Tesi sul tema "Digital tiwn"

Digitalization is now spreading to all sectors, leading to the emergence of an "all-smart" society. Intelligent systems are developing, widely integrating data and virtual technologies, thus becoming essential in our daily lives. In this context, the Digital Twin (DT) is emerging as a promising technology to manage the growing complexity of these systems by combining data-based and model-based engineering respectively. DT combines various technologies, including the Internet of Things, data science, Modeling & Simulation, and Artificial Intelligence, to monitor, understand, optimize and anticipate the perfor mance of a real system through its virtual version. Its use has rapidly spread to various sectors such as construction, manufacturing, aerospace and smart cities, playing a crucial role in their digital transformation. However, the deployment of DT solutions faces several obstacles. Among them, we note the lack of a consensual definition, the difficulties of synchronization between the DT and the physical system, as well as the absence of transversal engineering methods applicable to different domains, raising several research questions. This thesis addresses three main research questions : (1) how to unify the understanding of the DT concept ? (2) what strategies to adopt for the deployment of a DT ? and (3) what is the impact of synchronization on the quality of services provided by the DT. The objective is to develop a formal and operational framework for DT-driven system engineering, based on systems theory. The main contributions of this work are as follows : • A conceptual modeling approach to the DT : this is the development of a conceptual fra mework called DMS (Data-Model-Services) to capture the internal elements of the DT in its value chain. • A formal specification approach of the DT : it aims to eliminate ambiguities in the interpre tation of the concept, and to facilitate its symbolic manipulation. • An inference capability graph : it is a characterization of different levels of maturity of a DT in terms of its self-adaptation capabilities to changes in the real system to which it is paired, levels organized in a relational structure in the form of a graph. • A graphical modeling approach : the proposed graphical notation, which is based on sys tems theory and inspired by the DEVS (Discrete EVent System specification) paradigm, aims to simplify DT modeling efforts, reduce the risks of conceptual error, and promote the co development principle. • A DT architecture pattern : this is a generic model of modular and flexible software architec ture that captures in detail the interactions between the different components of a DT, in order to facilitate its software engineering, and to pave the way for the automatic or semi-automatic generation of executable DTs. • A conceptualization of the synchronization between a DT and its real peer : the characteri zation of the different factors specific to this synchronization aims to allow analyzing their impact on the quality of the results produced by the DT.•An urban DT prototype : this is the development of a prototype of a DT of the campus of the University of Bordeaux, in the context of a large-scale project, illustrating the practical implementation of the proposed framework. This work constitutes in our eyes a first step towards a DT-driven system engineering. Several challenges remain to be overcome in this direction, which are as many perspectives for our future research efforts, in particular the verification and validation of DT, the analysis and synthesis of model inference capabilities in the DT, the in-depth study of the sensitivity of the DT with regard to the synchronization options of the Real-DT couple, and design patterns for DT-driven system engineering
Digitalization is now spreading to all sectors, leading to the emergence of an "all-smart" society. Intelligent systems are developing, widely integrating data and virtual technologies, thus becoming essential in our daily lives. In this context, the Digital Twin (DT) is emerging as a promising technology to manage the growing complexity of these systems by combining data-based and model-based engineering respectively. DT combines various technologies, including the Internet of Things, data science, Modeling & Simulation, and Artificial Intelligence, to monitor, understand, optimize and anticipate the perfor mance of a real system through its virtual version. Its use has rapidly spread to various sectors such as construction, manufacturing, aerospace and smart cities, playing a crucial role in their digital transformation. However, the deployment of DT solutions faces several obstacles. Among them, we note the lack of a consensual definition, the difficulties of synchronization between the DT and the physical system, as well as the absence of transversal engineering methods applicable to different domains, raising several research questions. This thesis addresses three main research questions : (1) how to unify the understanding of the DT concept ? (2) what strategies to adopt for the deployment of a DT ? and (3) what is the impact of synchronization on the quality of services provided by the DT. The objective is to develop a formal and operational framework for DT-driven system engineering, based on systems theory. The main contributions of this work are as follows : • A conceptual modeling approach to the DT : this is the development of a conceptual fra mework called DMS (Data-Model-Services) to capture the internal elements of the DT in its value chain. • A formal specification approach of the DT : it aims to eliminate ambiguities in the interpre tation of the concept, and to facilitate its symbolic manipulation. • An inference capability graph : it is a characterization of different levels of maturity of a DT in terms of its self-adaptation capabilities to changes in the real system to which it is paired, levels organized in a relational structure in the form of a graph. • A graphical modeling approach : the proposed graphical notation, which is based on sys tems theory and inspired by the DEVS (Discrete EVent System specification) paradigm, aims to simplify DT modeling efforts, reduce the risks of conceptual error, and promote the co development principle. • A DT architecture pattern : this is a generic model of modular and flexible software architec ture that captures in detail the interactions between the different components of a DT, in order to facilitate its software engineering, and to pave the way for the automatic or semi-automatic generation of executable DTs. • A conceptualization of the synchronization between a DT and its real peer : the characteri zation of the different factors specific to this synchronization aims to allow analyzing their impact on the quality of the results produced by the DT.• An urban DT prototype : this is the development of a prototype of a DT of the campus of the University of Bordeaux, in the context of a large-scale project, illustrating the practical implementation of the proposed framework. This work constitutes in our eyes a first step towards a DT-driven system engineering. Several challenges remain to be overcome in this direction, which are as many perspectives for our future research efforts, in particular the verification and validation of DT, the analysis and synthesis of model inference capabilities in the DT, the in-depth study of the sensitivity of the DT with regard to the synchronization options of the Real-DT couple, and design patterns for DT-driven system engineering

The Tiwi are the indigenous people of the Tiwi Islands, located off the Northern Territory mainland. In 1919, as a unique and distinct people they appeared to be in a position to maintain their identity, to resist absorption into western culture and to avoid some of the serious social problems that came to affect some other Indigenous communities. While aspects of the Tiwi culture and lifestyle were gradually modified or abandoned through contact with outside societies between 1919 and 2000, other traits remained strong or were strengthened. These included their relationship with the land, the local language, dancing and singing, and adoption customs. Forms of visual art, some introduced, brought fame to the Tiwi. Government policies on Indigenous matters changed dramatically over the twentieth century. The earlier ones, including assimilation programmes were discriminatory and restrictive. Later approaches to Aboriginal and Islander welfare, including land rights, had significant consequences for the Islanders, some beneficial, others detrimental in nature. From the 1970s, the departure of resident missionaries and government officers from the islands led to an influx of private European employees. The exposure to these people added to that which the Tiwi experienced as they travelled far beyond their islands. After 1972, the policies of self-determination and, then, self-management placed enormous strains on the Tiwi as they strove to meet the requirements of government, private enterprise and the wider society. New forms of land and local government controls replaced the law of the elders. A younger, western-educated generation now spoke on behalf of the people. Ultimately, under the influence of outside pressures, degrees of socio-cultural absorption occurred in the islands even though the official policy of assimilation had been abandoned. Fortunately, the strong identity of the Tiwi ensured a level of social cohesion capable of combating full assimilation into a wholly western lifestyle.
Doctor of Philosophy

The Tiwi are the indigenous people of the Tiwi Islands, located off the Northern Territory mainland. In 1919, as a unique and distinct people they appeared to be in a position to maintain their identity, to resist absorption into western culture and to avoid some of the serious social problems that came to affect some other Indigenous communities. While aspects of the Tiwi culture and lifestyle were gradually modified or abandoned through contact with outside societies between 1919 and 2000, other traits remained strong or were strengthened. These included their relationship with the land, the local language, dancing and singing, and adoption customs. Forms of visual art, some introduced, brought fame to the Tiwi. Government policies on Indigenous matters changed dramatically over the twentieth century. The earlier ones, including assimilation programmes were discriminatory and restrictive. Later approaches to Aboriginal and Islander welfare, including land rights, had significant consequences for the Islanders, some beneficial, others detrimental in nature. From the 1970s, the departure of resident missionaries and government officers from the islands led to an influx of private European employees. The exposure to these people added to that which the Tiwi experienced as they travelled far beyond their islands. After 1972, the policies of self-determination and, then, self-management placed enormous strains on the Tiwi as they strove to meet the requirements of government, private enterprise and the wider society. New forms of land and local government controls replaced the law of the elders. A younger, western-educated generation now spoke on behalf of the people. Ultimately, under the influence of outside pressures, degrees of socio-cultural absorption occurred in the islands even though the official policy of assimilation had been abandoned. Fortunately, the strong identity of the Tiwi ensured a level of social cohesion capable of combating full assimilation into a wholly western lifestyle.
Doctor of Philosophy

Digital Elevation Models (DEMs) are objects of great importance in many studies of natural sciences and one relevant area of their application is hydrology, as from a DEM it is possible to generate drainage networks and watersheds, which are essential elements in the understanding of hydrological processes. All the methods developed to generate drainage networks from a DEM depend on its representation and the most common representation is given by regular grids, where elevation values are assigned to cells uniformly distributed over space. However, this representation presents limitations in the flow directions, which are defined in only eight distinct directions. This work considers the terrain model given by a Triangulated Irregular Network (TIN) generated from contour lines and sampled points, where the terrain surface is modeled by several triangles defined from a set of points adequately distributed over space, so that the TIN can efficiently adapt to its irregularities. In addition, flow directions on TINs encompass a11 the possible directions and depend on the slope of the triangles, so this structure is more flexible regarding the calculation of water flows. The triangulation used in this work is the constrained Delaunay triangulation and the method that generates drainage networks considers flow directions given by the gradient of the plane defined from each triangle. Problems that commonly occur in DEMs such as flat areas and pits, which create inconsistencies in the terrain model and discontinuities in flows, also deserve special attention. In the present work, flat areas are removed by the insertion of new points into the triangulation with interpolated elevation values and pits by the definition of paths of points starting from the pit until reaching another point of lower elevation, where all these points have their elevation values re-interpolated. Most importantly, this work describes a methodology for calculating drainage paths from a TIN traced by processing the triangles with an associated priority and then connected defining a drainage graph structure, which is proposed in this work for the calculation of accumulated flows. Afterwards, drainage networks are generated according to given threshold values and watersheds are then delineated from the drainage networks. A11 the results from the TIN are qualitatively compared to regular grid results generated with the TerraHidro computational platform developed at INPE and also to an available drainage network produced by specialists and considered here as a reference of the main courses of water over the terrain. Results are very promising showing that TIN terrain models can be used to generate drainage networks from accumulated flows consistent with real-world hydrological patterns.
Modelos Digitais de Elevação (MDEs) são objetos de grande importância em muitos estudos das ciências naturais e uma área relevante de sua aplicação é a hidrologia, pois a partir de um MDE é possível gerar redes de drenagem e bacias hidrográficas, as quais são elementos essenciais no entendimento de processos hidrológicos. Todos os métodos desenvolvidos para gerar redes de drenagem a partir de um MDE dependem da sua representação e a representação mais comum é dada por grades regulares, onde valores de elevação são atribuídos em células uniformemente distribuídas no espaço. Entretanto, essa representação apresenta limitações nas direções de fluxo, as quais são definidas em apenas oito direções distintas. Este trabalho considera o modelo de terreno dado por uma Rede Triangular Irregular (Triangulated Irregular Network ou TIN) gerada de curvas de nível e pontos amestrados, onde a superfície do terreno é modelada por vários triângulos definidos a partir de um conjunto de pontos adequadamente distribuídos no espaço, de forma que o TIN pode eficientemente se adaptar as suas irregularidades. Além disso, direções de fluxo sobre TINs abrangem todas as direções possíveis e dependem da declividade dos triângulos, de modo que essa estrutura é mais flexível ao se considerar o cálculo dos fluxos de água. A triangulação utilizada neste trabalho é a triangulação de Delaunay restrita e o método que gera redes de drenagem considera direções de fluxo dadas pelo gradiente do plano definido por cada triângulo. Problemas que comumente ocorrem em MDEs tais como áreas planas e fossos, os quais criam inconsistências no modelo de terreno e descontinuidades nos fluxos, também merecem atenção especial. No presente trabalho, áreas planas são removidas pela inserção de novos pontos na triangulação com valores de elevação interpolados e fossos pela definição de caminhos de pontos iniciando do fosso até alcançar um outro ponto de menor elevação, onde todos esses pontos têm seus valores de elevação reinterpolados. Sobretudo, este trabalho descreve uma metodologia para calcular caminhos de drenagem a partir de um TIN traçados ao processar os triângulos com uma prioridade associada e depois conectados definindo uma estrutura de grafo de drenagem, a qual é proposta neste trabalho para o cálculo de fluxos acumulados. Posteriormente, redes de drenagem são geradas de acordo com determinado ti valores ele limiar e bacias hidrográficas são então delimitadas a partir das redes de drenagem. Todos os resultados do TIN são comparados qualitativamente a resultados de grade regular gerados com a plataforma computacional TerraHidro desenvolvida no INPE e também a uma rede de drenagem disponível, produzida por especialistas e considerada aqui como uma referência dos principais cursos d'água no terreno. Os resultados são bastante promissores mostrando que modelos de terreno TIN podem ser utilizados para gerar redes de drenagem a partir de fluxos acumulados consistentes com padrões hidrológicos reais.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
O reconhecimento de padrões de alvos específicos presentes na paisagem urbana como telhados de edificações as quais não são padronizados, ou seja, possuem variadas formas geométricas, dimensões, cores e texturas não é uma tarefa simples devido à alta complexidade desses alvos. Detectar e discriminar esses alvos constitui tarefa fundamental nos processos de mapeamento baseados em análise de imagem. Entretanto, graças aos avanços tecnológicos incorporados às câmaras fotogramétricas digitais, tem-se percebido um aumento contínuo da resolução espectral. Isso torna possível adquirir imagens com maior potencial para a discriminação devido aos atributos espectrais. Como alternativa de sistema de aerolevantamento, foi desenvolvido o Sistema Aerotransportado de Aquisição e Pós- Processamento de Imagens Digitais (SAAPI) o qual é capaz de adquirir imagens aéreas multiespectrais com alta resolução espacial. O SAAPI é composto por sensores de quadro capazes de produzir imagens multiespectrais com características de flexibilidade, confiabilidade e baixo custo. Mas, esses dados espectrais devem ser avaliados em aplicações de reconhecimento de padrões para aprimorar sua utilização. Nesse contexto, este trabalho busca ajustar índices de realce para serem capazes de destacar alvos específicos como corpo d’água, sombra, via pavimentada e vegetação presentes na paisagem urbana registrados em imagens adquiridas pelo SAAPI. Também, foi desenvolvida uma abordagem para correção do efeito vinhete baseada na análise de superfície de tendência da resposta radiométrica de sombras. Os resultados obtidos foram satisfatórios e confirmaram que as abordagens desenvolvidas podem ser aplicadas em mapeamento de áreas urbanas para reconhecer e identificar alvos específicos nas imagens adquiridas pelo SAAPI. A análise de superfície de...
Pattern recognition of specific targets in the urban scenery is not a simple task due to its high complexity. Recognizing building roofs, per example, has very variable features like geometrical form, dimension, color and texture. Detection and discrimination of these targets are basic tasks in mapping processes which are based on image analysis. Technological advancements of digital cameras have helped to improve the continuous increase of spectral resolution. Consequently, it allows the acquisition of aerial image data with higher potential for target discrimination based on spectral response. As an alternative to areal surveying system, it was developed the Lightweight Airborne Image Acquisition System (SAAPI) in order to survey high resolution areal-based multispectral images. The SAAPI is made-up of sensors to produce multispectral images with characteristics of flexibility, reliability and low cost. However, these spectral data must be evaluated for pattern recognition applications. Thus, this research intends to adjust enhancement indexes to detection of specific targets in the urban scenery, like water, shadow, paved roads and vegetation in images taken through the SAAPI. It was also developed an approach for correcting the vignetting effect based on the trend surface analysis of shadow radiometric response. The findings are satisfactory and validate the use of the developed approach in urban areas mapping to recognize and identify specific targets, based on SAAPI images.... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Resumo: O reconhecimento de padrões de alvos específicos presentes na paisagem urbana como telhados de edificações as quais não são padronizados, ou seja, possuem variadas formas geométricas, dimensões, cores e texturas não é uma tarefa simples devido à alta complexidade desses alvos. Detectar e discriminar esses alvos constitui tarefa fundamental nos processos de mapeamento baseados em análise de imagem. Entretanto, graças aos avanços tecnológicos incorporados às câmaras fotogramétricas digitais, tem-se percebido um aumento contínuo da resolução espectral. Isso torna possível adquirir imagens com maior potencial para a discriminação devido aos atributos espectrais. Como alternativa de sistema de aerolevantamento, foi desenvolvido o Sistema Aerotransportado de Aquisição e Pós- Processamento de Imagens Digitais (SAAPI) o qual é capaz de adquirir imagens aéreas multiespectrais com alta resolução espacial. O SAAPI é composto por sensores de quadro capazes de produzir imagens multiespectrais com características de flexibilidade, confiabilidade e baixo custo. Mas, esses dados espectrais devem ser avaliados em aplicações de reconhecimento de padrões para aprimorar sua utilização. Nesse contexto, este trabalho busca ajustar índices de realce para serem capazes de destacar alvos específicos como corpo d'água, sombra, via pavimentada e vegetação presentes na paisagem urbana registrados em imagens adquiridas pelo SAAPI. Também, foi desenvolvida uma abordagem para correção do efeito vinhete baseada na análise de superfície de tendência da resposta radiométrica de sombras. Os resultados obtidos foram satisfatórios e confirmaram que as abordagens desenvolvidas podem ser aplicadas em mapeamento de áreas urbanas para reconhecer e identificar alvos específicos nas imagens adquiridas pelo SAAPI. A análise de superfície de... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: Pattern recognition of specific targets in the urban scenery is not a simple task due to its high complexity. Recognizing building roofs, per example, has very variable features like geometrical form, dimension, color and texture. Detection and discrimination of these targets are basic tasks in mapping processes which are based on image analysis. Technological advancements of digital cameras have helped to improve the continuous increase of spectral resolution. Consequently, it allows the acquisition of aerial image data with higher potential for target discrimination based on spectral response. As an alternative to areal surveying system, it was developed the Lightweight Airborne Image Acquisition System (SAAPI) in order to survey high resolution areal-based multispectral images. The SAAPI is made-up of sensors to produce multispectral images with characteristics of flexibility, reliability and low cost. However, these spectral data must be evaluated for pattern recognition applications. Thus, this research intends to adjust enhancement indexes to detection of specific targets in the urban scenery, like water, shadow, paved roads and vegetation in images taken through the SAAPI. It was also developed an approach for correcting the vignetting effect based on the trend surface analysis of shadow radiometric response. The findings are satisfactory and validate the use of the developed approach in urban areas mapping to recognize and identify specific targets, based on SAAPI images.... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
Orientador: Messias Meneguette Júnior
Coorientador: Marco Antonio Piteri
Banca: João Fernando Custódio da Silva
Banca: Ricardo Luís Barbosa
Mestre

The market has been evolving lately, with the introduction of more and more digital tools that industries are making use to improve their overall operations within the Production process. The integration of digital tools within the Product realization process has major advantages in improving production performance. Many large industries make use of digital tools to digitize their products making them smart products. Implementing these digital tools can be beneficial for reshaping the organization which can lead to better customer satisfaction and improve business strategy. This project explores different digital tools that can be integrated with the product realization process and how these tools contribute to the different production development phases. This thesis presents a detailed study of the digital tools Simulation, Visualization, Emulation, and Digital twins which can be integrated with the product development process. A pre-study is conducted to gather knowledge regarding the application of these tools and further discover how these tools can support the Product realization process and is used to describe which tool works best at which stage of the product realization process, which can be used to improve the efficiency and accuracy of the production process. Implementing these digital tools within the production facility can be associated to smart factory paradigm of the Fourth industrial revolution Industry4.0.This research aims to contribute to the use of digital tools in the production processes and aids in bridging the gap between traditional and modern manufacturing methods. The outcome of this study is to clarify how the above-mentioned digital tools are linked to the product realization process to support an efficient and digitalized production development, also mentioning the strengths and weaknesses of these tools. The resulting analysis has provided a framework developed to support an efficient digitalized production development and preparation process for assembly tasks utilizing human and robot collaboration. This research paper can be used as a guide for companies that want to explore how implementing digital tools in their product realization process and how it may improve their productivity.

Thesis (S.B.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, 2009.
Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 21).
The advent of legislation restricting the use of lead in electronics requires innovation and refinement in processes for creating lead-free solder spheres for wafer bumping and other surface mount technology. Operation improvements were made upon a uniform droplet spray apparatus, and its digital integral controller was tuned for application to lead-free solder. Parameters determined included a range of initial controller command frequencies that would produce a stable image given a desired droplet diameter, and the value of the controller gain. The frequency range was determined by measuring the diameters of droplets attained at certain frequencies. The controller gain was optimized by measuring the time it took for the controller to reach its steady state at different gain values. It was determined that initial command frequency should be within ±150 Hz of that corresponding to the target diameter and an integral gain of 0.1 dB is the optimal gain for the tin-copper lead-free solder alloy, performing at par with the system specifications when in use with lead-bearing solder.
by Eloisa M. de Castro.
S.B.

Das aride Tarim-Becken im Nordwesten Chinas unterliegt Umweltveränderungen, die durch rapide Ausbreitung bewässerter Landwirtschaft sowie Klimawandel angetrieben sind. Während im Oberlauf in den letzten 50 Jahren ein Abflussanstieg beobachtet wurde, haben landwirtschaftliche Aktivitäten im Mittel- und Unterlauf zur Wasserknappheit und der drastischen Verkürzung des endorheischen Flusses geführt. Der Abfluss des Tarim, dessen Hauptzufluss der in Kirgistan entspringende Aksu-Fluss darstellt, wird zu einem großen Teil aus Schnee- und Gletscherschmelze in den oberen Gebirgseinzugsgebieten des Tien Shan gespeist. Da die Unterlieger von dem Wasser des Tarim zur Bewässerung in der Landwirtschaft abhängig sind, sind das Wissen über den Beitrag der Gletscherschmelze zum Abfluss sowie das Wissen über mögliche zukünftige Änderungen der Gletschermasse von großer Relevanz. Zahlreiche Studien beschränken sich oftmals nur auf die Betrachtung der Gletscherfläche, deren Änderung jedoch keine direkten Rückschlüsse auf etwaige Massenänderungen zulässt und zudem nur ein indirektes Signal für Klimaänderungen darstellt. Weiterführende Studien, welche zusätzlich Gletschermassenänderungen im Aksu-Einzugsgebiet untersuchen, haben häufig nur lokalen Charakter. Regionale Studien zu Massenänderungen, welche ganze Einzugsgebiete und Gebirgsketten umfassen, finden sich mehrheitlich für die letzte Dekade durch die Verfügbarkeit laseraltimetrischer Höhendaten und gravimetrischer Messungen, wobei letztere durch hohe Unsicherheiten gekennzeichnet sind. Um jedoch Aussagen hinsichtlich der zeitlichen Entwicklung der Gletscher treffen zu können, widmet sich die Arbeit insbesondere der Untersuchung von Gletschermassenveränderungen seit den 1970er Jahren unter Verwendung deklassifizierter amerikanischer Satellitenbilddaten, SRTM-Daten sowie SPOT-5-Stereodaten. Zur Ableitung geodätischer Gletschermassenbilanzen wurden Daten der Mapping Camera (MC) des Hexagon-Satelliten aus den Jahren 1973–1976 stereoskopisch ausgewertet und mit Daten der SRTM-Mission aus dem Jahr 2000 und SPOT-5-Stereodaten aus dem Jahr 2009 verglichen. Die Ableitung geodätischer Massenbilanzen aus multi-temporalen Geländemodellen erforderte deren Co-Registrierung auf das als SRTM gewählte Master-Modell. In einem zweistufigen Verfahren wurden Verkippungen über eine globale Trendfläche und horizontale Lagefehler über eine analytische Beziehung zwischen Oberflächenneigung, Orientierung und der entsprechenden Höhendifferenz unter Einbeziehung nicht-glazialer Pixel minimiert. Die Eindringtiefe des SRTM-C-Bands wurde mittels ICESat-Daten mit 2,2 m abgeschätzt und bei der Differenzbildung berücksichtigt. Zur Bereinigung der Differenzbilder zwischen den Geländemodellen wurde ein höhenbasierter Ansatz entwickelt, welcher eine abnehmende Varianz der Höhendifferenzwerte vom Ablations- zum Akkumulationsgebiet annimmt. Dieser Ansatz stellt eine deutlich realistischere Annahme im Vergleich zur oftmals verwendeten Nullannahme dar, welche von keinen Veränderungen in den Akkumulationsgebieten ausgeht. Die Gletscher im Aksu-Einzugsgebiet zeigten im Ergebnis einen Massenverlust von 0,35±0,34 m w.e./a im Zeitraum 1975–1999, was dem globalen Durchschnitt für diese Periode entspricht. In den Jahren 1999 bis 2009 wurde indes eine Abnahme des Massenverlusts (0,23±0,19 m w.e./a) festgestellt, was möglicherweise auf eine Zunahme des Niederschlags in der letzten Dekade zurückzuführen ist. Zudem zeigte sich, dass schuttbedeckte Gletscher, deren Schuttauflage ab einer Dicke von etwa 2 cm einen hemmenden Einfluss auf die Abschmelzrate hat, signifikant an Masse verloren haben bei gleichzeitig nur relativ geringer Flächenabnahme. Insgesamt wies die räumliche Verteilung der Massenänderungen eine starke Heterogenität auf, mit zunehmender Tendenz von Osten nach Westen und von den Innen- zu den Außenbereichen des Zentralen Tien Shan. Zusätzlich konnten zahlreiche, zuvor in der Literatur nicht benannte, surgende Gletscher identifiziert werden. Der durch Eismassenverlust induzierte Anteil am Gesamtabfluss des Aksu wurde im Ergebnis mit circa 20% ermittelt. Neben der Oberflächenneigung sind, in einfachen Modellen zur Eisdickenabschätzung, die basale Scherspannung und der Anteil basalen Gleitens an der Oberflächengeschwindigkeit Haupteinflussfaktoren. Anhand gemessener Eisdicken, fernerkundlich abgeleiteter Gletscherfließgeschwindigkeiten und der Oberflächenneigung, als Näherung der Neigung des Gletscherbetts, konnte ein empirischer Zusammenhang zur Abschätzung des Anteils basalen Gleitens abgeleitet werden. Die Eisdickenabschätzung für die vier größten Gletscher des Zentralen Tien Shan erfolgte im weiteren Verlauf durch Anwendung von Glen’s Fließgesetz, unter Annahme laminaren Fließens. Die Ergebnisse weisen für die betrachteten Gletscher mittlere Dicken von 70 m bis 140 m für deren schuttbedeckte Gletscherzungen auf. Diese Werte liegen teilweise deutlich unter denen bisheriger Studien, welche von einer globalen Scherspannung für den gesamten Gletscher oder einem konstanten Anteil basalen Gleitens ausgehen. Im Vergleich zu vorhandenen Eisdickenmessungen konnte durch die lokale Abschätzung der basalen Geschwindigkeit die mittlere Abweichung von zuvor mehr als 200 m auf etwa 50 m reduziert werden. Durch Einbeziehung der in der Arbeit ermittelten geodätischen Gletschermassenbilanzen wurde der relative Volumenverlust seit den 1970er Jahren mit 6% bis 28% quantifiziert, welcher deutlich unter dem schuttfreier Gletscher innerhalb Hochasiens liegt.

Light Detection and Ranging (LIDAR) är en teknik för att samla in data om terräng. Genom att använda dessa data kan man skapa olika terrängmodeller. Denna studie syftar till att undersöka hur olika procentuella reduceringar av ursprungsdata påverkar kvalitén hos genererade höjdmodeller i form av Triangular Irregular Network (TIN). Detta görs genom att med hjälp av statistiska metoder göra jämförelser mellan punkter i den genererade TIN modellen och motsvarande punkter i det ursprungliga LIDAR punktmolnet. Studien visar att, beroende på noggrannhetskrav och topografi, en så liten andel som 5 % av punkterna kan vara tillräckligt, samt att noggrannhetsförbättring vid användning av mer än 50 % av ursprungsdata inte kan motivera den ökade arbetsbelastningen för datahantering.

The thesis deals with the issues of digital terrain model creation. It aims to explain the solution of an international contract, starting from gathering the data and finishing with the creation and visualization of the digital terrain model of the given location. The software AutoCAD Civil 3D 2013 is used for modeling. Main outcomes of the thesis are volume calculation of flood line, contoured map of the dam area, the digital model and its visualization.

Au Gabon comme au Cameroun, on assiste de plus en plus à une désaffection des organisations partisanes par les citoyens moins enclins à s'engager dans le cadre politique institutionnel. Toutefois, cette désaffection des partis politiques ne peut s'expliquer par un désintérêt de la vie politique de la part de ces citoyens, d'autant plus qu'ils optent pour d'autres formes d'engagement politique. Ainsi, plutôt que de parler de désintérêt, il est plus pertinent d'expliquer cette situation par une mutation de l'engagement politique qui se déploie désormais dans d'autres espaces, notamment les espaces en ligne qui autorisent parfois une prise de parole classée loin des critères de recevabilité dans l'espace public officiel. Par conséquent, ces espaces qui attirent davantage les Gabonais et Camerounais, se donnent à voir comme une nouvelle menace pour ces formations politiques déjà en pleine crise de légitimité. Pour se repositionner dans ce contexte de transformation de la sphère publique, elles ont également investi le numérique qui leur offre les opportunités stratégiques dans des pays où l'espace médiatique est de surcroît sous contrôle des acteurs au pouvoir. Dans une approche comparative qui vise à élargir la compréhension de ce phénomène d'appropriation du numérique par ces partis, il est donc question de voir dans cette thèse comment les partis politiques font usage du numérique pour qu'émergent de nouvelles pratiques de communication politique afin de mieux s'insérer dans la compétition politique déjà dominée par le PDG et le RDPC au pouvoir. Pour y parvenir, nous avons procédé à l'analyse de contenu de sites web et de pages Facebook officielles de cinq premiers partis représentés à l'Assemblée nationale au Gabon et au Cameroun, avant de réaliser les enquêtes de terrain auprès des responsables desdits partis. Partant de là, les résultats obtenus révèlent que l'appropriation du numérique par les institutions partisanes de ces deux espaces politiques ne s'inscrit pas dans un projet qui a pour finalité de modifier profondément leur organisation. Mais elle s'inscrit surtout dans une démarche qui consiste à s'émanciper de la sphère médiatique traditionnelle
In Gabon as in Cameroon, we are increasingly witnessing a disaffection with partisan organizations by citizens who are less inclined to engage in a much more institutional political framework. However, this disaffection with political parties cannot be explained by a lack of interest in political life on the part of the latter, especially since they opt for other forms of political participation. Thus, rather than talking about disinterest, it is more relevant to explain this situation by a mutation of political engagement that is now deployed in other spaces, in particular online spaces that allow speech that is far from the criteria of admissibility in the official public space. As a result, these spaces, which attract more Gabonese and Cameroonians, are seen as a new threat to these political parties already in the midst of a crisis of legitimacy. To reposition themselves in this context of transformation of the public sphere, they have also invested in digital technology, which offers them both strategic and communication opportunities in countries where the media space is also under the control of the actors in power. In a comparative approach that aims to broaden the understanding of this phenomenon of digital appropriation by these parties, it is therefore a question of seeing in this thesis, how, through their use of information technologies and digital communication, they are led to rethink the practices of political communication in order to renew themselves, legitimize itself in order to better fit into the political competition already dominated by the PDG and the CPDM in power. To achieve this, we analysed the content of websites and official Facebook pages of the top five parties represented in the National Assembly in Gabon and Cameroon, before conducting field surveys with the leaders of these parties. Based on this, the results obtained reveal that the appropriation of digital technology by the institutions that support these two political spaces is not part of a project that aims to profoundly modify their organization. But above all, it is part of an approach that consists of bypassing the traditional media to which they have almost no access

The main objectives of this work were to investigate Geographical Information Systems techniques for modelling a cross-country trafficability. To accomplished stated tasks, reciprocal relationships between the soil deposits, local hydrology, geology and geomorphology were studied in relation to the study area in South-Eastern Sweden.

Growing awareness of nowadays users of GIS in general is being concentrated on understanding an importance of soil conditions changed after cross-country trafficability. Therefore, in this thesis, constructing of the Soil Knowledge Database introduced to the genuine geological soil textural classes a new, modified geotechnical division with desirable for off-road ground reasoning measurable factors, like soil permeability, capillarity or Atterberg’s consistency limits.

Digital Elevation Model, the driving force for landscape studies in the thesis, was carefully examined together with the complementary datasets of the investigated area. Testing of the elevation data was done in association to the hydrological modelling, which resulted with the Wetness Index map. The three distinguishable soil wetness conditions: dry, moist and wet, were obtained, and used consequently for creation of the static ground conditions map, a visible medium of soils susceptibility to for example machine compaction.

The work resulted with a conceptual scheme for cross-country trafficability modelling, which was put into effect while modeling in GIS. As a final outcome, by combining all processed data together, derivatives were incorporated and draped over the rendered 3D animating scene. A visually aided simulation enabled to concretized theoretical, hypothetical and experimental outcomes into one coherent model of apprised under Multicriterial Evaluation techniques standardized factor maps for ground vehicle maneuverability. Also further steps of research were proposed.

The Generalization of the Digital Terrain Model Based on the TIN Abstract This diploma thesis deals with the up to now way and the possibilities of the digital terrain model generalization based on the TIN (the triangulate irregular network). New suitable way of the generalization of the digital terrain model procured from laser scanning data is proposed on the base of the existing generalization methods designated for digital models. Laser scanning data is characterized by a high areal density so the basic requirement is computing speed, maintaining the terrain features, such as a ridge, valley, steep hill, saddle, depression … and so on. The proposed algorithm is compared with the results of suggested algorithms and results from the generalization by the geographic software, such as Atlas DMT and ArcGIS.

碩士
淡江大學
資訊與圖書館學系碩士班
93
How to educate our citizens to be information literates is an essential issue in the 21th century. The Grade 1-9 Curriculums focuses on the continuity and interconnected of courses. The school library education is a basic skill for students in today’s information society. It needs to pay more attention for adaptation of curriculum reform. The program of school library education is training students to recognize the needs of information, locate and access information, and to organize, use and evaluate information. The school library should be a school library media research in the digital age. The targets of this research is the 1-6 grades’s students in Taipei Municipal Tien-mu Elementary School. This study investigated library education from its various aspects such as its meaning, effects, contents and implementation. There are six conclusions in this research: 1. Having the school authorities’ supports and encouragements. 2. Helping from the school library volunteers to school library education courses. 3. Having the complete training program and education for volunteers. 4. Designing the proper school library education courses. 5. Emphasizing the school library education promote the information literacy. 6. Popularizing the project of reading activity. This research also proposes three strategies to the school library education in the digital age: 1. The strategy of course planning. 2. The strategy of execution. 3. The strategy of promotion.

碩士
國立臺灣藝術大學
圖文傳播藝術學系
103
Conducting exhibitions is a way to fulfill a museum's educational function. However, many kinds of artifacts are too fragile to be transported or stored outside controlled environments. We can only display their digital replicas, especially when outside the museum. Technological advancements drive the progress of new media. The National Palace Museum has mastered the art of using new media to enhance the visitor's experience of artifacts. Not only we have nearly perfect replicas, our curators are using academic investigations and creativity to create new media works. The artifacts selected by us for each exhibition always create new trends. The National Palace Museum has a long history of making new media exhibitions our standard procedures are clear and precise. However, service quality is still vital to an exhibition where visitors are the king. The contribution of this research is to explore an exhibition's causes of success and its target audience by making interviews and surveys. We hope our study can provide future National Palace Museum new media exhibitions with suggestions to improve service quality. To promote general welfare, public education and religious belief, Songshan Fengtian Temple invited the National Palace Museum to launch the "Children's National Palace Museum Digital Playground" new media exhibition. This is a first in Taiwan's history of religions. This exhibition puts the National Palace Museum's national treasures in the environment of a Taoist temple to create conflicts and topics. It provides a chance for both parties to educate their audience. It also improves Songshan Fengtian Temple's brand value. This exhibition has attracted 131,226 visitors. Among them, 80.5% of the visitors went to worship the Taoism gods as well. It helps Songshan Fengtian Temple to expand its base of worshippers. Not only they have attracted many return worshippers, they have attracted many new believers to the temple to learn and experience the religion. As a tool of public education, this exhibition was highly valuable to both Songshan Fengtian Temple and the National Palace Museum. The "Children's National Palace Museum Digital Playground" exhibition has created a win-win outcome for both partners using digitalized artifacts and new media technologies. The National Palace Museum has earned a good reputation in education. We have conducted interviews and surveys to provide recommendations to improve future level of visitor satisfaction. 28.5% of the visitors of Songshan Fengtian Temple are local residents. Using the National Palace Museum as an attraction, we have attracted 44.8% of non-local visitors. As a result, we have succeeded in setting up the topic. We have also met Songshan Fengtian Temple's expectations to launch this exhibition. We have brought the public to fine culture and elevated Songshan Fengtian Temple's brand value.

碩士
輔仁大學
資訊管理學系
93
In order to offer the people thorough, harmony, and constant medical care, it is healthy as the direction to reach with the people, build up the medical idea of regarding patient as the centre, and improve medical care quality. So the demands of combinative medical information between the hospitals are increased day by day, besides it is more important to transmit the medical image. Because the procedures of referral at present is not perfect domestically. There are still a lot of inconveniences and restrictions, for example: internal medical systems are unable to combine, medical information between the hospitals is unable to combine, medical resources are wasted etc. So for should medical informationization and patient referral information electronically come by era , 「the study of multi-function healthcare information integrated with Agent-Based digital image and building the exchanges common service gateway」, hope that quality of patient referral information procedure will be improved. In the courses of implement, because every medical information system have not considered the question of combinations, extension. The research propose the generality of common service gateway , according to this way, we hope to solve in the medical institutes at present , deal with patient referral information / transfer to and examine , strong in protecting declaring , such problems on the procedure . And then utilize agent's software, reach the among the hospital and clinic, among the hospital and hospital, hospital with strong in the office of protecting voluntarily and automatically, the hospital and Center for Disease Control (CDC) electronically among the offices and communicate, it is more convenient by reaching and combining medical information. The purpose of this research is to use the common service gateway solving the problems of the medical system at present, and match HL7 , CDA and DICOM three major standards, implement comes by way of agent's software, in order to obtain higher benefits, which include: (1)Medical resource benefit optimization. (2)Promote the hierarchical medical treatment system. (3)Strengthen the integrality of patient referral information. (4)Integrate the relevant information system in the hospital. Expect that can apply this structure to the national medical institutes and medical organization of hygiene, in order to impel the growth of the medical system in Taiwan.

Das aride Tarim-Becken im Nordwesten Chinas unterliegt Umweltveränderungen, die durch rapide Ausbreitung bewässerter Landwirtschaft sowie Klimawandel angetrieben sind. Während im Oberlauf in den letzten 50 Jahren ein Abflussanstieg beobachtet wurde, haben landwirtschaftliche Aktivitäten im Mittel- und Unterlauf zur Wasserknappheit und der drastischen Verkürzung des endorheischen Flusses geführt. Der Abfluss des Tarim, dessen Hauptzufluss der in Kirgistan entspringende Aksu-Fluss darstellt, wird zu einem großen Teil aus Schnee- und Gletscherschmelze in den oberen Gebirgseinzugsgebieten des Tien Shan gespeist. Da die Unterlieger von dem Wasser des Tarim zur Bewässerung in der Landwirtschaft abhängig sind, sind das Wissen über den Beitrag der Gletscherschmelze zum Abfluss sowie das Wissen über mögliche zukünftige Änderungen der Gletschermasse von großer Relevanz. Zahlreiche Studien beschränken sich oftmals nur auf die Betrachtung der Gletscherfläche, deren Änderung jedoch keine direkten Rückschlüsse auf etwaige Massenänderungen zulässt und zudem nur ein indirektes Signal für Klimaänderungen darstellt. Weiterführende Studien, welche zusätzlich Gletschermassenänderungen im Aksu-Einzugsgebiet untersuchen, haben häufig nur lokalen Charakter. Regionale Studien zu Massenänderungen, welche ganze Einzugsgebiete und Gebirgsketten umfassen, finden sich mehrheitlich für die letzte Dekade durch die Verfügbarkeit laseraltimetrischer Höhendaten und gravimetrischer Messungen, wobei letztere durch hohe Unsicherheiten gekennzeichnet sind. Um jedoch Aussagen hinsichtlich der zeitlichen Entwicklung der Gletscher treffen zu können, widmet sich die Arbeit insbesondere der Untersuchung von Gletschermassenveränderungen seit den 1970er Jahren unter Verwendung deklassifizierter amerikanischer Satellitenbilddaten, SRTM-Daten sowie SPOT-5-Stereodaten. Zur Ableitung geodätischer Gletschermassenbilanzen wurden Daten der Mapping Camera (MC) des Hexagon-Satelliten aus den Jahren 1973–1976 stereoskopisch ausgewertet und mit Daten der SRTM-Mission aus dem Jahr 2000 und SPOT-5-Stereodaten aus dem Jahr 2009 verglichen. Die Ableitung geodätischer Massenbilanzen aus multi-temporalen Geländemodellen erforderte deren Co-Registrierung auf das als SRTM gewählte Master-Modell. In einem zweistufigen Verfahren wurden Verkippungen über eine globale Trendfläche und horizontale Lagefehler über eine analytische Beziehung zwischen Oberflächenneigung, Orientierung und der entsprechenden Höhendifferenz unter Einbeziehung nicht-glazialer Pixel minimiert. Die Eindringtiefe des SRTM-C-Bands wurde mittels ICESat-Daten mit 2,2 m abgeschätzt und bei der Differenzbildung berücksichtigt. Zur Bereinigung der Differenzbilder zwischen den Geländemodellen wurde ein höhenbasierter Ansatz entwickelt, welcher eine abnehmende Varianz der Höhendifferenzwerte vom Ablations- zum Akkumulationsgebiet annimmt. Dieser Ansatz stellt eine deutlich realistischere Annahme im Vergleich zur oftmals verwendeten Nullannahme dar, welche von keinen Veränderungen in den Akkumulationsgebieten ausgeht. Die Gletscher im Aksu-Einzugsgebiet zeigten im Ergebnis einen Massenverlust von 0,35±0,34 m w.e./a im Zeitraum 1975–1999, was dem globalen Durchschnitt für diese Periode entspricht. In den Jahren 1999 bis 2009 wurde indes eine Abnahme des Massenverlusts (0,23±0,19 m w.e./a) festgestellt, was möglicherweise auf eine Zunahme des Niederschlags in der letzten Dekade zurückzuführen ist. Zudem zeigte sich, dass schuttbedeckte Gletscher, deren Schuttauflage ab einer Dicke von etwa 2 cm einen hemmenden Einfluss auf die Abschmelzrate hat, signifikant an Masse verloren haben bei gleichzeitig nur relativ geringer Flächenabnahme. Insgesamt wies die räumliche Verteilung der Massenänderungen eine starke Heterogenität auf, mit zunehmender Tendenz von Osten nach Westen und von den Innen- zu den Außenbereichen des Zentralen Tien Shan. Zusätzlich konnten zahlreiche, zuvor in der Literatur nicht benannte, surgende Gletscher identifiziert werden. Der durch Eismassenverlust induzierte Anteil am Gesamtabfluss des Aksu wurde im Ergebnis mit circa 20% ermittelt. Neben der Oberflächenneigung sind, in einfachen Modellen zur Eisdickenabschätzung, die basale Scherspannung und der Anteil basalen Gleitens an der Oberflächengeschwindigkeit Haupteinflussfaktoren. Anhand gemessener Eisdicken, fernerkundlich abgeleiteter Gletscherfließgeschwindigkeiten und der Oberflächenneigung, als Näherung der Neigung des Gletscherbetts, konnte ein empirischer Zusammenhang zur Abschätzung des Anteils basalen Gleitens abgeleitet werden. Die Eisdickenabschätzung für die vier größten Gletscher des Zentralen Tien Shan erfolgte im weiteren Verlauf durch Anwendung von Glen’s Fließgesetz, unter Annahme laminaren Fließens. Die Ergebnisse weisen für die betrachteten Gletscher mittlere Dicken von 70 m bis 140 m für deren schuttbedeckte Gletscherzungen auf. Diese Werte liegen teilweise deutlich unter denen bisheriger Studien, welche von einer globalen Scherspannung für den gesamten Gletscher oder einem konstanten Anteil basalen Gleitens ausgehen. Im Vergleich zu vorhandenen Eisdickenmessungen konnte durch die lokale Abschätzung der basalen Geschwindigkeit die mittlere Abweichung von zuvor mehr als 200 m auf etwa 50 m reduziert werden. Durch Einbeziehung der in der Arbeit ermittelten geodätischen Gletschermassenbilanzen wurde der relative Volumenverlust seit den 1970er Jahren mit 6% bis 28% quantifiziert, welcher deutlich unter dem schuttfreier Gletscher innerhalb Hochasiens liegt.

The aim of this master thesis is to create an application to generate smooth contours with the method of non-linear, so-called geomorphological interpolation over triangulated irregular network using patch technique. The introductory part consists of the state of art in the field of patch modelling and description of georelief in the form of digital terrain models. The core of the work comprises the mathematical background of Bézier triangle patches using barycentric coordinates and interpolation techniques with definition of continuity. The main contribution is a proper algorithm of balanced patch smoothing in order to generate smooth contours as form of georelief representation. Description of linear contour interpolation over triangulated irregular network as a method of indirect geomorphological interpolation is also part of the core. Finally, the last part describes the implementation of algorithms that forms the application, presents and evaluates the results on synthetic and real data.

The goal of this thesis is to describe the methods of visualization of the terrain relief, ranging from historical ways to current means, which employ software devices. It´s also to gather all available charts for the selected locality and perform an analysis of development of visualization of the terrain relief, which will be based on the collected data. Another goal was to compare the accuracy of the height scripts with the help of designed longitudinal profiles from obtained height script plans, the derived. State map in the scope of 1: 5000 and various map sources. Last at not least to explain the process of creation of the digital terrain model in ArcGIS software ? program.