Tesi sul tema "Différenciation/souche"
Cita una fonte nei formati APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard e in molti altri stili
Vedi i top-35 saggi (tesi di laurea o di dottorato) per l'attività di ricerca sul tema "Différenciation/souche".
Accanto a ogni fonte nell'elenco di riferimenti c'è un pulsante "Aggiungi alla bibliografia". Premilo e genereremo automaticamente la citazione bibliografica dell'opera scelta nello stile citazionale di cui hai bisogno: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver ecc.
Puoi anche scaricare il testo completo della pubblicazione scientifica nel formato .pdf e leggere online l'abstract (il sommario) dell'opera se è presente nei metadati.
Vedi le tesi di molte aree scientifiche e compila una bibliografia corretta.
Guérit, David. "Rôle des miR-29a et miR-574-3p au cours de la différenciation chondrocytaire de la cellule souche mésenchymateuse". Thesis, Montpellier 1, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012MON1T013/document.
Testo completoRoles of miR-29a and miR-574-3p during the chondrogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells. With the constant increase of the lifespan, osteoarticular pathologies such as osteoarthritis or rheumatoid arthritis, characterized by articular cartilage degradation, are important public health problems. In absence of spontaneous regeneration, cartilage engineering approaches are being considered. Current techniques rely on autologous chondrocyte transplantation but in the majority of cases, this approach gives similar results as current surgeries. Due to their capacity of differentiation toward chondrocytes, mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) represent a new source of cells with therapeutic potential. However, production of a functional cartilage in vivo after implantation of expanded MSC is hampered by the difficulty to reproduce the complexity of the differentiation process to get mature chondrocytes from MSC. The objective of my Ph.D thesis aimed to identify micro-RNAs (miRNAs) modulated during chondrogenic differentiation of primary human MSCs and to study their role as well as their regulation in this process. We identified two miRNAs: miR-29a whose expression decreases progressively during the differentiation and miR-574-3p whose expression rapidly increases and stays constant until the end of the differentiation. Both miRNAs are regulated by the transcription factor Sox9 but in an opposite manner: Sox9 inhibits miR-29a and induces miR-574-3p. We show that YY1 directly interact with Sox9 to regulate miR-29a but not miR-574-3p; this interaction likely explaining the opposite effects of Sox9 on miR-29a and miR-574-3p expression. Moreover we showed that miR-29a and miR-574-3p are both inhibitors of chondrogenesis and we identified FOXO3A and RXRα as their respective targets. In conclusion, we identified two new miRNAs which are regulated by Sox9 and inhibitors of chondrogenesis. They act through the modulation of two target genes, whose role during chondrogenic differentiation of adult MSC was previously not characterized
Strick-Marchand, Hélène. "Étude de la différenciation hépatique : identification de cellules souches et des facteurs impliqués dans leur différenciation". Paris 6, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002PA066345.
Testo completoLoric, Sylvain. "Caractérisation de la lignée 1C11, modèle de cellule souche neuronale bipotentielle : étude de sa différenciation sérotoninergique et/ou catécholaminergique". Paris 5, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994PA05P634.
Testo completoLocker, Morgane Sara. "Etude des voies de signalisation paracrines et autocrines qui contrôlent la différenciation chondrogénique et ostéogénique d'une cellule souche mésoblastique". Paris 11, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004PA11T044.
Testo completoSharif, Ariane. "Contrôle du phénotype astrocytaire par le couple TGFα-EGFR". Paris 6, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005PA066636.
Testo completoWetzel, Thierry. "Obtention d'outils moléculaires pour la détection et la différenciation du virus de la sharka (PPV) : clonage de l'ARN génomique d'une nouvelle souche de PPV". Bordeaux 2, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991BOR22016.
Testo completoDridi, Bachir. "Etude de quelques aspects de la biologie de la mouche méditerranéenne des fruits : Ceratitis capitata Wiedemann (Diptère, Trypetidae). Différenciation entre souche d'élevage et population sauvage provenant d'Algérie". Aix-Marseille 3, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990AIX30004.
Testo completoJosserand, Manon. "Exploring chromatin states in the Drosophila intestinal lineage". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Paris sciences et lettres, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022UPSLS056.
Testo completoAdult stem cells self-renew and differentiate into one or several cell types, thus ensuring tissue homeostasis. Understanding their regulation is crucial to have a better comprehension of uncontrolled proliferation and altered differentiation mechanisms occurring during tumorigenesis and age-dependent functional decline of tissues. My thesis aimed to better understand what chromatin states are associated with adult stem cell activity in vivo in a homeostatic tissue using the Drosophila adult intestine as a model. We have previously provided evidence of roles of conserved chromatin remodeling factors in controlling intestinal stem cell (ISC) proliferation (Gervais et al, 2019), highlighting their importance in the regulation of the intestinal lineage. During my PhD, I expanded on these studies to investigate chromatin state changes associated with stem cell differentiation at the genome-wide scale.By generating cell-type specific whole-genome binding maps of 5 chromatin proteins (RNA Pol II, Brahma, Polycomb, Heterochromatin Protein 1 and Histone linker H1) using Targeted DamID and performing subsequent Hidden Markov modelling to define chromatin states, we found that 7 major chromatin states exist in the intestinal lineage. These are 2 actives states (“Yellow” and “Red”), 3 repressive states (Polycomb-enriched “BlueR”, HP1-enriched “Green”, Histone H1-enriched “Black”) and 2 intermediate states (“Yellow Weak” and “Blue Mixed”). Examining these states at genes revealed that many genes, including key regulators of ISC activity, undergo lineage-specific chromatin state transitions upon differentiation to enterocytes (ECs) or enteroendocrine cells (EEs), the two differentiated intestinal cell types. These results indicate that differences of chromatin organization between the EC and EE lineages might be critical for cell fate decisions.We also found that differentiation genes follow specific chromatin state changes during differentiation. First, the key transcriptional regulators of lineage specification including prospero and nubbin undergo a transition from the BlueR state (Polycomb-enriched) to active states upon differentiation. These data suggest a potential regulatory function of Polycomb-marked chromatin for control of the transcriptional hierarchy within the ISC lineage. In contrast, we found that physiology and metabolic activity-related genes follow a transition from the Histone H1-enriched Black state in ISCs to active states in ECs and EEs upon their activation, suggesting a previously uncharacterized mode of regulation of physiology-related genes. Following this, we investigated the effect of genetic perturbation of HP1 and H1 on chromatin accessibility, transcription and tissue homeostasis. While HP1 is required to maintain heterochromatin, our results suggest that it also regulates the expression of genes with cellular metabolic functions independently of chromatin accessibility. Furthermore, HP1 is necessary to maintain ISC proliferation. Finally, we found a role for Histone H1 in regulating the EE transcriptional program in ISCs, suggesting that it could prime the ISCs towards the EE fate.Overall, our extensive characterization of chromatin state changes during differentiation provides a valuable resource to better understand the regulatory programs that control cell fate and identity, as well as physiological functions in this homeostatic tissue
Julienne, Hanna. "Plasticité du programme spatio-temporel de réplication au cours du développement et de la différenciation cellulaire". Phd thesis, Ecole normale supérieure de lyon - ENS LYON, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00942719.
Testo completoFlici, Hakima. "Différenciation et plasticité des cellules souches neurales". Phd thesis, Université de Strasbourg, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01070644.
Testo completoHamieh, Batoul. "Assemblages et études de la différenciation cellulaire des cellules souches sur des surfaces de géométrie et chimie contrôlées". Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LORR0320/document.
Testo completoThe cell responds to the physical constraints exerted by its environment by a set of mechanisms grouped under the term of mechanotransduction. These processes involve the molecules involved in cell adhesion, the cytoskeleton and the nucleus. These environmental constraints, whether related to the rigidity of the support, to its topography or to the nature of its surface chemistry, will modulate the cellular morphology and impact the behavior of the cell. In order to study this influence of the support, we have seeded bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells from a primary culture on virgin mica surfaces or functionalized homogeneously with natural molecules (fibronectin and the cyclic RGD peptide) or with polyelectrolyte multilayers (five cycles of Chitosan/PAA or Chitosan/PSS). We then studied the morphology, proliferation and differentiation of these cells after 12 days of culture. As a result, bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells adhere to all surfaces, whether treated or not, and although they are less spread on virgin surfaces, they adopt a fibroblastic type morphology similar to their physiological phenotype. Their percentage of confluence varies significantly depending on the surface treatment used. Indeed the maximum confluence was observed for the surfaces grafted with fibronectin (93.25 ± 2.75%) whereas the surfaces treated with the polyelectrolyte multilayers have much lower confluence percentages (61.00 ± 4.08% for the chitosan/PAA couple) and 54.75 ± 1.75% for the Chitosan/PSS couple), mainly due to cell latency at the beginning of culture. Finally, cells cultured on our surfaces do not respond to any of the three Oil Red O, Alcian Blue or Alizarin Red S stains, suggesting a lack of differentiation in the adipogenic, chondrogenic or osteogenic pathways induced by these surfaces. Thus, the control of the support chemistry alone does not allow control of cell differentiation. This study paves the way for the next step in which the influence of controlled chemistry and geometry media will be studied. Similarly, the E. coli strain (pathogenic bacterium) responds to the physical and chemical constraints imposed on it. These constraints, whether related to the topography or the nature of surface chemistry, involve natural molecules involved in the behavior of bacteria and their morphology, in particular their size. To study this impact, we contacted E.coli strain E2146 with virgin mica surfaces or treated homogeneously or patterned with natural molecules (fibronectin and cyclic RGD peptide). Then we studied the recovery rate and the size of the bacteria. As a result, the bacteria adhere to all surfaces although adhesion is less on virgin mica surfaces. Their recovery rate varies significantly for a given area. Indeed, the recovery rate and the maximum size are observed on patterned surfaces grafted with fibronectin which proves their effectiveness and the impact they have on the behavior of E. coli. We have therefore demonstrated in this thesis the influence of surface properties on the growth of living cells such as stem cells or bacteria
Herrault, Guillaume. "Nouvelles stratégies thérapeutiques dans le traitement du gliome infiltrant du tronc cérébral". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Bordeaux, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024BORD0301.
Testo completoDIPG (Diffuse Intrinsic Pontine Glioma) is a rare paediatric brain tumour with a median survival after diagnosis of less than one year. The standard treatment for this cancer is radiotherapy, but this is not curative. Research into new and innovative therapeutic strategies is therefore essential to enable effective clinical management of children with DIPG.In 2022, our team showed in vitro and in vivo that inhibition of EZH2 methyltransferase activity by GSK126 sensitised DIPG cells to statins by increasing cholesterol synthesis. However, the mechanism of action inducing this synergistic effect between the two compounds remained unknown. Our results showed that the use of GSK126 increased both cholesterol and fatty acid metabolism, associated with a greater accumulation of lipid droplets. We also showed that GSK126 selectively killed the most proliferating tumour cells (OPC-like) and that resistant cells set up a pro-survival programme. By transcriptomic analysis, we discovered that GSK126 induced numerous molecular pathways involved in oxidative stress, endoplasmic reticulum stress and the setting up of autophagic/mitophagic processes and NLRP3 inflammasome. Our results also showed that treatment with GSK126 prevented the activation of STAT3-Y705 phosphorylation and induced cell death by pyroptosis in the most sensitive cells. Finally, this work highlighted the importance of the protein prenylation process in the pro-survival programme of cells despite cellular stress. Combined targeting of some of these processes and inhibition of EZH2 methyltransferase activity has shown a synergistic anti-tumour effect in in vitro models.In parallel, we carried out a pharmacological screening on a 3D model of differentiated DIPG cells to identify new therapeutic targets. Our results showed that these cells are highly sensitive to inhibitors of microtubule dynamics. A kinomic analysis of cells treated with a microtubule inhibitor showed the activation of a kinase involved in the control of cell division and DNA damage. This second study also led to the discovery of a synergistic anti-tumour effect in vitro between inhibitors of these two targets
Hamieh, Batoul. "Assemblages et études de la différenciation cellulaire des cellules souches sur des surfaces de géométrie et chimie contrôlées". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lorraine, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LORR0320.
Testo completoThe cell responds to the physical constraints exerted by its environment by a set of mechanisms grouped under the term of mechanotransduction. These processes involve the molecules involved in cell adhesion, the cytoskeleton and the nucleus. These environmental constraints, whether related to the rigidity of the support, to its topography or to the nature of its surface chemistry, will modulate the cellular morphology and impact the behavior of the cell. In order to study this influence of the support, we have seeded bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells from a primary culture on virgin mica surfaces or functionalized homogeneously with natural molecules (fibronectin and the cyclic RGD peptide) or with polyelectrolyte multilayers (five cycles of Chitosan/PAA or Chitosan/PSS). We then studied the morphology, proliferation and differentiation of these cells after 12 days of culture. As a result, bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells adhere to all surfaces, whether treated or not, and although they are less spread on virgin surfaces, they adopt a fibroblastic type morphology similar to their physiological phenotype. Their percentage of confluence varies significantly depending on the surface treatment used. Indeed the maximum confluence was observed for the surfaces grafted with fibronectin (93.25 ± 2.75%) whereas the surfaces treated with the polyelectrolyte multilayers have much lower confluence percentages (61.00 ± 4.08% for the chitosan/PAA couple) and 54.75 ± 1.75% for the Chitosan/PSS couple), mainly due to cell latency at the beginning of culture. Finally, cells cultured on our surfaces do not respond to any of the three Oil Red O, Alcian Blue or Alizarin Red S stains, suggesting a lack of differentiation in the adipogenic, chondrogenic or osteogenic pathways induced by these surfaces. Thus, the control of the support chemistry alone does not allow control of cell differentiation. This study paves the way for the next step in which the influence of controlled chemistry and geometry media will be studied. Similarly, the E. coli strain (pathogenic bacterium) responds to the physical and chemical constraints imposed on it. These constraints, whether related to the topography or the nature of surface chemistry, involve natural molecules involved in the behavior of bacteria and their morphology, in particular their size. To study this impact, we contacted E.coli strain E2146 with virgin mica surfaces or treated homogeneously or patterned with natural molecules (fibronectin and cyclic RGD peptide). Then we studied the recovery rate and the size of the bacteria. As a result, the bacteria adhere to all surfaces although adhesion is less on virgin mica surfaces. Their recovery rate varies significantly for a given area. Indeed, the recovery rate and the maximum size are observed on patterned surfaces grafted with fibronectin which proves their effectiveness and the impact they have on the behavior of E. coli. We have therefore demonstrated in this thesis the influence of surface properties on the growth of living cells such as stem cells or bacteria
Estève, Julie. "Transfert de gènes dans les cellules souches pluripotentes induites : application à la thérapie génique de l'hyperoxalurie primitive de type 1". Thesis, Bordeaux, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018BORD0280/document.
Testo completoPrimary hyperoxaluria type 1 (or PH1) is an inherited metabolic disorder related to the deficiency of the hepatic AGT enzyme (alanine:glyoxylate aminotransferase), which is encoded by the AGXT gene. In PH1 patients, this deficiency leads to oxalate overexcretion by liver, followed by urine filtration and complexation with calcium to form massive calcium-oxalate nephrolithiasis potentially leading to chronic renal failure. The only available curative treatment is combined hepatorenal allogeneic engraftment, which is currently limited by the availability of transplant donors, significant morbidity and mortality, and the need for long-term immunosuppressive treatment. The aim of our research project is to develop gene therapy for PH1, consisting in engraftment of genetically corrected autologous liver cells. Considering that adult hepatocytes are hardly available and expandable in vitro, we chose to explore the use of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) to produce human liver cells for application in regenerative medicine. We derived and characterized iPSC lines from PH1 patient fibroblasts after transient expression of reprogramming factors delivered by Sendai virus vectors. We developed two additive gene therapy strategies by inserting a minigene encoding an optimized AGXT cDNA sequence using (1) a lentiviral vector designed for liver-specific expression and (2) homologous recombination process at the AAVS1 locus favoured by the targeted DNA cutting system “CRISPR/Cas9”. Finally, we highlighted therapeutic cassette expression after hepatic differentiation of genetically corrected iPSCs. These results pave the way for regenerative medicine for PH1 by transplantation of genetically modified autologous hepatocyte-like cells derived from patient-specific iPSCs
Lévêque, Catherine. "Etude de l'expression des récepteurs des cytokines par les cellules hématopoïétiques : aspects cellulaires et moléculaires". Rouen, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998ROUES047.
Testo completoBera, Agata Natalia. "Développement d'outils pour suivre la différenciation précoce de cellules souches embryonnaires". Thesis, Strasbourg, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012STRAJ042.
Testo completoEmbryonic stem cells (ESCs) are a powerful system to investigate developmental processes in vitro, and a promising tool to generate specific cell types for cellular therapies and regenerative medicine. ESCs are self-renewing, pluripotent cells, maintaining a proliferative and undifferentiated state in culture, while retaining the capacity to differentiate into the three embryonic lineages: ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm, and all their derivatives. Here, I established a primitive streak specific Brachyury/T Reporter ESC line (TRepV) to investigate early ESC differentiation. In contrast to previously published Tknock-in line, we established a transgene T ESCs reporter line, in order to avoid the disruption of the T locus, which may result in a hapoinsuficient phenotype. During the validation process, I observed discrepancies in expression between the TRepV and the endogenous T locus. I followed upon these observations with a more detailed analysis and obtained evidence that T is regulated differently in the ESC system compared to in vivo development. Against expectations, I also observed heterogeneous expression of the TRepV reporter in undifferentiated ESCs. Undifferentiated ESCs were found to be a mix of TRepV+ and TRepV- cells. This finding became the focus of my studies: I found TRepV+ cells represent a distinct population of ESCs with a unique identity. Unlike other heterogeneous ESC populations (such as Stella or Nanog), TRepV+ cells do not interconvert in their fate and represent an explicit, stable subpopulation of ESCs. Finally, I performed a microarray analysis of TRepV+ and TRepV- ESCs and identifed new genes which may be involved in the regulation of self-renewal and pluripotency
Boone, Nathalie. "Les cellules souches olfactives humaines : un nouveau modèle d'étude des mécanismes à l'origine d'une maladie neurodégénérative, la dysautonomie familiale". Thesis, Aix-Marseille 2, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011AIX20694.
Testo completoFamilial dysautonomia (FD) is a hereditary neuropathy caused by mutations in the IKBKAP gene, the most common of which results in variable tissue-specific mRNA splicing with skipping of exon 20. Defective splicing is especially severe in nervous tissue, leading to incomplete development and progressive degeneration of sensory and autonomic neurons. The specificity of neuron loss in FD is poorly understood due to the lack of an appropriate model system. To better understand and modelize the molecular mechanisms of IKBKAP mRNA splicing, we collected human olfactory ecto-mesenchymal stem cells (hOE-MSCs) from FD patients. hOE-MSCs have a pluripotent ability to differentiate into various cell lineages, including neurons and glial cells.We confirmed IKBKAP mRNA alternative splicing in FD hOE-MSCs and observed a significant lower expression of both IKBKAP transcripts and IKAP/hELP1 protein in FD cells resulting from the degradation of the transcript isoform skipping exon 20. We localized IKAP/hELP1 in different cell compartments, including the nucleus, which supports multiple roles for that protein. Moreover, we showed that kinetin improved exon 20 inclusion and restores a normal level of IKAP/hELP1 in FD hOE-MSCs. Furthermore, we were able to modify the IKBKAP splicing ratio in FD hOE-MSCs, increasing or reducing the WT (exon 20 inclusion):MU (exon 20 skipping) ratio respectively, either by producing free-floating spheres, or by inducing cells into neural differentiation. Spheres forming cells and lineage neuroglial progenitors were investigated at the genome-wide level, and we confirmed that nervous system development was the most altered process in FD. More, we highlight kinetin role as a putative regulator of splicing factors which contribute to restore a correct splicing of IKBKAP.hOE-MSCs isolated from FD patients represent a new approach for modeling FD to better understand genetic expression and possible therapeutic approaches. This model could also be applied to other neurological genetic diseases
Jost, Camille. "Rôle du microenvironnement cellulaire de la mégacaryopoïèse". Thesis, Strasbourg, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019STRAJ015/document.
Testo completoThe main role of platelets is to stop bleeding. They are produced in the bone marrow by megakaryocytes (MK) that are produced by the differentiation of hematopoietic stem cells (HSC). The objective of my thesis was to identify the cellular elements of the microenvironment controlling megakaryopoiesis. My work has identified a particular population of hepatic progenitors from the fetal liver capable of promoting in vitro the early stages of megakaryopoiesis from human and murine HSC (Brouard et al., 2017). The role of endothelial cells (EC), purified from human bone marrow, in late maturation stages was studied in co-culture experiments with predifferentiated MK. My results show that these EC have the unique property in comparison with EC from other tissues, of promoting the maturation of MK. A differential transcriptional analysis identified possible effectors that could lead to a better understanding of the mechanisms of megakaryopoiesis and improve platelet production in culture
Cheng, Zhe Annie. "Biological multi-functionalization and surface nanopatterning of biomaterials". Thesis, Bordeaux 1, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013BOR15202/document.
Testo completoThe aim of biomaterials design is to create an artificial environment that mimics the in vivo extracellular matrix for optimized cell interactions. A precise synergy between the scaffolding material, bioactivity, and cell type must be maintained in an effective biomaterial. In this work, we present a technique of nanofabrication that creates chemically nanopatterned bioactive silicon surfaces for cell studies. Using nanoimprint lithography, RGD and mimetic BMP-2 peptides were covalently grafted onto silicon as nanodots of various dimensions, resulting in a nanodistribution of bioactivity. To study the effects of spatially distributed bioactivity on cell behavior, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) were cultured on these chemically modified surfaces, and their adhesion and differentiation were studied. MSCs are used in regenerative medicine due to their multipotent properties, and well-controlled biomaterial surface chemistries can be used to influence their fate. We observe that peptide nanodots induce differences in MSC behavior in terms of cytoskeletal organization, actin stress fiber arrangement, focal adhesion (FA) maturation, and MSC commitment in comparison with homogeneous control surfaces. In particular, FA area, distribution, and conformation were highly affected by the presence of peptide nanopatterns. Additionally, RGD and mimetic BMP-2 peptides influenced cellular behavior through different mechanisms that resulted in changes in cell spreading and FA maturation. These findings have remarkable implications that contribute to the understanding of cell-extracellular matrix interactions for clinical biomaterials applications
Mesure, Benjamin. "Conception de biomatériaux hybrides à base de cellules souches pour l’ingénierie tissulaire". Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LORR0189/document.
Testo completoMusculoskeletal conditions affecting bones and joints remain a challenge for regenerative medicine. The difficulties found are related to the needs of an optimal tissue vascularization for bone substitutes and to obtain a cartilage of quality for articular substitutes. The objectives of this PhD work were to differentiate human umbilical mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) - a tool of choice in regenerative medicine - towards a vascular phenotype and a joint chondrogenic phenotype to meet the needs of musculoskeletal tissue engineering. The differentiation of umbilical MSC into vascular smooth muscle cells was shown after 12 days of stimulation by soluble factors such as transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta1 and ascorbic acid. Facing the limits of two-dimensional culture supports in vitro, a three-dimensional culture model was set up using MSC cultured in pellets with or whitout an umbilical extracellular matrix (ECM) solution for the following experiences. Soluble factors have a limited efficacy and are often expensive, a transduction of MSC pellets was performed using recombinant adeno-associated viruses (rAAV) allowing a long term synthesis of factors by the cells. Here, the pellets were transduced using rAAV containing the Sox9 transcription factor gene to induce articular chondrogenic differentiation. This work demonstrates the interest of associating ECM and human umbilical MSC in a three-dimensional culture model, as well as gene therapy tools such as rAAVs to provide grafts that can be used to regenerate musculoskeletal tissues
Muskel- und Skeletterkrankungen an Knochen und Gelenken bleiben eine Herausforderung für die regenerative Medizin. Die Schwierigkeiten stehen im Zusammenhang mit den Ansprüchen einer optimalen Gewebevaskularisierung der Knochenersatzstoffe und damit, einen qualitativ hochwertigen Knorpel für den Gelenkersatz zu erhalten. Das Ziel dieser Doktorarbeit war es, humane mesenchymale Stammzellen (MSZ) aus der Nabelschnur, die das Werkzeug der Wahl in der regenerativen Medizin sind, in einen vaskulären und in einen chondrogenen Phänotyp zu differenzieren, um den Anforderungen des muskuloskeletalen Tissue Engineerings zu entsprechen. Die Differenzierung von Nabelschnur-MSZ in vaskuläre glatte Muskelzellen konnte durch Stimulation mit löslichen Faktoren wie dem Transforming Growth Factor (TGF)-beta1 und Ascorbinsäure nach 12 Tagen gezeigt werden. Angesichts der Grenzen einer zweidimensionalen Zellkultur in vitro, wurde ein dreidimensionales Kulturmodell, in dem MSZ in Pellets mit oder ohne extrazelluläre Matrix der Nabelschnur (EZM) kultiviert wurden, für die weiteren Versuche erstellt. Lösliche Faktoren haben eine limitierte Wirksamkeit und sind häufig teuer. Deshalb wurden die MSZ-Pellets mit rekombinanten Adeno-assoziierte Viren (rAAV) transduziert, was eine Synthese der Faktoren durch die Zellen über einen längeren Zeitraum ermöglicht. In unserem Fall wurden die Pellets mit rAAV, die das Transkriptionsgen Sox9 enthalten, tranzduziert, um eine artikuläre chondrogene Differenzierung zu induzieren. Diese Arbeit zeigt, dass es von Interesse ist EZMs und humane Nabelschnur-MSZ in einem dreidimensionalen Kulturmodell zu vereinen. Auch wird gezeigt, dass Werkzeuge der Gentherapie wie rAAVs, die den Transplantaten zugeführt werden, helfen können muskuloskeletales Gewebe zu regenerieren
Loison-Robert, Ludwig. "Cellule souche gingivale : origine et multipotence". Thesis, Paris Est, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PESC0083/document.
Testo completoGingiva is a natural regeneration model thanks to its "ad integrum" healing capability. Gingival fibroblasts are the main actors of this property. These cells, the main cellular component of the gingival connective tissue, regulate the inflammatory responses and healing process. This tissue contains, like many others, mesenchymal stem cells; which also partly explain these regenerative abilities. Moreover, as the gingiva is abundant and easily accessible, the use of these stem cells may interest cell therapy or in vitro model tissues responses. In this work, we demonstrated that Stem Cells Derived from Human Gingiva (SCHG) have common properties with neural crest adult stem cells. These cells can be called "stem cells" for their ability to self-renew, adhere to plastic and to differentiate. First, we have shown that the method and the culture products used for isolation of gingival fibroblasts from gingival biopsy had an influence on the obtained cells. Secondly, an analysis of in vitro clonal populations of gingival fibroblasts has shown that gingival fibroblasts are composed of subpopulations that express specific markers of stem cells and neural crests. In addition to their embryological origin, the study of their multipotency was also characterized after expansion and depending on the used additives. Finally, two examples of using these cells and dental pulp stem cells as a model to study the in vitro biocompatibility of biomaterials have been developed, mimicking oral mucosa or dentin reactions (reparative or reactional)
Ali-Azouaou, Sarah. "Evaluation des effets anticancéreux de composés pharmacologiques sur les cellules souches cancéreuses et leurs descendants : caractérisation des mécanismes moléculaires". Thesis, Strasbourg, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015STRAJ087/document.
Testo completoCancer stem cells (CSCs) are a small subpopulation of cells in the tumor which are able to self-renew. These cells are involved in the initiation and the metastatic growth of tumors, as well as in the resistance to conventional treatments. In their highly undifferentiated state, CSCs are known to express the stemness factors Oct4 and Nanog. The aim of this work was therefore to analyze the effects of phytochemicals on Oct-4 expressing teratocarcinomal stem-like cells. In a first study, we investigated the selective anti-carcinogenic activity of rooperol, the aglycone of the plant-derived compound hypoxoside. We observed that the rooperol-induced apoptosis in CSCs was associated with an oxidative stress, dependent of the activation of p53 and cleaved caspase 3 expression. These modifications were accompanied by reduced expression of the stemness factors. Such effect was however not observed in normal stem cells (NSCs). We investigated therefore the mechanism involved in the resistance of NSCs to the drug. In contrast to CSCs, rooperol does not cause ROS (reactive oxygen species) formation in NSCs and selectively activates the pro-survival proteins Akt and Bad. In a second study, we examined the selective anti-cancer potential of several acacic acid-type saponins, from different species of African Albizzia, on epidermoid carcinoma cells; in a next step, we investigated the molecular targets of the anti-cancer compound which showed the greatest proapoptotic activity. The study was performed on a model of aggressive metastatic melanoma cell known to express Oct4. We observed that the pharmacological agent had a selective pro-apoptotic effect, via the activation of p38 MAPK and caspase 3, followed by a decrease on the expression of Oct4. Such effect could not be detected in normal cells. These results highlight new and powerful anticancer compounds able to induce selectively apoptosis of CSCs and their descendants, while sparing NSCs and their descendants
Bailly, Anne-Laure. "Rôle de GRASP-55 dans la spermatogenèse et la différenciation hématopoïétique". Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016AIXM4112.
Testo completoThe junctional adhesion molecules JAM-B and JAM-C form a receptor / ligand pair involved in regulation of many biological mechanisms including inflammation, hematopoiesis and spermatogenesis. In the bone marrow, the interaction between JAM-C and JAM-B, expressed by hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) and stromal cells respectively, is involved in HSC retention and quiescence. Similarly, in the testis, JAM-C participates in the polarization of differentiated spermatids by interacting with JAM-B expressed by Sertoli cells. GRASP55 (Golgi ReAssembly and Stacking Protein of 55 kDa), identified in our laboratory as a new intracellular interactor of JAM, is a Golgi apparatus protein involved in Golgi architecture and dynamics as well as unconventional secretion.The aim of my thesis was to study the role of GRASP55 in vivo by genetic and pharmacological approaches. We demonstrate that GRASP55 expression by round spermatid allows polarized localization of JAM-C and the correct course of the spermatogenesis. In contrast, GRASP55 is not essential for hematopoiesis in basal or stress conditions. However, deletion of GRASP-55 in leukemic cells decreases the progression of the pathology in vivo. These results show a non-redundant role of GRASP55 in the spermatogenesis and proliferation of leukemic cells and allow us to consider GRASP55 as a potential target in hematology
Debruyne, David. "Implication de la voie GSK3β/béta caténine dans la sortie de l'état souche vers un état plus différencié des cellules initatrices de gliome". Nice, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012NICE4093.
Testo completoGlioblastomas multiforme (GBM) are the most frequent primary brain tumors in the adult, highly infiltrative and characterized by an extensive vascularization. These tumors are considered incurable owing to their strong resistance towards conventional treatments. Subpopulations of cancer stem-like cells, so called glioma initiating cells (GiCs) in the case of gliomas, have been implicated in the resistance to drugs and radiotherapy. Targeting GiCs by forcing their exit from stemness towards a more differentiated state seems to be an efficient way to inhibit glioma cell tumorigenicity. In the present study we have demonstrated that GSK3-beta and Beta-catenin, previously well known for their contribution in maintaining cancer stem cells properties, are crucial for inducing not only GiC differentiation but also the stability of this more differentiated state. Mechanistically, we found that GSK3-beta is responsible for nuclear Beta-catenin localization and DOCK4 expression. Nuclear Beta-catenin binds to its own promoter as well as the DOCK4 promoter, thus enabling their transcriptional activity. DOCK4 protein is in turn required for Beta-catenin stabilization and nuclear transcriptional activity, thus orchestrating efficient GiC differentiation. Accordingly, DOCK4 protein is strongly expressed only in differentiated territories of GBM, confirming its major role in glioma stem cell differentiation. In such a mechanism, nuclear Beta-catenin is responsible for miR-302-367 cluster expression, which constitutes key effector for GiC differentiation and loss of tumorigenicity
Chamary, Shaan. "Influence de l'architecture macroporeuse en phosphate de calcium sur le comportement cellulaire in vitro". Thesis, Valenciennes, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018VALE0006/document.
Testo completoCalcium phosphates such as β-TCP have been used for decades as synthetic bone substitutes. Its good chemical properties and its similar behavior to that of the bone in vivo and in vitro can be enhanced by the chosen shaping method. It is nowadays largely accepted that an optimized porous architecture will have a positive impact on the material's bioactivity. This study aims at studying the links between a porous architecture and cell proliferation and differentiation. β-TCP was manufactured by aqueous precipitation. Synthesis parameters were optimized in order to get a product complying with ISO 13779 and 13175 requirements. Three shaping methods were chosen for their ability to generate original structures. The impregnation of a polymeric scaffold yields a network of interconnected spherical pores (PS), stereolithography yields a network of interconnected cubical pores (3D) and ice templating yields a network of parallel ellipsoidal channel-like structure (CO). Two different trends emerged from the human mesenchymal stem cell culture: PS and 3D favored cell proliferation whereas CO promoted cell penetration and alkaline phosphatase activity. The latter is stimulated by β-TCP and this ability is enhanced by freeze casting. This could be explained by the state of cell differentiation: cells on CO samples seem to be far more differentiated than the other ones. However the study of key genes expression is needed to confirm this hypothesis
Rmaidi, Assia. "Vecteurs synthétiques et approche mécano-biologique permettant d’optimiser l’utilisation des cellules souches en médecine régénérative". Thesis, Angers, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019ANGE0014.
Testo completoAn approach to regenerative nervous system medicine is to develop biological substitutes with restorative function using stem cells and biomaterials that can be coated with extracellular matrix molecules. We have developed pharmacologically active microcarriers, PAMs. These are PLGA based, biodegradable and biocompatible polymeric microspheres (MS) coated with adhesion molecules that provide 3-dimensional support for cells. The microcarriers thus associated with the stem cells make it possible, after implantation, to increase the survival and maintain the state of differentiation of the cells they carry, reinforcing their tissue repair effects. These PAMs can also release encapsulated growth factors and to enhance the release of encapsulated proteins a new polymer combination: PLGA-Poloxamer188 (P188) -PLGA has been developed in our laboratory. It has also been shown that PLGA-P188-PLGA PAMs functionalized with fibronectin and poly-Dlysineinduce better proliferation of mesenchymal stem cells than PLGA PAMs. These cells are very widely used in regenerative medicine because they are easy to collect, found in the bone marrow, and able to differentiate towards the chondrogenic lineage, osteogenic and under certain conditions,neuronal. We are working with a subpopulation of these cells called MIAMI cells (marrow isolated adult multilineage inducible) that engage in neuronal cell differentiation after treatment with 2growth factors (EGF / bFGF) and on a laminin matrix support. Recently, it has been demonstrated that the physicochemical properties of polymeric supports also regulate the behavior of stem cells (adhesion, survival and differentiation). The objective of this study is to study the effect of physicochemical and mechanical properties of surfaces i) MS on laminin and poly-D-lysineadsorption and ii) PAMs on adhesion and neuronal differentiation of MIAMI cells. We have shown that the presence of the hydrophilic "poloxamer 188" block in the PLGA-P188-PLGA polymer composition decreases the adsorption of adhesion molecules by forming a layer on these surfaces.On PLGA PAMs, the adhesion molecules adsorb well regardless of the overall charge of the molecules. These two PAMs have a positive overall charge and allow the attachment of cells to their surface. However, in short-term cell adhesion is stronger on PLGA PAMs compared to PLGA-P188-PLGA PAMs, but in the long-term the cells eventually adhere to both supports. PLGA-P188-PLGAhas a high free surface energy and these PAMs have a less rigid surface than PLGA PAMs. Our results suggest that these surface characteristics allow cells to adhere despite the low amount of laminin on these supports. In the long-term the cells exhibit the same behavior whatever the type of PAMs. They differentiate into neuronal cells expressing mature neuron markers such as the neurofilament-M and we find the same number of cells adhered to their surface. Furthermore, we have shown that cells are able to secrete extracellular matrix molecules in the same way on both types of PAMs, probably explaining the similarity of the behavior in long-term
Chamary, Shaan. "Influence de l'architecture macroporeuse en phosphate de calcium sur le comportement cellulaire in vitro". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Valenciennes, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018VALE0006.
Testo completoCalcium phosphates such as β-TCP have been used for decades as synthetic bone substitutes. Its good chemical properties and its similar behavior to that of the bone in vivo and in vitro can be enhanced by the chosen shaping method. It is nowadays largely accepted that an optimized porous architecture will have a positive impact on the material's bioactivity. This study aims at studying the links between a porous architecture and cell proliferation and differentiation. β-TCP was manufactured by aqueous precipitation. Synthesis parameters were optimized in order to get a product complying with ISO 13779 and 13175 requirements. Three shaping methods were chosen for their ability to generate original structures. The impregnation of a polymeric scaffold yields a network of interconnected spherical pores (PS), stereolithography yields a network of interconnected cubical pores (3D) and ice templating yields a network of parallel ellipsoidal channel-like structure (CO). Two different trends emerged from the human mesenchymal stem cell culture: PS and 3D favored cell proliferation whereas CO promoted cell penetration and alkaline phosphatase activity. The latter is stimulated by β-TCP and this ability is enhanced by freeze casting. This could be explained by the state of cell differentiation: cells on CO samples seem to be far more differentiated than the other ones. However the study of key genes expression is needed to confirm this hypothesis
Idoux-Gillet, Ysia. "Implication des voies de différenciation épithéliale précoce dans la morphogenèse mammaire et la progression des cancers du sein". Thesis, Montpellier 1, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013MON1T008.
Testo completoMammary gland morphogenesis results from the coordination of different pathways, including apoptosis, proliferation, differentiation, and stem/progenitor cell dynamics. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) appears to be involved in these signalling pathways. Thus, we focused on transcription factor Slug, a key gene regulating EMT, and its involvement in mammary gland morphogenesis. First, using a Slug–LacZ transgenic mice model, we located Slug in a subpopulation covering about 10–20% basal duct cells and cap cells of terminal end bud, coexpressed with basal markers P-cadherin, CK5 and CD49f. Then, we have shown by in vitro experiments of loss and gain of function that Slug regulated the differentiation and proliferation of mammary epithelial cells. Moreover, we found that Slug inhibited apoptosis, promoted cell motility, and allowed the emergence and growth of clonal mammospheres. This last point shows the involvement of Slug in stem cells, which is reinforced by the fact that primary cells deficient for Slug were unable to give secondary mammospheres. Furthermore, we observed in vivo that mice deficient for Slug showed delayed development of the mammary gland, with less proliferating cells, and overexpression of markers of luminal cells CK8/18, GATA3 and ER. Other genes regulating EMT are found overexpressed, suggesting a compensatory mechanism, which can explain the fact that the delayed development of the mammary gland is caught up in adulthood. The Slug-knockout mammary glands also showed overbranching, evoking an early differentiation, similar to the mammary glands of mice deficient in P-cadherin, expressed in the basal cells. Knowing this, we found that P-cadherin was decreased in Slug-knockout mammary glands, and in CommaDβ cells treated with siRNA targeting Slug. We then found that Slug binds directly to the promoter of the P-cadherin and activated it, and that P-cadherin was involved in some functional effects of Slug, such as mammospheres growth, differentiation and cell migration. Thus, we have shown the importance of a new signalling pathway Slug/P-cadherin in the capacity of mammary epithelial stem/progenitor cells, integrating differentiation and cell motility, and we now have a better understanding of its role in the aggressiveness of some breast cancers
Salvador, Marion. "Régulation épigénétique des cellules souches cancéreuses mammaires : un nouveau rôle pour l'ARN non-codant Xist". Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014AIXM5078.
Testo completoThese last decades have allowed deciphering the biology of breast cancer and improving the therapeutic management. However, recurrence and metastatic progression of the disease are still not curable. The concept of cancer stem cells (CSC) could provide an explanation for these failures. CSC would resist conventional therapies (chemotherapy, radiotherapy) and would be responsible for both relapse and progression of cancer. The elimination of CSC seems to be an essential prerequisite for the treatment of patients. The identity and fate of stem cells are tightly regulated by epigenetic mechanisms. The work of this thesis investigated the consequences of deregulation of two epigenetic players: HDAC enzymes and long non-coding RNA Xist. We have shown that epigenetic modulation via HDAC inhibitor (HDACi) eliminates the CSC by inducing their differentiation. We present a new therapeutic strategy for breast cancer: differentiation therapy. We determined Xist as the predictive biomarker of response to HDACi. Xist is a key partner of cell plasticity, the work of this thesis therefore interested in the consequences of Xist deregulation in tumor initiation. We observed that Xist inhibition promotes division of normal breast stem cells. We propose a new model of tumor initiation: epigenetic deregulation is an early change without consequence on tissue homeostasis but could be the first step of the cancerous transformation
Lalande, Charlotte. "Développement d'un nouveau produit d'ingenierie tissulaire osseuse à base de polymères et de cellules souche du tissu adipeux". Thesis, Bordeaux 2, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011BOR21853/document.
Testo completoBone tissue engineering may associate osteoprogenitor cells to a tridimensional scaffold that can promote tissue reconstruction in order to replace bone grafting strategies whose limitations are well known. This study aims to develop a new tissue-engineered construct for bone regeneration constituted by i) a tridimensional polysaccharide-based scaffold, ii) adult stem cells extracted from human adipose tissue and identify the best culture conditions needed to develop a functional construct for clinical use. Our results show that this macroporous scaffold offers, without any osteoinductive factors, a suitable architecture and composition for driving osteoblastic differentiation of ADSCs especially when placing the tissue-engineered construct in dynamic conditions, thanks to cell aggregate conformation promoting cell-to-cell interactions. Thanks to ADSCs labeling, the tissue-engineered construct can be tracked in vivo in a non invasive way by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), after their subcutaneous implantation. Results evidenced that this scaffold behaves as a cell carrier for of holding in its own cell fraction and delivering another fraction to the site of implantation for inducing a better tissue regeneration process. Finally, a serum free medium meeting standards GMPs (Good Manufacturing Practices) has been developed for inducing ADSCs osteoblastic differentiation as a first step towards clinical application.In conclusion, this polysaccharide-based scaffold associated with ADSCs, cultured under low fluid flow in a new bioreactor device, could be a relevant and promising tissue engineered construct for bone tissue engineering applications
Chargui, Jamel. "La lymphopoïèse expérimentale in vivo : étude de la différenciation et de la réponse anticorps dans le modèle de la souris génétiquement immuno-déficiente greffée avec des cellules souches hématopoïétiques foetales humaines". Lyon 1, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997LYO1T156.
Testo completoMossalayi, Mohammad. "Caractérisation des précurseurs sanguins et médullaires des lymphocytes T humains : leur purification et les conditions in-vitro requises pour leur différenciation". Poitiers, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988POIT2015.
Testo completoSolari, Mathieu. "Effets de contaminants agricoles sur la différenciation cellulaire et le métabolisme de l'acide rétinoïque des cellules embryonnaires P19". Mémoire, 2008. http://www.archipel.uqam.ca/1536/1/M10614.pdf.
Testo completoBouchard, Frédéric. "L'ocytocine, l'acide rétinoïque et les map-kinases dans la différenciation mésodermique de cellules souches embryonnaires P19". Thèse, 2012. http://www.archipel.uqam.ca/5742/1/D2357.pdf.
Testo completoParisotto, Maxime. "Rôle de la synthèse de l'acide rétinoïque dans le contrôle de la prolifération et de la différenciation des cellules épithéliales mammaires". Thèse, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/4952.
Testo completoRetinoic acid (RA) is ligand of nuclear receptors RARs and RXRs that act as ligand-inducible transcription factors and mediate its biological effects. It was shown that RA has antiproliferative and prodifferenciating properties in mammary cells. A loss of RA sensitivity was associated with increased tumorigenicity in the mammary tissue, potentially facilitating the growth of tumors. It’s believed that is was mainly due to deficiencies in the RA signaling pathway, probably caused by the loss of RAR and RXR expressions. However, some tumorigenic cell lines were still reported to be RA sensitive. The role of RA synthesis in mammary tumorigenesis has been poorly characterized. RA is synthezised in target tissues from vitamin A (retinol) its precursor in blood. It was shown that mammary epithelial cells were able to synthesize RA from retinol in vitro. We show here for the first time that RALDH3, an enzyme involved in RA synthesis, is probably responsible for RA synthesis in normal mammary epithelial cells. Our result suggest that luminal cancer cells (that express ER and represent 75 % of breast tumors) have a very low capacity of RA synthesis, probably due to a low estrogen-mediated RALDH3 expression. It might represent a new mechanism of estrogen-driven tumorigenenesis allowing RA senstive tumors to proliferate in the presence of retinol in the blood. It was suggested that RALDH1, an other enzyme of the RA synthesis pathway that shares 70 % of identity with RALDH3, is a marker of mammary stem cells, of more agressive tumors and higher occurance of metastasis. We shown that unlinke RALDH1, RALDH3 is a marker of a lower occurance of metastasis and probably a marker of differentiation, suggesting different roles in the mammary gland for these 2 enzymes. This is in good agreement with our results showing that they have very different enzymatic properties. All together our data suggest that RALDH1 and 3 might be markers of different populations of cells of in the mammary epithelium. We propose to use the differences between RALDH1 and 3 to rationally develop methods and tools to separate and isolate RALDH1- and 3-expressing cells that would help the understand the role of RA synthesis in the mammary gland.