression time was set to 5min for 4 specimens (2 ventral, 2 dorsal) and 60min for 1 ventral and 1 dorsal. The outcome measures were the compression displacement, blood pressure, heart rate and macroscopic inspection of the spinal cord. This is the first study proposing an animal model of anterior SCI. Preliminary results suggest that there is a biomechanical difference between ventral and dorsal contusion approaches. A new bench test especially designed for ventral contusion will allow additional tests analyzing more variables, such as the motor evoked potentials and arterial blood flow.

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Haddock, Andrew, Tianhe Zhang e Rosana Esteller. "Physiological Parameter Estimation for Dorsal Column Spinal Cord Stimulation". In 2023 11th International IEEE/EMBS Conference on Neural Engineering (NER). IEEE, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ner52421.2023.10123812.

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Ochoa-Gutierrez, Victor J., Pavan C. Konda, Sara Motaghian, Julien Reboud, Jonathan M. Cooper e Andrew R. Harvey. "Multi-spectral vascular oximetry of rat dorsal spinal cord". In Optics and Biophotonics in Low-Resource Settings VI, a cura di David Levitz e Aydogan Ozcan. SPIE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2558281.

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Tse, Zion Tsz Ho, Alexander Squires e John Oshinski. "Robot for MRI-Guided ALS Spinal Therapy". In 2017 Design of Medical Devices Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/dmd2017-3527.

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Limited treatment options are available for treating Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) (1). Small animal models have shown promise in halting neurodegeneration associated with ALS where cellular therapeutics are delivered to the ventral horn of the spinal cord (2), although this procedure is invasive and requires multi-level laminectomy and dissection of the dura mater (Fig. 1). We hypothesized that SpinoBof, a robotic needle guidance platform (Fig. 2) could deliver cellular therapeutics to the ventral horn percutaneously under MRI guidance, enhancing upon existing invasive and time-consuming techniques for targeting injection sites.

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Seidel, K., V. Deletis, F. Sala, A. Raabe, D. Chudy, J. Beck e K. Kothbauer. "Intraoperative Identification of the Corticospinal Tract and Dorsal Column of the Spinal Cord by Electrical Stimulation". In Joint Annual Meeting 2018: Swiss Society of Neurosurgery, Swiss Society of Neuroradiology. Georg Thieme Verlag KG, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1660698.

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Squires, Alexander, John Oshinski e Zion Tsz Ho Tse. "Instrument Guidance System for MRI-Guided Percutaneous Spinal Interventions". In 2017 Design of Medical Devices Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/dmd2017-3400.

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In Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS), neurons controlling voluntary muscles die, resulting in muscle weakness. Small animal studies have shown that neurons experience some regeneration when stem cells are injected into the ventral horn of the spinal cord [1]. These results led to large animal and human trials investigating the effects of injecting stem cells into the spinal cord. Direct injection is used for delivering cells as cells do not have to migrate to the therapy site and visual confirmation is possible [2]. This requires a multi-level laminectomy as well as dissection of the dura mater to expose the cell delivery site. In order to adopt this ALS treatment in regular clinical workflow, a minimally invasive alternative for spinal cord cell therapy is desirable. Image-guided needle targeting and positioning systems have been developed by numerous groups which use computed tomography or ultrasound for image guidance. However, MRI must be used for this ALS study because it is the only imaging system capable of visualizing the necessary anatomical locations for delivering cellular therapeutics to the spinal cord; the cell therapy target is the gray matter within the ventral horn of the spinal cord, and only MRI can detect the contrast between gray and white matter. Innomotion and NeuroArm have been used for MRI-guided interventions [3, 4] but they are complex, take a long time to set up, and take up a great deal of space in the MRI bore. An initial solution by our research group provided targeting solutions using an adjustable template on the spine, but was manually adjusted, targeted solely on a grid, and lacked a second rotation axis[5]. The presented device, SpinoBot, percutaneously directs therapeutics under MRI guidance into the spinal cord, allowing accurate and minimally invasive spinal therapies. This study examines the accuracy and workflow of MRI-guided cellular therapeutics injections using SpinoBot, a targeting and injection needle guidance system.

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Telkes, Ilknur, Aditya Behal, Amir Hadanny, Zachary T. Olmsted, Girish Chitnis, Bryan McLaughlin e Julie G. Pilitsis. "Rapid Visualization Tool for Intraoperative Dorsal Column Mapping Triggered by Spinal Cord Stimulation in Chronic Pain Patients". In 2021 43rd Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine & Biology Society (EMBC). IEEE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/embc46164.2021.9630459.

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Sundararaghavan, Harini G., Gary A. Monteiro e David I. Shreiber. "Microfluidic Generation of Adhesion Gradients Through 3D Collagen Gels: Implications for Neural Tissue Engineering". In ASME 2008 Summer Bioengineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/sbc2008-192987.

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During development, neurites are directed by gradients of attractive and repulsive soluble (chemotactic) cues and substrate-bound adhesive (haptotactic) cues. Many of these cues have been extensively researched in vitro, and incorporated into strategies for nerve and spinal cord regeneration, primarily to improve the regenerative environment. To enhance and direct growth, we have developed a system to create 1D gradients of adhesion through a 3D collagen gel using microfluidics. We test our system using collagen grafted with bioactive peptide sequences, IKVAV and YIGSR, from laminin — an extra-cellular matrix (ECM) protein known to strongly influence neurite outgrowth [1, 2]. Gradients are established from 0.14 mg/ml–0, and 0.07 mg/ml–0 of each peptide and tested using chick dorsal root ganglia (DRG). Neurite growth is evaluated 5 days after gradient formation. Neurites show increased growth in the gradient system when compared to control and biased growth up the gradient of peptides. These results demonstrate that neurite growth can be enhanced and directed by controlled, immobilized, haptotactic gradients through 3D scaffolds, and suggest that including these gradients in regenerative therapies may accelerate nerve and spinal cord regeneration.

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Porseva, Valentina, e Petr Masliukov. "HISTOTOPOGRAPHY AND MORPHOMETRY OF THE VENTRAL HORN OF THE THORACIC SPINAL CORD IN THE POSTNATAL DEVELOPMENT OF WHITE RATS". In XV International interdisciplinary congress "Neuroscience for Medicine and Psychology". LLC MAKS Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.29003/m523.sudak.ns2019-15/339.

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