Tesi sul tema "DEXA"

Body fat, regional body fat and bone mineral mass, are linked to health conditions such as obesity and osteoporosis. The ethnic comparison of body composition may help to explain and understand the difference of health outcomes and health status in different ethnic groups. NZ Chinese is the largest Asian group in New Zealand, however, knowledge about health risks and body composition for NZ Chinese is very limited. Therefore, the aims of this thesis were: 1) To compare the relationships between body mass index (BMI) and percentage body fat (%BF) of European (M29, F37), Maori (M23, F23), Pacific people (M15, F23), and Asian Indian (M29, F25) (existing data) with NZ Chinese aged 30-39 years; 2) To compare fat distribution, appendicular skeletal muscle mass (ApSM), bone mineral density (BMD) and limb bone lengths across these five ethnic groups. A convenience sample of healthy NZ Chinese (M20, F23) was selected by BMI to cover a wide range of body fatness. Total and regional body fat, fat free mass (FFM) and bone mineral content were measured by whole-body Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA). The main study findings were: • For a fixed BMI, NZ Chinese had a higher %BF than European and less %BF than Asian Indian. At a %BF equivalent to a BMI of 30 kg.m-2 in Europeans (WHO threshold for obesity), BMI values for Asian Indian and NZ Chinese women were 5.8 and 2.2 BMI units lower than European, respectively, and for Asian Indian and NZ Chinese men, 8.2 and 3.0 BMI units lower. • Abdominal-to-thigh fat ratio of NZ Chinese was significantly higher than that of European (P<0.001) and similar to that of Asian Indian. NZ Chinese had a significantly higher central-to-appendicular fat ratio than both Asian Indian and European (P<0.001). NZ Chinese was centrally fatter than European and Asian Indian. • For the same height and weight, NZ Chinese had significantly less FFM (-2.1 kg, P=0.039) and ApSM (-1.4kg, P=0.007) than European. NZ Chinese had significantly more FFM (+3.2 kg, P=0.001) than Asian Indian and similar ApSM to Asian Indian. • For the same weight, NZ Chinese had a similar BMD as European for female and male. NZ Chinese male had a higher BMD (+0.07 g.cm-2, P= 0.001) than Asian Indian male. • Among the five ethnic groups, NZ Chinese had the shortest leg (-1.5cm, P=0.016) and arm bone lengths (-2.3cm, P=0.001) (measured by DEXA) for the same DEXA height. Therefore, the relationship between percent body fat and BMI for Asian Indian and NZ Chinese differs from Europeans and from each other, which indicates that different BMI thresholds for obesity may be required for these Asian ethnic groups. Given the relatively high percentage body fat, low appendicular skeletal muscle mass and high central fat to appendicular fat ratio of NZ Chinese aged 30-39 years demonstrated in this study, promotion of healthy eating and physical activity is needed to be tailored for NZ Chinese. The NZ Chinese community should be advised to keep fit, prevent limited movements in older age, and to prevent obesity and obesity-related diseases.

A desnutrição é o distúrbio nutricional mais comum em idosos e está associada ao aumento da mortalidade, da suscetibilidade às infecções e à redução na qualidade de vida. A determinação do estado nutricional de idosos requer métodos acurados e precisos de mensuração dos compartimentos corporais. Alguns fatores, como o consumo de alimentos e líquidos, são tidos como influenciadores do resultado final da análise da composição corporal por alterar o volume de água corporal total do indivíduo. No entanto, a quantidade de líquido, o tempo após a ingestão e quanto isso pode afetar a mensuração no idoso ainda não foram estabelecidos. Assim sendo, o objetivo do presente estudo foi verificar se houve mudança na massa corporal magra (MM) e na massa gorda (MG) de idosos eutróficos e desnutridos uma hora após o consumo de alimentos e líquidos. Participaram do estudo 41 homens com idade acima de 60 anos, selecionados no Ambulatório de Geriatria do Hospital das Clínicas da FMRP-USP, no Centro de Saúde Escola da FMRP-USP (CSE) e em instituições asilares de Ribeirão Preto-SP. Os grupos foram divididos entre eutróficos e desnutridos através do questionário Mini Avaliação Nutricional e as variáveis MM e MG foram avaliadas por impedância bioelétrica (BIA) e absorcimetria de duplo fóton (DEXA). Não houve diferença significativa quando comparamos as variáveis em jejum e uma hora após a alimentação, tanto no grupo de eutróficos como no grupo de desnutridos. Em relação aos grupos, as variáveis: peso, IMC, MM e MG (DEXA/BIA) dos eutróficos foram estatisticamente menores em comparação aos desnutridos. Em relação aos métodos utilizados, comparamos os resultados da MM entre a BIA e a DEXA na população estudada e encontramos uma boa correlação nos idosos eutróficos (r=0,91; p<0,0001) e nos idosos desnutridos (r=0,88; p<0,0001), bem como nos resultados de MG quando comparamos os métodos nos idosos eutróficos e desnutridos (r=0,85, p<0,0001; r=0,71, p<0,0003, respectivamente). Nossos achados indicam que a ingestão de uma refeição leve, não influencia as medidas de composição corporal pelos métodos de DEXA e BIA pelo equipamento monofrequencial em idosos eutróficos ou desnutridos uma hora após o consumo. A BIA produziu resultados estatisticamente similares ao DEXA, o que sugere uma forte associação entre os dois métodos de análise e nos deixa a opção de um recurso de avaliação do estado nutricional mais econômico, fácil e prático de realizar.
Malnutrition is the most common nutritional disorder in elderly and it is associated with increased mortality, susceptibility for infections and decreased life quality. Nutritional assessment of elderly requires accurate and precise methods to measure body compartments. Some factors, like food and liquid intake are said to influence final results of body composition evaluation for changing the total body water level of the individual. However, the amount of liquid, time after the ingestion and how it can affect the measure in the elderly, have not been established until now. Therefore, the aim of this study was to verify if there were change in fat free mass (FFM) and in fat mass (FM) of eutrophics and malnourished elderlys one hour after food and liquid ingestion. Forty-one men aged above 60 years old, were selected at Ambulatório de Geriatria do Hospital das Clínicas da FMRP-USP, in the Centro de Saúde Escola - FMRP-USP and in the institutions of elderly in Ribeirão Preto-SP. The group was divided into eutrophics and malnourished using of the Mini Nutritional Assessment and the variables FFM and FM, were evaluated by Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis (BIA) and Dual-Energy X-ray Absorptiometry (DEXA). There was no significant difference when compared those variables in fast and one hour after eating, both eutrophics and malnourished groups. In the groups, the variables: weight, body mass index (BMI), FFM and FM (DEXA/BIA) in the eutrophics were statistically lower when compared to the malnourished group. Comparing the methods DEXA and BIA was found a good correlation of FFM values in eutrophics (r=0.91; p<0.0001) and malnourished group (r=0.88; p<0.0001). In relation to FM was found a good correlation in eutrophics and malnourished group (r=0.85, p<0.0001; r=0.71, p<0.0003, respectively). Our findings indicate that the consume of a light meal, do not influence the evaluation of body composition using DEXA and BIA methods (monofrequency equipment) in eutrophics and malnourished elderly one hour after the consumming. The BIA produced similar statistics results as DEXA, this suggest a strong association between both methods and let us the choice of inexpensive, easier and more practical alternative for nutritional assessment.

The purpose of this study was to investigate differences among the percent body fat (%BF) values of Turkish sedentary male and female university students measured by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA), skinfold (SKF), ultrasound (US) and hand to hand bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA). Two hundred eight Turkish university students (one hundred four males and one hundred four females) aged between 18 to 26 years old participants participated in this study voluntarily. %BF assessment was performed by the SKF, US, BIA and DEXA methods. Differences among DEXA, SKF, US and BIA were examined by applying a series of paired-t test. Multiple regression analyses were conducted to developed regression equations to predict %BF from SKF and US measurements. Results demonstrated that there were significant differences between DEXA and SKF, US, and BIA measurements for males and females. The mean %BF derived from DEXA was significantly (p<
.001) greater than those of SKF, US and BIA for males and females. Multiple regression analyses showed that SKF and US measurement of subcutaneous fat at three-sites gave the best prediction to %BF for male and female separately. The multiple correlations using three sites simultaneously for men and women were r=0.92, SEE=2.4 and r=0.91, SEE=2.8 for SKF and r=0.93, SEE=2.3 and r=0.90, SEE=3.0 for US, respectively. In summary, with the new regression equation US appears to be a reliable, portable, and non-invasive tool which can be used by any field investigator on obese or thin individuals. Finally, new regression equations developed do not seem to be superior to those reported using calipers.

IMPORTÂNCIA: Mudanças significativas na composição corporal ocorrem com o envelhecimento, havendo aumento progressivo da massa gorda e redução da massa magra. Este quadro está associado à perda de força e mobilidade, ao aumento da morbidade e mortalidade. Nos indivíduos diabéticos tipo 2, esta condição é agravada pelas alterações metabólicas impostas pela doença. OBJETIVO: Comparar as medidas da composição corporal de idosas diabéticas tipo 2 pelo método antropométrico e raio-x de dupla varredura (DEXA), e correlacioná-las à força de preensão da mão. MÉTODOS: Cinqüenta e três voluntárias de 60 a 70 anos, com índice de massa corporal (IMC, kg/m2) de 19 a 44, do Ambulatório de Diabetes do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto da Universidade de São Paulo, foram avaliadas por: medidas antropométricas, raio-x de dupla varredura e força de preensão da mão. RESULTADOS: a) composição corporal antropometria x DEXA: não houve diferença estatística entre os métodos para as médias do peso, massa corporal magra, massa corporal gorda, porcentagem de gordura total e porcentagem de gordura do braço (P > 0,05). O peso, a massa corporal magra, a massa corporal gorda e o percentual de gordura total foram significativamente correlacionados pelos dois métodos. b) índices corporais x DEXA: o IMC, a circunferência do abdômen, a circunferência muscular do braço, a porcentagem de gordura do braço, a área muscular do braço, a área de gordura do braço, foram significativamente correlacionados, com os respectivos componentes do DEXA (P < 0,05); o índice abdômen/quadril não foi correlacionado ao DEXA. c) comparação entre diversos índices antropométricos: foram significativamente correlacionados (P < 0,05), o IMC e a circunferência do abdômen com a porcentagem de gordura total da antropometria; a circunferência muscular do braço com a massa corporal magra da antropometria. Não foram correlacionados o IAQ com o IMC e com a porcentagem de gordura total da antropometria. d) coeficiente de variação para medidas corporais do DEXA: variou de 0,3% a 9,6% entre os diferentes componentes corporais. e) teste de preensão de mão x variáveis associadas à massa muscular: foi correlacionado a variáveis antropométricas (P < 0,05), e não ao DEXA. CONCLUSÃO: Os dois métodos foram equivalentes para avaliação da composição corporal, sugerindo que a antropometria pode produzir um bom resultado de avaliação nestas idosas diabéticas. A força de preensão da mão teve correlação com a antropometria, mas não com as variáveis do DEXA. Portanto, estas medidas podem contribuir na avaliação do estado nutricional e de saúde em idosas diabéticas tipo 2 e ainda, acompanhar de maneira fácil e barata, a evolução de um tratamento.
IMPORTANCE: A significant change in corporal composition occurs with aging, with increase of fat mass and reduction lean mass. This situation is associated with loss of strength and mobility, and increase of morbidity and mortality. In diabetic type 2 individuals, this condition is aggravated by the metabolic alterations due to the illness. OBJECTIVE: To compare the measures of body composition of elderly women with diabetes type 2 through anthropometry and dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA), and correlate findings to handgrip strength. METHODS: Fifty-three volunteers with age ranging from 60 to 70 years old, body mass index (BMI, kg/m2) 19 to 44 selected from the Diabetes Ambulatory of the Clinical Hospital of the School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São paulo, were evaluated by: anthropometry, DEXA and handgrip strength. RESULTS: a) anthropometry x DEXA in body composition analyses: there were no statistical differences between the average of the weight, lean body mass, fat body mass, percentage of body fatness and percentage of fatness of the arm (P > 0,05). The weight, lean body mass, body fat mass and percentage of body fatness were significantly correlated. b) body indices x DEXA: BMI, abdomen circumference, muscle arm circumference, percentage of fatness of the arm, muscular area of the arm and area of fatness of the arm were significantly correlated with the respective components of the DEXA (P < 0,05); the waist/hip ratio (WHR) was not correlated with DEXA (P < 0,05): c) comparison between athropometric indices: the following variables were significantly correlated (P < 0,05): BMI and circumference of the abdomen with the percentage of body fatness of the anthropometry; muscular circumference of the arm with the lean body mass of the anthropometry. The WHR was not correlated with the IMC and with the percentage of body fatness of the anthropometry. d) coefficient of variation for corporal measures of the DEXA: varied from 0,3% to 9,6%. Handgrip strength was correlated to anthropometrics variables (P <0,05), but not with DEXA. CONCLUSIONS: The two approaches were equivalent for the assessment of body composition, suggesting that anthropometry can produce a good result in the evaluation of this population. The handgrip strength was correlated with anthropometry, but not with the variables of DEXA. Therefore, these measures can contribute to the assessment of the nutritional status in elderly diabetic type 2.

In recent years, the intermittent, exogenous application of parathyroid hormone fragment has been established as a therapeutic agent for human osteoporosis. The present placebo-controlled trial evaluated the effects of intermittent, exogenous application of equine parathyroid hormone fragment (ePTH 1-37) on calcium homeostasis and bone metabolism in healthy horses. The dose-response relationship and an appropriate daily treatment scheme with ePTH (1-37) were assessed with 0.5, 1, 5, 10, and 40 µg ePTH (1-37)/kg BW to provide a basis for long-term ePTH (1-37) application. The dose selection of 0.5 µg ePTH (1-37)/kg KM for long-term application resulted from a short, temporary increase in the ionized blood calcium level after ePTH (1-37) injection and an unimpaired fractional calcium and phosphorus excretion. Higher dosages caused adverse events such as persisting hypercalcemia and general condition disturbance after 2 or 3 days of treatment. In a subsequent attempt, 6 horses each received either ePTH (1-37) or placebo for 120 days by daily subcutaneous injections. The diurnal response of calcium in blood reflected the responsiveness of the target cells to exogenous application of ePTH (1-37). During the observation period, cancellous bone mineral density increased significantly, but showed no differences between ePTH treatment and placebo. After long-term application, parathyroid response and endogenous intact parathyroid hormone release were investigated using Na2EDTA-induced hypocalcemia. Previously ePTH-treated horses showed moderately reduced levels of endogenous intact PTH when compared to those results obtained in the placebo group. Concomitant, ePTH-treated horses appeared to have a more rapid and improverd recovery of calcium homeostasis. In general, the long-term intermittent application of 0.5 µg ePTH (1-37)/kg BW seemed to have no negative effects in healthy horses. The potential area of ePTH application in horses could be osteoporotic stages, for instance, as observed in podotrochlosis and glucocorticoid-induced bone loss.

In recent years, the intermittent, exogenous application of parathyroid hormone fragment has been established as a therapeutic agent for human osteoporosis. The present placebo-controlled trial evaluated the effects of intermittent, exogenous application of equine parathyroid hormone fragment (ePTH 1-37) on calcium homeostasis and bone metabolism in healthy horses. The dose-response relationship and an appropriate daily treatment scheme with ePTH (1-37) were assessed with 0.5, 1, 5, 10, and 40 µg ePTH (1-37)/kg BW to provide a basis for long-term ePTH (1-37) application. The dose selection of 0.5 µg ePTH (1-37)/kg KM for long-term application resulted from a short, temporary increase in the ionized blood calcium level after ePTH (1-37) injection and an unimpaired fractional calcium and phosphorus excretion. Higher dosages caused adverse events such as persisting hypercalcemia and general condition disturbance after 2 or 3 days of treatment. In a subsequent attempt, 6 horses each received either ePTH (1-37) or placebo for 120 days by daily subcutaneous injections. The diurnal response of calcium in blood reflected the responsiveness of the target cells to exogenous application of ePTH (1-37). During the observation period, cancellous bone mineral density increased significantly, but showed no differences between ePTH treatment and placebo. After long-term application, parathyroid response and endogenous intact parathyroid hormone release were investigated using Na2EDTA-induced hypocalcemia. Previously ePTH-treated horses showed moderately reduced levels of endogenous intact PTH when compared to those results obtained in the placebo group. Concomitant, ePTH-treated horses appeared to have a more rapid and improverd recovery of calcium homeostasis. In general, the long-term intermittent application of 0.5 µg ePTH (1-37)/kg BW seemed to have no negative effects in healthy horses. The potential area of ePTH application in horses could be osteoporotic stages, for instance, as observed in podotrochlosis and glucocorticoid-induced bone loss.

Die Dualenergie-Röntgenabsorptiometrie (DEXA, Dual Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry) ist ein in der Humanmedizin und Teilen der Veterinärmedizin etabliertes Verfahren zur Untersuchung der Knochenmineraldichte, des Knochenmineralgehaltes und der Körperzusammensetzung. Für das Pferd existieren bisher lediglich vereinzelte Studien zur Untersuchung des Knochens mittels der DEXA-Methode, welche allesamt auf nur sehr geringen Versuchstierzahlen beruhen. Ziel dieser Arbeit war es daher die DEXA-Methode für die Untersuchung am Pferd zu validieren. Hierfür wurden die Röhrbeine von 103 Schlachtpferden mittels des Densitometers PIXI LUNAR®, welches aus der Humanmedizin stammt und dort zur Untersuchung des Unterarmes dient, untersucht und die densitometrische Knochenmineraldichte (BMD) und der densitometrische Knochenmineralstoffgehalt (BMC) ermittelt. Als Messpunkt wurde standar-disiert die Mitte zwischen der Basis und dem Caput des Os metacarpale tertium bzw. des Os metatarsale tertium gewählt. Im Anschluss an die densitometrische Messung wurde als Referenzverfahren eine chemische Analyse durchgeführt, in welcher der Rohasche- sowie der Calcium- Phosphor- und Magnesiumgehalt der Röhrbeine bestimmt wurden. Die Angabe der Ergebnisse erfolgt als Median und 25-/75-Perzentil. Der Rohaschegehalt lag im Mittel über alle Röhrbeine bei 698 (69,1 - 70,3) g/kg TS. Für die Mineralstoffe konnten folgende Gehalte ermittelt werden: Calcium 265 (259 - 272) g/kg TS, Phosphor 123 (121 - 126) g/kg TS und Magnesium 2,40 (2,19 - 2,66) g/kg TS. Das Calcium-Phosphor-Verhältnis lag in einem Bereich von 2,14 - 2,18. Die Resultate der DEXA-Methode werden neben dem Mineralstoffgehalt auch vom Knochenumfang beeinflusst, so dass die folgenden Ergebnisse für die Vorder- und Hintergliedmaße (VGM, HGM) separat dargestellt werden: BMD: VGM 3,22 (2,80 - 3,65) g/cm², HGM 4,21 (3,76 - 4,65) g/cm²; BMC: VGM 26,5 (22,8 - 30,1) g, HGM 32,9 (29,0 - 36,3) g. Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit wurden Reproduzierbarkeitsstudien durchgeführt, bei denen für die BMD bei der Reproduzierbarkeit ohne Reposition Abweichungen in einem Bereich von 1,06 - 1,85 % und mit Reposition in einem Bereich von 3,51 - 4,48 % gefunden wurden. Für die BMC lag die Abweichung für die Reproduzierbarkeit ohne Reposition in einem Bereich von 1,28 - 2,79 % und mit Reposition schwankte sie zwischen 3,38 und 3,94 %. Um für den Einsatz der DEXA-Methode bei Verlaufsuntersuchungen den Einfluss der exakten Messlokalisation zu eruieren, wurden Messungen in einem Abstand von ein, zwei und drei Zentimetern proximal und distal des ursprünglichen Messpunktes vorgenommen. Die Ergeb-nisse dieser Studie wichen für die BMD um 3,53 - 9,16 % und für den BMC um 4,21 - 12,5 % von den Ergebnissen des zentralen Messpunktes in der Mitte der Diaphyse ab. Diese Abweichung liegt innerhalb der 25-/75-Perzentile der Messergebnisse des zentralen Messpunktes. Die Ergebnisse der vorliegenden Studie führen zu dem Schluss, dass es möglich ist die Knochenmineraldichte und den Knochenmineralgehalt des Röhrbeines des Pferdes mittels der DEXA-Methode zu ermitteln. Die guten Ergebnisse der Reproduzierbarkeitsstudien und der Abstandsmessungen vom zentralen Messpunkt legen die Durchführbarkeit am stehenden, sedierten Pferd nahe. Bei der DEXA-Methode wird ein Knochenabschnitt mit einem sehr hohen Kortikalisanteil erfasst, welcher auf Einflüsse, wie beispielsweise Training oder Ruhigstellung mit einer Veränderung des Knochenumfanges bei gleichbleibenden Mineralstoffkonzentrationen reagiert. Diese Eigenschaft führt zu einem geringen Zusammenhang zwischen der DEXA-Methode und der chemischen Analyse, so dass sich die Ergebnisse der beiden Messverfahren zwar gut in den Kontext anderer Studien einfügen, der direkte Vergleich der beiden Methoden jedoch nicht möglich ist
DXA (dual energy X-ray absorptiometry) is an established method for the measurement of bone mineral density (BMD), bone mineral content (BMC) and whole body composition in human and partly in veterinary medicine. However, there are only a small number of studies that examine the bone in horses using DXA. All these studies are based on small samples. Therefore, the objective of this study was to validate the use of DXA for the measurement of BMD and BMC in the horse. In total the cannons of 103 horses were scanned ex vivo, using the PIXI LUNAR® densitometer. In human medicine this densitometer is used for the exami-nation of the forearm. The measuring point was the exact middle between basis and caput of the third metacarpal/metatarsal bone. In a second step the DXA measurements were complemented with a chemical analysis, analyzing the ash content, calcium, phosphorus and magnesium content of the bones. The results are presented as median and 25-/75-percentile. The average ash content of the cannon bones was 698 (691 - 703) g/kg DM. The average mineral content was measured in the following order: calcium 265 (259 - 272) g/kg DM, phosphorus 123 (121 - 126) g/kg DM und magnesium 2.44 (2.19 - 2.66) g/kg DM. The ratio of calcium to phosphorus ranged from 2.14 to 2.18. The DXA results are influenced not only by the bone´s mineral content, but also by its diameter. Because of this the results are separated into the results of the forelimb (fl) and the hindlimb (hl) which generates the following results: BMD: fl 3.22 (2.80 - 3.65) g/cm², hl 4.21 (3.76 - 4.65) g/cm²; BMC: fl 26.5 (22.8 - 30.1) g, hl 32.9 (29.0 - 36.3) g. Several robustness checks of the measurements were conducted. For the BMD measurements, the range of measurements diverged by 3.51-4.48 % for measurements with limb repositioning, and by 1.06-1.85 % for measurements without limb repositioning. For the BMC measurements, the range of measurements diverged by 3.38-3.94 % for measurements with limb repositioning, and by 1.28-2.79 for measurements without limb repositioning. To determine the importance of the exact bone position for follow-up investigations, measurements in a distance of one, two and three centimeters proximal and distal of the original measuring point were performed. The results of these measurements deviated from the result of the central measuring point at the centre of the diaphysis in a range of 3.53 – 9.16 % for BMD and a range of 4.21 – 12.5 % for BMC. This variation falls within the percentiles of the central measuring point. Overall, the results of this study indicate that DXA is useable for determining BMD and BMC at the third metacarpal/metatarsal bone of the horse. The high reproducibility of the results and the distance measurements suggest that DXA is suitable for measurements at the standing, tranquilized horse. However, the cannon bone is a bone with a high content of cortical bone. This means that the diameter of the bone changes as a result of training or immobilization, while the BMD and BMC remain unchanged by such influence. This leads to a weak correlation between the results from the DXA and chemical analyses. Thus, while these two types of analysis fit well into the context of prior studies, a direct comparison between these measurements is not possible

This Bachelor paper deals with skeletal diseases like osteoporosis and osteoarthritis. 24 medieval individuals from the block Banken 1 in Visby, Gotland were chosen for an osteological analysis. Osteoporosis affects the bone with low bone mineral density and can lead to possible fractures and Osteoarthritis is a degenerative joint disease. A DEXA reading was done at Dr. Roland Alvarssons Doctorial practice in Visby and the results from the DEXA reading showed that none of the individuals suffered from osteoporosis, but one suffered from osteopenia. Some individuals were x-rayed at Visby hospital and the x-rays were interpreted by Dr. Staffan Jennerholm. The x-ray showed that two individuals suffered from osteoarthritis. You can get a glint into the past and daily life of medieval people with a little help of modern technology like x-ray and DEXA reading.

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Objetivo: Analisar o efeito de nove meses de duas modalidades de combate no conteúdo (CMO) e densidade mineral óssea (DMO) de adolescentes. Metodologia: Foram avaliados 32 adolescentes, dos quais 17 praticavam judô, 9 praticavam muay thai e 6 faziam parte do grupo controle que passaram por avaliações antropométricas e densitometria óssea seguido de intervenção e reavaliação. A densidade e o conteúdo mineral ósseo foram verificados pelo Dexa. O treinamento das modalidades esportivas de combate tiveram a duração de 9 meses. Na análise estatística foram utilizados a Anova one-way para caracterizar a amostra, o teste t dependente para comparar possíveis mudanças na DMO e CMO de acordo com o tipo de treinamento e a Ancova para comparar o delta percentual dos três grupos. A magnitude das diferenças foi verificada pelo effect-size por meio do Eta-squared. Resultados: O grupo judô apresentou desenvolvimento de todos os seguimentos ósseos ao longo de 9 meses (para as todas variáveis de DMO e CMO, houve significância menor que 0,05), porém o maior destaque ficou com a diferença pré e pós do membros inferiores do grupo muay thai quando comparados ao grupo controle (o delta apresentou significância de 0,041 e Effect size poder grande). Conclusão: De acordo com os achados supracitados, após nove meses de intervenção a modalidade de muay thai contribuiu para maior acúmulo de densidade mineral óssea nos membros inferiores.

O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar os efeitos de dois programas de exercício físico na composição corporal de adolescentes obesos submetidos ao tratamento multidisciplinar e verificar qual programa de exercício físico foi mais eficaz para reduzir a gordura corporal e aumentar a massa magra nos dois gêneros. Foram selecionados 60 adolescentes obesos, sendo 36 do gênero feminino e 20 do gênero masculino, com índice de massa corporal (IMC) igual ou acima do percentil 95, na faixa etária de 15 a 19 anos. A amostra foi dividida em dois grupos: grupo aeróbio e grupo força. Os adolescentes foram submetidos a avaliação antropométrica, clínica, de composição corporal e da aptidão física. Além disso, receberam orientação para mudança no estilo de vida e consultas nutricional, psicológica e médica. As sessões de exercícios físicos ocorriam três vezes por semana, em dias alternados, com duração de 60 minutos. A composição corporal foi avaliada pela absortometria de duplo feixe de energia (DEXA) nos momentos inicial e final do estudo. A duração da intervenção foi de 12 semanas. Os principais resultados demonstraram que os grupos aeróbio e força apresentaram redução significante na massa corporal e no IMC e, quando analisados por gênero, verificou-se que no gênero feminino não houve diferença significante, enquanto que o gênero masculino apresentou redução significante no grupo força. Na massa magra observou-se aumento significante apenas no grupo força, tanto sem distinção de gênero quanto diferenciando por gênero. Os dois grupos apresentaram redução significante na massa de gordura, no percentual de gordura corporal total e no percentual de gordura de tronco tanto sem distinção de gênero quanto diferenciando por gênero. Verificou-se correlação positiva na redução do percentual de gordura de tronco com o percentual de gordura periférica. Concluiu-se que o treinamento de força foi mais efetivo para aumentar a massa magra e, levando em consideração a maior redução na variação percentual entre os momentos inicial e final, o grupo aeróbio foi mais efetivo para reduzir a massa de gordura e o grupo força para reduzir o percentual de gordura corporal total dos adolescentes obesos submetidos ao tratamento multidisciplinar de doze semanas.
The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of two physical exercises programs applied to obese adolescents submitted to multidisciplinary treatment in order to establish which program is more effective to reduce body fat and increase lean mass in both gender. 60 obese adolescents aged between 15 and 19 years were selected, comprising 36 girls and 20 boys with body mass index (BMI) equal to or above the 95th percentile. The sample was divided into two groups: aerobic and strength. The adolescents were submitted to anthropometric, clinical, body composition and physical fitness evaluation. In addition, they were oriented to change their lifestyle and received nutritional, psychological and medical assistance. 60 minute physical exercise sessions occurred three times a week on alternate days. Body composition was evaluated by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) twice: at the beginning and at the end of the program. The program lasted for 12 weeks. The main results show that both aerobic and the strength groups had significant reduction of body weight and of the BMI, and when analyzed by gender, no significant difference was observed among girls of both groups, while boys of the strength groups had a significant reduction. Lean mass increased significantly in the strength group only. Participants of both physical training groups had significant reduction of their fat mass, percentage of total body fat and percentage of trunk fat. A positive correlation was established between the reduction in the percentage of trunk fat and the percentage of peripheral fat. In conclusion, strength training was more effective to increase lean mass. Considering the greater reduction in the percentage variation between the beginning and the end of the period, aerobic training was more effective to reduce the fat mass while strength training was more effective to reduce the percentage of total body fat of obese adolescents submitted to multidisciplinary treatment during twelve weeks.

The present study was designed to determine if BIA and skinfolds could track changes in body composition like DEXA. Fifty male volunteers participated in a 12-week high-intensity resistance-training program. Body composition was assessed using DEXA, skinfolds (SF), and BIA. Results indicate when DEXA was used as the criterion measure; BIA and SF may not be appropriate assessment techniques. BIA and SF significantly overestimated percent fat and fat-weight pre- and post-treatment (p<0.05). Although SF and BIA exhibited acceptable r-values, significant differences were observed between DEXA and BIA and SF (p < 0.0001). These results indicate that DEXA’s ability to track changes in body composition may be more appropriate compared to BIA and SF during and following a resistance-training program. Future studies using hydrostatic weighing are needed to determine if differences observed are the results of DEXA’s accuracy in tracking fat free-weight or the inability of BIA and skinfolds to track changes.

Introducción: La sarcopenia secundaria a la deprivación androgénica ha sido evaluada habitualmente mediante DEXA. Sin embargo, estudios recientes sugieren que este método infraestima esta pérdida de masa muscular en relación al TC. Objetivo: Comparar la variación en la masa muscular evaluada mediante DEXA y TC durante los primeros seis meses de deprivación androgénica. Analizar los cambios producidos en este periodo de tiempo en la composición corporal, la fuerza física, el estado funcional la sensación subjetiva de bienestar y fatiga, la tensión arterial y una serie de perfiles analíticos. Correlacionar las medidas musculares evaluadas mediante TC y DEXA con varios de los parámetros anteriormente expuestos. Material y métodos: El estudio reclutó 32 pacientes diagnosticados de cáncer de próstata que fueran a iniciar por primera vez un tratamiento de deprivación androgénica. Los pacientes se evaluaron a través de 3 visitas: en el momento inicial, a los 3 meses y a los 6 meses de iniciado el tratamiento. Se tomaron medidas mediante TC del área del músculo recto-femoralis y del volumen muscular del muslo de ambas extremidades. Se evaluó mediante DEXA la masa muscular, grasa y mineral a nivel corporal total y de ambos muslos. La fuerza de la extremidad superior se evaluó mediante un dinamómetro de Jamar y la fuerza de las extremidades inferiores mediante la prueba de levantarse de una silla con repeticiones. El estado funcional se evaluó mediante la prueba cronometrada de levantarse y caminar. La sensación subjetiva de bienestar y fatiga se evaluó mediante los cuestionarios FACT-P y FACIT-F. Resultados y conclusiones: Al comparar mediante ambos métodos la pérdida de masa muscular durante los seis primeros meses de deprivación androgénica hemos observado cómo existía una tendencia, que no llegaba a la significación estadística, de la DEXA a infraestimar las variaciones producidas en la masa muscular en comparación con la TC. La TC demostró una disminución significativa tanto del volumen muscular del muslo como del área del músculo recto-femoralis de ambas extremidades. Se observó igualmente un incremento significativo de peso, IMC y masa grasa medida mediante DEXA. Este método también demostró una disminución significativa de la masa muscular, mientras que la masa mineral no presentó modificaciones. Otros hallazgos observados fueron una disminución significativa en la fuerza de la mano no dominante y una tendencia a la disminución, no significativa, en la fuerza de la mano dominante. No se observaron variaciones en la fuerza de las extremidades inferiores ni tampoco en el estado funcional de los pacientes. Los cuestionarios de calidad de vida reflejaron una mejoría global de la sensación de bienestar, siendo más evidente la reflejada en la subescala de bienestar funcional. No obstante, se observó una tendencia no significativa al incremento de la sensación de fatiga. Las analíticas demostraron una disminución significativa en los niveles séricos de PSA, hemoglobina, testosterona total y estradiol, un incremento significativo en los niveles séricos de aldolasa, mioglobina y CK-MM y una disminución significativa de CK-MB. Respecto a los marcadores relacionados el síndrome metabólico, se detectó un incremento significativo de hemoglobina A1c, colesterol total y colesterol HDL. Se observó igualmente un incremento significativo de la tensión arterial diastólica, mientras que la tensión arterial sistólica también mostró una tendencia al incremento, aunque no de forma significativa. Al analizar la relación existente entre las medidas musculares evaluadas mediante TC y DEXA con una serie de parámetros observamos cómo la masa muscular medida mediante DEXA es la medida que mejor se correlaciona con la fuerza de prensión, mientras que los valores de CK total y de CK-MM son los marcadores de lesión muscular que mejor se relacionan con dichas medidas.
Introduction: Sarcopenia secondary to androgen deprivation has been usually evaluated by DEXA. However, recent studies suggest this method may underestimate loss of muscle mass when compared with CT results. Objective: To compare changes in muscle mass evaluated by CT and DEXA during the first six months of androgen deprivation treatment. To analyse changes observed in body composition, physical strength, functional status, subjective assessment of well-being and fatigue, blood pressure and blood exams. Determine significant correlations between muscle measures evaluated by CT and DEXA and some of the parameters previously mentioned. Material and methods: Our study recruited 32 patients diagnosed of prostate cancer starting for the first time androgen deprivation treatment. Patients were tested three times: at baseline, at the third month and at the sixth month of treatment. Measures were obtained by CT from the recto-femoralis muscle area and from the thigh muscle volume of both legs. Lean mass, fat mass and mineral mass of the whole body, as well as of both thighs were evaluated by DEXA. Upper extremity strength was evaluated with a Jamar dynamometer and lower extremity strength with the chair rising test. The functional status was evaluated with the “timed-up-and-go” test. Subjective appreciation of well-being and fatigue were evaluated using the FACT-P and FACIT-F questionnaires. Results and conclusions: A non-significant tendency of DEXA compared to CT in underestimating the loss of muscle mass was observed during the first six months of androgen deprivation therapy. CT showed a significant decrease of thigh muscle volume and recto-femoralis muscle area of both legs. There was a significant increase of weight, BMI and fat mass measured by DEXA, as well as a significant decrease of lean mass, while mineral mass didn’t modify. We also observed a significant decrease in non-dominant hand strength, while dominant hand strength also tended to decrease, although no significantly. Lower extremity strength didn’t modify, nor did the functional status of the patients. Quality of life questionnaires showed an improvement in global assessment of well-being, the most important improvement showed in the functional status subscale. On the other hand, a non-significant increase in fatigue was observed. Blood exams showed a significant decrease in serum PSA levels, hemoglobin, total testosterone and estradiol, a significant increase in serum levels of aldolase, myoglobin and CK-MM and a significant decrease of CK-MB. Concerning the markers of metabolic syndrome, a significant increase in A1c hemoglobin, total cholesterol and HDL cholesterol were observed. A significant increase of diastolic blood pressure was also observed, while systolic blood pressure also tended to increase, but not significantly. Correlations between muscle measures obtained by CT and DEXA with a series of parameters showed that fat mass measured by DEXA was the muscular measure that best correlated with hand strength. Values of total CK and CK-MM were the muscular damage markers that were best correlated with these measures.

Objective: To investigate the extent to which changes in physical activity predict changes in abdominal fat in women over an 18-month period, while statistically controlling the effects of possible confounders, such as age, total body fat percent, and energy intake. Design: A prospective cohort design over 18 months. There was no intervention or treatment. Changes in objectively-measured physical activity were used to predict changes in abdominal fat over the study period. Subjects: 110 healthy, middle-aged women (mean: 41.3±3.3 yrs), primarily Caucasian, educated, and married. Measurements: An objective measure of physical activity (ACT) using CSA accelerometers, worn continuously for 7 consecutive days at baseline and again at follow-up. Total body fat and abdominal fat percent were assessed by dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA). Energy intake was estimated using 7-day, weighed food records for the days in which subjects wore accelerometers. Results: No significant change between baseline and follow-up means for abdominal fat, physical activity, or energy intake over the study period. Moreover, change in physical activity was not a significant predictor of change in abdominal fat, with or without statistical control of confounders. Change in energy intake was a predictor of abdominal fat (P=0.0688), and this association was strengthened after adjusting for age, baseline total body fat, and changes in physical activity. Conclusions: Apparently, when measured using accelerometers, changes in physical activity are not predictive of changes in abdominal fat over an 18-month period. However, changes in energy intake seem to predict changes in abdominal fat. Evidently, increases and decreases in abdominal fat are more a function of energy intake than physical activity in middle-aged women.

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The aim of this study was to evaluate the nutritional status and make a correlation between the use of different assessment protocols most commonly used, compared with DEXA (Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry) in children and teenagers with Down syndrome (DS) . The sample comprised 41 children and adolescents from both gender, aged between 9 and 19 years old, being 26 with DS from ???Espa??o ConViv??ncias??? Project and 15 volunteers without DS rated as control group (CG). Anthropometric measurements of height, weight, waist circumference and hip, BMI (Body Mass Index) and skinfold thickness were made, and to calculate the the body fat %G it was used four protocols and DEXA. Blood samples were taken for biochemical analysis also applying if you recall 24 hours food intake and the isometric strength test. It was observed that 40% of the control group showed overweight and obesity while in the DS group was detected the rate of overweight and obesity was 50%. The caloric intake in both groups was according to the daily recommendations, but protein intake was above recommended on both groups. The stature, strength and reason force had a significant difference P <0.05 corroborating previous studies where people with Down syndrome have a lower height and strength when compared to the general population. In biochemical analyzes significant changes were shown (P <0.05) to triiodothyronine (T3) between the GC and SD. It was observed that in the DS group in Jackson and Pollock protocol ICC (0.83), r (0.82) and R?? (0.86) and Slaugter ICC protocol (0.74), r (0.79) R2 (0.62) wherein the linear regression analysis indicated that most explanatory power with equation was followed by Jackson and Pollock et al Slaugter. The group with DS showed lower isometric strength when compared to the CG and predisposition to being overweight and even obesity, a problem that can be worsened by poor eating habits. It was concluded that the equations of Slaughter et al would be the most appropriate to determine the %G in children and teenagers with DS by requiring less knowledge from appraiser to perform it, because of the amount folds to be analyzed, requiring less time for implementation and readiness access to the folds. It was noticed, finally, that because this is the first Brazilian study on this subject, there is a need for further studies related to the prediction of body composition in children and teenagers with DS that could promote the development of a specific equation for this audience.
O objetivo desse trabalho foi avaliar o estado nutricional e fazer uma correla????o do uso dos diferentes protocolos de avalia????o da composi????o corporal mais utilizados, comparados com a absometria de raio-X de dupla energia ??? DEXA, em crian??as e adolescentes com S??ndrome de Down (SD). A amostra foi constitu??da 41 crian??as e adolescentes de ambos os sexos, com idade entre 9 e 19 anos, sendo 26 (com SD do Projeto Espa??o Com-Viv??ncias e 15 volunt??rios sem SD classificados como grupo controle (GC). Foram feitas medidas antropom??tricas de estatura, peso, circunfer??ncia de cintura e de quadril, IMC, dobras cut??neas e, para calcular o %G utilizou-se quatro protocolos e o DEXA. Foram realizadas coletas de sangue para an??lises bioqu??micas, aplicando-se ainda o recordat??rio de consumo alimentar de 24 horas e o teste de for??a isom??trica. Foi observado que 40% do GC apresentaram sobrepeso e obesidade enquanto no grupo com SD a taxa de sobrepeso e obesidade foi de 50%. A ingesta cal??rica nos dois grupos esteve de acordo com as recomenda????es di??rias, por??m o consumo de prote??nas esteve acima do recomendado para ambos os grupos. A estatura, for??a e raz??o for??a tiveram uma diferen??a significativa P<0,05 corroborando com estudos anteriores onde pessoas com SD apresentam menor estatura e for??a quando comparadas ?? popula????o em geral. Nas an??lises bioqu??micas foram apresentadas altera????es significativas (P<0,05) para triiodotironina (T3) entre o GC e SD. Foi observado que no grupo SD no protocolo de Jackson e Pollock ICC(0,83), r(0,82) e R??(0,86) e no protocolo de Slaugter ICC(0,74), r(0,79), R2(0,62) sendo que a an??lise de regress??o linear indicou que a equa????o com maior poder explicativo foi a Jackson e Pollock seguida de Slaugter et al. O grupo com SD apresentou menor for??a isom??trica quando comparado ao GC e predisposi????o a ter peso excessivo e at?? mesmo obesidade, problema que pode ser agravado pelos h??bitos alimentares inadequados. Concluiu-se que as equa????es de Slaughter et al seria a mais adequada para determinar o %G em crian??as e adolescentes com SD, por exigir uma menor capacita????o do avaliador para executa-la, pela quantidade menor de dobras a serem analisadas, demandando menor tempo para execu????o e facilidade de acesso as dobras. Percebeu-se, por fim, que por este ser o primeiro estudo brasileiro sobre este tema, h?? necessidade de novos estudos relacionados ?? predi????o de composi????o corporal de crian??as e adolescentes com SD que poderiam promover o desenvolvimento de uma equa????o espec??fica para este p??blico.

L'ischémie/reperfusion (I/R) est un phénomène très fréquent en clinique humaine. Ce phénomène est observé lors de la désobstruction d'une artère digestive, du traitement d'un état de choc, ainsi qu'au cours d'autres pathologies. L'interruption de la perfusion tissulaire (ischémie) et le rétablissement de celle-ci (reperfusion) sont la cause de la mise en place de troubles hémodynamiques et métaboliques. L'I/R est souvent présentée comme étant la principale source de l'hyperlactatémie et le moteur de la réponse inflammatoire lors des états de choc (cardiogénique, hypovolémique, septique). Parallèlement, elle est responsable de l'induction de la production de la libération des espèces réactives de l'oxygène, des cytokines et du monoxyde d'azote. Suite à un choc hémorragique par Ischémie/reperfusion chez le rat, nous avons montré que 1) le NaHS, donneur d'H2S limite la diminution de la pression artérielle moyenne et diminue le lactate plasmatique, témoin de la souffrance tissulaire, 2) cette amélioration hémodynamique est associée à une baisse de l'expression myocardique des ARNm d'iNOS, une diminution de la concentration des dérivés NOx plasmatiques et une diminution des concentrations aortiques et myocardiques de NO et d'anion superoxyde et 3) l'inhibition d'H2S par la DL-propargylglycine aggrave le tableau hémodynamique et les conséquences tissulaires du choc. Dans un autre modèle d'ischémie/reperfusion intestinale, les résultats obtenus, montrent que l'administration de la Protéine C activée (PCa) ou de la dexaméthaosne (Dexa) : 1) améliore la PAM et la réactivité vasculaire, 2) permet d'augmenter le pH et de diminuer la lactatémie, 3) diminue la production des cytokines pro-inflammatoires et 4) inhibe les médiateurs de l'apoptose. Ces résultats sont reliés à une down régulation d'iNOS, une restauration de la voie Akt/eNOS et à une resensibilisation des adrénorécepteurs alpha. Ces résultats ouvrent de nouvelles perspectives cliniques dans les traitements de l'I/R
Ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) is a very common phenomenon, observed during intestinal artery surgery, shock treatment, as well as in several other diseases. The disruption of tissue perfusion (ischemia) and recovery (reperfusion) induce hemodynamic and metabolic dysfunction. Gut ischemia/reperfusion is often presented as the main source of lactate and the motor of the inflammatory response, such as cardiogenic, hypovolemic and septic shock. In parallel, gut reperfusion produces numerous mediators such as reactive oxygen metabolites, pro-inflammatory cytokines, and high concentrations of nitric oxide. In a model of ischemia/reperfusion induced by hemorrhagic shock, we found that 1) NaHS an injectable form of H2S, limited the decrease in arterial pressure induced by shock and decreased plasmatic lactate, a witness of tissue suffering, 2) this hemodynamic improvement was associated with a fall in myocardial iNOS mRNA expression, a reduction in the concentration of plasmatic NOx and a reduction of aortic and myocardial concentrations of NO and superoxide anion and 3) the inhibition of H2S with DL-propargylglycine worsened hemodynamics and tissue consequences of shock An experimental model of intestinal I/R has been developed, we demonstrated that the administration of APC or Dexa : 1) Improves MAP and vascular reactivity, 2) increased pH and decreased lactate, 3) decreased pro-inflammatory cytokines production and 4) inhibited apoptosis mediators expression. These results are related to a down regulation of iNOS, to a restoration of the AKT/eNOS pathway, and to alpha-adrenoreceptor resensitization. These results open new perspectives in clinical treatment of I/R

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BACKGROUND: Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) is considered the most accurate method for assessing body composition. With the steady increase in survival in premature babies there is an increasing interest in relation to nutritional assessment, since an adequate diet in the first weeks of life influences long-term development. Therefore the assessment of body composition is of fundamental importance in the nutritional care of preterm infantsOBJECTIVE: To evaluate body composition by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry in preterm infants fed human milk supplemented (FM85 ®. Nestle Nutrition) or human milk. METHODS: We studied 26 newborn preterm infants less than 1500g birth weight, while in the conventional UTINeonatal Hospital São Lucas da PUCRS, between July 2006 and January 2010. The newborns were randomized into two groups: one group received human milk plus FM85 ® and Group 2 received human milk without FM85 ®. Anthropometric variables were recorded measures. Body composition was assessed by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. RESULTS: We compared 15 premature infants who used human milk FM85 ® and 11 who ate only human milk. The two groups showed no significant differences in the entrance and at the end of the study in relation to gestational age (mean 30. 2 ± 2. 38 without versus 30 ± 1. 62 without, P = 0. 76), weight (1232. 7 g versus 1161. 4 ± 166. 82 g ± 228. 43, p = 0. 37), length (37. 4 cm ± 1. 9 cm versus 36. 6 ± 2. 65, p = 0. 25) and perimeter circumference (26. 5 cm ± 2. 91 cm versus 25. 9 ± 1. 51, p = 0. 5). The percentages at the beginning and end of the study showed no significant difference in lean body mass (80 ± 1. 89 versus 80. 3 ± 1. 22, p = 0. 63), fat mass (19. 6 ± 1. 81 versus 19, 4 ± 1. 2, p = 0. 72) and bone mineral content (0. 4 ± 0. 3 versus 0. 18 ± 0. 09, p = 0. 18), The volume and percentage of ingested human milk as well as thelength of hospital stay was similar in both groups at the Neonatal care Unit discharge. The bone mineral content / kg was significantly higher in newborns receiving human milk plus FM85™ (5,46 ± 2,63 g/Kg versus 3,55 ± 1,54 g/Kg; p =0,04)CONCLUSIONS: There was no difference between groups in relation to lean body mass, fat mass and bone mineral content.
INTRODUÇÃO: A Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) é considerada o método mais acurado para avaliação da composição corporal. Com o aumento progressivo da sobrevida em prematuros tem ocorrido um interesse crescente em relação a avaliação nutricional, uma vez que uma alimentação adequada nas primeiras semanas de vida influencia o desenvolvimento a longo prazo. Portanto a avaliação da composição corporal é de fundamental importância nos cuidados nutricionais dos prematuros. OBJETIVO: Avaliar a composição corporal através da Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry em recém-nascidos prematuros alimentados com leite humano suplementado (FM85®. Nestlé Nutrition) ou leite humano.MÉTODOS: Foram estudados 26 recém-nascidos prematuros com menos de 1500g de peso ao nascimento, durante a internação na UTI Neonatal do Hospital São Lucas da PUCRS, entre julho de 2006 e janeiro de 2010. Os recém-nascidos foram randomizados em dois grupos: o grupo 1 recebeu leite humano acrescido de FM85® e o grupo 2 que recebeu leite humano sem FM85®. Foram registrados as medidas antopométricas. A composição corporal foi avaliada através da Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. RESULTADOS: Foram comparados 15 recém-nascidos prematuros que utilizaram leite humano com FM85® e 11 que ingeriram apenas leite humano. Os dois grupos não apresentaram diferenças significativas tanto na entrada como no final do estudo em relação a idade gestacional (média 30,2 sem ± 2,38 versus 30 sem ± 1,62; p = 0,76), peso (1232,7 g ± 166,82 versus 1161,4 g ± 228,43; p = 0,37), comprimento (37,4 cm ± 1,9 versus 36,6 cm ± 2,65; p = 0,25) e perímetro cefálico (26,5 cm ± 2,91 versus 25,9 cm ± 1,51; p = 0,5). As percentagens no início e ao final do estudo não apresentaram diferença significativa de massa magra (80 ± 1,89 versus 80,3 ± 1,22; p = 0,63), massa gorda (19,6 ± 1,81 versus 19,4 ± 1,2; p = 0,72) e conteúdo mineral ósseo (0,4 ± 0,18 versus 0,3 ± 0,09; p = 0,18), O volume percentual de leite humano ingerido, e tempo de internação também foram semelhantes entre os dois grupos no momento da alta. A concentração mineral óssea/Kg do grupo FM85® foi maior no grupo do leite humano suplementado (5,46 ± 2,63 g/Kg versus 3,55 ± 1,54 g/Kg; p =0,04) ao final do estudo. CONCLUSÕES: Não houve diferença entre os grupos em relação a massa magra, massa gorda e massa mineral óssea.

Muscle strength is assumed to be closely related with BMD, the so called determinant of bone strength, however, new methods for bone strength measurement are arising. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between bone mineral density (BMD), muscle strength and natural frequency of the radius in the dominant and non-dominant arm in healthy and osteopenic individuals aged between 50-70 years. Sixty sedentary male (thirty healthy and thirty osteopenic) participated this study. Bone mineral density assessment was performed by dual x-ray absorbtiometry (DEXA) and quantitative computed tomography (QCT), whereas muscle strength was measured by an isokinetic dynamometer quantitatively. Natural frequency of the radius was determined by a dual channel frequency analyzer. Differences between BMD, muscle strength and natural frequency in healthy and osteopenic participants according to dominancy were examined by Analysis of Variance (ANOVA). Pearson Product Correlation Coefficient test was conducted to determine the magnitude of the correlation between cortical, trabecular and average BMD, muscle strength and natural frequency. Results demonstrated a statistically significant difference between BMD, natural frequency and muscle strength in the dominant arm of both groups. There was also a significant difference in the non-dominant arm in terms of BMD, natural frequency and muscle strength, except in total work in the non-dominant arms. Moreover, there was a moderate positive correlation between BMD measured by DEXA and natural frequency in the dominant arm (r = ,59
p <
.001) and non-dominant arm (r = 0,64
p <
0.001), whereas the muscle strength was correlated to BMD with a low positive correlation in terms of peak torque in extension (r = ,36
p = ,005), peak torque in flexion (r = ,31
p = ,016), total work in extension (r = ,28
p = ,030) and total work in flexion (r = ,27
p = ,041) in the dominant arms. The correlation between muscle strength and BMD was not significant in the non-dominant arm. The highest correlation between natural frequency and bone geometry parameters was observed in cortical thickness (r = ,82
p = ,02). A statistically significant positive correlation (r = ,81
p = ,04) was also observed between average BMD measured by QCT and by DEXA. In summary, according to the findings of this study, it can be concluded that vibration analysis is a precise method in predicting bone strength that depends highly on its size, shape and the distribution of its trabecular and cortical components.

In order to elucidate the effects of NPY directly on bone tissue, two different doses of NPY (NPY dose 1= 1X10-5 M and NPY dose 2 = 1X 10&
#65533
6 M) and NPY dose 2 plus its inhibitor were applied together with hyaluronic acid (HA) into the intramedullary area of right tibia of Wistar rats. HA alone was administered as the control group. On three time points, day one, week one and week two after administration, the tibiae were collected and stored at &
#65533
20oC for analysis. Evaluation was performed via conventional radiography, dual energy X-ray absorbtiometry (DEXA), quantitative computerized tomography (QCT), three point bending test (TPB) and histology techniques. QCT was used to assess both atomic content and density of both medulla and cortex of tibiae. From DEXA results, it was observed that inhibition of NPY causes an increase in the bone mass from first day to second week. This phenomena was also observed in histology results so that new bone formation in the inhibitor administered bone was encountered at week two. In both medulla and cortex areas&
#65533
atomic content, an increase in average effective atomic number was displayed after administration of NPY plus NPY inhibitor throughout two weeks. In addition, density of medulla of tibiae measured by QCT also revealed an increase in bone mass when inhibitor is applied throughout two weeks. As a result, overall evaluation of data obtained from DEXA, QCT and histological analysis revealed that NPY inhibits bone formation or have a pro-osteoclastic effect
inversely HA displayed osteogenic effect.

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INTRODU??O: A Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) ? considerada o m?todo mais acurado para avalia??o da composi??o corporal. Com o aumento progressivo da sobrevida em prematuros tem ocorrido um interesse crescente em rela??o a avalia??o nutricional, uma vez que uma alimenta??o adequada nas primeiras semanas de vida influencia o desenvolvimento a longo prazo. Portanto a avalia??o da composi??o corporal ? de fundamental import?ncia nos cuidados nutricionais dos prematuros. OBJETIVO: Avaliar a composi??o corporal atrav?s da Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry em rec?m-nascidos prematuros alimentados com leite humano suplementado (FM85? .Nestl? Nutrition) ou leite humano. M?TODOS: Foram estudados 26 rec?m-nascidos prematuros com menos de 1500g de peso ao nascimento, durante a interna??o na UTI Neonatal do Hospital S?o Lucas da PUCRS, entre julho de 2006 e janeiro de 2010. Os rec?m-nascidos foram randomizados em dois grupos: o grupo 1 recebeu leite humano acrescido de FM85? e o grupo 2 que recebeu leite humano sem FM85?. Foram registrados as medidas antopom?tricas. A composi??o corporal foi avaliada atrav?s da Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. RESULTADOS: Foram comparados 15 rec?m-nascidos prematuros que utilizaram leite humano com FM85? e 11 que ingeriram apenas leite humano. Os dois grupos n?o apresentaram diferen?as significativas tanto na entrada como no final do estudo em rela??o a idade gestacional (m?dia 30,2 sem ? 2,38 versus 30 sem ? 1,62; p = 0,76), peso (1232,7 g ? 166,82 versus 1161,4 g ? 228,43; p = 0,37), comprimento (37,4 cm ? 1,9 versus 36,6 cm ? 2,65; p = 0,25) e per?metro cef?lico (26,5 cm ? 2,91 versus 25,9 cm ? 1,51; p = 0,5). As percentagens no in?cio e ao final do estudo n?o apresentaram diferen?a significativa de massa magra (80 ? 1,89 versus 80,3 ? 1,22; p = 0,63), massa gorda (19,6 ? 1,81 versus 19,4 ? 1,2; p = 0,72) e conte?do mineral ?sseo (0,4 ? 0,18 versus 0,3 ? 0,09; p = 0,18), O volume percentual de leite humano ingerido, e tempo de interna??o tamb?m foram semelhantes entre os dois grupos no momento da alta. A concentra??o mineral ?ssea/Kg do grupo FM85? foi maior no grupo do leite humano suplementado (5,46 ? 2,63 g/Kg versus 3,55 ? 1,54 g/Kg; p =0,04) ao final do estudo. CONCLUS?ES: N?o houve diferen?a entre os grupos em rela??o a massa magra, massa gorda e massa mineral ?ssea

Soprappeso ed obesità raggiungono in Italia livelli molto preoccupanti (James,’04) (Livingstone,’00) (Cacciari,’02) (Brescianini et altri,’02). L’eziologia multifattoriale rende difficile l’intervento su larga scala: la presenza di bambini obesi da genitori obesi dimostra l’influenza dei fattori genetici (Verdich,’04; Brescianici,’02; Hawkins et altri,’06-’07); così l’adiposity rebound sembra essere un importante indicatore dell’ereditarietà del soprappeso (Rolland et altri,’84-’06; Taylor,’05; Williams’o5); le strategie educative sono anch’esse determinanti nella regolazione dell’introito calorico(Birch,’80; Rolland,’06) ; la componente depressiva spesso presente nell’obeso, potrebbe alterare il senso di sazietà e soddisfazione (Farooqi,’04); ancora, l’alimentazione sbilanciata verso i grassi, unita ad una maggiore quantità e ad abitudini sociali che riducono l’attività motoria in genere oltre a quella sportiva sono concause molto importanti per leggere il fenomeno dell’obesità (Chehab,’07; Campbell,’06; Doak,’06); da non dimenticare l’influenza della classe sociale e la quantità di sonno che sarebbe correlato alla alterazione degli ormoni che regolano l’appetito (Spiegel,’04). Le cause a medio e lungo termine sono molto gravi, anche in considerazione che il rischio per un giovane di rimanere obeso in età adulta è molto elevato (Freedman,’04; Bernasconi,’05; Min. Salute,’00 ;Bona,’05; Must,’92). Da queste considerazioni segue la necessità dell’attenzione da riservare al monitoraggio della popolazione in età evolutiva: il nostro studio si inserisce in questa problematica. Obiettivo 1) Costruire un quadro completo dello stato nutrizionale di una popolazione adolescenziale della Provincia di Roma; 2) Valutare la composizione corporea utilizzando e confrontando diverse metodiche; 3) Analizzare le abitudini di vita, alimentari e motorie; 4) Definire una tabella di riferimento per identificare la quantità di attività motoria necessaria in età giovanile. Materiali e metodi. Il campione totale di 664 soggetti, suddivisi in maschi e femmine, è stato ulteriormente suddiviso in sottogruppi di studio in relazione alla disponibilità espressa a partecipare alle varie analisi. Le valutazioni hanno riguardato un questionario motorio (664 sogg.), un questionario alimentare (Indali) (98 sogg.), la composizione corporea con Antropometria, BMI, DEXA, BIA, Plicometria (formule Slaughter (’88): pliche tricipitale e polpaccio (Sla1); Slaughter (’88): pliche tricipitale e sottoscapolare (Sla2); Durnin e Womersly (’74): pliche bicipitale ,tricitale ,sottoscapolare e soprailiaca (DW)) (128 sogg.); dispendio energetico (Armband) (50 sogg.). Le analisi statistiche: descrittiva (media, SD, min. max.) comparativa (TTest, Pearson, Modelli anova, modelli regressione multipla) . Risultati e discussione. 1) L’alimentazione dimostra disequilibrio dei singoli nutrienti rispetto agli standard LARN (’96): -1% proteine, -6% glucidi, +7% lipidi; per tutti i nutrienti e l’apporto calorico si osserva significatività tra maschi e femmine (p=0,001); tra le fasce d’età maschili non esiste differenza, mentre è presente tra le femmine 15-16 > 17-18 anni p=0,05 rispetto alle proteine e le Kcal; elevato il consumo di bevande zuccherine e snack; ridotto apporto di calcio, potassio e fibra; le femmine sono carenti di ferro e zinco; 2) sveglia, corica e durata del sonno presentano diversità tra fasce d’età e per genere amplificandosi verso i 18 anni; tutti i gruppi studiano molto poco, con le femmine in media 30’- 40’ in più dei maschi (p=0,000; p00,000; p=0,022); non significatività nell’uso del computer e nella visione della TV (solamente nel gruppo di 18 anni p=0,041); il 30% circa di tutto il campione non svolge l’ora di Educazione Fisica, dato confermato dai dati delle singole fasce d’età; l’attività sportiva pregressa e quella attuale sono assolutamente insufficienti dal punto di vista degli anni, mesi, giorni ed ore; sul campione totale di 664 soggetti, il 55,7 % > 44,4% pratica sport; da notare sempre l’esistenza di una SD molto elevata che puntualizza la mancanza di un progetto e di un indirizzo verso la pratica sportiva; 3) per la valutazione della composizione corporea: nelle ore di allenamento esistono diversità solamente tra maschi e femmine, dato importante perché ci dice che non esistono indicazioni metodologiche per la pratica dello sport in funzione dell’età; il 35,16% non pratica sport, mentre il 50% delle frequenze si ferma a 108 ore annue e 80% a 240 ore che non producono alcuna significativa variazione nella % FM; la % FM ricavata dalla DEXA dimostra che i valori scendono in funzione delle ore di allenamento praticate dalle 5 classi individuate; la DEXA, metodica di riferimento, presenta una r=0.90, 0.86, 0.85, 0.80 rispettivamente con DW, BIA, Sla1, Sla2; il BMI risulta correlato con gli altri indici ma sempre ad un valore più basso (r= 0.53 circa); le differenze di genere sono significative in tutti gli indici; il modello anova con DEXA come variabile risposta, dimostra una costanza di risultati della %FM nelle classi d’età, mentre con il BMI si manifesta una diversità tra la 1 e le altre classi(p=0,0030); il BMI con le classi ore di allenamento non presenta significatività, mentre il grasso DEXA diminuisce fortemente con l’aumento della quantità di ore (classe 0-1 > 2-3-4 p=0,0001/ classe 0-1 > 2-p=0,0406/ classe 2 > 3-4 p=0,0231); con il MRM si consta che quasi tutte le informazioni della DEXA sono giustificate con BIA, DW e Sla1 (Rsq =89,2), mentre l’Rsq sale solamente del 3 per mille (89,5) inserendo BMI, Sla2, Massa_G e Massa_M. Conclusioni 1) Fondamentale monitorare lo stato di salute dei giovani attraverso la Scuola; 2) l’attività sportiva deve seguire principi chiari in merito alle sue quantità ed intensità, infatti i dati dimostrano che aumentando significativamente le ore di allenamento, la % FM diminuisce; 3) dall’indagine scaturisce una tabella di riferimento sulle quantità di attività in funzione dell’età dei soggetti; 4) il BMI da solo non riesce a spiegare compiutamente la composizione corporea; la BIA sembra essere la metodica d’indagine più idonea.
In Italy, overweight and obesity are reaching very alarming levels (James, 2004) (Livingstone, 2000) (Cacciari, 2002) (Brescianini et al., 2002). The multifactorial aetiology makes wide-scale intervention difficult: the occurrence of obesity in children from obese parents shows the influence of genetic factors (Verdich, 2004; Brescianici, 2002; Hawkins et al., 2006-2007); just as adiposity rebound seems to an important indicator of the hereditary nature of overweight (Rolland et al., 1984-2006; Taylor, 2005; Williams 2005); educational strategies are themselves also determining factors in the regulation of caloric intake (Birch, 1980; Rolland, 2006); the depressive component, frequently present in obesity, might alter the sensation of satiety and satisfaction (Farooqi, 2004); in addition, unbalanced fat intake, combined with greater quantities and social habits tending to reduce motor activity in general in addition to sports, are very important exacerbation factors for understanding the phenomenon of obesity (Chehab, 2007; Campbell, 2006; Doak, 2006); the influence of social class and the quantity of sleep, which might be related to changes in the hormones regulating appetite (Spiegel, 2004), should not be forgotten. The medium and long-term causes are very serious, also considering that the risk for a youth remaining obese into adult age is very high (Freedman, 2004; Bernasconi, 2005; Ministry of Health, 2000 ;Bona, 2005; Must, 1992). The above considerations are the reasons why special attention is essential when monitoring the youth population: our study is concerned with this problem. Objective 1) To construct a comprehensive picture of the nutritional state of the adolescent population of the province of Rome; 2) To evaluate body composition by using and comparing various methods; 3) To analyse lifestyle, dietary and activity habits; 4) To define a reference table for identifying the quantity of activity necessary in youths. Materials and methods. The total sample of 664 subjects, subdivided into males and females, has been further sub-divided into study sub-groups depending on the willingness expressed to participate in the various analyses. The evaluations referred to an activity questionnaire (664 subjects), a dietary questionnaire (InDali®) (98 subjects), body composition with Anthropometry, BMI, DEXA, BIA, Plicometry (Slaughter’s formula (1988): tricipital and calf skin-folds (Sla1); Slaughter (1988): tricipital and subscapular skin-folds (Sla2); Durnin and Womersly (1974): bicipital, tricipital, subscapular and soprailiac skin-folds (DW)) (128 subjects); energy expenditure (Armband) (50 subjects). Statistical analyses: descriptive (mean, SD, min., max.) and comparative (T-Test, Pearson, Anova models, multiple regression models). Results and discussion. 1) Diet shows an imbalance in the individual nutrients compared to the LARN (Italian recommended nutrient levels) standards (1996): -1% protein, -6% carbohydrate, +7% fat; significant differences are observed between males and females for all nutrients and caloric intake (p=0.001); no differences are observed between the age bands in males, while there is a difference between the age bands in females 15-16 > 17-18 years p=0.05 with regard to protein and total kCal; high consumption of sugary drinks and snacks; reduced calcium, potassium and fibre intake; females lack iron and zinc; 2) waking time, retiring time and sleep duration show differences between age bands and gender, increasing towards the age of 18 years; all groups study very little, with the females 30’- 40’ more than the males on average (p=0.000; p00.000; p=0.022); no significant differences in computer use and watching TV (only in the 18 year old group p=0.041); almost 30% of the entire sample studied fail to complete one hour of physical education, a point confirmed by the data from the individual age bands; previous sports activities are absolutely insufficient from the viewpoint of years, months, days and hours; from the entire sample of 664 subjects, 55.7% > 44.4% participate in sports; the existence of a very high SD should be noted, pinpointing the lack of planning and application towards sports; 3) for the evaluation of body composition: with regard to the number of hours of training, the only difference is between males and females, a significant point since it is stated that there are no methodological indications for participation in sports as a function of age; 35.16% do not participate in sports, while 50% of those frequenting activities stop at 108 hours per year and 80% at 240 hours, which does not result in any significant variation in %age FM; the %age FM deduced from DEXA shows that values decrease as a function of the hours of training activities practiced by the 5 classes identified; DEXA, the method of reference, gives r=0.90, 0.86, 0.85, 0.80 respectively, with DW, BIA, Sla1, Sla2; BMI correlates with the other indices, but always at a lower value (r= 0.53 approx.); the differences are generally significant in all indices; the ANOVA model with DEXA as the variable response shows consistent results for %age FM in the age classes, while with BMI there is a difference between the 1st and the other classes (p=0.0030); BMI shows no significant differences with the hours of training classes, while DEXA evaluated fat is greatly reduced with increasing time (classes 0-1 > 2-3-4 p=0.0001/ classes 0-1 > 2-p=0.0406/ classes 2 > 3-4 p=0.0231); with MRM it may be stated that almost all the DEXA information is justified by BIA, DW and Sla1 (Rsq =89.2), while Rsq is only increased by 0.3 (89.5) by including BMI, Sla2, Mass_G and Mass_M. Conclusions 1) It is fundamental that the state of youth health be monitored through the school system; 2) sporting activities must follow clear principles with regard to quantity and intensity, indeed the data demonstrates that by significantly increasing training times, the %age FM is reduced; 3) the survey has been used to produce a reference table regarding the quantity of activity as a function of age among the subjects; 4) BMI alone cannot comprehensively explain body composition; BIA seems to be the more suitable investigation method.

Orientador: Henrique Luiz Monteiro
Resumo: A avaliação da composição corporal é um recurso utilizado para a detecção, prevenção e tratamento de doenças relacionadas às alterações no padrão e distribuição dos tecidos corporais. Osteopenia/osteoporose, sarcopenia e obesidade se sobrepõem, criando combinação de outros distúrbios teciduais, sendo a obesidade osteosarcopênica a mais multifacetada. A prática de atividade física pode prevenir/tratar diversas doenças metabólicas e intervir positivamente na capacidade funcional de adultos e idosos. Entretanto, há poucos estudos de intervenção para a população diagnosticada com obesidade sarcopênica ou osteosarcopênica e o uso e aplicação das informações que são disponibilizadas pelo raio-X de dupla energia (DEXA) ainda permanecem bem pouco exploradas. Objetivo: analisar os componentes da composição corporal e explorar a associação entre sarcopenia, obesidade e osteoporose e hábitos de atividades físicas de homens e mulheres, em tratamento na atenção básica em saúde. Explorar as informações que o DEXA disponibiliza e o comportamento de indicadores para predição da obesidade, sarcopenia e suas combinações. Metodologia: estudo transversal com pacientes de 50 anos ou mais, usuários da atenção básica em saúde do município de Bauru-SP. Para a análise da composição corporal foi utilizado DEXA. Entrevistas sobre as características dos pacientes, atividade física habitual, poder aquisitivo, escolaridade, tabagismo e consumo de álcool foram realizadas. Resultados: os 206 pacientes avali... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: Body composition is a resource used for the detection, prevention and treatment of diseases related to changes in the pattern and distribution of body tissues. Osteopenia / osteoporosis, sarcopenia and obesity overlap, creating a combination of other tissue disorders, with osteosarcopenic obesity being the most multifaceted. The practice of physical activity can prevent / treat several metabolic diseases and intervene positively in the functional capacity of adults and the elderly. However, there are few intervention studies for the population diagnosed with sarcopenic or osteosarcopenic obesity, and the use and application of the information provided by dual energy X-ray (DXA) remains poorly explored. Aim: to analyze the components of body composition and explore the association between sarcopenia, obesity and osteoporosis and physical activity habits of men and women, being treated in basic health care. Explore the information that DXA provides and the behavior of indicators for predicting obesity, sarcopenia and their combinations. Methodology: cross-sectional study with patients aged 50 years or older, users of primary health care in the city of Bauru-SP. For body composition analysis, DXA was used. Interviews about patient characteristics, habitual physical activity, purchasing power, schooling, smoking and alcohol consumption were performed. Results: The 206 patients evaluated presented 66.9 + 7 years old, with a predominance of females (81.6%). The prevalence of two or... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
Mestre

Orientador: Jaime Aparecido Cury
Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas. Faculdade de Odontologia de Piracicaba
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Resumo: Modelos in vitro e in situ tem sido desenvolvidos para o estudo do biofilme dental. Protocolos que simulem episódios de "fartura-miséria" quando açúcares da dieta estão presentes na cavidade bucal e permitam avaliação de cárie dental são necessários. Por outro lado, poucos estudos da expressão gênica de biofilmes formados in situ foram realizados. Assim, este trabalho teve como objetivos: Desenvolver e validar um modelo de formação de biofilme de S. mutans que simule episódios de "fartura-miséria" e permita avaliar mudanças no biofilme, e desmineralização do esmalte dental. Também, avaliar o efeito da sacarose na expressão de genes gtfB, gtfC, gtfD e dexA de biofilme dental formado in vitro e in situ. Para os primeros objetivos, biofilmes de S. mutans UA159 cresceram durante 5 dias sobre blocos de esmalte bovino a 37oC, 10% CO2, em meio de cultura ultrapurificado, sendo avaliado: o efeito de concentração (1 a 20%) de sacarose e da freqüência (0 a 8x/dia) de exposição à sacarose. O efeito da clorexidina (0, 012 a 0,12%) 2x/dia e de NaF 0,05% foram testados para validar o modelo. Foram determinadas: viabilidade bacteriana, acidogenicidade do biofilme, biomassa e polissacarídeos; e a desmineralização do esmalte. Para o último objetivo, no estudo in vitro biofilmes de S. mutans UA159 cresceram nas mesmas condições acima citadas e foram expostos à sacarose 1% constante (controle) ou sacarose 10% 8x/dia (grupo intermitente) e após 48, 72 e 120 h os biofilmes foram coletados para análise gênica de gtfB, gtfC, gtfD e dexA. No experimento in situ, um estudo cruzado de 2 fases experimentais de 7 dias foi realizado, com 9 voluntários que usaram um dispositivo palatino contendo 12 blocos de dentina que foram submetidos 8x/dia a soluções de sacarose de 1, 5, 10 e 20%. No final, os biofilmes foram coletados para análise microbiológica, bioquímica e de expressão gênica de gtfB, gtfC, gtfD e dexA. Os resultados de padronização mostraram que as concentrações de sacarose de 10% e 20% e a frequência 8x/dia provocam mudanças no biofilme e na demineralização similares ao controle. Clorexidina mostrou efeito dose resposta, diminuindo biomassa, viabilidade bacteriana, acidogenicidade do biofilme e demineralização do esmalte, NaF 0,05% não mostrou atividade antimicrobiana, mas apresentou similar efeito a clorexidina 0,12% na redução da desmineralização. Para o último objetivo, os resultados in vitro do grupo intermitente mostraram que a expressão de genes analisados parece ser constante enquanto que no controle a expressão desses genes incrementou-se em função ao tempo. No estudo in situ, o incremento da concentração de sacarose aumentou os valores de peso úmido do biofilme, lactobacilos e polissacarídeos extracelulares do biofilme. Quanto a expressão gênica, só foi possível quantificar o gtfB e não apresentou diferenças entre os grupos. Em conclusão, o modelo in vitro apresenta potencial para avaliar o efeito antimicrobiano de substâncias sobre biofilmes e desmineralização dental. A quantificação da expressão de genes gtfB, gtfC, gtfD e dexA foi possível in vitro, mas in situ somente a expressão de gtfB foi determinada e não parece ser regulada pela concentração de sacarose.
Abstract: In vitro and in situ models have been developed to study dental biofilms. Protocols, that simulate the alternations of "feast or famine" episodes that happen in oral environment in the presence of dietary carbohydrates and allowing dental caries evaluation, are necessaries. On the other hand, few studies about gene expression of dental biofilm formed in situ were performed. Thus, the objectives of this research were: To develop and to validate a model of S. mutans biofilm formation simulating 'feast-famine' episodes that allows biofilms and dental demineralization changes assessment. Also, to evaluate the effect of sucrose exposure on expression of gtfB, gtfC, gtfD and dexA of in vitro and in situ dental biofilms. For the first objectives, S. mutans UA159 biofilms were grown during 5 days on bovine enamel slabs at 37oC, 10% CO2 in ultra-purified culture media. To develop the model, the effect of sucrose concentration (1 - 20%) 8x/day and frequency (0 - 8x/day) exposure were evaluated and to validate the model, chlorhexidine (CHX) effect (0.012- 0.12%) 2x/day was tested. Bacterial viability, biofilm acidogenicity, biomass and polysaccharides were determined, and enamel demineralization was evaluated by surface hardness loss. To the last objective, for in vitro study, S. mutans UA159 biofilms were grown in the same conditions of previous experiments and were exposed to 1% sucrose constantly (control) or 10% sucrose 8x/day (intermittent group) and after 48, 72 and 120 h the biofilms were collected for analysis. For in situ experiment, a crossover study was conducted in two phases of 7 days each, with nine volunteers that wore intraoral palatal appliances containing 12 dental dentin slabs, which were extra orally submitted 8 times/day to sucrose solutions of 1%, 5%, 10% and 20% . On the 7th day, biofilms were collected for analysis. RNA from the in vitro and in situ biofilms were extracted and purified. Gene expression of gtfB, gtfC, gtfD and dexA were evaluated by real time PCR. In vitro development and validation results showed that 10% and 20% sucrose concentrations and frequency 8x/day provoked biofilm and enamel demineralization changes similar to control group. CHX showed dose-response effect decreasing biomass, bacterial viability and enamel demineralization (p<0.05). Also, 0.05% NaF did not show antimicrobial effect but had similar effect than 0.12% CHX decreasing enamel demineralization (p<0.05). With regard to gene expression of in vitro experiment, gene expression of intermittent group was constant along the time. In situ results showed that biofilm wet weight, lactobacillus, extracellular polysaccharides values of the biofilm increased according to the increase of sucrose exposure. No differences for gtfB gene expression between the groups were observed (p<0.05) and no levels of gtfC, gtfD and dexA were detected. In conclusion, the model developed and validated has potential to assess substances with antimicrobial effect on biofilm and dental demineralization. Quantification of gtfB, gtfC, gtfD and dexA gene expression levels were possible for S. mutans biofilms in vitro study but only gtfB gene expression of in situ study can be determined and was not regulated by sucrose concentration.
Doutorado
Cariologia
Doutor em Odontologia

AUTHORS: Beatrice Isaksson and Zanna Nyman TITLE: To share or not to share – Facebook’s impact on co-worker relationships. SWEDISH TITLE: Att dela eller icke dela – Facebooks påverkan på ko­ll­e­gors relationer LEVEL: BA Thesis in Media and Communication Science LANGUAGE: Swedish NUMBER OF PAGES: 64 PURPOSE: This study will aim to contribute to the improvement of knowledge in the field of media and communication science, related to how Facebook affects co-worker relationships in Swedish organisations. METHODOLOGY: This study will use surveys to measure the attitudes of employees who use Facebook in three different organisations and look at how this influences their working relationships. FINDINGS: The findings in this study support the idea that Facebook does have an effect on co-worker relationships. The research undertaken shows that Facebook causes increased levels of annoyance amongst employees. However, despite this; if used in a respectful manner, co-workers that have colleagues as Facebook friends can in fact strengthen their working relationship. RESEARCH IMPLICATIONS: The variables in this study are self-reported. This means they are subject to the normal limitations of cross-sectional survey research. PRACTICAL IMPLICATION: This study will help organisations to improve their understanding of the influence Facebook has on their employees. This research can be used as guidance on the proper use of Facebook, which should help to minimise the levels of annoyance amongst employees and strengthen their working relationships. ORIGINALITY/VALUE: No research on this issue has been undertaken in Sweden before and so this study aims to alert organisations and provide them with the appropriate knowledge of how communication over social media impacts the relationships between their employees. PROGRAM: The Program for Information and Communication studies. LOCATION: Linnaeus University, Växjö DATE OF SUBMISSION: 2016-06-10 ASSESSOR: Eva Lundberg KEYWORDS: Co-worker relationship ∙ Social media ∙ Facebook ∙ Organisational research

Deva Plus Dog is a look at the life of a teenage girl singularly devoted to the sport of dog agility. The film explores how relationships develop and evolve in the high stakes world of competition, and how an alternative lifestyle impacts a youth’s coming of age.

Product sharing systems is recently starting to become a more common phenomenon. Carpools exist in more than 40 Swedish towns and both Stockholm and Gothenburg have established bicycle sharing systems. Other products for which sharing systems have been established throughout Sweden are clothing and tools. From the point of view of the consumer, product sharing systems is a form of consumption which can be placed somewhere in between renting and privately owning a product, where the consumers usually pay a membership fee or a monthly fee to have access to the products whenever they need them. The concept is relatively new, and there are many products for which product sharing systems do not exist. As a consequence, previous research in the area is scarce, with the exception of car pools. However, some research discussing product sharing systems in general exists, such as the research by Lamberton & Rose and Mont. In this thesis, previous research is further developed by analyzing what enables and hinders product sharing systems, and for what type of products these systems are suitable. A mix between a quantitative and a qualitative method is used, as both interviews with owners of sharing systems and a questionnaire survey with potential consumers are carried out. To analyze the concept, institutional and behavioral economic theory is used as well as traditional microeconomics. Both the interviews and the survey indicate that the general knowledge of product sharing systems is low and that it is hard in general for companies to reach out to new users. For the consumers, one of the biggest problems is the perceived risk of not having access to the products when they are needed. Another conclusion is that products for which variety is desired, such as clothing and books, that are used frequently, are especially suitable for product sharing systems.
Produktdelningssystem har under de senaste åren blivit ett allt vanligare fenomen. Bilpooler går att finna i över 40 orter runt om i Sverige, och i både Stockholm och Göteborg har cykeldelningssystem upprättats. Övriga produkter som delningssystem har uppkommit för på olika ställen i Sverige är bland annat kläder och verktyg. Ur konsumentens synpunkt kan delningssystemen ses som ett mellanting mellan hyrande och privat ägande, då konsumenterna oftast betalar någon sorts medlemsavgift eller månadsavgift för att få använda en produkt då de har behovet. Konceptet är relativt nytt och för många produkter finns det ännu inga produktdelningssystem. På grund av detta har produktdelning inte behandlats mycket av tidigare forskning, där undantaget är kring bildelning. En del forskning finns dock att hitta som behandlar produktdelning mer generellt, som exempelvis av Lamberton & Rose och Mont. I denna uppsats vidareutvecklas den tidigare forskningen genom att undersöka vad det är som möjliggör respektive förhindrar produktdelningssystemens uppkomst, och för vilka produkter dessa system är mest lämpade. En blandning av kvantitativ och kvalitativ metod används då både intervjuer med ägare av delningssystem och en enkätundersökning med potentiella konsumenter utförs. För att analysera konceptet använder vi oss av institutionell och beteendeekonomisk teori i kombination med traditionell mikroekonomi. Både intervjuerna och enkäterna tyder på att kännedomen om produktdelningssystem är låg och att det är svårt för företagen att nå ut till kunder. För konsumenternas del är ett av de största problemen den upplevda risken att inte ha tillgång till produkterna då de behövs. En annan slutsats som kan dras är att de produkter för vilka variation önskas, exempelvis kläder och böcker, är lämpade för produktdelning under förutsättningen att produkterna används ofta.

This Master’s thesis aims to examine how study participants reason about what they share on Facebook in order to create a deeper understanding of motivations behind sharing. Another aim is to investigate what role credibility assessments have in sharing. The previous research on information sharing and Facebook is limited. To investigate these issues, qualitative semi-structured interviews were conducted with 10 participants aged 20–35. Toanalyze the interviews, qualitative content analysis was used. The themes that emerged were:motivations behind sharing, what is shared, audience, professional/private, discussion and credibility assessments. The results showed that the participants’ main motivations to share something were to either influence others or to strengthen their own identity on Facebook. The clearest result is that all participants state that it is important to them that they stand for what they share. What the participants share is also strongly linked to why they share –mainly they share political posts. Most participants say that they primarily have their closes tfriends in mind when sharing. Credibility is also linked to other themes. Credibility in many cases is one of the criteria that determine what participants choose to share. The participants also said that they generally rely more on what people they know well post or share.

Cílem diplomová práce ?Ocenění společnosti Deza, a.s.? je stanovení vnitřní hodnoty akcie za účelem prodeje zatím neznámému kupci. V teoreticko-metodologické části je vymezen podnik jako předmět ocenění, jednotlivé kategorie hodnoty a metody pro oceňování podniků. V praktické části je představena a analyzována oceňovaná společnost. Je provedena analýza vnějšího potenciálu a strategická analýza. Na základě zjištěných skutečností je sestaven finanční plán. Vnitřní hodnota akcie je určena pomocí metody diskontovaného CF entity.

The aim of this thesis is to focus on effectiveness of project Depo Tábor 70. There is economic efficiency and also functionality and better service making. If possible, better solution shall be proposed. At the end, the current state is evaluated and compared to previous state.

The topic of my thesis is to study the complex reconstruction of the locomotive servicing depot Praha Liben. The locomotive depot is both operational maintenance and repair trains. The section reconstruction begins in turnout number 1, the whole area locomotive depot will be reconstructed. The main task is to propose an exchange of stepped old construction turnout for turnout new one in the whole area of the depot. The total number of changed points is 27. Depot demolition tasks in order to extend the track number 10 on the minimum usable effective length of 105 meters is the other task. Establishment of two dead-end tracks number 15 and 17 will be extend to an effective length of 105 metres. Retaining wall with PU componentsis designed along track 17. The next task is to solve the drainage area. The area will be drained interconnected system drains into the sewer and trench walls.

Knowledge Management (KM) är ett välkänt område inom företagsekonomin. KM används för att hantera kunskap inom företag exempelvis för att skapa, hantera, lagra och dela information. I den här studien har vi gått närmare in på kunskapsdelning hos säljare. Vi skriver, i denna studie, på uppdrag av Företag A, som är verksamma inom transportbranschen i Sverige. I uppdraget ingår det att ta reda på hur Företag A kan ta del av säljarnas kunskap och information om bland annat kunder och konkurrenter. Det teoretiska syftet med uppsatsen är att förstå vilka möjligheter och hinder som påverkar säljare att dela med sig av kunskap till andra i en organisation. För att kunna svara på syftet har vi använt oss av teorier som behandlar kunskapsdelning, Knowledge Transfer, Knowledge Sharing och exempelvis Nonaka & Takeuchis (1995) klassiska SECI modell samt Communities of Practice. För att se vilka hinder som påverkar kunskapsdelning har vi gått in på Rieges (2005) tre indelningar av hinder som är individuella, organisationella och tekniska hinder. Vi har gjort en kvalitativ studie och genomfört semi-strukturerade intervjuer med nio personer från företagets säljavdelning. Resultatet visar på att det finns många som delar kunskap med andra personer inom sin avdelning men även till andra personer och avdelningar internt på företaget. Vi ser bland annat att säljarna har möjlighet att snabbt se förändringar som kan ske, eftersom de har en nära dialog med sig kund. Det gör att om säljarna delar med sig av den informationen till företaget kan de utnyttja det till att bland annat ändra sina erbjudanden på att de passar kunden bättre. Vi har även kommit fram till att de IT-system som finns och används på företaget har möjlighet att förbättras, för att det upplevs av studiens respondenter att det saknas enkla sökfunktioner samt att det finns begränsade åtkomster i företagens befintliga system. I slutet på den här studien tar vi upp fler slutsatser som vi funnit samt ger praktiska rekommendationer till företaget som de kan använda för att skapa bättre förutsättningar för att dela kunskap och information internt.

This thesis attempts to outline Calvin's practice of evangelisation in the period 1555-64 and to identify the theological basis for this activity as it is expressed in his works. It is argued that during the last ten years of his life Calvin was preoccupied with the propagation of the Gospel in France and western Europe and that echoes of this preoccupation may be discerned in his publications dating from this period. There are three parts to the thesis. Part I is chiefly historical and has two aims. The first is to convey, by a detailed study of the primary sources (including unpublished ecclesiastical correspondence), the full extent of the evangelistic enterprise which arose in Geneva after 1555 and of Calvin's role in it. The second is to show that a series of Lectures on the Old Testament Prophets which Calvin gave in 'the school' at Geneva was addressed to people caught up in this missionary endeavour and is to be read in this light. Part I concludes by identifying two themes which permeate these and other related theological expositions: 'the progress of the Kingdom of Christ 1 and 'the restoration (or reformation) of the Church'. The missionary content of these themes is established in Parts II and III of the thesis, which are consequently more theological. The sustained parallel between Part II of the thesis (which is devoted to the ecclesiological aspects of these themes) and Part III (which is devoted to their soteriological aspects) bears witness to the close connection between ecclesiology and soteriology which is characteristic of Calvin's thought about evangelisation. The identification and elucidation of this parallel is perhaps the single most important contribution made by this thesis.