Letteratura scientifica selezionata sul tema "Dissolved CO₂"

Carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) sequestration in subsurface reservoirs is important for limiting atmospheric CO 2 concentrations. However, a complete physical picture able to predict the structure developing within the porous medium is lacking. We investigate theoretically reactive transport in the long-time evolution of carbon in the brine–rock environment. As CO 2 is injected into a brine–rock environment, a carbonate-rich region is created amid brine. Within the carbonate-rich region minerals dissolve and migrate from regions of high-to-low concentration, along with other dissolved carbonate species. This causes mineral precipitation at the interface between the two regions. We argue that precipitation in a small layer reduces diffusivity, and eventually causes mechanical trapping of the CO 2 . Consequently, only a small fraction of the CO 2 is converted to solid mineral; the remainder either dissolves in water or is trapped in its original form. We also study the case of a pure CO 2 bubble surrounded by brine and suggest a mechanism that may lead to a carbonate-encrusted bubble owing to structural diffusion.

The impact of dissolved oxygen (O2) on cobalt (Co) corrosion in dilute HF (dHF) solution was studied. It was confirmed that Co etch rate was enhanced as the amount of dissolved O2 in the HF solution increased. The Co etch rate was also found to increase radially outward when performed on a single-wafer spin process in atmospheric air due to the uptake of O2 during the dispense process. The galvanic corrosion of Co was investigated with two types of structures with a Co/Cu interface in different dissolved O2 concentrations, i.e. (1) Co bump structures on Cu and (2) Cu lines with a Co/TaN liner/barrier structure. By controlling both the dissolved and the atmospheric O2 levels, galvanic corrosion prevention at the Co/Cu interface was achieved.

Syngas fermentation is a promising technique to produce biofuels using syngas obtained through gasified biomass and other carbonaceous materials or collected from industrial CO-rich off-gases. The primary components of syngas, carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrogen (H2), are converted to alcohols and other chemicals through an anaerobic fermentation process by acetogenic bacteria. Dissolved CO and H2 concentrations in fermentation media are among the most important parameters for successful and stable operation. However, the difficulties in timely and precise dissolved CO and H2 measurements hinder the industrial-scale commercialization of this technique. The purpose of this article is to provide a comprehensive review of available dissolved CO and H2 measurement methods, focusing on their detection mechanisms, CO and H2 cross interference and operations in syngas fermentation process. This paper further discusses potential novel methods by providing a critical review of gas phase CO and H2 detection methods with regard to their capability to be modified for measuring dissolved CO and H2 in syngas fermentation conditions.

Abstract. Processes of cobalt (Co) entrainment from shelf sediments over the Kerguelen Plateau were studied during the KEOPS (Kerguelen Ocean Plateau compared Study) in order to explain the exceptionally high dissolved cobalt concentrations that have been measured in the surface waters above the Kerguelen Plateau, and in intermediate and deep waters above its eastern slope. Lateral advection and dissolution of Co contained in basalt sediments around Heard Island, a main source of lithogenic Co in the study area, were shown to imprint the process of surface enrichment over the plateau. Dissolved Co enrichment was strongest at the intercept of the eastern slope with intermediate and deep waters, probably due to more efficient mobilisation of the sediments in the slope current, in addition to advection of Co-enriched and low-oxygenated ocean water masses. In surface waters, the strong sedimentary Co inputs were estimated to be much higher than biological Co uptake in phytoplankton blooms, underlining the potential use of dissolved cobalt as tracer of the natural iron fertilization above the Kerguelen Plateau. Based on a simple steady-state balance equation of the external input of dissolved iron over the plateau, the fertilization of iron inferred by using dissolved Co as a tracer of basalt sources is estimated to be 28 × 102 ± 21 × 102 t yr−1 in surface waters of the Kerguelen Plateau. This estimate is consistent with preceding ones (Zhang et al., 2008; Chever et al., 2010), and the calculated iron supply matches with the phytoplankton demand (Sarthou et al., 2008).

Abstract. Cobalt (Co) is an important bioactive trace metal that is the metal cofactor in cobalamin (vitamin B12) which can limit or co-limit phytoplankton growth in many regions of the ocean. Total dissolved and labile Co measurements in the Canadian sector of the Arctic Ocean during the U.S. GEOTRACES Arctic expedition (GN01) and the Canadian International Polar Year GEOTRACES expedition (GIPY14) revealed a dynamic biogeochemical cycle for Co in this basin. The major sources of Co in the Arctic were from shelf regions and rivers, with only minimal contributions from other freshwater sources (sea ice, snow) and eolian deposition. The most striking feature was the extremely high concentrations of dissolved Co in the upper 100 m, with concentrations routinely exceeding 800 pmol L−1 over the shelf regions. This plume of high Co persisted throughout the Arctic basin and extended to the North Pole, where sources of Co shifted from primarily shelf-derived to riverine, as freshwater from Arctic rivers was entrained in the Transpolar Drift. Dissolved Co was also strongly organically complexed in the Arctic, ranging from 70 % to 100 % complexed in the surface and deep ocean, respectively. Deep-water concentrations of dissolved Co were remarkably consistent throughout the basin (∼55 pmol L−1), with concentrations reflecting those of deep Atlantic water and deep-ocean scavenging of dissolved Co. A biogeochemical model of Co cycling was used to support the hypothesis that the majority of the high surface Co in the Arctic was emanating from the shelf. The model showed that the high concentrations of Co observed were due to the large shelf area of the Arctic, as well as to dampened scavenging of Co by manganese-oxidizing (Mn-oxidizing) bacteria due to the lower temperatures. The majority of this scavenging appears to have occurred in the upper 200 m, with minimal additional scavenging below this depth. Evidence suggests that both dissolved Co (dCo) and labile Co (LCo) are increasing over time on the Arctic shelf, and these limited temporal results are consistent with other tracers in the Arctic. These elevated surface concentrations of Co likely lead to a net flux of Co out of the Arctic, with implications for downstream biological uptake of Co in the North Atlantic and elevated Co in North Atlantic Deep Water. Understanding the current distributions of Co in the Arctic will be important for constraining changes to Co inputs resulting from regional intensification of freshwater fluxes from ice and permafrost melt in response to ongoing climate change.

Abstract — Transformer oil is very important because it functions as a coolant and also as an insulator. In transformer oil there are dissolved gases that can cause failure of the transformer due to gas failure (fault gas). This research was conducted to determine the condition of transformer oil by analyzing the results of the Dissolved Gas Analysis (DGA) test. The DGA (Dissolved Gas Analysis) test is used to determine the type of failure in a transformer that has been operating for years. The DGA test is carried out by monitoring fault gases such as H2, CH4, CO, CO2, C2H4, C2H6, C2H2, O2, N2 and O2N2 which generally cannot be detected in testing the characteristics of transformer oil. Based on the test results using the Total Dissolve Gas Analysis (TDCG) method condition 1 with the amount of flammable gas 202.845 ppm with the interpretation that the transformer can operate normally. The test results using the Roger's Ratio method on the Power Transformer 1 GI Kotabumi obtained codes 0 0 0. From the combination of the 3 codes above, it shows that the transformer oil is in good condition. The results of the test using the Key Gas method on Power Transformer 1 GI Kotabumi obtained a CO value of 56% caused by overheating of cellulose or overheating of solid insulation in the transformer but that value is still far from the threshold Keywords— Dissolved Gas Analysis (DGA),Transformer oil, Roger'r ratio method, KeyGas

In this work, the permeability of high performance composite coating (HPCC) and its containing layers fusion bonded epoxy (FBE) and middle density polyethylene (MDPE) to dissolved CO2 was investigated. The obtained results showed that the permeability to dissolved CO2 of HPCC, FBE, and MDPE are in order of HPCC<FBE<MDPE, the corresponding values of three coatings are 1.27 × 10-11 mol/atm⋅m⋅s, 1.54 × 10-11, and 3.51×10-10 mol/atm⋅m⋅s, respectively. The measurement methodology of dissolved CO2 permeability on organic coatings is feasible based on the present work.

Abstract. Despite the ecological importance of Trichodesmium spp. for the global oceanic nitrogen budget, there is limited information on their trace metal composition in field samples. We report dissolved (<0.22 μm) metal concentrations measured in surface waters (Ag, Cd, Co, Cu, Fe, Mo, Ni, P, Pb and V) and in the total and the intracellular pool (Ag, Al, Cd, Co, Cu, Fe, Mn, Mo, Ni, P, Pb, V) of Trichodesmium populations collected in the western subtropical North Atlantic Ocean (April–May 2003) within the influence of the Amazon River plume. Dissolved element distributions were strongly influenced by the River discharge, with concentrations of some elements varying directly (i.e. Cd, Mo and V) or inversely (Ag, Co, Cu, Fe, Ni, P and Pb) with surface salinity. Intracellular metal values to phosphorous ratios (mol:mol) for Cd, Co, Cu, Fe, Mn, Mo, Ni and V ranged from 9.0×10−6 for Cd to 4.4×10−2 for Fe. Although total metal composition was significantly correlated with the intracellular content in the Trichodesmium colonies for some elements (e.g., Co, Cu, V), metal pools in the phytoplankton did not co-vary with the dissolved metal concentrations, suggesting that water column measurements may not be good predictors of the intracellular metal concentrations. The impact of physical parameters and bioactive elements on biological processes in Trichodesmium such as nitrogen fixation, carbon drawdown and biomass production was explored by using a principal component analysis test (PCA). The analysis indicates that the biological drawdown of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) by Trichodesmium seems to be influenced by the internal content of Fe, Co, Cd, Cu and Mn, while nitrogen fixation seems more influenced by the internal concentration of Mo, Ni and V and by the dissolved phosphorous concentrations.

Abstract. Despite the ecological importance of Trichodesmium spp. for the global oceanic nitrogen budget, there is limited information on their trace metal composition in field samples. We report dissolved (<0.22 μm) metal concentrations measured in surface waters (Ag, Cd, Co, Cu, Fe, Mo, Ni, P, Pb and V) and in the total and the intracellular pool (Ag, Al, Cd, Co, Cu, Fe, Mn, Mo, Ni, P, Pb, V) of Trichodesmium populations collected in the western subtropical North Atlantic Ocean (April–May 2003) within the influence of the Amazon River plume. Dissolved element distributions were strongly influenced by the River discharge, with concentrations of some elements varying directly (i.e. Cd, Mo and V) or inversely (Ag, Co, Cu, Fe, Ni, P and Pb) with surface salinity. Intracellular metal values to phosphorous ratios (mol:mol) for Cd, Co, Cu, Fe, Mn, Mo, Ni and V ranged from 9.0 × 10−6 for Cd to 4.4 × 10−2 for Fe. Although total metal composition was significantly correlated with the intracellular content in the Trichodesmium colonies for some elements (e.g., Co, Cu, V), metal pools in the phytoplankton did not co-vary with the dissolved metal concentrations, suggesting that water column measurements may not be good predictors of the intracellular metal concentrations. The impact of physical parameters and bioactive elements on biological processes such as nitrogen fixation, carbon drawdown and biomass production in Trichodesmium colonies was explored by using a principal component analysis test (PCA). The analysis indicated that the biological drawdown of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) by Trichodesmium seems to be influenced by the internal content of Fe, Co, Cd, and Cu, while nitrogen fixation seems more influenced by mixed layer depth and dissolved Fe and Ni concentrations.

The behaviour of Fe, Cu and Zn was studied during the laboratory oxidation of an acidic (pH 5.8) sample of naturally contaminated water from the Tambo River (Victoria, Australia). Changes in the concentrations of the dissolved, colloidal and particulate fractions of these metals were followed over 288 h. The initial concentrations of dissolved Cu (18.5 mg L–1) and Zn (22.6 mg L–1) were ~15-fold greater than that of the dissolved Fe (1.13 mg L–1). Dissolved Fe was completely removed from solution in 60 h, with removal following the well established first order oxidation kinetics for Fe(II). A relatively small amount of the dissolved Cu (18%) and dissolved Zn (14%) was removed from the solution, although the removal mechanisms appear to be different. A ‘co-precipitation-surface precipitation’ mechanism is proposed to explain the behaviour of the Cu and Zn, with Cu(II), Zn(II) and Fe(III) co-precipitating to form colloidal Fe(OH)3-Cu(OH)2-Zn(OH)2 particles following the initial oxidation of Fe(II) to Fe(III).

Les travaux réalisés s’inscrivent dans le cadre de l’étude de faisabilité d’un concept hybride couplant l’exploitation d’énergie géothermique et le stockage géologique de CO2 sous forme dissoute. Ils visent à i) quantifier et simuler l’impact hydrodynamique et géochimique de l’injection dans une roche carbonatée de la solution enrichie en CO2 et ii) déterminer le comportement des matériaux constituant le puits d’injection (ciment, casing acier) afin de s’assurer de la sécurisation de l’injection. Le développement d’un dispositif expérimental innovant appelé MIRAGES-2 a permis de reproduire à l’échelle du laboratoire l’injection "radiale" d’une solution saturée en CO2 dans un puits miniature scellé dans un échantillon de roche dans les conditions de pression et de température attendues dans le réservoir géothermique. Ce banc est composé d’un dispositif amont de solubilisation du CO2 dans l’eau de formation et d’un dispositif aval simulant l’injection dans le modèle réduit de puits. En plus des contrôles éprouvés de la pression et de la température, des outils originaux (sonde Raman HP/HT, sonde pH HP/HT, débitmètre) permettant l'acquisition in situ de données physico-chimiques au cours des expériences (concentrations des différentes espèces en solution, pH, débit) ont été intégrés et validés. Enfin, une méthode de traitement d’images acquises sur les échantillons post-expérimentaux par la technique de micro-tomographie aux rayons X a permis une reconstruction 3D de l’architecture du réseau poreux mésoscopiques. Ce protocole expérimental a alors permis le suivi de l’évolution physico-chimique : des différentes interfaces ciment/acier, ciment/réservoir ; de la région proche-puits du réservoir ; du fluide injecté. Une série de 7 expériences a été réalisée afin d’étudier les effets des durées d’injection (12h, 24h, 2.5j, 10j, 21j), de la salinité de la solution injectée et de l’orientation du puits d’injection par rapport à la stratification de la roche. Les expériences ont permis de montrer le développement et la propagation, à partir du point d’injection, d’une dissolution non-uniforme de la roche carbonatée sous forme de chemins préférentiels appelés « wormholes » et dont la densité tend à décroître globalement après le perçage de la carotte. Malgré la prédominance de ce phénomène localisé, une évolution des caractéristiques pétrophysiques de la roche dans des régions éloignées des wormholes a été observée. Suite au renouvèlement continu de la solution acidifiée, une dissolution uniforme en partie haute de puits a été mise en évidence. L’analyse de la rugosité de surface des wormholes couplée à des observations microscopiques a montré la présence de précipitations de calcite qui conduisent à la fermeture de wormholes secondaires. L’étude du vieillissement du ciment au contact de la solution réactive montre qu’il est à l’origine de déséquilibres chimiques localisés. Les valeurs de concentration en magnésium, inhibiteur de la précipitation de la calcite et principalement liées à l’altération du ciment gouvernent les états locaux de saturation de la solution interstitielle vis-à-vis de la calcite. Elles seraient donc à l’origine des précipitations observées dans un milieu pourtant principalement sous-saturé vis-à-vis de la calcite. Les expériences ont également démontré le rôle important de la salinité de la solution injectée qui permet de dissoudre jusqu’à cinq fois plus la roche encaissante qu’une solution d’eau douce. Enfin, une étude structurale multi-échelle a été menée et a établi la relation étroite entre la distribution des défauts structuraux générés par la tectonique régionale et l’orientation des réseaux de dissolution observés dans nos expériences. Ces résultats affinent l’analyse et l’évaluation des impacts et des risques environnementaux dans le contexte du projet étudié. Ils permettent de définir le rôle des discontinuités présentes dans la roche et leur contrôle sur les chemins de dissolution à l’échelle [...]
This work was conducted in the framework of the technical assessment of a novel Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) concept integrating aqueous dissolution of CO2 and injection via a geothermal doublet. This study focuses on i) the quantification and modelling of the hydrodynamic and geochemical impact induced by the injection of a CO2-laden solution in a reservoir rock and ii) the evaluation of long term integrity of the well materials (cement, steel casing) in order to ensure a safe injection protocol. A dedicated experimental device named MIRAGES.2 was developed to mimic, at the lab scale, the continuous radial injection of a CO2-enriched solution under realistic conditions of a geological reservoir. The miniature well consists in a steel tube that is cemented to the core plug with a class G Portland cement. The test bench is divided in two parts: the first one is devoted to the CO2-solution mixing process, and the second one enables to perform the injection of the solution in the core-plug. In addition, the implementation of original in situ measurement techniques (in-situ HP/HT Raman and pH probes, flowmeter) was carried out in order to ensure optimal acquisition of physical and chemical data (pressure, temperature, pH, concentrations of different species in solution...) during the experiments. A method of image processing acquired on post-experimental samples by X-ray micro-tomography has been developed. This technique revealed the 3D architecture of the mesoscopic porous network. This experimental protocol revealed the physicochemical evolution of: the different interfaces between cement and steel, and between cement and reservoir ; the near-well region of the reservoir ; The injected fluid. A set of 7 experiments was performed. The injection duration (12 h, 24 h, 2.5 d, 10 d and 21 d), the fluid salinity and the core drilling inclination with respect to the bedding were investigated. The experiments demonstrate the non-uniform propagation of the acidic solution from the injection point in the form of preferential pathways called « wormholes ». Once a single wormhole breaks through the core-plug, all the other competing wormholes stop growing and their density tend to decrease as the solution is injected. Despite a predominant localized phenomenon, changes in petrophysical properties of the rock in regions far from the wormholes was observed. Following the continuous renewal of the acidic solution, a uniform dissolution in the upper part of the injection well was also highlighted. Roughness surface measurements coupled with microscopic observations have revealed the presence of calcite precipitation which induces the clogging of secondary wormholes. Cement ageing in contact with the reactive solution induces localized chemical imbalances. Changes in magnesium concentration, inhibitor of calcite precipitation, released during cement alteration, govern the local calcite saturation states of the interstitial solution. These phenomena could explain the observed precipitation in a medium mainly undersaturated with respect to the calcite. The experiments also demonstrated the important role of the salinity of the injected solution, which dissolves up to five times more host rock than a freshwater solution. Finally, a multi-scale structural study was carried out and established the close relationship between the distribution of structural defects generated by regional tectonics and the orientation of the dissolution networks observed in our experiments. These results refine the analysis and assessment of environmental impacts and risks in the context of the CO2 injection in a geothermal doublet. They demonstrate the discontinuities present in the rock control the dissolution paths at the reservoir scale

碩士
長庚大學
化工與材料工程學系
101
The electrochemical oxidation of dissolved CO on gold electrode was studied by using rotating disk electrode forced convection approaches and the limiting currents of CO oxidation demonstrate negligible influence of adsorbed CO. The electrooxidation of dissolved CO by using gold-microelectrode also demonstrate similar limiting currents phenomena without rotating disk approach. By adding less than 1 x 10-3 M methanol in saturated CO electrolyte, we will be able to increase the dissolved CO concentrations because of the stepwise oxidation of methanol and the CO-like intermediates. The simultaneously oxidation of CO and methanol was studies by using rotating disk electrode forced convection approaches in cyclic voltammograms. The limiting currents of simultaneously oxidation of CO and methanol were not proportional to the expecting higher dissolved bulk CO concentrations. The simultaneously oxidation of CO and methanol demonstrates the retardation effect of surface adsorbed species on the dissolved CO limiting currents.

In situ thermal treatment (ISTT) applications require successful gas capture for the effective remediation of chlorinated solvent dense non-aqueous phase liquid (DNAPL) source zones. Gas production and transport mechanisms during bench-scale electrical resistance heating (ERH) experiments were examined in this study using a quantitative light transmission visualization method. Processed images during water boiling indicated that gas bubble nucleation, growth and coalescence into a connected steam phase occurred at critical gas saturations of Sgc = 0.233 ± 0.017, which allowed for continuous gas transport out of the heated zone. Critical gas saturations were lower than air-water emergence gas saturations of Sgm = 0.285 ± 0.025, derived from the inflection point of ambient temperature capillary pressure-saturation curves. Coupled electrical current and temperature measurements were identified as a metric to assess gas phase development. Processed images during co-boiling of pooled trichloroethene (TCE) DNAPL and water indicated that discontinuous gas transport occurred above the DNAPL pool. When colder zones were introduced, condensation prevented the development of continuous steam channels and caused redistribution of DNAPL along the vapour front. These results suggest that water boiling temperatures should be targeted throughout the subsurface (i.e., from specific locations of DNAPL to extraction points) during ERH applications. Because convective heat loss and non-uniform power distributions have the potential to prevent the achievement of boiling temperatures, a thermal enhancement was developed where dissolved gas delivered to the target heated zone liberates from solution at elevated temperatures and increases gas production. Processed images of ERH-activated carbon dioxide (CO2) exsolution indicated that discontinuous gas transport occurred above saturations of Sg = 0.070 ± 0.022. Maximum exsolved gas saturations of Sg = 0.118 ± 0.005 were sustained during continuous injection of the saturated CO2 solution into the heated zone. Estimated groundwater relative permeabilities of krw = 0.642 ± 0.009 at these saturations are expected to decrease convective heat loss. Discontinuous transport of exsolved gas at sub-boiling temperatures also demonstrated the potential of the enhancement to bridge vertical gas transport through colder zones. In conclusion, sustained gas saturations and transport mechanisms were dependent on the mechanism of gas production and effects of condensation.
Thesis (Master, Civil Engineering) -- Queen's University, 2014-03-27 15:26:30.683

碩士
長庚大學
化工與材料工程學系
98
The electrochemical oxidation of solution phase CO on Au electrode indicates the less positive potentials due to negligible influence of surface adsorbed CO in comparison of the adsorbed CO oxidation on Pt electrode in either in acidic or alkaline electrolyte. The study of electroxidation of dissolved CO by using rotation gold disk electrode in acidic or alkanline system indicates mass transfer diffusion which determined the rate law for the electrochemical oxidation of dissolved CO. A gold Microelectrode was used to study the rate of mass transfer diffusion of the dissolved CO electrocatalysis in acidic or alkaline system. The cyclic voltammograms data shows the onset potential of dissolved CO oxidation increases in the order 100μm-Au microelectrode, Au-RDE and 10μm-Au microelectrode in acidic system. In alkaline system, the onset potential of dissolved CO oxidation of Au-RDE and 10μm-Au microelectrode were similarly with 0V(v.s RHE). The rate law of dissolved CO oxidation was determined with mass transfer diffusion by using Au-RDE and 10μm-Au microelectrode in alkaline system, and in acidic system, results indicate electrode kinetic and diffusion mixed control by using 10μm-Au microelectrode. The cyclic voltammograms of the oxidation potentials of dissolved CO by using rotation disk gold electrode and 10μm microelectrode indicate the potential windows of gold oxides regions may affect the starting oxidation potentials of the dissolved CO and the electrodes surface treatments and conditions may also affect the starting oxidation potentials of the dissolved CO. The cyclic voltammetry confirms that the gold surface oxides, surface pre-treatments and the electrolytes of acidic and alkaline determine the electrochemical oxidation potentials of dissolved CO.

碩士
長庚大學
生化與生醫工程研究所
98
There were more than 1600 thousand tons of rice straw agricultural wastes produced in Taiwan every year. Produce bioethanol from rice straw not only regenerates the agriculture waste into bioenergy, but also solves the problem of environmental pollution by rice straw burning. Cellulose is the main component of rice straw. However, it is difficult to hydrolyze the lignocellulose to glucose by enzymes, bio-ethanol produced by lignocellulose still expensive when compared to sugar or starch substrate. Using the technology of cell immobilization might lower the cost by repeat immobilized cells utilization; process of cellulose hydrolysis and glucose fermentation combination, and co-culture system. In this study, we investigated the bio-ethanol production of our new co-culturing immobilized cells system reactor with dissolved oxygen monitored by different immobilization carriers in different aeration or the agitation speed condition. We also study the aerobic/anaerobic zone construction in ethanol production. In the shaking flask research, the enzyme activities of immobilized cells on different carriers showed that loofah sponge performs well in both one stage and two stage immobilize strategy, but decomposed. The loofah sponge decomposed slower when culturing in the bioreactor Besides, suspended culturing in the shaking flask, 2 days preculture could reach highest value summarized enzyme activity in both carboxymethylcellulose and rice straw substrate. We also found the aerobic/anaerobic zones constructed well under the aeration rate of 2L / min. The loofah sponge immobilization carriers, had yield of ethanol concentration reached 825 ppm after 8 hrs fermentation. The aeration rate of 2 L /min performed better than the others. The dissolved oxygen (DO) was affected by different agitation speeds, the DO value rose with the agitation speed. The agitation speed of 150 rpm could maintain the DO level stably with the ethanol concentration reached 934 ppm after 8hrs fermentation. Higher substrate concentration 20g/L of caboxymethylcellulose(CMC) could achieve the ethanol concentration of 1080 ppm after 8 hrs fermentation. Three repeated batches of substrate concentration 10 g/L CMC could reach the ethanol concentration of 2650 after 9 hrs fermentation. These results showed that our immobilized co-culture-cell bioreactor system had high potential of continuous and stable bio-ethanol production.

The main objective of this research was to investigate and better understand carbon cycling in the Southern Ocean. Measurements of Dissolved Inorganic Carbon (DIC) and its stable carbon isotopes were used to quantify both carbon export and the accumulation and uptake of anthropogenic CO\(_2\) in the Australian sector of the Southern Ocean. To determine carbon export, we measured DIC and δ\(^{13}\)C\(_{DIC}\) on five cruises which cover winter and summer conditions in the sub-Antarctic zone (SAZ), South of Australia. Seasonal variations in mixed layer DIC (45μmol/kg) and δ\(^{13}\)C\(_{DIC}\) (0.45‰) in the region were large. Biological production contributed to about 80% of the winter to summer mixed layer carbon changes in the SAZ with air-sea exchange (10%) and mixing (10%) having smaller contributions. The integrated biological carbon export from the mixed layer from July to February was largest in the northern SAZ (45°S-47°S) at 3400mmol/m\(^2\) and decreased to 1100mmol/m\(^2\) at the sub-Antarctic Front (SAP). The isotopic composition of exported carbon was estimated to be about 18±2‰ and suggests larger phytoplankton drive the seasonal carbon export in the SAZ. Extrapolating the derived carbon export to the circumpolar SAZ gives a total carbon export from July to February of 0.65GTC. To quantify anthropogenic CO\(_2\) accumulation, we compared DIC measurements taken in 1968 to those taken in 1996 using a multi-parametric linear regression technique. For this period, significant accumulation of anthropogenic CO\(_2\) (13±10μmol/kg) was observed in Antarctic Bottom Water (AABW) down to 4500m suggesting AABW is important in transporting anthropogenic CO\(_2\) from the surface to the deep ocean. Very low penetration and accumulation was observed in the Antarctic Zone (AZ) while while the highest accumulation (<24μmol/kg) was observed in the sub-Antarctic zone (SAZ). The penetration of anthropogenic CO\(_2\) south of Australia was consistent with the penetration of 28 year old water based on CFC age estimates. To determine the uptake of anthropogenic CO\(_2\), we compared DIC and δ\(^{13}\)C\(_{DIC}\) measurements taken 20 years apart (ΔDIC and Δδ\(^{13}\)C\(_{DIC}\)). ΔDIC increased by up to 20μmol/kg in the SAZ and 10μmo1/kg in the Antarctic Zone (AZ) over the 20 year period while Δδ\(^{13}\)C\(_{DIC}\) decreased by up to -0.3‰ in the SAZ and -0.1‰ in the AZ. The maximum penetration depth of Δδ\(^{13}\)C\(_{DIC}\) was up to 800m shallower than for ΔDIC in the SAZ. To compare ΔDIC to Δδ\(^{13}\)C\(_{DIC}\), we used the ratio of the two anomalies (ΔRC = -Δδ\(^{13}\)C\(_{DIC}\) / ΔDIC). ΔRC decreased moving south in the Southern Ocean suggesting δ\(^{13}\)C\(_{DIC}\) is not a good predictor of anthropogenic CO\(_2\) in the region. ΔRC decreased in the Southern Ocean due to a factor of ten difference in air-sea equilibration rates between DIC and δ\(^{13}\)C\(_{DIC}\) and is illustrated using a surface box model. ΔRC is dependent on the residence time and ventilation rate of source waters and could therefore be useful in tracing the history of recently ventilated water masses and any future changes in the formation rate of these water masses. Using a box model and CFC-11 measurements, we estimated the formation and export of SAMW and quantified the uptake of anthropogenic CO\(_2\) in the SAZ to be 0.73- 0.86μmol/kg/yr. Extrapolating this estimate to the circumpolar SAZ gives an anthropogenic CO\(_2\) uptake of 0.07-0.08GTC/yr. In contrast, particulate organic carbon (POC) export in the SAZ (~0.65GTC/yr) was much greater and any changes to the magnitude of POC export has the potential to significantly impact future anthropogenic CO\(_2\)2 uptake by the Southern Ocean.

The enormous biodiversity of microalgae as well as their high photosynthetic rates can be exploited for a wide variety of applications including the production of high value chemicals, nutraceuticals, aquaculture feed, and most recently, biofuels. Regardless of the application, the productivity of the microalgae culture must be optimized in order to make the systems economically feasible. One environmental factor that greatly affects the productivity of mass cultivation systems is temperature since it can be prohibitively expensive to control in outdoor systems. Temperature affects microalgae growth rates both directly by its effect on metabolic rates, and indirectly, by changing the bioavailability of the inorganic carbon present in solution. In the first part of this research, the effects of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) concentration (varied by sparging CO₂-enriched air) and temperature on the growth of a model microalga species (Nannochloris sp., UTEX LB1999) were investigated in a turbidostat bioreactor. The results indicate that increasing DIC concentration yields higher microalgae growth rates up to an optimum value (around 3 mM for Nannochloris sp.) but higher concentrations actually inhibited growth. Since increasing the temperature decreases the DIC concentration for a given gas pCO₂, it is necessary to adjust the pCO₂ to maintain the target DIC concentration in the optimal range for growth. In the next phase of the research, the effect of average light intensity (Gav) and temperature on the growth rate of two microalgae species (Nannochloris sp., UTEX1999. and Phaeodactylum tricornutum, UTEX646) was investigated. Growth rates were measured over a range of average light intensities and temperatures using a turbidostat bioreactor. A multiplicative model was developed to describe growth as a function of both average light intensity and temperature. In the third phase of this research, both microalgae species were grown together to explore the effects of temperature fluctuations on the population dynamics of the co-culture. It was observed that Nannochloris was inhibited by the presence of P. tricornutum in the medium, probably due to the excretion of secondary metabolites into the medium that affected Nannochloris growth (allelopathic effects). The temperature and average light intensity model developed under monoculture conditions was modified to incorporate the allelopathic effects observed. The resulting model provided a reasonable fit to the dynamic behavior of a Nannochloris/P. tricornutum co-culture subjected to temperature variations in chemostat experiments.
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碩士
國立中山大學
海洋科學系研究所
103
In this study, experiments were carried out using a two-column (Chelex-100 and AG MP-1 resin) ion exchange technique, operated in different sequences (Chelex-AG MP1, normal phase, or AG MP1-Chelex, reversed phase). The model solutions, containing various concentrations of metal complexing agents (humic acid, HA and/or ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, EDTA), of different pH were prepared in Milli-Q water and seawater, and then passed through the column sets, in order to investigate the variations in trace metal (Cd, Co, Cu, Ni and Zn) partitioning. Chelex-100 is a cation exchange resin, and AG MP-1 is an anion exchange resin. The fractions obtained were operationally defined as Chelex-labile, AG MP-labile, non-labile and zwitterionic (retained by both Chelex-100 and AG MP-1 resins, obtained by calculation). Experimental results showed that: (1) Cd, Co, Ni and Zn were mostly present as Chelex-labile fraction, while Cu was equivalently present as Chelex-labile and AG MP-labile fractions. When the column sequence was reversed, Cd was not retained by Chelex-100 resin, and some can be retained by AG MP-1 resin in seawater medium, suggesting the predominant fraction of Cd being non-labile fraction (probably CdCl2). Solutions with higher pH (8.0) showed enhanced AG MP-labile metal fractions, indicating organic complexation, than those at pH 5.5 in freshwater medium; (2) Organic complexes in model solutions were retained mostly by AG MP-1 resin, with a small part being retained by Chelex-100 resin. In addition, part of non-labile fraction exhibited organic complex characteristics; (3) AG MP-labile metal concentrations and the concentration of humic acid had a positive correlation, indicating the complexation with humic acid for different metals is in the following order: Cu &;gt; Ni &;gt; Co &;gt; Zn &;gt; Cd; (4) When model solutions contain only trace metals and EDTA, and the total metal concentration was lower than the complexation capacity of EDTA, Cd (89~92%), Co (77~83%), Cu (92~96%), Ni (88~93%) and Zn (80~83%) were predominantly present as AG MP-labile fraction (negatively charged M-EDTA complexes, MHEDTA-) in freshwater model solutions, and a minor were present as non-labile fraction (neutrally charged M-EDTA complexes, MH2EDTA). Fe was equivalently present as AG MP-labile and non-labile fractions in model solutions, comparing with other metals, and accounted for most of the non-labile fraction (FeHEDTA) among the elements determined. In seawater model solutions, Cd, Co, Cu, Ni and Zn were present mostly as Chelex-labile and non-labile fractions. Fe was equivalently present as Chelex-labile, AG MP-labile and non-labile fractions in model solutions. It was found that metal-organic complexes could present in different terms of metal speciation in model solutions (MHEDTA-, MH2EDTA); (5) Metal-EDTA complexes showed stronger complexation than those of metal-HA. This analytical scheme was applied to estuarine and coastal waters. Results showed that, column yields had comparable trends of differences between operation modes (normal and reversed), and between samples in natural pH (~8.0) and buffered (5.5) when compared with lab experiments. Metal concentrations in the coastal and estuarine waters were in general lower than those in model solutions prepared in the lab, thus the distributions of metal species derived from the dual-column preconcentration technique represent results closer to natural waters. Results obtained in this study suggest that column yields vary when the dual-column preconcentration technique is operated under different column sequences. Modification of sample/solution, especially pH, results in shifts of metal species. Therefore, the use of technique with multiple preconcentration resins requires more careful definition of operating conditions and result interpretation.

博士
國立中興大學
土壤環境科學系所
106
Co-precipitation of dissolved organic matter (DOM) and Fe is an important process occurring naturally that may stabilize C and Fe in the soil systems. Aluminum ions are abundant in soils, and thus, the structural developments of DOM/Fe co-precipitates (DFC) can be greatly affected by the element. In addition, the nanosized DOM/Fe co-precipitates may be a potential scavenger of heavy metals, e.g., Cr(VI), in soils and sediments. Thus, the overall goal of this research was to determine the effects of C/Fe ratios, pH, and Al ions on the structures of DOM/Fe co-precipitates and Cr(VI) transformations. The specific objectives were: (1) to determine the structural development and stabilization of DOM/Fe co-precipitates in relation to the changes of pH and C/Fe molar ratios; (2) to understand the effects of Al ions on the structural stabilization of DOM-Fe co-precipitates accompanied with the changes of pH and Fe/Al molar ratios; and (3) to examine the mechanisms of Cr bonding/transformation on DOM/Fe co-precipitates as influenced by the changes of pH and C/Fe molar ratios. Results showed that rhe local structures of DFC samples could be classified into three categories depending on the molar ratios of C/(C+Fe): (1) the ferrihydrite-like domain with the C/(C+Fe) molar ratios ≤ 0.65 (DFC structure I); (2) the mixtures of the edge/corner-sharing FeO6 octahedra associated with Fe-C bonds and ferrihydrite-like domains with the C/(C+Fe) molar ratios between 0.71 and 0.89 (DFC structure II); and (3) the corner-sharing FeO6 octahedra associated with Fe-C bonds with the C/(C+Fe) molar ratios ≥ 0.92 (DFC structure III). Additionally, influences of Al ions on the co-precipitation behaviors of DOM and Fe in relation to the changes of pH and Fe/Al ratios were categorized into five types : (1) DOM/Fe co-precipitates were the dominant species with a Fe/(Fe+Al) molar ratios > 0.25 at pH 3.0; (2) the O-containing groups of DOM homogenously associated with Fe(III) and Al domains of co-precipitates with a Fe/(Fe+Al) molar ratio of 0.25 at pH ≤ 4.5; (3) the mixtures of homogeneous distributions of DOM/Fe co-precipitates with a smaller size of Fe domain, and the Fe domain was gradually covered by Al domains and DOM molecules with Fe/(Fe+Al) molar ratios > 0.25 and at pH 4.5; (4) Al hydroxides covered by the homogeneous distributions of DOM and FeO6 with a Fe/(Fe+Al) molar ratio of 0.25 at pH 6.0; and (5) when the Fe/(Fe+Al) molar ratios > 0.25 at pH 6.0, the association between Al domains and DOM may promote the formation of Fe core. Once the DFC was formed in soil, it became an important scavenger of Cr(VI). However, Cr(VI) transformations on the DFC depend greatly on the C/(C+Fe) molar ratios and solution pH. For instance, the Fe domains of the DFC adsorbed rapidly Cr(VI) when the bulk C/(C+Fe) molar ratios of DFC were less than 0.89. The amounts of Cr(VI) reductions were related to both DOM contents and solution pH, but the pH seemed to be the key factor of controlling Cr(VI) reduction. The reactive mechanisms of Cr(VI) with DFC could be grouped into four types depending on C/(C+Fe) molar ratios and pH values: (1) Nearly 100% of Cr(VI) were associated with ferrihydrite-like domains of DFC with the bulk C/(C+Fe) molar ratios ≤ 0.65; (2) The Fe hydroxides-Cr(VI) was the dominant species of Cr, and the reductive products of Cr(III) were associated with Fe hydroxides or DOM when the bulk C/(C+Fe) molar ratios were between 0.71 and 0.89; (3) With C/(C+Fe) molar ratios ≥ 0.89, Cr(VI) was reduced by DOM and then associated with Fe(III) hydroxides at pH 4.5 and 6.0; and (4) At pH 3.0 and the C/(C+Fe) molar ratios ≥ 0.92, the DOM-Cr(III) complexes became the dominant Cr species. In general, the studies show that C/Fe molar ratios control the structural developments of DFC, and both of C/Fe molar ratios and solution pH affect adsorption/reduction reactions of Cr(VI) on DFC. However, the pH may be a key factor of controlling the formation of DFC in the presence of Al ions and regulating Cr(VI) reduction behavior on DFC.

The general goals of gout therapy are to manage acute flares and to prevent recurrences and prevent or reverse the complications of urate deposition by lowering urate levels. The choice of drug should be made on the basis of the patient’s co-morbidities, other medications, and side effect profile. Treatment of flares can be achieved with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, colchicine, or corticosteroids (systemic or intra-articular). Interleukin-1 blockers could become an alternative in patients contraindicated for traditional anti-inflammatory agents. Lowering of urate levels below monosodium urate (MSU) saturation point with both a non-pharmacological and pharmacological approach allows to dissolve MSU crystals and to cure gout. Serum urate (SUA) levels should be maintained below 6 mg/dL (360 μ‎mol/L) or below 5 mg/dL (300 μ‎mol/L) in patients with severe gout to facilitate faster dissolution of crystals. Urate-lowering therapy (ULT) should be initiated close to the first diagnosis of gout. Allopurinol and febuxostat are the most widely used xanthine oxidase inhibitors to lower SUA levels. If the SUA target cannot be reached by these agents, uricosurics are indicated, either alone or in combination with a xanthine oxidase inhibitor. In patients with severe tophaceous gout in whom the SUA target cannot be reached with any other available drug, pegloticase is indicated. Since ULT initiation may trigger acute attacks of gout, prophylaxis with an anti-inflammatory agent is recommended, mostly with low-dose colchicine. Of note, patient education, appropriate lifestyle advice, and treatment of comorbidities are also important parts of the management of patients with gout.

Nationalism: Past as Prologue began as a single volume being compiled by Ad Akande, a scholar from South Africa, who proposed it to me as co-author about two years ago. The original idea was to examine how the damaging roots of nationalism have been corroding political systems around the world, and creating dangerous obstacles for necessary international cooperation. Since I (Bruce E. Johansen) has written profusely about climate change (global warming, a.k.a. infrared forcing), I suggested a concerted effort in that direction. This is a worldwide existential threat that affects every living thing on Earth. It often compounds upon itself, so delays in reducing emissions of fossil fuels are shortening the amount of time remaining to eliminate the use of fossil fuels to preserve a livable planet. Nationalism often impedes solutions to this problem (among many others), as nations place their singular needs above the common good. Our initial proposal got around, and abstracts on many subjects arrived. Within a few weeks, we had enough good material for a 100,000-word book. The book then fattened to two moderate volumes and then to four two very hefty tomes. We tried several different titles as good submissions swelled. We also discovered that our best contributors were experts in their fields, which ranged the world. We settled on three stand-alone books:” 1/ nationalism and racial justice. Our first volume grew as the growth of Black Lives Matter following the brutal killing of George Floyd ignited protests over police brutality and other issues during 2020, following the police assassination of Floyd in Minneapolis. It is estimated that more people took part in protests of police brutality during the summer of 2020 than any other series of marches in United States history. This includes upheavals during the 1960s over racial issues and against the war in Southeast Asia (notably Vietnam). We choose a volume on racism because it is one of nationalism’s main motive forces. This volume provides a worldwide array of work on nationalism’s growth in various countries, usually by authors residing in them, or in the United States with ethnic ties to the nation being examined, often recent immigrants to the United States from them. Our roster of contributors comprises a small United Nations of insightful, well-written research and commentary from Indonesia, New Zealand, Australia, China, India, South Africa, France, Portugal, Estonia, Hungary, Russia, Poland, Kazakhstan, Georgia, and the United States. Volume 2 (this one) describes and analyzes nationalism, by country, around the world, except for the United States; and 3/material directly related to President Donald Trump, and the United States. The first volume is under consideration at the Texas A & M University Press. The other two are under contract to Nova Science Publishers (which includes social sciences). These three volumes may be used individually or as a set. Environmental material is taken up in appropriate places in each of the three books. * * * * * What became the United States of America has been strongly nationalist since the English of present-day Massachusetts and Jamestown first hit North America’s eastern shores. The country propelled itself across North America with the self-serving ideology of “manifest destiny” for four centuries before Donald Trump came along. Anyone who believes that a Trumpian affection for deportation of “illegals” is a new thing ought to take a look at immigration and deportation statistics in Adam Goodman’s The Deportation Machine: America’s Long History of Deporting Immigrants (Princeton University Press, 2020). Between 1920 and 2018, the United States deported 56.3 million people, compared with 51.7 million who were granted legal immigration status during the same dates. Nearly nine of ten deportees were Mexican (Nolan, 2020, 83). This kind of nationalism, has become an assassin of democracy as well as an impediment to solving global problems. Paul Krugman wrote in the New York Times (2019:A-25): that “In their 2018 book, How Democracies Die, the political scientists Steven Levitsky and Daniel Ziblatt documented how this process has played out in many countries, from Vladimir Putin’s Russia, to Recep Erdogan’s Turkey, to Viktor Orban’s Hungary. Add to these India’s Narendra Modi, China’s Xi Jinping, and the United States’ Donald Trump, among others. Bit by bit, the guardrails of democracy have been torn down, as institutions meant to serve the public became tools of ruling parties and self-serving ideologies, weaponized to punish and intimidate opposition parties’ opponents. On paper, these countries are still democracies; in practice, they have become one-party regimes….And it’s happening here [the United States] as we speak. If you are not worried about the future of American democracy, you aren’t paying attention” (Krugmam, 2019, A-25). We are reminded continuously that the late Carl Sagan, one of our most insightful scientific public intellectuals, had an interesting theory about highly developed civilizations. Given the number of stars and planets that must exist in the vast reaches of the universe, he said, there must be other highly developed and organized forms of life. Distance may keep us from making physical contact, but Sagan said that another reason we may never be on speaking terms with another intelligent race is (judging from our own example) could be their penchant for destroying themselves in relatively short order after reaching technological complexity. This book’s chapters, introduction, and conclusion examine the worldwide rise of partisan nationalism and the damage it has wrought on the worldwide pursuit of solutions for issues requiring worldwide scope, such scientific co-operation public health and others, mixing analysis of both. We use both historical description and analysis. This analysis concludes with a description of why we must avoid the isolating nature of nationalism that isolates people and encourages separation if we are to deal with issues of world-wide concern, and to maintain a sustainable, survivable Earth, placing the dominant political movement of our time against the Earth’s existential crises. Our contributors, all experts in their fields, each have assumed responsibility for a country, or two if they are related. This work entwines themes of worldwide concern with the political growth of nationalism because leaders with such a worldview are disinclined to co-operate internationally at a time when nations must find ways to solve common problems, such as the climate crisis. Inability to cooperate at this stage may doom everyone, eventually, to an overheated, stormy future plagued by droughts and deluges portending shortages of food and other essential commodities, meanwhile destroying large coastal urban areas because of rising sea levels. Future historians may look back at our time and wonder why as well as how our world succumbed to isolating nationalism at a time when time was so short for cooperative intervention which is crucial for survival of a sustainable earth. Pride in language and culture is salubrious to individuals’ sense of history and identity. Excess nationalism that prevents international co-operation on harmful worldwide maladies is quite another. As Pope Francis has pointed out: For all of our connectivity due to expansion of social media, ability to communicate can breed contempt as well as mutual trust. “For all our hyper-connectivity,” said Francis, “We witnessed a fragmentation that made it more difficult to resolve problems that affect us all” (Horowitz, 2020, A-12). The pope’s encyclical, titled “Brothers All,” also said: “The forces of myopic, extremist, resentful, and aggressive nationalism are on the rise.” The pope’s document also advocates support for migrants, as well as resistance to nationalist and tribal populism. Francis broadened his critique to the role of market capitalism, as well as nationalism has failed the peoples of the world when they need co-operation and solidarity in the face of the world-wide corona virus pandemic. Humankind needs to unite into “a new sense of the human family [Fratelli Tutti, “Brothers All”], that rejects war at all costs” (Pope, 2020, 6-A). Our journey takes us first to Russia, with the able eye and honed expertise of Richard D. Anderson, Jr. who teaches as UCLA and publishes on the subject of his chapter: “Putin, Russian identity, and Russia’s conduct at home and abroad.” Readers should find Dr. Anderson’s analysis fascinating because Vladimir Putin, the singular leader of Russian foreign and domestic policy these days (and perhaps for the rest of his life, given how malleable Russia’s Constitution has become) may be a short man physically, but has high ambitions. One of these involves restoring the old Russian (and Soviet) empire, which would involve re-subjugating a number of nations that broke off as the old order dissolved about 30 years ago. President (shall we say czar?) Putin also has international ambitions, notably by destabilizing the United States, where election meddling has become a specialty. The sight of Putin and U.S. president Donald Trump, two very rich men (Putin $70-$200 billion; Trump $2.5 billion), nuzzling in friendship would probably set Thomas Jefferson and Vladimir Lenin spinning in their graves. The road of history can take some unanticipated twists and turns. Consider Poland, from which we have an expert native analysis in chapter 2, Bartosz Hlebowicz, who is a Polish anthropologist and journalist. His piece is titled “Lawless and Unjust: How to Quickly Make Your Own Country a Puppet State Run by a Group of Hoodlums – the Hopeless Case of Poland (2015–2020).” When I visited Poland to teach and lecture twice between 2006 and 2008, most people seemed to be walking on air induced by freedom to conduct their own affairs to an unusual degree for a state usually squeezed between nationalists in Germany and Russia. What did the Poles then do in a couple of decades? Read Hlebowicz’ chapter and decide. It certainly isn’t soft-bellied liberalism. In Chapter 3, with Bruce E. Johansen, we visit China’s western provinces, the lands of Tibet as well as the Uighurs and other Muslims in the Xinjiang region, who would most assuredly resent being characterized as being possessed by the Chinese of the Han to the east. As a student of Native American history, I had never before thought of the Tibetans and Uighurs as Native peoples struggling against the Independence-minded peoples of a land that is called an adjunct of China on most of our maps. The random act of sitting next to a young woman on an Air India flight out of Hyderabad, bound for New Delhi taught me that the Tibetans had something to share with the Lakota, the Iroquois, and hundreds of other Native American states and nations in North America. Active resistance to Chinese rule lasted into the mid-nineteenth century, and continues today in a subversive manner, even in song, as I learned in 2018 when I acted as a foreign adjudicator on a Ph.D. dissertation by a Tibetan student at the University of Madras (in what is now in a city called Chennai), in southwestern India on resistance in song during Tibet’s recent history. Tibet is one of very few places on Earth where a young dissident can get shot to death for singing a song that troubles China’s Quest for Lebensraum. The situation in Xinjiang region, where close to a million Muslims have been interned in “reeducation” camps surrounded with brick walls and barbed wire. They sing, too. Come with us and hear the music. Back to Europe now, in Chapter 4, to Portugal and Spain, we find a break in the general pattern of nationalism. Portugal has been more progressive governmentally than most. Spain varies from a liberal majority to military coups, a pattern which has been exported to Latin America. A situation such as this can make use of the term “populism” problematic, because general usage in our time usually ties the word into a right-wing connotative straightjacket. “Populism” can be used to describe progressive (left-wing) insurgencies as well. José Pinto, who is native to Portugal and also researches and writes in Spanish as well as English, in “Populism in Portugal and Spain: a Real Neighbourhood?” provides insight into these historical paradoxes. Hungary shares some historical inclinations with Poland (above). Both emerged from Soviet dominance in an air of developing freedom and multicultural diversity after the Berlin Wall fell and the Soviet Union collapsed. Then, gradually at first, right wing-forces began to tighten up, stripping structures supporting popular freedom, from the courts, mass media, and other institutions. In Chapter 5, Bernard Tamas, in “From Youth Movement to Right-Liberal Wing Authoritarianism: The Rise of Fidesz and the Decline of Hungarian Democracy” puts the renewed growth of political and social repression into a context of worldwide nationalism. Tamas, an associate professor of political science at Valdosta State University, has been a postdoctoral fellow at Harvard University and a Fulbright scholar at the Central European University in Budapest, Hungary. His books include From Dissident to Party Politics: The Struggle for Democracy in Post-Communist Hungary (2007). Bear in mind that not everyone shares Orbán’s vision of what will make this nation great, again. On graffiti-covered walls in Budapest, Runes (traditional Hungarian script) has been found that read “Orbán is a motherfucker” (Mikanowski, 2019, 58). Also in Europe, in Chapter 6, Professor Ronan Le Coadic, of the University of Rennes, Rennes, France, in “Is There a Revival of French Nationalism?” Stating this title in the form of a question is quite appropriate because France’s nationalistic shift has built and ebbed several times during the last few decades. For a time after 2000, it came close to assuming the role of a substantial minority, only to ebb after that. In 2017, the candidate of the National Front reached the second round of the French presidential election. This was the second time this nationalist party reached the second round of the presidential election in the history of the Fifth Republic. In 2002, however, Jean-Marie Le Pen had only obtained 17.79% of the votes, while fifteen years later his daughter, Marine Le Pen, almost doubled her father's record, reaching 33.90% of the votes cast. Moreover, in the 2019 European elections, re-named Rassemblement National obtained the largest number of votes of all French political formations and can therefore boast of being "the leading party in France.” The brutality of oppressive nationalism may be expressed in personal relationships, such as child abuse. While Indonesia and Aotearoa [the Maoris’ name for New Zealand] hold very different ranks in the United Nations Human Development Programme assessments, where Indonesia is classified as a medium development country and Aotearoa New Zealand as a very high development country. In Chapter 7, “Domestic Violence Against Women in Indonesia and Aotearoa New Zealand: Making Sense of Differences and Similarities” co-authors, in Chapter 8, Mandy Morgan and Dr. Elli N. Hayati, from New Zealand and Indonesia respectively, found that despite their socio-economic differences, one in three women in each country experience physical or sexual intimate partner violence over their lifetime. In this chapter ther authors aim to deepen understandings of domestic violence through discussion of the socio-economic and demographic characteristics of theit countries to address domestic violence alongside studies of women’s attitudes to gender norms and experiences of intimate partner violence. One of the most surprising and upsetting scholarly journeys that a North American student may take involves Adolf Hitler’s comments on oppression of American Indians and Blacks as he imagined the construction of the Nazi state, a genesis of nationalism that is all but unknown in the United States of America, traced in this volume (Chapter 8) by co-editor Johansen. Beginning in Mein Kampf, during the 1920s, Hitler explicitly used the westward expansion of the United States across North America as a model and justification for Nazi conquest and anticipated colonization by Germans of what the Nazis called the “wild East” – the Slavic nations of Poland, the Baltic states, Ukraine, and Russia, most of which were under control of the Soviet Union. The Volga River (in Russia) was styled by Hitler as the Germans’ Mississippi, and covered wagons were readied for the German “manifest destiny” of imprisoning, eradicating, and replacing peoples the Nazis deemed inferior, all with direct references to events in North America during the previous century. At the same time, with no sense of contradiction, the Nazis partook of a long-standing German romanticism of Native Americans. One of Goebbels’ less propitious schemes was to confer honorary Aryan status on Native American tribes, in the hope that they would rise up against their oppressors. U.S. racial attitudes were “evidence [to the Nazis] that America was evolving in the right direction, despite its specious rhetoric about equality.” Ming Xie, originally from Beijing, in the People’s Republic of China, in Chapter 9, “News Coverage and Public Perceptions of the Social Credit System in China,” writes that The State Council of China in 2014 announced “that a nationwide social credit system would be established” in China. “Under this system, individuals, private companies, social organizations, and governmental agencies are assigned a score which will be calculated based on their trustworthiness and daily actions such as transaction history, professional conduct, obedience to law, corruption, tax evasion, and academic plagiarism.” The “nationalism” in this case is that of the state over the individual. China has 1.4 billion people; this system takes their measure for the purpose of state control. Once fully operational, control will be more subtle. People who are subject to it, through modern technology (most often smart phones) will prompt many people to self-censor. Orwell, modernized, might write: “Your smart phone is watching you.” Ming Xie holds two Ph.Ds, one in Public Administration from University of Nebraska at Omaha and another in Cultural Anthropology from the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, Beijing, where she also worked for more than 10 years at a national think tank in the same institution. While there she summarized news from non-Chinese sources for senior members of the Chinese Communist Party. Ming is presently an assistant professor at the Department of Political Science and Criminal Justice, West Texas A&M University. In Chapter 10, analyzing native peoples and nationhood, Barbara Alice Mann, Professor of Honours at the University of Toledo, in “Divide, et Impera: The Self-Genocide Game” details ways in which European-American invaders deprive the conquered of their sense of nationhood as part of a subjugation system that amounts to genocide, rubbing out their languages and cultures -- and ultimately forcing the native peoples to assimilate on their own, for survival in a culture that is foreign to them. Mann is one of Native American Studies’ most acute critics of conquests’ contradictions, and an author who retrieves Native history with a powerful sense of voice and purpose, having authored roughly a dozen books and numerous book chapters, among many other works, who has traveled around the world lecturing and publishing on many subjects. Nalanda Roy and S. Mae Pedron in Chapter 11, “Understanding the Face of Humanity: The Rohingya Genocide.” describe one of the largest forced migrations in the history of the human race, the removal of 700,000 to 800,000 Muslims from Buddhist Myanmar to Bangladesh, which itself is already one of the most crowded and impoverished nations on Earth. With about 150 million people packed into an area the size of Nebraska and Iowa (population less than a tenth that of Bangladesh, a country that is losing land steadily to rising sea levels and erosion of the Ganges river delta. The Rohingyas’ refugee camp has been squeezed onto a gigantic, eroding, muddy slope that contains nearly no vegetation. However, Bangladesh is majority Muslim, so while the Rohingya may starve, they won’t be shot to death by marauding armies. Both authors of this exquisite (and excruciating) account teach at Georgia Southern University in Savannah, Georgia, Roy as an associate professor of International Studies and Asian politics, and Pedron as a graduate student; Roy originally hails from very eastern India, close to both Myanmar and Bangladesh, so he has special insight into the context of one of the most brutal genocides of our time, or any other. This is our case describing the problems that nationalism has and will pose for the sustainability of the Earth as our little blue-and-green orb becomes more crowded over time. The old ways, in which national arguments often end in devastating wars, are obsolete, given that the Earth and all the people, plants, and other animals that it sustains are faced with the existential threat of a climate crisis that within two centuries, more or less, will flood large parts of coastal cities, and endanger many species of plants and animals. To survive, we must listen to the Earth, and observe her travails, because they are increasingly our own.

AbstractThe main objective of this chapter is to understand the link between parental socio-economic status (SES) and union formation and dissolution processes from a cross-national comparative perspective. According to the Second Demographic Transition (SDT) theory, it can be expected that the impact of parental background on these union dynamics differs across societal contexts. Integrated results from prior studies using meta-analytical tools indicate that in many European countries, young adults from advantaged backgrounds delay their first co-residential union and have a higher risk to dissolve their union compared to young adults from disadvantaged backgrounds. The strength of this link between parental SES and union dynamics varies across countries. There is suggestive evidence that the link between parental SES and union dynamics is weakest in North-Western European countries that are most advanced in the SDT. However, next to these SDT-related indicators that focus more on cultural change, institutional country-level indicators, like the extent of educational expansion, and economic country-level indicators, such as the level of economic uncertainty, might also play a role.

Dissolved gases are critically important in many of the biogeochemical cycles of estuaries and coastal waters. However, only recently have there been large-scale collaborative efforts addressing the importance of coupling between estuaries and the atmosphere. For example, the Biogas Transfer in Estuaries (BIOGEST) project, which began in 1996, was focused on determining the distribution of biogases [CO2, CH4, CO, non-methane hydrocarbons, N2O, dimethyl sulfide (DMS), carbonyl sulfide (COS), volatile halogenated organic compounds, and some biogenic volatile metals] in European estuaries and their impact on global budgets (Frankignoulle and Middelburg, 2002). The role of the estuaries and other coastal ocean environments as global sources and/or sinks of key greenhouse gases, like CO2, have also been a subject of intense interest in recent years (Frankignoulle et al., 1996; Cai and Wang, 1998; Raymond et al., 1997, 2000; Cai, 2003; Wang and Cai, 2004). Similarly, O2 transfer across the air–water interface is critical for the survival of most aquatic organisms. Unfortunately, many estuaries around the world are currently undergoing eutrophication, which commonly results in low O2 concentrations (or hypoxic ≤ 2 mg L−1), due to excessive nutrient loading in these systems (Rabalais and Turner, 2001; Rabalais and Nixon, 2002). To understand how gases are transferred across the air–water boundary we will first examine the dominant atmospheric gases and physical parameters that control their transport and solubility in natural waters. The atmosphere is also composed of aerosols, which are defined as condensed phases of solid or liquid particles, suspended in state, that have stability to gravitational separation over a period of observation (Charlson, 2000). Chemical composition and speciation in atmospheric aerosols is important to understanding their behavior after deposition, and is strongly linked with the dominant sources of aerosols (e.g., windblown dust, seasalt, combustion). The importance of aerosol deposition to estuaries and coastal waters, via precipitation (rain and snow) and/or dry particle deposition, has received considerable attention in recent years. For example, dry and wet deposition of nutrients (Paerl et al., 2002; Pollman et al., 2002) and metal contaminants (Siefert et al., 1998; Guentzel et al., 2001) has proven to be significant in biogeochemical budgets in wetlands and estuaries.

Industrial effluent discharged into surface water is an environmental concern, as it affects the esthetics, water quality as well as microbial and aquatic flora. Brewery effluents were analyzed for physicochemical parameters (pH, temperature, conductivity, turbidity, total dissolved solids (TDS), dissolved oxygen (DO), biological oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), nitrate, and sulfate, chloride) and heavy metals (As, Cd, Co, Cr, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Zn). Atomic absorption spectrophotometer was used to characterize heavy metals using standard analytical methods and compared with WHO standards. The result showed that pH (6.2–6.98), conductivity (137–273 μS/cm), chloride (31–53 mg/l), nitrate (7.53–10.72 mg/l), BOD, and DO were within the WHO limit. However, turbidity, sulfate, and phosphate were above the WHO limit. Heavy metal concentrations Cr, Ni, Pb, Mn, As, and Cd were higher than the WHO limit and vice versa for Fe, Zn, and Co. Ecological risk assessment revealed that effluent samples pose low to moderate ecological risk, for As, Pb, and Ni. Therefore, there is a need for proper treatment and continual monitoring before discharge into the environment.

Abstract Crossflow filtration of beer through low cost ceramic membranes is economically attractive. Frequent and rapid cleaning maintains satisfactory flux. A pore size of 0.5 µm gives a bright, near-sterile product without any loss of beer components. A pore size of 1.3 µmis suited to bottoms filtration. Crossflow filtration of wort from mash using membranes is achieved using two stages: coarse separation followed by polishing, enabling reduced plant size and cost. Hydrophobic PTFE membranes can be used to remove excess dissolved co from beer. co fluxes as high as 6.2 kg/m 1.h have been achieved.

Abstract Sodium alginate dissolved in calcium chloride solution at 90°C shows ‘weak gel’ properties similar to those of ordered xanthan, and circular dichroism spectra indicate formation of calcium polyguluronate ‘egg-box’ dimers even at this elevated temperature. The solutions show a sharp increase in rigidity (G’) on cooling, and convert to permanent gels on storage at low temperature. The gels attain maximum hardness at -40% calcium conversion (for alginate with a polyguluronate content of -58%), and their elasticity can be readily controlled by adjustment of Ca2+ concentration around this optimum value. Incorporation of moderate concentrations of gellan (0.1 - 0.3% w/v in combination with 2% w/v alginate and 5 mM trisodium citrate sequestrant) increases the strength of the gels, but does not significantly change their elasticity, indicating that the gellan acts as a strong ‘filler’ in an alginate matrix. The composition-dependence of G’ and hardness (yield stress), and the response of the mixed gels to incorporation.

The routines developed in previous chapters can be used to simulate a variety of interesting systems in geochemical dynamics and global change. In addition to these routines are devices and procedures that can make easier the process of developing and debugging a simulation. I shall present several such procedures in this chapter, including the management of input and output files, particularly files of starting values, the definition of mnemonic names for variables, a graphic subroutine that provides a runtime view of the progress of a calculation, and the specification of complicated histories by means of a table. These are procedures that I find helpful, but because working with a small computer is a personal matter, you may not find them helpful. By all means, develop your own procedures or modify mine. As an application of these computational helpers I shall also introduce the carbon system and the equilibrium relationships among the species of carbon dissolved in natural waters. Carbon dioxide plays a key role in climate, in biological processes, in weathering reactions, and in marine chemistry. I shall next describe how the partial pressure of this gas in the atmosphere may be calculated. Because there is a rapid exchange of carbon dioxide between ocean and atmosphere, we must consider the fate of dissolved carbon. Carbon dissolved in seawater takes part in fast chemical reactions involving the species dissolved carbon dioxide H2CO3, bicarbonate ions HCO-3, and carbonate ions CO=3. The concentrations of these species are governed by equilibrium relationships (Broecker and Peng, 1982).

Abstract In some circumstances, as an alternative to an action in professional negligence, a court may order a solicitor to pay some or all of the costs of proceedings. For example, in Veasey v Millfeed Co Ltd the Court of Appeal observed that errors in litigation are not always best dealt with by means of traditional negligence claims. In this case, the solicitor issued proceedings in the name of a partnership, some two years after it had been dissolved. The solicitor’s failure was dealt with by means of wasted costs.

This chapter looks at why Leonid Brezhnev extended the principles of indigenization to the Slavic republics. It assesses the changing balance of co-optation, repression, and political exclusion after Khrushchev. It also discusses how political exclusion took on a more muted form as levels of repression fell. The chapter highlights how Nikita Khrushchev's heirs reunified the regional party committees, dismantled the system of party-state control, dissolved the sovnarkhozy, and reinstated the central industrial ministries. It describes how Brezhnev oversaw a massive infusion of resources into the agricultural sector and adopted a more inclusive, conciliatory approach to the countryside. The chapter also discusses the acknowledgment of the diminished motivational power of Marxism–Leninism, in which functionaries at the Central Committee apparatus turned to Russian nationalism as an agent of mobilization.

<div class="section abstract"><div class="htmlview paragraph">We have proposed the application of Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR) gas dissolved fuel which might improve spray atomization through effervescent atomization instead of high injection pressure. Since EGR gas is included in the spray of EGR gas dissolved fuel, it directly contributes to combustion, and the further reduction of NO_x emissions is expected rather than the conventional external EGR. In our research, since highly contained in the exhaust gas and highly soluble in the fuel, CO₂ was selected as the dissolved gas to simulate EGR gas dissolved. In this paper, the purpose is to evaluate the influence of the application of CO₂ gas dissolved fuel on the combustion characteristics and emission characteristics inside the single cylinder, direct injection diesel engine. As a result, by use of the fuel, smoke was reduced by about 50 to 70%, but NO_x reduction does not have enough effect. However, NO_x emissions is reduced with external EGR, and the effect of NO_x reduction is effective by combined the external EGR and the CO₂ gas dissolved fuel.</div></div>

<div class="section abstract"><div class="htmlview paragraph">The CO₂ gas dissolved fuel for the diesel combustion is effective to reduce the NOx emissions to achieve the internal EGR (Exhaust Gas Recirculation) effect by fuel. This method has supplied EGR gas to the fuel side instead of supply EGR gas to the intake gas side. The fuel has followed specific characteristics for the diesel combustion. When the fuel is injected into the chamber in low pressure, this CO₂ gas is separated from the fuel spray. The distribution characteristics of the spray are improved and the improvement of the thermal efficiency by reduction heat loss in the combustion chamber wall, and reduce soot emissions by the lean combustion is expected. Furthermore, this CO₂ gas decreases the flame temperature. Further, it is anticipated to reduce NO_x emissions by the spray internal EGR effect.</div><div class="htmlview paragraph">In this paper, the n-tridecane and CO₂ gas were used as a basic fuel spray research, and shadowgraph photography and luminescence flame photography were conducted to measure the evaporation characteristics and flame characteristics of the fuel spray. In addition, chemiluminescence photography and luminous flame photography were conducted in the RCEM (Rapid Compression and Expansion Machine) for the combustion characteristics. Effervescence of CO₂ gas improves evaporation of the spray, and it promotes air-fuel mixture formation. The temperature and KL factor become lower with the increase in dissolved pressure. The simultaneous reduction of NO_x and soot can be achieved by use of the CO₂ gas dissolved fuel.</div></div>

Cellulosic nanofibers have been electrospun with an antitumor agent Cisplatin. Cellulose acetate (CA) and Cisplatin were co-electrospun using a coaxial electrospinning system. For the outer sheath, a solution of 7.5wt% CA in Acetone and DMAc (2:1) was used. The inner core consisted of Cisplatin dissolved in DMF at a concentration of 5mg/ml. Drug-loaded nanofibers from Cellulose pulp (2wt%) dissolved in NMMO. H2O were also produced. The solutions were electrospun in a high voltage electric field of 25–30 kV. Characterization of neat and drug-loaded nanofibers was performed using Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy (EDS). The characterization studies have shown the formation of nanofibers having both sporadic beads with internal agglomeration and conjugation of Cisplatin on the nanofiber surfaces.

Background: Engineered carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are expected to be increasingly released into the environment with the rapid increase in their production and use. The discharged CNTs may interact with coexisting contaminants and subsequently change environmental behaviors and ecological effects of both the CNTs themselves and the contaminants. Dissolved organic matter (DOM) plays a critical role in the transport of CNTs in the aquatic environment, affecting both CNT's surface properties through adsorption, and its colloidal stability in solution. Therefore, CNT-bound DOM complexes may interact with coexisting contaminants, thus affecting their environmental fate. With increasing production and use of CNTs, there is an increasing risk that humans could be exposed to CNTs mainly through ingestion and inhalation. Since CNTs can be carriers of contaminants due to their high adsorption affinity and capacity, the distribution of these nanoparticles in the environment holds a potential environmental and health risk. Project objectives: The overall goal of this project was to gain a better understanding of the environmental behavior of engineered nanoparticles with DOM and organic pollutant in aqueous systems. The scope of this study includes: characterizing various types of engineered nanoparticles and their interaction with DOM; binding studies of organic contaminants by nanoparticles and DOM-nanoparticle complexes; and examining interactions in DOM-nanoparticles-contaminant systems. Major conclusions, solutions and achievements: DOM has a pronounced effect on colloidal stability of CNTs in solution and on their surface chemistry and reactivity toward associated contaminants. The structure and chemical makeup of both CNTs and DOM determine their interactions and nature of formed complexes. CNTs, contaminants and DOM can co-occur in the aquatic environment. The occurrence of co-contaminants, as well as of co-introduction of DOM, was found to suppress the adsorption of organic contaminants to CNTs through both competition over adsorption sites and direct interactions in solution. Furthermore, the release of residual contaminants from CNTs could be enhanced by biomolecules found in the digestive as well as the respiratory tracts, thus increasing the bioaccessibility of adsorbed contaminants and possibly the overall toxicity of contaminant-associated CNTs. Contaminant desorption could be promoted by both solubilization and sorptive competition by biological surfactants. Scientific and agricultural implications: The information gained in the current project may assist in predicting the transport and fate of both CNTs and associated contaminants in the natural environment. Furthermore, the results imply a serious health risk from contaminant-associated CNTs.

Harmful algal blooms (HABs) threaten recreational waters and public supplies across the US, causing detrimental economic and environmental effects to communities. HABs can be mitigated with dissolved air flotation (DAF) treatment, which requires addition of pH-sensitive charged chemicals to neutralize algae, allowing them to attach to microbubbles and float to the surface. During HAB events and photosynthesis, algae raise the pH to levels that are not ideal for DAF. Traditionally, pH is reduced with a strong acid; however, this adds operational cost and permanently adjusts the water’s pH. This study assessed an approach that might allow for infusing CO₂ from diesel-powered electricity generators into the water prior to DAF treatment. It was hypothesized that formation of carbonic acid could temporarily reduce the pH. Results showed that 2.5%–5.0% CO₂ mixed within compressed air can achieve pH levels between 6–7 in algal water with an initial pH of 9–11 and alkalinity of 150 mg/L as CaCO₃. Further, dosing CO₂ before chemical addition yielded a 31% improvement in water clarification. Returning the pH back to natural levels was not achieved using ambient air microbubbles; however, coarse bubble air spargers should be tested to provide more volumetric capacity for CO₂ absorption.

The Mooshla Intrusive Complex (MIC) is an Archean polyphase magmatic body located in the Doyon-Bousquet-LaRonde (DBL) mining camp of the Abitibi greenstone belt, Québec. The MIC is spatially associated with numerous gold (Au)-rich VMS, epizonal 'intrusion-related' Au-Cu vein systems, and shear zone-hosted (orogenic?) Au deposits. To elucidate genetic links between deposits and the MIC, mineralized samples from two of the epizonal 'intrusion-related' Au-Cu vein systems (Doyon and Grand Duc Au-Cu) have been characterized using a variety of analytical techniques. Preliminary results indicate gold (as electrum) from both deposits occurs relatively late in the systems as it is primarily observed along fractures in pyrite and gangue minerals. At Grand Duc gold appears to have formed syn- to post-crystallization relative to base metal sulphides (e.g. chalcopyrite, sphalerite, pyrrhotite), whereas base metal sulphides at Doyon are relatively rare. The accessory ore mineral assemblage at Doyon is relatively simple compared to Grand Duc, consisting of petzite (Ag3AuTe2), calaverite (AuTe2), and hessite (Ag2Te), while accessory ore minerals at Grand Duc are comprised of tellurobismuthite (Bi2Te3), volynskite (AgBiTe2), native Te, tsumoite (BiTe) or tetradymite (Bi2Te2S), altaite (PbTe), petzite, calaverite, and hessite. Pyrite trace element distribution maps from representative pyrite grains from Doyon and Grand Duc were collected and confirm petrographic observations that Au occurs relatively late. Pyrite from Doyon appears to have been initially trace-element poor, then became enriched in As, followed by the ore metal stage consisting of Au-Ag-Te-Bi-Pb-Cu enrichment and lastly a Co-Ni-Se(?) stage enrichment. Grand Duc pyrite is more complex with initial enrichments in Co-Se-As (Stage 1) followed by an increase in As-Co(?) concentrations (Stage 2). The ore metal stage (Stage 3) is indicated by another increase in As coupled with Au-Ag-Bi-Te-Sb-Pb-Ni-Cu-Zn-Sn-Cd-In enrichment. The final stage of pyrite growth (Stage 4) is represented by the same element assemblage as Stage 3 but at lower concentrations. Preliminary sulphur isotope data from Grand Duc indicates pyrite, pyrrhotite, and chalcopyrite all have similar delta-34S values (~1.5 � 1 permille) with no core-to-rim variations. Pyrite from Doyon has slightly higher delta-34S values (~2.5 � 1 permille) compared to Grand Duc but similarly does not show much core-to-rim variation. At Grand Duc, the occurrence of Au concentrating along the rim of pyrite grains and associated with an enrichment in As and other metals (Sb-Ag-Bi-Te) shares similarities with porphyry and epithermal deposits, and the overall metal association of Au with Te and Bi is a hallmark of other intrusion-related gold systems. The occurrence of the ore metal-rich rims on pyrite from Grand Duc could be related to fluid boiling which results in the destabilization of gold-bearing aqueous complexes. Pyrite from Doyon does not show this inferred boiling texture but shares characteristics of dissolution-reprecipitation processes, where metals in the pyrite lattice are dissolved and then reconcentrated into discrete mineral phases that commonly precipitate in voids and fractures created during pyrite dissolution.

This open file reports geochemical data for stream and groundwater samples collected around the Casino porphyry Cu-Au-Mo deposit, one of the largest and highest-grade deposits of its kind in Canada. The calc-alkaline porphyry is hosted in a Late Cretaceous quartz monzonite and associated breccias in the unglaciated region of west central Yukon. Water chemistry around the deposit was investigated because: (i) the deposit has not yet been disturbed by mining; (ii) the deposit was known to have metal-rich waters in local streams; and (iii) the deposit has atypically preserved ore zones. Stream water samples were collected at 22 sites and groundwater samples were collected from eight sites. Surface and groundwaters around the Casino deposit are anomalous with respect to Cd (up to 5.4 µg/L), Co (up to 64 µg/L), Cu (up to 1657 µg/L), Mo (up to 25 µg/L), As (up to 17 µg/L), Re (up to 0.7 µg/L), and Zn (up to 354 µg/L) concentrations. The stable isotopes of O and H of the groundwaters are essentially identical to the surface waters and plot close to the local and global meteoric water lines, indicating that the waters represent modern recharge, consistent with the generally low salinities of all the waters (total dissolved solids range from 98 to 1320 mg/L). Sulfur and Sr isotopes are consistent with proximal waters interacting with the Casino rocks and mineralization; a sulfide-rich bedrock sample from the deposit has delta-34S = -1.2 permille and proximal groundwaters are only slightly heavier (-0.3 to 3.1 permille). These geochemical and isotopic results indicate that surface water geochemistry is a suitable medium for mineral exploration for porphyry-style mineralization in the Yukon, and similar unglaciated regions in Canada. The atypical geochemical signature (Mo, Se, Re, As, Cu) of these types of deposits are typically reflected in the water chemistry and S isotopes provide a more local vectoring tool.