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Letteratura scientifica selezionata sul tema "Disabling chronic illness"

Autore: Grafiati

Pubblicato: 25 gennaio 2025

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Articoli di riviste sul tema "Disabling chronic illness"

Strickland, Bonnie R. "Sex-Related Differences in Health and Illness". Psychology of Women Quarterly 12, n. 4 (dicembre 1988): 381–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-6402.1988.tb00972.x.

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Mortality and morbidity statistics which reflect the major health disorders in the nation have changed dramatically in this century. Infectious diseases have been largely controlled, and this country's citizens are now burdened with the chronic and disabling disorders of an aging population that are increasingly linked to environmental and behavioral factors. This article documents gender and sex differences among the major life-threatening disorders and chronic health problems and suggests implications for psychology as a health science and profession.

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Divo, Miguel J., Carlos H. Martinez e David M. Mannino. "Ageing and the epidemiology of multimorbidity". European Respiratory Journal 44, n. 4 (19 agosto 2014): 1055–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/09031936.00059814.

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The world’s population is ageing and an important part of this demographic shift is the development of chronic illness. In short, a person who does not die of acute illnesses, such as infections, and survives with chronic illnesses is more likely to develop additional chronic illnesses. Chronic respiratory diseases are an important component of these diseases associated with ageing. This article reviews the relationship between ageing and chronic respiratory disease, and also how certain chronic diseases cluster with others, either on the basis of underlying risk factors, complication of the primary disease or other factors, such as an increased state of inflammation. While death is inevitable, disabling chronic illnesses are not. Better understanding of how individuals can age healthily without the development of multiple chronic illnesses should lead to an improved global quality of life.

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Sharpe, Michael, e Monica Greco. "Chronic fatigue syndrome and an illness-focused approach to care: controversy, morality and paradox". Medical Humanities 45, n. 2 (giugno 2019): 183–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/medhum-2018-011598.

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Contemporary medicine distinguishes between illness and disease. Illness refers to a person’s subjective experience of symptoms; disease refers to objective bodily pathology. For many illnesses, medicine has made great progress in finding and treating associated disease. However, not all illnesses are successfully relieved by treating the disease. In some such cases, the patient’s suffering can only be reduced by treatment that is focused on the illness itself. Chronic disabling fatigue is a common symptom of illness, for which disease-focused treatment is often not effective, but for which illness-focused treatments (psychological or behavioural) often are. In this article, we explore a controversy surrounding illness-focused treatments for fatigue. We do this by contrasting their acceptance by people whose fatigue is associated with a disease (using the example of cancer-related fatigue) with their controversial rejection by some people whose fatigue is not associated with an established disease (chronic fatigue syndrome or CFS, sometimes called ME (myalgic encephalomyelitis)). In order to understand this difference in acceptability we consider the differing moral connotations of illness and disease and then go on to examine the limitations of the concepts of illness and disease themselves. We conclude that a general acceptance of illness-focused treatments by all who might benefit from them will require a major long-term change in thinking about illness, but that improvements to the care of individual patients can be made today.

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Karaboue, Karidia. "Headaches: A Gendered Illness". International Journal of Multidisciplinary Comprehensive Research 2, n. 6 (2023): 65–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.54660/ijmcr.2023.2.6.65-67.

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Headaches are not a symptom but a neurological disorder which mainly affects females and is the human race’s third most frequent and second most disabling illness, according to the World Health Organisation (WHO). Headaches are the epitome of chronic pain in females during their peak years of life. Those who are prone to this disorder suffer not only physically during an acute headache attack with its resulting incapacitating effects but also because of the anguish associated with the onset of new attacks. Its lack of 'social' recognition as a genuine, severe and incapacitating pathology is a further aggravation for those who experience this condition.

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Insel, Thomas R., Michael Schoenbaum e Philip S. Wang. "Components of the Economic Burden of Serious Mental Illness in the US". US Neurology 05, n. 01 (2009): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.17925/usn.2009.05.01.10.

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Mental disorders impose considerable socioeconomic costs due to their episodic/chronic nature, their relatively early ages at onset, and the highly disabling nature of inadequately treated mental illness. Despite substantial increases in the volume of mental health treatment for disorders in the past two decades, particularly pharmacotherapies, the level of morbidity and mortality from these disorders does not appear to have changed substantially over this period. Improving outcomes will require the development and use of more efficacious treatments for mental disorders. Likewise, implementation of cost-effective strategies to improve the quality of existing care for these disabling conditions is required.

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Neki, NS. "Chronic fatigue syndrome revisited". Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science 15, n. 3 (3 novembre 2016): 326–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjms.v15i3.30126.

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Chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) is a common and disabling problem; although most likely of biopsychosocial origin. The nature of the pathophysiological components remains unclear. It is an illness characterized by persistent and relapsing fatigue, often accompanied by numerous symptoms involving various body systems. The etiology of CFS remains unclear. Celiac disease can present with neurological symptoms in the absence of gastrointestinal symptoms; therefore, celiac disease should be included in the differential diagnosis of CFS.Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science Vol.15(3) 2016 p.326-328

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Ward, MC, e P. Higgs. "Psychosocial aspects of adjusting to disability in older people". Reviews in Clinical Gerontology 8, n. 3 (agosto 1998): 251–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0959259898008375.

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Studies across the European Union have noted that chronic illness and chronic disabling conditions rather than acute infectious diseases are now the major causes of morbidity and mortality in member states. This transformation in the nature of health and illness has, and will continue to have, profound effects on the nature of both medicine and the policy and organization of health care. It is estimated that not only will the share of consultations with doctors about issues connected with problems of living with chronic conditions increase, but there will also be a corresponding shift in medical practice from cure to care.

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Awang, Halimah, Norma Mansor, Tey Nai Peng e Nik Ainoon Nik Osman. "Understanding ageing: fear of chronic diseases later in life". Journal of International Medical Research 46, n. 1 (31 luglio 2017): 175–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0300060517710857.

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Objectives Ageing is often associated with deteriorating mental and physical health and the need for long-term care, creating a fear of ageing. We investigated what people fear most in terms of disabling chronic diseases and their concerns regarding having long-term illnesses. Methods Data were obtained from an online survey of 518 respondents aged 40 years and older residing in Malaysia, which was based on a convenience sample collected in May 2015 to January 2016. Data were analyzed using chi-squared tests and multinomial logistic regression. Results Of the most dreaded diseases, heart disease and cancer are life-threatening; however, dementia, diabetes, and hypertension persist and have a disabling effect for a long time. While there were variations in the diseases feared most across sex, ethnicity, and place of residence, the biggest worry for all respondents with regard to having a long-term illness was that they would become a burden to their family, a concern that superseded fear of dying. Conclusions We found our survey respondents had a fear of chronic diseases and placing a burden on others. Thus, there is a need to provide motivation for people to adopt a healthy lifestyle, to remain healthy.

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Sreedhar, Sreelakshmi, Aswini B, Neethu Poulose, Akhil Hari e P. N. Sureshkumar. "The quality of life assessment of chronic schizophrenia and diabetic patients with WHO-QOL in Indian population: a comparative study". Research in Pharmacy and Health Sciences 4, n. 2 (15 maggio 2018): 442–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.32463/rphs.2018.v04i02.07.

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Background: Schizophrenia is a chronic, severe and disabling psychiatric disorder and diabetes mellitus is one of the most prevalent non-psychiatric chronic illnesses. Both the diseases have common features of their chronicity, economic burden and dysfunction of occupation. QOL becomes more important health outcome tool in disorders that are chronic or where treatment continues over a long period. Methodology: In this study, descriptive survey was used to collect the data. Demographics details, laboratory results, given drugs, medical and medication history were documented into the data entry form and were asked to fill the BREF WHOQOL questionnaires (Malayalam version). Results: The BREF WHOQOL score was high in the Diabetic group in all the four domains as compared with the Schizophrenia group. Since P value is less than .05 in all cases, the difference is statistically significant. Discussion: The schizophrenia patients may have problems in maintaining relationships, frustration in working place, social isolation and stigma which again make their QoL scores lower especially when compared to a chronic physical illness like diabetes. The low score in schizophrenia indicates that mental illness influence above components of this domain. Conclusion: Mental health care is an integral part of healthcare. psychiatric illnesses is associated with lower QoL.

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Rakhkovskaya, Liya M., e Jason M. Holland. "Body dissatisfaction in older adults with a disabling health condition". Journal of Health Psychology 22, n. 2 (10 luglio 2016): 248–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1359105315600237.

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Existing findings on body dissatisfaction in older adults are sparse. In addition, research suggests that chronic illness may elevate risk for body dissatisfaction. Accordingly, this study examined predictors of body dissatisfaction in 274 older adults with a disabling health condition. Most participants reported dissatisfaction with their weight, shape, and/or appearance. Higher body mass index and negative impact of health on appearance predicted body dissatisfaction. Gender comparisons revealed that depressed mood may fuel body dissatisfaction in women. Somatic symptoms predicted body dissatisfaction in men, despite men reporting lower somatic symptoms. Overall, results indicate substantial incidence of and unique risk factors for body dissatisfaction in this population.

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Più fonti

Tesi sul tema "Disabling chronic illness"

Sow, Anne-Marie. "Scolarisation, inclusivité et qualité de vie des élèves atteints d’une maladie chronique invalidante au Sénégal. Le cas de la drépanocytose". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Bordeaux, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024BORD0391.

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La drépanocytose, maladie héréditaire chronique et invalidante, affecte gravement la vie de millions de personnes. Elle est caractérisée par de l’anémie, des infections fréquentes et des crises douloureuses. 66 % des 120 millions de personnes touchées dans le monde vivent en Afrique (OMS, 2022). Cette thèse, menée auprès de quatre cents élèves drépanocytaires au Sénégal, de leurs parents, enseignants et soignants, vise à comprendre la qualité de vie scolaire, familiale et hospitalière des drépanocytaires, et à proposer des solutions pour un meilleur accompagnement. Elle utilise la méthode mixte (questionnaires et entretiens) pour analyser les avancées et les obstacles à leur inclusion en tenant compte d’accords éthiques. Les résultats révèlent une faible connaissance de la drépanocytose par les personnes atteintes, ainsi que des pratiques familiales et scolaires inadaptées. Malgré quelques progrès au cours de la dernière décennie avec diverses initiatives pour promouvoir l'inclusivité, les interconnexions entre les catégories identitaires (âge, sexe, origine ethnique, etc.) et les conditions matérielles soulignent, dans une approche écosystémique, la complexité des défis : multiples formes de discrimination, obstacles à la scolarisation, nombreuses absences et échecs aux examens (25 %). Les violences physiques subies par 69 % des élèves, le décrochage scolaire fréquent (26 % chez les 13-18 ans), le coût élevé des soins médicaux et une faible littératie en santé continuent d'impacter négativement leur qualité de vie. L'intérêt majeur de cette recherche réside dans sa contribution significative à la compréhension de la scolarisation des élèves malades au Sénégal en examinant les interactions entre les environnements scolaire, familial et hospitalier. Elle propose des pistes et recommandations pour améliorer l'inclusivité
Sickle cell disease, a hereditary chronic and disabling illness, severely affects the lives of millions of people. It is characterized by anemia, frequent infections, and painful crises. Sixty-six percent of the 120 million people affected worldwide live in Africa (WHO, 2022). This thesis, conducted with four hundred students with sickle cell disease in Senegal, their parents, teachers, and healthcare professionals, aims to understand the quality of life in school, family, and hospital settings for individuals suffering from sickle cell disease, and to propose solutions for better support. A mixed approach (questionnaires and interviews) is used to analyze the progress and challenges to their inclusion, taking ethical considerations into account. The results reveal a limited understanding of sickle cell disease by those affected, as well as inappropriate family and school practices. Despite some progress over the past decade with various initiatives to promote the inclusion of those affected, identified factors (age, sex, ethnic origin, etc.) and diversity of material circumstance increase the challenges any ecosystemic approach must address multiple forms of discrimination, barriers to schooling, numerous absences, and exam failures (25%). The physical violence experienced by 69 % of students, the high dropout rate (26% among 13- to 18-year-olds), the high cost of medical care, and low health literacy continue to negatively impact their quality of life. The primary value of this research lies in its significant contribution to understanding the schooling of sick children in Senegal by examining the interactions between school, family, and hospital environments. Based on the findings, the thesis proposes recommendations to improve social and educational inclusivity

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Redfern, Andrew William. "An analysis of the prevalence of children with disabilities and disabling chronic illnesses in the Western health sub-district of Cape Town, and the services available for them". Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/13975.

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Children with disabling chronic illnesses are known to have complex and frequently unmet health care needs. Limited information exists in South Africa regarding the prevalence of children with disability, as well their needs and utilization of services. The purpose of the current study is twofold: (1) identify the number of children known with disability, or disabling chronic illnesses in the western health sub-district of Cape Town; (2) analyse the health services that currently exist for these children. A period prevalence survey was conducted between January 2010 and December 2011. Numerous sources of information were sought to identify as many children with disabling chronic illness as possible. These included the referral hospitals for the Western sub-district, namely Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital and New Somerset Hospital, as well as the institutions where children with disability are cared for or educated, and relevant non-profit organisations in the disability sector. Information was gathered between January 2011 and Sept 2012.

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Libri sul tema "Disabling chronic illness"

Brain-disabling treatments in psychiatry: Drugs, electroshock, and the psychopharmaceutical complex. 2^a ed. New York: Springer Pub., 2008.

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Brain-disabling treatments in psychiatry: Drugs, electroshock, and the role of the FDA. New York: Springer Pub. Co., 1997.

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da Costa, Sabrina C., Joao L. de Quevedo e André F. Carvalho. Predominant polarity, polarity index, and treatment selection in bipolar disorder. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198748625.003.0015.

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Bipolar disorder (BD) is a chronic and disabling illness, with lifetime prevalence of 2.4% worldwide. Predominant polarity (PP), ie, depressive versus manic, may influence illness characteristics, treatment selection, and outcomes in BD. PP has been proposed as a course specifier for BD, although not included in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5th edn) (DSM-5). The polarity index (PI), a metric algorithm that reflects antimanic versus antidepressant maintenance efficacy of available treatments for BD, is calculated as the ratio of number needed to treat (NNT) for prevention of depression and NNT for prevention of mania. Evidence indicates that the net PI of ongoing maintenance-treatment regimens for BD is related to the patient’s PP. Additionatlly, PP and PI may aid in treatment selection and outcome prediction in BD. Therefore, this chapter provides an overview of putative roles of PP and PI in the course and treatment selection for BD.

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Baldridge, David, Joy Beatty, Stephan A. Böhm, Mukta Kulkarni e Mark E. Moore. Persons With (dis)Abilities. A cura di Adrienne J. Colella e Eden B. King. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199363643.013.9.

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This chapter examines workplace discrimination faced by persons with (dis)abilities. It begins by discussing usage, meaning, and effects of the word “disability” and the related term “persons with disabilities.” It then considers the diversity of conditions and experiences among persons with (dis)abilities by reviewing extant research on people with five common disabling conditions (i.e., mobility, seeing, hearing, chronic illness, and psychiatric conditions). It also examines the importance of national context by taking a closer look at research on the experiences of people with (dis)abilities in five nations (i.e., United States, Canada, Germany, India, and China). By separately highlighting extant research on a few common conditions and nations, the chapter’s intent is to show the need for more research on specific conditions in specific work and national contexts, as well as the need for research integrating and summarizing these focused studies.

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Carvalho, André F., Gilberto S. Alves, Cristiano A. Köhler e Roger S. McIntyre. Cognitive Enhancement in Major Depressive Disorder. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190214401.003.0010.

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Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a chronic and disabling illness often associated with elevated rates of non-recovery and substantial psychosocial burden. Cognitive impairment is a common residual manifestations of MDD. Overactivation of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis, along with immune–inflammatory imbalances, a decrease in neurotrophin signaling, and an increase in oxidative and nitrosative stress, leads to neuroprogression and cognitive deterioration in MDD. “Cognitive remission” has been proposed as a novel treatment target for MDD. Cognitive remediation therapy has provided encouraging results for the management of cognitive deficits in MDD. The effects of standard antidepressant drugs on MDD-related cognitive dysfunction are often suboptimal, which calls for the development of novel agents with the potential to target cognitive impairments in MDD. The incorporation of biobehavioral strategies (e.g., exercise) and multimodal treatment approaches (e.g., cognitive training, antidepressant therapy, and neuromodulation) is more likely to generate therapeutic benefit.

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Trivedi, Madhukar H., e Steven M. Strakowski, a cura di. Depression. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190929565.001.0001.

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Major depressive disorder is a serious, debilitating, life-shortening illness that affects many persons of all ages and backgrounds. The point prevalence is high (2.3%–3.2% in men, 4.5%–9.3% in women) and the lifetime risk is 7% to 12% for men and 20% to 25% for women. Major depression is a disabling disorder that costs the United States over $200 billion per year in direct and indirect costs. Depression also has detrimental effects on all aspects of social functioning, such as self-care, social role, and family life, including household, marital, kinship, and parental roles. While there have been several treatments that are efficacious, many individuals suffering from depression experience life-long challenges due to the often chronic and episodic nature of the disease. Identifying strategies to find the right treatments for the right patients is critical. Ongoing research has explored the importance of examining physiologic biomarkers as well as clinical characteristics to gain a better understanding of subtypes of depression, which will lead to improved treatments and better outcomes. This book provides an introduction to the etiology and pathophysiology of depression, common comorbidities and differential diagnoses, pharmacotherapy strategies, psychotherapeutic and neuromodulation interventions, novel and nontraditional treatment strategies, and considerations in special populations.

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Capitoli di libri sul tema "Disabling chronic illness"

Williams, Simon J. "The Biopolitics of Chronic Illness: Biology, Power and Personhood". In New Directions in the Sociology of Chronic and Disabling Conditions, 205–24. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230297432_11.

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Charmaz, Kathy. "Studying the Experience of Chronic Illness through Grounded Theory". In New Directions in the Sociology of Chronic and Disabling Conditions, 8–36. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230297432_2.

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Bury, Mike. "Chronic Illness, Self-management and the Rhetoric of Empowerment". In New Directions in the Sociology of Chronic and Disabling Conditions, 161–79. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230297432_9.

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Lierman, Ash. "2. Terminology, Categories, and Complicating Factors". In The Struggle You Can’t See, 41–58. Cambridge, UK: Open Book Publishers, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.11647/obp.0420.02.

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This chapter discusses the categories of neurodiversity and invisible disability discussed in this book, and the terms used in this discussion. Although “neurodivergent” and “invisible disabilities” are imprecise and sometimes inconsistently applied labels, here they are used primarily to encompass six main categories of difference: dyslexia (and related conditions); the autism spectrum; Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD); psychiatric disabilities; traumatic brain injuries (TBI); and disabling chronic physical illnesses. The definitions here in use for each of these categories are described in this chapter, as well as the rationale behind their inclusion and how they have been delineated, along with other choices of terminology that will be in use throughout this book.

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R., Ashwini, Barre Vijay Prasad e Srinivas Kosgi. "Psychosocial Intervention Strategies for Patients With Schizophrenia". In Chronic Illness and Long-Term Care, 468–85. IGI Global, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-7122-3.ch023.

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Throughout recorded history, the disorder we now known as schizophrenia has been a source of bewilderment. Schizophrenia is a chronic, severe, and disabling brain disease. Schizophrenia is found all over the world. The severity of the symptoms and the long-lasting, chronic pattern of schizophrenia often results in disability, and many individuals need on going assistance to manage the most basic functions of independent living. Schizophrenia most often includes hallucinations and/or delusions, which reflect distortions in the perception and interpretation of reality. In this chapter the authors were discussed psychosocial interventions like, individual psychotherapy, cognitive behaviour therapy, cognitive therapy with schizophrenia, behaviour therapy with schizophrenia, group therapy and family interventions were highlighted. In addition to this psychiatric rehabilitation were also discussed with vocational training, social skill training, and community rehabilitation approach. Further common causes of repeated hospitalization and implementation measures were described.

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Garg, Bhavuk, Prerna Khanna e Amit Khanna. "Chronic Mental Illness and the Changing Scope of Intervention Strategies, Diagnosis, and Treatment in Child and Adolescent Population". In Chronic Illness and Long-Term Care, 556–67. IGI Global, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-7122-3.ch027.

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A significant proportion of the Child and Adolescent population suffer from a psychological or psychiatric disorder. It is estimated that at least 20% of the child and adolescent population is affected mental health problems and largely this is undetected. Some of the mental health problems are severe and disabling and tend to be chronic in nature. Childhood forms an important phase in the development period of life during which one develops physically, emotionally, socially, intellectually and morally. Chronic and severe mental health problems in children impact the overall development of the child thereby leading to significant and lifelong disability. The scope of this chapter has been narrowed to include two important chronic mental illness in children mainly Schizophrenia and Bipolar Mood Disorder. The Authors will discuss the clinical features, course, outcome and treatment strategies. Special issues in children are also discussed in terms of diagnosis and treatment.

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Ahmari, Susanne E., e H. Blair Simpson. "Neurobiology and Treatment of OCD". In Neurobiology of Mental Illness, a cura di Kerry J. Ressler, 646–61. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199934959.003.0048.

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Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD) is a chronic, disabling disorder with a lifetime prevalence of up to 2-3%, and is a leading cause of illness-related disability. OCD is characterized by recurrent intrusive thoughts, images, or impulses (obsessions) that cause anxiety or distress, and repetitive mental or behavioral acts (compulsions). Though the etiology of OCD is unclear, current evidence implicates both genetic and environmental factors in its development. Our understanding of the neurobiology underlying OCD is still evolving, with convergent evidence from clinical and preclinical studies highlighting the importance of abnormalities in cortico-striatal-thalamo-cortical (CSTC) circuits. Evidence-based treatments for OCD include both pharmacotherapy and cognitive-behavioral therapy. This chapter will review the etiology and neurobiology of OCD, and will provide an overview of treatment strategies.

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Walker, Jane. "Low mood". In Oxford Textbook of Medicine, a cura di Michael Sharpe, 6462–64. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198746690.003.0624.

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Low mood is a very common symptom that is often considered a normal, understandable reaction to serious, disabling, or disfiguring illnesses or treatment. While low mood may indeed be part of the adjustment to adverse circumstances, it may also be the presentation of serious psychiatric and medical illnesses requiring active treatment. The most common of these is major depressive disorder, which is a complicating illness in about 10 per cent of patients with chronic medical conditions. Simple questioning can clarify the diagnosis, but sometimes a more detailed psychiatric and medical assessment is required so that the appropriate treatment can be provided.

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Carter, Bryan D., William G. Kronenberger, Eric L. Scott e Christine E. Brady. "Session 4: Thought-Challenging and Thought-Changing Skills". In Children's Health and Illness Recovery Program (CHIRP), 73–76. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med-psych/9780190070267.003.0005.

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Employing information from their Thought Record homework, in Session 4 the teen is instructed in applying cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) thought-challenging skills employing the “Challenging Your Thoughts” worksheet in the Children’s Health and Illness Recovery Program (CHIRP) Workbook. Common cognitive errors (e.g., hopelessness, catastrophizing, mind reading) are introduced and applied to the teen’s own identified automatic thoughts. For youth with chronic illness, the impact of their symptoms on their functioning can adversely impact on their expectations and willingness to set challenging yet appropriate goals for themselves. CBT skills in challenging and changing unsubstantiated and disabling beliefs and schema are crucial to overcoming these barriers.

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Young, Alexander S., e Jennifer L. Magnabosco. "Services for Adults with Mental Illness". In Mental Health Services, 177–210. Oxford University PressNew York, NY, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195153958.003.0009.

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Abstract During the past few decades, there have been remarkable advances in mental health treatment. Vague classification schemes have been replaced by structured diagnoses. Basic science research has demonstrated that severe psychiatric disorders are brain-based conditions. Effective treatments for bipolar disorder, major depression, and schizophrenia have been developed and proven to be effective (American Psychiatric Association, 1994, 1997; Depression Guideline Panel, 1993). New, safe medications improve or eliminate psychotic and affective symptoms. Structured psychotherapies, such as interpersonal and cognitive-behavioral therapy, reduce disabling depression and anxiety. Assertive Community Treatment-intensive provision of a comprehensive array of services-allows people with treatment-resistant disorders to live successfully in community settings. Rehabilitation interventions allow many people with chronic psychotic disorders to obtain competitive, paid employment. Finally, helping families and other caregivers, and involving them in treatment, reduces relapse rates.

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