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Articoli di riviste sul tema "Disturbance energy budgets"

Autore: Grafiati

Pubblicato: 5 ottobre 2024

Ultima modifica: 31 luglio 2025

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1

Brear, Michael J., Frank Nicoud, Mohsen Talei, Alexis Giauque, and Evatt R. Hawkes. "Disturbance energy transport and sound production in gaseous combustion." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 707 (July 12, 2012): 53–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2012.264.

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AbstractThis paper presents an analysis of the energy transported by disturbances in gaseous combustion. It extends the previous work of Myers (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 226, 1991, 383–400) and so includes non-zero mean-flow quantities, large-amplitude disturbances, varying specific heats and chemical non-equilibrium. This extended form of Myers’ ‘disturbance energy’ then enables complete identification of the conditions under which the famous Rayleigh source term can be derived from the equations governing combusting gas motion. These are: small disturbances in an irrotational, homentropic, non-di

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2

Starry, O. S. "Ecosystem ecology as a framework for organizing and advancing greenroof research." Israel Journal of Ecology and Evolution 62, no. 1-2 (2016): 97–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15659801.2015.1031470.

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This paper explores the application of an ecosystem ecology framework to greenroof systems. It investigates how aspects of greenroof design or structure relate to functions such as rates of nutrient and energy cycling. Three main sections include energy budgets, cycling of nutrients and water, and ecosystem response to disturbance. Comparisons between greenroofs and other systems indicated that, functionally, greenroofs may be very different from ecosystem analogs. A further assessment of the greenroof energy budget called into question how food webs are supported. An evaluation of factors pre

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3

KARIMI, NADER, MICHAEL J. BREAR, and WILLIAM H. MOASE. "Acoustic and disturbance energy analysis of a flow with heat communication." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 597 (February 1, 2008): 67–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022112007009573.

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This paper presents a comparative analysis of the budgets of acoustic energy and Myers' second-order ‘disturbance energy’ in a simple inhomogeneous flow with heat communication. The flow considered is non-diffusive and one-dimensional, with excitation by downstream-travelling acoustic and entropic disturbances. Two forms of heat communication are examined: a case with only steady heat communication and another in which unsteady heat addition cancels the generation of entropy disturbances throughout the inhomogeneous region.It is shown that significant entropic disturbances are usually generate

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4

Arlettaz, Raphaël, Sébastien Nusslé, Marjana Baltic, et al. "Disturbance of wildlife by outdoor winter recreation: allostatic stress response and altered activity–energy budgets." Ecological Applications 25, no. 5 (2015): 1197–212. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13536443.

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(Uploaded by Plazi for the Bat Literature Project) Anthropogenic disturbance of wildlife is of growing conservation concern, but we lack comprehensive approaches of its multiple negative effects. We investigated several effects of disturbance by winter outdoor sports on free-ranging alpine Black Grouse by simultaneously measuring their physiological and behavioral responses. We experimentally flushed radio-tagged Black Grouse from their snow burrows, once a day, during several successive days, and quantified their stress hormone levels (corticosterone metabolites in feces [FCM] collected from

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5

Arlettaz, Raphaël, Sébastien Nusslé, Marjana Baltic, et al. "Disturbance of wildlife by outdoor winter recreation: allostatic stress response and altered activity–energy budgets." Ecological Applications 25, no. 5 (2015): 1197–212. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13536443.

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(Uploaded by Plazi for the Bat Literature Project) Anthropogenic disturbance of wildlife is of growing conservation concern, but we lack comprehensive approaches of its multiple negative effects. We investigated several effects of disturbance by winter outdoor sports on free-ranging alpine Black Grouse by simultaneously measuring their physiological and behavioral responses. We experimentally flushed radio-tagged Black Grouse from their snow burrows, once a day, during several successive days, and quantified their stress hormone levels (corticosterone metabolites in feces [FCM] collected from

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6

Giroux, Jean-Francois, and Jean Bédard. "Activity budgets of greater snow geese in fall." Canadian Journal of Zoology 68, no. 12 (1990): 2700–2702. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z90-375.

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We examined whether the fall activity budgets of greater snow geese (Chen caerulescens atlantica) vary between years and sites by comparing time-budget data gathered from 1982 to 1984 at the Montmagny and Cap-Saint-Ignace sanctuaries in Quebec. Feeding and resting accounted for more than 70% of the activities during the daylight period. At Cap-Saint-Ignace, geese spent less time feeding and more time resting during the 2nd year of the study, whereas no such annual variation was found at Montmagny. Snow geese also spent more time feeding and less time resting at Montmagny than at Cap-Saint-Igna

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7

Soudijn, Floor H., Tobias van Kooten, Hans Slabbekoorn, and André M. de Roos. "Population-level effects of acoustic disturbance in Atlantic cod: a size-structured analysis based on energy budgets." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 287, no. 1929 (2020): 20200490. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2020.0490.

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Anthropogenic underwater noise may negatively affect marine animals. Yet, while fishes are highly sensitive to sounds, effects of acoustic disturbances on fishes have not been extensively studied at the population level. In this study, we use a size-structured model based on energy budgets to analyse potential population-level effects of anthropogenic noise on Atlantic cod ( Gadus morhua ). Using the model framework, we assess the impact of four possible effect pathways of disturbance on the cod population growth rate. Through increased stress, changes in foraging and movement behaviour, and e

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8

Fraser, Zoe L., Ross M. Culloch, and Sean D. Twiss. "As clear as day: nocturnal activity differs from diurnal activity in a temporally constrained capital breeder." Behaviour 156, no. 10 (2019): 997–1016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1568539x-00003553.

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Abstract Time-activity budgets are fundamental to behavioural studies, allowing examination of how individuals allocate their time, and potentially energy, and how these patterns vary spatially and temporally and in relation to habitat, individual identity, sex, social status and levels of anthropogenic disturbance. Direct observations of animal behaviour, especially in the wild, are often limited to daylight hours; therefore, many activity budgets relate to diurnal activity only, or assumptions are made about nocturnal activity. Activity budgets have been a key component of many behavioural a

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9

Arlettaz, Raphaël, Sébastien Nusslé, Marjana Baltic, et al. "Disturbance of wildlife by outdoor winter recreation: allostatic stress response and altered activity–energy budgets." Ecological Applications 25, no. 5 (2015): 1197–212. http://dx.doi.org/10.1890/14-1141.1.

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10

Riddington, R., M. Hassall, S. J. Lane, P. A. Turner, and R. Walters. "The impact of disturbance on the behaviour and energy budgets of Brent GeeseBranta b. bernicla." Bird Study 43, no. 3 (1996): 269–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00063659609461019.

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11

Schummer, Michael L., and William R. Eddleman. "Effects of Disturbance on Activity and Energy Budgets of Migrating Waterbirds in South-Central Oklahoma." Journal of Wildlife Management 67, no. 4 (2003): 789. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3802686.

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12

Robson, Anthony A., Laurent Chauvaud, Rory P. Wilson, and Lewis G. Halsey. "Small actions, big costs: the behavioural energetics of a commercially important invertebrate." Journal of The Royal Society Interface 9, no. 72 (2012): 1486–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2011.0713.

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Anthropogenic disturbance of farmed animals can be detrimental by adversely affecting behaviours and metabolic rate, potentially reducing their commercial value. However, relatively little is known about the normal behavioural time budgets and associated metabolism of many such species, particularly for example pectinid bivalves, which use anaerobic metabolism during periods of short-burst activity. In the present study, we used the accelerometry technique to measure scallop overall dynamic body acceleration in combination with respirometry in order to obtain and compare the behavioural time b

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13

Thayer, Charles W. "Escalating energy budgets and oligotrophic refugia: winners and drop-outs in the Red Queen's race." Paleontological Society Special Publications 6 (1992): 290. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2475262200008509.

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Preliminary evidence supports a series of predictions and speculations that derive from the hypothesis of evolutionary escalation (Red Queen). If biotic interactions have intensified over geologic time, then:(1) Energy budgets of individuals have increased. This involves both sides of the equation Consumption = Growth + Reproduction + Respiration (includes locomotion & feeding) + Feces + Excreta. Thus living representatives of formerly successful taxa have lower energy budgets than ecologically similar taxa that were successful later, e.g., reptiles vs. mammals, Sphenodon vs. other reptile

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14

Pirotta, Enrico, Kate L. Brookes, Isla M. Graham, and Paul M. Thompson. "Variation in harbour porpoise activity in response to seismic survey noise." Biology Letters 10, no. 5 (2014): 20131090. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2013.1090.

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Animals exposed to anthropogenic disturbance make trade-offs between perceived risk and the cost of leaving disturbed areas. Impact assessments tend to focus on overt behavioural responses leading to displacement, but trade-offs may also impact individual energy budgets through reduced foraging performance. Previous studies found no evidence for broad-scale displacement of harbour porpoises exposed to impulse noise from a 10 day two-dimensional seismic survey. Here, we used an array of passive acoustic loggers coupled with calibrated noise measurements to test whether the seismic survey influe

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15

Liu, Weiwei, Ziliang Guo, Fei Lu, et al. "The influence of disturbance and conservation management on the greenhouse gas budgets of China’s forests." Journal of Cleaner Production 261 (July 2020): 121000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.121000.

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16

Clarkson, J., F. Christiansen, T. Awbery, L. Abbiss, N. Nikpaljevic, and A. Akkaya. "Non-targeted tourism affects the behavioural budgets of bottlenose dolphins Tursiops truncatus in the South Adriatic (Montenegro)." Marine Ecology Progress Series 638 (March 19, 2020): 165–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/meps13257.

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We investigated the short-term effects of non-targeted tourism on the behaviour of bottlenose dolphins Tursiops truncatus in the South Adriatic off the coast of Montenegro, by comparing dolphin group behaviour during impact (the presence of non-targeted tourism vessels) and control (absence of all marine vessels) scenarios. Tourism vessel and dolphin behavioural data were collected through systematic weekly land-based surveys. Using instantaneous focal ‘group’ scan sampling, the predominant behaviour of bottlenose dolphin groups was determined. To quantify the effect of vessel interactions on

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17

Arzel, C., J. Elmberg, and M. Guillemain. "A flyway perspective of foraging activity in Eurasian Green-winged Teal, Anas crecca crecca." Canadian Journal of Zoology 85, no. 1 (2007): 81–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z06-201.

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Time–activity budgets in the family Anatidae are available for the wintering and breeding periods. We present the first flyway-level study of foraging time in a long-distance migrant, the Eurasian Green-winged Teal, Anas crecca crecca L., 1758 (“Teal”). Behavioral data from early and late spring staging, breeding, and molting sites were collected with standardized protocols to explore differences between the sexes, seasons, and diel patterns. Teal foraging activity was compared with that of the Mallard, Anas platyrhynchos L., 1758 and Northern Shoveler, Anas clypeata L., 1758, and the potentia

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18

Chalfoun, Anna. "Effects of a New Pedestrian Pathway in Grand Teton National Park on Breeding Sagebrush Songbirds." UW National Parks Service Research Station Annual Reports 31 (January 1, 2008): 3–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.13001/uwnpsrc.2008.3687.

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Human-induced changes to natural landscapes have become ubiquitous, resulting in exposure of wildlife populations to novel stressors (Munns 2006). While it is clear that changes such as habitat loss can directly impact wildlife species, less clear is the extent to which human presence itself functions as a disturbance that influences wildlife behaviors with important fitness consequences. Animals clearly respond to perceived risk of predation by natural predators via, for example, fleeing, or altering foraging and/or breeding habitat selection (Marzluff 1988, Hakkarainen et al. 2001, Frid and

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19

Luick, B. R., J. A. Kitchens, R. G. White, and S. M. Murphy. "Modeling energy and reproductive costs in caribou exposed to low flying military jet aircraft." Rangifer 16, no. 4 (1996): 209. http://dx.doi.org/10.7557/2.16.4.1244.

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We used simulation modeling to estimate the effect of low-flying military jet aircraft on the productivity of caribou. The base model (CARIBOU, CWS Whitehorse, Yukon Territory) uses daily intake and expenditure of energy to assess the condition of female caribou throughout the annual cycle. The activity budget of the model caribou was adjusted based on field observations of responses to noise disturbance. A subroutine was added that predicted the likelihood of conception based on fall body fat weight. Caribou responses to overflights were evaluated by equipping free-ranging caribou with radio

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20

White, Paula A., Laura D. Bertola, Kennedy Kariuki, and Hans H. de Iongh. "Human procurement of meat from lion (Panthera leo) kills: Costs of disturbance and implications for carnivore conservation." PLOS ONE 19, no. 8 (2024): e0308068. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0308068.

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In Africa, humans and large carnivores compete over access to resources, including prey. Disturbance by humans to kills made by carnivores, often for purposes of obtaining all or portions of the carcass, constitutes a form of human-wildlife conflict. However the occurrence of this practice, known as human kleptoparasitism, and its impact on carnivores has received little scientific attention. We obtained expert opinions from African lion researchers and stakeholders via a standardized questionnaire to characterize the geographic extent and frequency of human kleptoparasitism as it occurs in mo

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21

Olaya Meza, Cristóbal, Aylin Akkaya, Flavio Affinito, Bayram Öztürk, and Ayaka Amaha Öztürk. "Behavioural changes and potential consequences of cetacean exposure to purse seine vessels in the Istanbul Strait, Turkey." Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 100, no. 5 (2020): 847–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315420000314.

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AbstractMarine traffic has both short- and long-term effects on cetacean behaviour, yet fishing vessels present a unique situation as they disturb cetaceans whilst potentially offering alternative foraging opportunities. The Istanbul Strait is a key area for the study of anthropogenic disturbance on cetaceans due to heavy human pressure in a narrow space where at least three cetacean species are regularly encountered. The present study investigated changes in behaviour of bottlenose dolphins, common dolphins and harbour porpoises in relation to the presence of purse seiners using Markov chains

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22

Huang, Maoyi, Yi Xu, Marcos Longo, et al. "Assessing impacts of selective logging on water, energy, and carbon budgets and ecosystem dynamics in Amazon forests using the Functionally Assembled Terrestrial Ecosystem Simulator." Biogeosciences 17, no. 20 (2020): 4999–5023. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-4999-2020.

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Abstract. Tropical forest degradation from logging, fire, and fragmentation not only alters carbon stocks and carbon fluxes, but also impacts physical land surface properties such as albedo and roughness length. Such impacts are poorly quantified to date due to difficulties in accessing and maintaining observational infrastructures, as well as the lack of proper modeling tools for capturing the interactions among biophysical properties, ecosystem demography, canopy structure, and biogeochemical cycling in tropical forests. As a first step to address these limitations, we implemented a selectiv

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23

Kawashima, Masayuki, and Yasushi Fujiyoshi. "Shear Instability Wave along a Snowband: Instability Structure, Evolution, and Energetics Derived from Dual-Doppler Radar Data." Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 62, no. 2 (2005): 351–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jas-3392.1.

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Abstract This article presents a detailed analysis of a meso-γ-scale (∼17 km wavelength) shear instability wave along a snowband using a series of dual-Doppler radar data. The wave developed along a low-level shear line that formed under the strain wind field caused by an adjacent mesoscale vortex. The horizontal wind shear across the line was largest at lower levels, and the eddy-component horizontal winds and the retrieved pressure anomaly showed a bottom-intensified structure as well. The resultant vertical pressure gradient force was found to be responsible for the enhancement of alternati

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Zhu, Xiaoran, Dong Chen, Maruko Kogure, et al. "A synthesized field survey database of vegetation and active-layer properties for the Alaskan tundra (1972–2020)." Earth System Science Data 16, no. 8 (2024): 3687–703. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-3687-2024.

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Abstract. Studies in recent decades have shown strong evidence of physical and biological changes in the Arctic tundra, largely in response to rapid rates of warming. Given the important implications of these changes for ecosystem services, hydrology, surface energy balance, carbon budgets, and climate feedbacks, research on the trends and patterns of these changes is becoming increasingly important and can help better constrain estimates of local, regional, and global impacts as well as inform mitigation and adaptation strategies. Despite this great need, scientific understanding of tundra ec

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Yasunaga, Kazuaki, Satoru Yokoi, Kuniaki Inoue, and Brian E. Mapes. "Space–Time Spectral Analysis of the Moist Static Energy Budget Equation." Journal of Climate 32, no. 2 (2018): 501–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-18-0334.1.

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Abstract The budget of column-integrated moist static energy (MSE) is examined in wavenumber–frequency transforms of longitude–time sections over the tropical belt. Cross-spectra with satellite-derived precipitation (TRMM-3B42) are used to emphasize precipitation-coherent signals in reanalysis [ERA-Interim (ERAI)] estimates of each term in the budget equation. Results reveal different budget balances in convectively coupled equatorial waves (CCEWs) as well as in the Madden–Julian oscillation (MJO) and tropical depression (TD)-type disturbances. The real component (expressing amplification or d

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26

Huntzinger, D. N., C. Schwalm, A. M. Michalak, et al. "The North American Carbon Program Multi-Scale Synthesis and Terrestrial Model Intercomparison Project – Part 1: Overview and experimental design." Geoscientific Model Development 6, no. 6 (2013): 2121–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gmd-6-2121-2013.

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Abstract. Terrestrial biosphere models (TBMs) have become an integral tool for extrapolating local observations and understanding of land–atmosphere carbon exchange to larger regions. The North American Carbon Program (NACP) Multi-scale synthesis and Terrestrial Model Intercomparison Project (MsTMIP) is a formal model intercomparison and evaluation effort focused on improving the diagnosis and attribution of carbon exchange at regional and global scales. MsTMIP builds upon current and past synthesis activities, and has a unique framework designed to isolate, interpret, and inform understanding

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Huntzinger, D. N., C. Schwalm, A. M. Michalak, et al. "The North American Carbon Program Multi-scale synthesis and Terrestrial Model Intercomparison Project – Part 1: Overview and experimental design." Geoscientific Model Development Discussions 6, no. 3 (2013): 3977–4008. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gmdd-6-3977-2013.

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Abstract. Terrestrial biosphere models (TBMs) have become an integral tool for extrapolating local observations and understanding of land-atmosphere carbon exchange to larger regions. The North American Carbon Program (NACP) Multi-scale synthesis and Terrestrial Model Intercomparison Project (MsTMIP) is a formal model intercomparison and evaluation effort focused on improving the diagnosis and attribution of carbon exchange at regional and global scales. MsTMIP builds upon current and past synthesis activities, and has a unique framework designed to isolate, interpret, and inform understanding

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Yokoyama, Chie, and Yukari N. Takayabu. "Relationships between Rain Characteristics and Environment. Part II: Atmospheric Disturbances Associated with Shallow Convection over the Eastern Tropical Pacific." Monthly Weather Review 140, no. 9 (2012): 2841–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/mwr-d-11-00251.1.

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Abstract Synoptic-scale westward-propagating disturbances over the eastern Pacific (EP) are analyzed in boreal autumn, utilizing spectral analysis, composite analysis, and energy budget analysis. The results are compared with those over the western Pacific (WP). Spectral peaks of total precipitable water (TPW) and vertical velocity at 850 hPa (ω850), and outgoing longwave radiation (OLR) are detected at periods of ~3–7 days over the EP. Meanwhile over the WP, a spectral peak of OLR is pronounced, but peaks of TPW and ω850 are not detected. Composite analysis reveals that disturbances that have

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Andersen, Joseph Allan, and Zhiming Kuang. "Moist Static Energy Budget of MJO-like Disturbances in the Atmosphere of a Zonally Symmetric Aquaplanet." Journal of Climate 25, no. 8 (2012): 2782–804. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-11-00168.1.

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Abstract A Madden–Julian oscillation (MJO)-like spectral feature is observed in the time–space spectra of precipitation and column-integrated moist static energy (MSE) for a zonally symmetric aquaplanet simulated with Superparameterized Community Atmospheric Model (SPCAM). This disturbance possesses the basic structural and propagation features of the observed MJO. To explore the processes involved in propagation and maintenance of this disturbance, this study analyzes the MSE budget of the disturbance. The authors observe that the disturbances propagate both eastward and poleward. The column-

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Hin, Vincent, John Harwood, and André M. de Roos. "Density dependence can obscure nonlethal effects of disturbance on life history of medium-sized cetaceans." PLOS ONE 16, no. 6 (2021): e0252677. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0252677.

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Nonlethal disturbance of animals can cause behavioral and physiological changes that affect individual health status and vital rates, with potential consequences at the population level. Predicting these population effects remains a major challenge in ecology and conservation. Monitoring fitness-related traits may improve detection of upcoming population changes, but the extent to which individual traits are reliable indicators of disturbance exposure is not well understood, especially for populations regulated by density dependence. Here we study how density dependence affects a population’s

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Godwin, Larry E., Philip M. J. Trevelyan, Takeshi Akinaga, and Sotos C. Generalis. "Energy Budget Characterisation of the Optimal Disturbance in Stratified Shear Flow." Fluids 9, no. 5 (2024): 106. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fluids9050106.

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Stratified Taylor–Couette flow (STCF) undergoes transient growth. Recent studies have shown that there exists transient amplification in the linear regime of counter-rotating STCF. The kinetic budget of the optimal transient perturbation is analysed numerically to simulate the interaction of the shear production (SP), buoyancy flux (BP), and other energy components that contributes to the total optimal transient kinetic energy. These contributions affect the total energy by influencing the perturbation to extract kinetic energy (KE) from the mean flow. The decay of the amplification factor res

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Giles-Hansen, Krysta, and Xiaohua Wei. "Cumulative disturbance converts regional forests into a substantial carbon source." Environmental Research Letters 17, no. 4 (2022): 044049. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ac5e69.

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Abstract British Columbia’s interior forests (∼400 000 km2) have experienced severe cumulative disturbance from harvesting, wildfires, and mountain pine beetle (MPB). Estimating their impacts on carbon dynamics is critical for effective forest management and climate-change mitigation strategies. This study quantifies the magnitude of historical cumulative forest disturbances and models the effect on regional carbon stocks and emissions using the Carbon Budget Model of the Canadian Forest Service from 1980 to 2018. The study region has been a sustained carbon source since 2003, with an estimate

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Sonmor, L. J., and G. P. Klaassen. "Higher-order resonant instabilities of internal gravity waves." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 324 (October 10, 1996): 1–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022112096007811.

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We investigate the three-dimensional characteristics of a general class of resonant temporal instabilities of internal gravity waves, in which the disturbance comprises two infinitesimal internal gravity waves satisfying the conditions $\omega_I + \omega_{II} = n\tilde{\omega}$, with growth rates of order $(\vert \tilde{u}\vert \vert \tilde{k}\vert /N)^n$, assuming small dimensional primary-wave velocity amplitude $\vert \tilde{u} \vert$. We derive simple equations for their wave-numbers, frequency, growth rate, and energy budget. Interactions involving more than two disturbance components are

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Aoki, Kozo, Masayasu Shimura, Yoshitsugu Naka, and Mamoru Tanahashi. "Disturbance energy budget of turbulent swirling premixed flame in a cuboid combustor." Proceedings of the Combustion Institute 36, no. 3 (2017): 3809–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.proci.2016.08.033.

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Chen, Yen-Cho, and J. N. Chung. "The linear stability of mixed convection in a vertical channel flow." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 325 (October 25, 1996): 29–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022112096008026.

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In this study, the linear stability of mixed-convection flow in a vertical channel is investigated for both buoyancy-assisted and -opposed conditions. The disturbance momentum and energy equations were solved by the Galerkin method. In addition to the case with a zero heat flux perturbation boundary condition, we also examined the zero temperature perturbation boundary condition. In general, the mixed-convection flow is strongly destabilized by the heat transfer and therefore the fully developed heated flow is very unstable and very difficult to maintain in nature. For buoyancy-assisted flow,

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Li, Jiangang, Ali Mamtimin, Zhaoguo Li, Cailian Jiang, and Minzhong Wang. "Effects of Summer Rainfall on the Soil Thermal Properties and Surface Energy Balances in the Badain Jaran Desert." Advances in Meteorology 2019 (December 6, 2019): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/4960624.

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Based on observational data collected during the summer of 2009 from the southern Badain Jaran Desert, the surface sensible and latent heat fluxes and shallow soil thermal storage were obtained through corrections and quality control measures. The soil thermal properties and characteristics of the land surface energy budget before and after rainfall episodes were systematically analyzed. Short-term precipitation had a greater influence than systematic precipitation on the soil temperature (ST) and soil volumetric water content (VWC). After rainfall, the VWC rapidly increased, showing a decreas

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ZHU, YONGGANG, HASAN N. OĞUZ, and ANDREA PROSPERETTI. "On the mechanism of air entrainment by liquid jets at a free surface." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 404 (February 10, 2000): 151–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022112099007090.

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The process by which a liquid jet falling into a liquid pool entrains air is studied experimentally and theoretically. It is shown that, provided the nozzle from which the jet issues is properly contoured, an undisturbed jet does not entrap air even at relatively high Reynolds numbers. When surface disturbances are generated on the jet by a rapid increase of the liquid flow rate, on the other hand, large air cavities are formed. Their collapse under the action of gravity causes the entrapment of bubbles in the liquid. This sequence of events is recorded with a CCD and a high-speed camera. A bo

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38

LIN, S. P., and J. N. CHEN. "Role played by the interfacial shear in the instability mechanism of a viscous liquid jet surrounded by a viscous gas in a pipe." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 376 (December 10, 1998): 37–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022112098002894.

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Abstract (sommario):

The role of interfacial shear in the onset of instability of a cylindrical viscous liquid jet in a viscous gas surrounded by a coaxial circular pipe is elucidated by use of an energy budget associated with the disturbance. It is shown that the shear force at the liquid–gas interface retards the Rayleigh-mode instability which leads to the breakup of the liquid jet into drops of diameter comparable to the jet diameter, due to capillary force. On the other hand the interfacial shear and pressure work in concert to cause the Taylor-mode instability which leads the jet to break up into droplets of

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39

Yousefpour, Amin, Ashkan Haji Hosseinloo, Mohammad Reza Hairi Yazdi, and Arash Bahrami. "Disturbance observer–based terminal sliding mode control for effective performance of a nonlinear vibration energy harvester." Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures 31, no. 12 (2020): 1495–510. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1045389x20922903.

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Abstract (sommario):

We propose a new scheme to control the coexisting attractors in a bistable piezomagnetoelastic power generator. Coexisting periodic or chaotic attractors frequently occur in nonlinear energy harvesters. For effective performance of the energy harvester, the system is desired to operate on the high-energy periodic orbit. Therefore, a controller may be used to force the system to operate on the high-energy orbit. In the present research, a disturbance observer–based terminal sliding mode control with input saturation is proposed to push the system from low-energy periodic and chaotic attractors

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40

Emerson, Craig W. "Influence of Sediment Disturbance and Water Flow on the Growth of the Soft-Shell Clam,Mya arenariaL." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 47, no. 9 (1990): 1655–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f90-189.

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Abstract (sommario):

The importance of sediment disturbance and water flow to the production of the soft-shell clam, Mya arenaria, was assessed in laboratory flumes by measuring growth rates of clams exposed to a gradation of bed shear stress, free-stream velocity, and frequency and depth of sediment disturbance over a 10-m period. In the absence of sediment disturbance, growth of soft-tissue was directly proportional to both free-stream (U) and shear (U*) velocity (r2 = 0.64 and 0.72, respectively). It was suggested that increased organic seston flux linked higher water flow to higher growth. In all treatments, m

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41

Yu, Yiping, and Ling Zhang. "Diagnosis of Warm-Sector Heavy Rainfall with Warm Shear in the Yangtze–Huaihe Coastal Areas from the Perspective of Moist Static Energy." Atmosphere 14, no. 12 (2023): 1730. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos14121730.

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Abstract (sommario):

Based on the Climate Precipitation Center Morphing (CMORPH) precipitation data and the fifth-generation ECMWF reanalysis (ERA5) data, moist static energy (MSE) diagnosis for 14 cases of southerly warm-sector heavy rainfall with warm shear (WSWR) along the Yangtze-Huaihe coastal area (YHCA) was conducted. The results indicate that the vertically integrated MSE tendency peaks before the precipitation reaches its maximum. This suggests a rapid MSE accumulation leading up to precipitation onset, with moist enthalpy advection dominantly influencing this increase. The vertical advection of MSE is ne

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42

Adames, Ángel F., and Yi Ming. "Moisture and Moist Static Energy Budgets of South Asian Monsoon Low Pressure Systems in GFDL AM4.0." Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 75, no. 6 (2018): 2107–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jas-d-17-0309.1.

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Abstract (sommario):

Abstract The mechanisms that lead to the propagation of anomalous moisture and moist static energy (MSE) in monsoon low and high pressure systems, collectively referred to as synoptic-scale monsoonal disturbances (SMDs), are investigated using daily output fields from GFDL’s atmospheric general circulation model, version 4.0 (AM4.0). On the basis of linear regression analysis of westward-propagating rainfall anomalies of time scales shorter than 15 days, it is found that SMDs are organized into wave trains of three to four individual cyclones and anticyclones. These events amplify over the Bay

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43

Cuyler, L. C., and N. A. Øritsland. "Metabolic strategies for winter survival by Svalbard reindeer." Canadian Journal of Zoology 71, no. 9 (1993): 1787–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z93-254.

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Abstract (sommario):

Lying and standing metabolic rates were determined for two tame Svalbard reindeer while the animals were in their winter lethargic state during January and February. Mean nonfasting metabolic rates for the 59-kg animals were 1.25 W∙kg−1 for lying and 1.64 W∙kg−1 for standing at rest. So the metabolic rate for standing at rest was about 1.3 times the lying resting metabolic rate (RMR). For Svalbard reindeer the lying RMR was 66–78% of the values for other reindeer/caribou, and was 78–89% of the predicted value. The standing RMR was 44–88% of the values from other reindeer/caribou. Total body th

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44

Woldemichael, A. T., F. Hossain, and R. Pielke Sr. "Evaluation of surface properties and atmospheric disturbances caused by post-dam alterations of land use/land cover." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 18, no. 9 (2014): 3711–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-18-3711-2014.

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Abstract (sommario):

Abstract. This study adopted a differential land-use/land-cover (LULC) analysis to evaluate dam-triggered land–atmosphere interactions for a number of LULC scenarios. Two specific questions were addressed: (1) can dam-triggered LULC heterogeneities modify surface and energy budget, which, in turn, change regional convergence and precipitation patterns? (2) How extensive is the modification in surface moisture and energy budget altered by dam-triggered LULC changes occurring in different climate and terrain features? The Regional Atmospheric Modeling System (RAMS, version 6.0) was set up for tw

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45

Woldemichael, A. T., F. Hossain, and R. Pielke. "Evaluation of surface properties and atmospheric disturbances caused by post-dam alterations of land-use/land-cover." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions 11, no. 5 (2014): 5037–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hessd-11-5037-2014.

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Abstract (sommario):

Abstract. This study adopted a differential land-use/land-cover (LULC) analysis to evaluate dam-triggered land–atmosphere interactions for a number of LULC scenarios. Two specific questions were addressed: (1) can dam-triggered LULC heterogeneities modify surface and energy budget which, in turn, change regional convergence and precipitation patterns? and (2) how extensive is the modification in surface moisture and energy budget altered by dam-triggered LULC changes occurring in different climate and terrain features? The Regional Atmospheric Modeling System (RAMS, version 6.0) was set up for

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46

Švik, Marian, Filip Oulehle, Pavel Krám, Růžena Janoutová, Kateřina Tajovská, and Lucie Homolová. "Landsat-Based Indices Reveal Consistent Recovery of Forested Stream Catchments from Acid Deposition." Remote Sensing 12, no. 12 (2020): 1944. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs12121944.

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Abstract (sommario):

Central European forests suffered from severe, large-scale atmospheric depositions of sulfur and nitrogen due to coal-based energy production during the 20th century. High deposition of acid compounds distorted soil chemistry and had negative effects on forest physiology and growth. Since 1994, continuous data on atmospheric deposition and stream runoff fluxes have provided evidence of ecosystem recovery from acidification. In this study, we combined for the first time mass budget data (sulfur deposition and total dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) export) from the GEOMON monitoring network of

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47

Probst, Remo, and Renate Probst. "Winter Ecology of the Hen Harrier, Circus cyaneus: Bridging Behavioral Insights and Conservation Requirements." Animals 15, no. 7 (2025): 1057. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15071057.

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Abstract (sommario):

The hen harrier, Circus cyaneus, is a migratory raptor that relies on open grasslands as key winter habitats in Central Europe, where it predominantly preys on common voles, Microtus arvalis. However, habitat loss due to agricultural intensification, land use change, and human disturbances increasingly threatens these landscapes. Using the framework of conservation behavior, this study examines how hen harriers respond to human-induced environmental changes, how behavior-based habitat management can support conservation, and how behavioral indicators such as territoriality inform conservation

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48

Ding, Ning, Jingfeng Zhu, Xiao Li, and Xiangrong Wang. "Spatiotemporal Dynamics of Nitrogen Budgets under Anthropogenic Activities in Metropolitan Areas." Sustainability 13, no. 4 (2021): 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13042006.

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Abstract (sommario):

The rapid growth of metropolitan regions is closely associated with high nitrogen (N) flows, which is known as the most important reason for widespread water pollution. It is, therefore, crucial to explore the spatiotemporal patterns of N budgets under intensive human activity. In this study, we estimated the long-term (2000–2015) N budgets by integrating the net anthropogenic nitrogen input (NANI) and the export coefficient model (ECM) in the Yangtze River Delta Urban Agglomeration (YRDUA), a typical metropolitan area with strong human disturbances. The results revealed that the NANI decrease

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49

Fabbiane, Nicolò, Shervin Bagheri, and Dan S. Henningson. "Energy efficiency and performance limitations of linear adaptive control for transition delay." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 810 (November 24, 2016): 60–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2016.707.

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Abstract (sommario):

A reactive control technique with localised actuators and sensors is used to delay the transition to turbulence in a flat-plate boundary-layer flow. Through extensive direct numerical simulations, it is shown that an adaptive technique, which computes the control law on-line, is able to significantly reduce skin-friction drag in the presence of random three-dimensional perturbation fields with linear and weakly nonlinear behaviour. An energy budget analysis is performed in order to assess the net energy saving capabilities of the linear control approach. When considering a model of the dielect

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50

Zhang, Mengqi, Iman Lashgari, Tamer A. Zaki, and Luca Brandt. "Linear stability analysis of channel flow of viscoelastic Oldroyd-B and FENE-P fluids." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 737 (November 25, 2013): 249–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2013.572.

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Abstract (sommario):

AbstractWe study the modal and non-modal linear instability of inertia-dominated channel flow of viscoelastic fluids modelled by the Oldroyd-B and FENE-P closures. The effects of polymer viscosity and relaxation time are considered for both fluids, with the additional parameter of the maximum possible extension for the FENE-P. We find that the parameter explaining the effect of the polymer on the instability is the ratio between the polymer relaxation time and the characteristic instability time scale (the frequency of a modal wave and the time over which the disturbance grows in the non-modal

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