Tesi sul tema "Développement de drogue"
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Benameur, Hassan. "Développement, optimisation et caractérisation d'une pro-drogue lipophile de la dexamethasone sous forme liposomale". Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/211320.
Testo completoGeorgievski, Aleksandra. "Rôle des vésicules extracellulaires produites par les cellules leucémiques et développement d’immunoliposomes thérapeutiques pour le traitement des cancers hématologiques". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024UBFCI011.
Testo completoExtracellular vesicles (EVs) produced by leukemic cells play a crucial role in the tumor microenvironment and modify the behavior of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs). Our findings, obtained using xenograft models, revealed that acute lymphoblastic leukemia derived EVs express HSP70, a protein characteristic of cancer cells. They selectively target HSCs, thus disrupting their quiescent state and promoting leukemia progression. Inspired by these findings, we developed immune-liposomes, called Val-ILs, to mimic the ability of EVs to transport different cargoes while specifically targeting certain cell populations. Val-ILs present antibodies on their surface, allowing them to target cancer cells and induce their death through the encapsulated Valrubicin. Our results demonstrated that Val-ILs significantly reduced leukemia development without affecting healthy mesenchymal and hematopoietic stem cells. Their potential in lymphomas, by targeting immunosuppressives cells, offers promising therapeutic perspectives. These preclinical results highlight the potential of EVs and immunoliposomes as innovative tools in the fight against hematological cancers, offering more targeted and less toxic therapeutic strategies
Bulteau, François. "Ciblage in vivo des tumeurs via l'antigène Tn : Développement d'un cluster de Macrophage Galactose Lectine Human Macrophage Galactose-Type Lectin (MGL) Recognizes the Outer Core of Escherichia coli Lipooligosaccharide". Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020GRALV048.
Testo completoAll cells, whether prokaryotic or eukaryotic, have a rich and diversified external glycosylation layer, forming the immediate dominant face in relation to their environment. They result from complex enzymatic processes linking sugars to each other and to proteins or lipids. Variations of the "glycome" can appear in certain pathologies. Cancers are the most frequent pathologies with abnormalities in these glycosylations. These alterations are almost systematic on the surface of cancer cells. Among them, the Thomsen-new antigen (Tn), an N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc) on a serine or threonine, is strongly expressed in 90% of mammary carcinomas as well as in cancers of the bladder, cervix, ovary, colon, stomach and prostate. The ubiquitous presence of the Tn antigen in many cancers, combined with its absence in healthy cells, makes it a target of choice for targeted therapy or synthetic anti-tumor vaccines. No antibody targeting the Tn antigen is currently available because of the difficulty in developing an antibody with such specificity. Thus, we were interested in an alternative targeting strategy, based on the use of a molecule capable of recognizing the Tn antigen. C-Type lectins are a family of proteins capable of specifically and reversibly binding to certain carbohydrates in the presence of calcium. Macrophage galactose lectin (MGL) is a C-type lectin with a high affinity for GalNac and its derivatives such as the Tn antigen. This work consisted, initially, in the use of a soluble recombinant form of MGL to validate the potential of this tool for the targeting of cancer cells. The different experiments, in vitro and in vivo, involving MGL, demonstrated the latter's ability to specifically target human tumors via the Tn antigen. The extracellular portion of MGL is therefore a very good vector candidate for the diagnosis and imaging of human tumors and potentially for drug delivery. In a second step, various strategies for the development of a bifunctional tool exploiting this lectin were explored. The goal was to create a peptide platform that could be functionalized on one hand with several lectin domains, in order to control recognition affinity, and on the other hand with functional groups that could be variable according to the application (diagnostic, therapeutic, ...). The different coupling strategies employed allowed us to attach several lectin CRDs to a peptide support, while preserving the three-dimensional and functional state of the proteins. The characterizations carried out show a significant increase in affinity directly related to the number of lectins added to the platform. This work paves the way to new customizable sugar-targeting systems
González, Morales Nicanor. "L'intestin adulte comme modèle d'étude de l'asymétrie droite-gauche chez la Drosophile : couplage entre la myosine ID et la polarité planaire dans l'asymétrie droite-gauche chez la Drosophile". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Nice, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014NICE4071.
Testo completoStereotyped left right (LR) asymmetry ensures proper looping of internal organs. In Drosophila, the adult hindgut (AHG) has a clear stereotypical dextral loop and, like all LR asymmetric organs, require MyoID for correct orientation. MyoID is an unconventional myosin type I that binds to DE-Cadherin, this association is required for proper LR establishment; however the mechanism that translates MyoID chirality into proper morphogenesis remains unknown. The AHG is a long tube coiled dextrally and located in the middle of the abdominal region. It develops from a cluster of progenitors containing two different populations of cells, H1 and H2. Here, we show that MyoID controls the AHG dextral loop by binding to the atypical cadherin Dachsous in H1 cells. Further, Ds-Fat signaling propagates towards the H2 cells which in turn become polarized towards the right and consequently loop. H1 is a transient population of cells that wear off in the first hours of metamorphosis; nevertheless the dextral information generated in H1 is maintained in H2 cells due to the cooperative action of PCP components. We demonstrate that the molecular basis of the LR establishment downstream of MyoID action lies in the PCP system, which has a double role transmitting and maintaining a dextral signal in the AHG. Thus, we provide for the first time a link in L/R morphogenesis between Drosophila and vertebrates in which PCP mutants result in L/R defects. Furthermore, in our attempts to better understand the evolution of L/R morphogenesis we found the recently co-Appearance of a myoID cis-Regulatory element and the AHG dextral loop, during Drosophila evolution, suggesting that changes in myoID express
González, Morales Nicanor. "L'intestin adulte comme modèle d'étude de l'asymétrie droite-gauche chez la Drosophile : couplage entre la myosine ID et la polarité planaire dans l'asymétrie droite-gauche chez la Drosophile". Thesis, Nice, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014NICE4071/document.
Testo completoStereotyped left right (LR) asymmetry ensures proper looping of internal organs. In Drosophila, the adult hindgut (AHG) has a clear stereotypical dextral loop and, like all LR asymmetric organs, require MyoID for correct orientation. MyoID is an unconventional myosin type I that binds to DE-Cadherin, this association is required for proper LR establishment; however the mechanism that translates MyoID chirality into proper morphogenesis remains unknown. The AHG is a long tube coiled dextrally and located in the middle of the abdominal region. It develops from a cluster of progenitors containing two different populations of cells, H1 and H2. Here, we show that MyoID controls the AHG dextral loop by binding to the atypical cadherin Dachsous in H1 cells. Further, Ds-Fat signaling propagates towards the H2 cells which in turn become polarized towards the right and consequently loop. H1 is a transient population of cells that wear off in the first hours of metamorphosis; nevertheless the dextral information generated in H1 is maintained in H2 cells due to the cooperative action of PCP components. We demonstrate that the molecular basis of the LR establishment downstream of MyoID action lies in the PCP system, which has a double role transmitting and maintaining a dextral signal in the AHG. Thus, we provide for the first time a link in L/R morphogenesis between Drosophila and vertebrates in which PCP mutants result in L/R defects. Furthermore, in our attempts to better understand the evolution of L/R morphogenesis we found the recently co-Appearance of a myoID cis-Regulatory element and the AHG dextral loop, during Drosophila evolution, suggesting that changes in myoID express
Bourahla, Rachida. "Le trafic international de stupéfiants et l'économie des pays du tiers-monde". Aix-Marseille 3, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997AIX32057.
Testo completoEveryone use to see the international drug traffic as an under development problem. But this assumption unanimous and universally admitted, that third world economy's countries is the cause of the international traffic drug, has never been demonstrated. The purpose of this study is precisely to appreciate the reality of this link. The such study is all the more necessary as actually, the approach of drug question is quite focused on supply side problem. Found the reality of the link required a global approach. It needed not only to analyze the traffic in each countrie involved in, but also to study the drug story and his international law. What wee discovered is that the international drug traffic have nothing to do directly with the third world economy's countries. In effect, the fact is that it's quite technically impossible to demonstrate that the economy of the under developed contries is the whole cause of the drug traffic, and so precisely because of the contain of the concept of third world economy's countries. But in return, it appear, and wee have proved it, that the international traffic drug is the result of numerous causes, not only socio-economical, but also cultural, geographical, historical and legal, which are not specific to the third world economy's countries, in such a way that the third world economy's countries can not be regarded as the cause of international drug traffic, but at more as an propitius factor. The fact is, finely, that international drug traffic is not an under development problem but fundamentally a criminal one
Lacuisse, Marie-Esther. "La controverse sur le développement alternatif à la coca : la comparaison de la mise en œuvre des projets de coopération en Bolivie et au Pérou". Paris, Institut d'études politiques, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012IEPP0070.
Testo completoThis thesis deals with a development cooperation policy that includes the battle against drugs. It is indeed the so-called Alternativ Development policy implemented as a new concept by the United Nations to reduce the production supply of some plants well known for their narcotic nature, such as the coca leaf or opium poppy. The thesis aims to explain the divergences of opinions on Alternativ development within the key players, and much precisely the various reactions of the target countries from the analysis of the controverse on coca leaf and by the conditions of production of the projects. Thus, this approach means to underline more the analysis of the issue than the effects of the projects. This thesis builds itself on an inductive reasoning that compares the implementation of projects in Peru and Bolivia, from a "projet au concret" point of view to understand the variety of stakes of this controverse. This thesis hinges on the different approaches to achieve a multi-level and multi-sectional goal where the policies stakes become intermingled ( fight on narcotratic drugs, development of the State and rural local development ). Beyond the divisions of the key players on the strategy to apply to fight against drugs, the thesis will also intend to compare the various reactions of the producers on the cooperation project in some local areas where little public policies are being led
Joubert, Valentin. "Analyse isotopique positionnelle pour les sciences forensiques : développement et utilisation de la spectrométrie RMN quantitative 13C and 15N NMR spectrometry". Thesis, Nantes, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018NANT4078/document.
Testo completoIn the battle against the illicit drugs market, this is drug profiling which is currently used as a tool to track drugs trafficking routes. Profiling methods can rely on synthetic impurities, residual solvents, etc. In the ANR project FRIIME, the same objective will be pursued but using the intrinsic marker of the isotopic content of the target molecules. So far, only overall isotopic content has been exploited and measured by isotope ratio mass spectrometry (irm-MS). By using innovative methods employing nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), the study of the position-specific isotopic distribution of the targeted products is now obtained. This work was based on the optimization of a multi-pulse sequence (INEPT) enabling to improve significantly NMR 13C sensitivity in order to ensure full isotopic tracing on large molecules. This new tool will be tested on real samples of drug for which the cutting agents will be analyzed to have an isotopic profile marker of their origin. Then new information on networks will be obtained. For the first time, this knowledge will be transposed to 15N position-specific isotopic analysis by quantiative NMR as contribution for explosives analyses as 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT)
Lagadec, Ronan. "Mécanismes de latéralisation de l'épithalamus chez la lamproie et la roussette". Thesis, Paris 6, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA066423/document.
Testo completoVertebrates are part of the bilaterally symmetric animals but this one is not perfect and numerous asymmetries can be seen between the left and right sides, especially in the nervous system. The epithalamus has proven itself to be the model system for brain lateralization mechanisms’ studies. This structure derived from the dorsal diencephalon contains by the bilaterally paired habenular nuclei and the pineal complex, which includes the pineal gland and parapineal organ. The habenulae exhibit more or less marked left-right asymmetries among most of the major vertebrate taxa. The parapineal is also asymmetrical but it is absent in many taxa. Zebrafish is the model system for the studies of the developmental mechanisms of epithalamic asymmetries. In this species, a lateralized parapineal migration is required for the establishment of habenular asymmetries. The underlying genetic mechanisms have also been partially decrypted. The first conspicuous asymmetry in the dorsal diencephalon corresponds to a left-sided expression of components of the Nodal signalling pathway. This asymmetric Nodal signalling activity is essential to induce an early neurogenetic asymmetry but not necessary the formation of epithalamic asymmetries per se. Its role is restricted to provide a bias to the parapineal organ’s lateralized migration, and thus influence the laterality of epithalamic asymmetries. Indeed, habenular asymmetries are induced by the final position of the parapineal organ. Conservation of these mechanisms described in zebrafish across vertebrates remains an open question. During this thesis, I tried to understand the evolution of these mechanisms by studying a Chondrichthyes, the catshark Scyliorhinus canicula and cyclostomes, the lampreys Petromyzon marinus and Lampetra planeri. Their phylogenetic position and the major asymmetries in size observed between their left and right habenulae make these species good model systems to understand the origin of these mechanisms in vertebrates. My work leads to three main conclusions:(1) As in zebrafish, we have found an asymmetric expression of the components of the Nodal signalling pathway in the left dorsal diencephalon of the catshark and the lamprey. The laterality of the asymmetry is conserved between these three species, which allows us to exclude a reversed laterality in lampreys like it was proposed on the basis of arguments related to the size of habenular nuclei.(2) The Nodal signalling pathway is requied for the establishment of habenular asymmetries in the catshark and lamprey thus suggesting an ancestral role in the development of epithalamic asymmetries.(3) A detailed analysis of proliferation-differentiation patterns in the catshark habenulae during their development highlighted multiple cellular and molecular asymmetries. In particular it showed the existence of an earlier left-sided asymmetric neurogenesis.These studies provide new insights about the origin and diversification of the mechanisms controlling the establishment of vertebrates’ brain asymmetries. The study of the lamprey and the dogfish, two unconventional model systems open new perspectives for their understanding
Lecerf, Schmidt Florine. "Conception et développement de nouveaux ligands des transporteurs ABCG2 et MRP1 dans le cadre de la résistance à de multiples drogues anticancéreuses". Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015GREAV012/document.
Testo completoResistance to chemotherapeutic agents (Multidrug Resistance or MDR) is a major hurdle for anticancer chemotherapy. Among different mechanisms involved in MDR, the overexpression of membrane proteins belonging to ABC family is the most relevant one. Among such proteins, ABCG2 and MRP1 are considered to play an important role. These transporters are able to induce a massive efflux of anticancer agents out of the cancer cells, reducing their intracellular concentration and their therapeutic potency. In order to overcome this resistance, novel modulators of ABCG2 and MRP1 were designed, synthetized and tested biologically. In this context, new derivatives of chromones as inhibitors of ABCG2 were developed in order to restore sensitivity of cancer cells to chemotherapeutic agents. In addition, molecular modelling of new pharmacophores allowed us to gather new data exploring ABCG2-ligand interactions. New modulators of MRP1, derivatives of flavonoids, are able to induce a massive efflux of intracellular glutathione that is mediated by the protein, without being transported and causing selective apoptosis of cancer cells overexpressing MRP1
Bessodes, Nathalie. "Étude des mécanismes régulant l'expression du gène nodal lors de l'établissement de l'asymétrie gauche-droite chez l'oursin Paracentrotus lividus". Nice, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011NICE4065.
Testo completoOne of the key signaling pathways in the formation of left-right anix in most species is the TGFβ Nodal. This gene is the first to be asymmetrically expressed along the left-right axis. Delta/Notch pathways initiates Nodal expression but according to different species, ion pump or ciliated cells are responsible for the asymmetrical nature of this expression. P. Lividus sea urchin is a good model to study the setting up of this asymmetry according to the fact that during larvae phase an imaginal disk will be systematically positioned on the left side of the larvae. The role of nodal gene is preserved in the sea urchin model. Its asymmetric expression starts in the right mesoderm and then proceeds in the left ectoderm. But by which mechanisms the asymmetric expression of nodal is controlled in this organism ? During my thesis I was able to disclose several determining signaling pathways involved in the regulation of nodal expression : Nodal and Univin (GDF1= initiated in the ventral ectoderm are necessary to the expression of nodal in the right mesoderm. Delta/Notch and FGF/ERK pathways control the asymmetric expression of nodal in mesoderm and ectoderm. One of the most striking results of this study is the discovery that the ionic pumps effect on the left right asymmetry is mediated by Delta/Notch pathway. This opens up interesting perspectives for the left/right asymmetry studies in the vertebrates. There is therefore a mechanism extremely conserved in the sea urchin that involves the ionic pumps and the Delta/Notch pathway, upstream of nodal expression
Lagadec, Ronan. "Mécanismes de latéralisation de l'épithalamus chez la lamproie et la roussette". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris 6, 2015. https://accesdistant.sorbonne-universite.fr/login?url=https://theses-intra.sorbonne-universite.fr/2015PA066423.pdf.
Testo completoVertebrates are part of the bilaterally symmetric animals but this one is not perfect and numerous asymmetries can be seen between the left and right sides, especially in the nervous system. The epithalamus has proven itself to be the model system for brain lateralization mechanisms’ studies. This structure derived from the dorsal diencephalon contains by the bilaterally paired habenular nuclei and the pineal complex, which includes the pineal gland and parapineal organ. The habenulae exhibit more or less marked left-right asymmetries among most of the major vertebrate taxa. The parapineal is also asymmetrical but it is absent in many taxa. Zebrafish is the model system for the studies of the developmental mechanisms of epithalamic asymmetries. In this species, a lateralized parapineal migration is required for the establishment of habenular asymmetries. The underlying genetic mechanisms have also been partially decrypted. The first conspicuous asymmetry in the dorsal diencephalon corresponds to a left-sided expression of components of the Nodal signalling pathway. This asymmetric Nodal signalling activity is essential to induce an early neurogenetic asymmetry but not necessary the formation of epithalamic asymmetries per se. Its role is restricted to provide a bias to the parapineal organ’s lateralized migration, and thus influence the laterality of epithalamic asymmetries. Indeed, habenular asymmetries are induced by the final position of the parapineal organ. Conservation of these mechanisms described in zebrafish across vertebrates remains an open question. During this thesis, I tried to understand the evolution of these mechanisms by studying a Chondrichthyes, the catshark Scyliorhinus canicula and cyclostomes, the lampreys Petromyzon marinus and Lampetra planeri. Their phylogenetic position and the major asymmetries in size observed between their left and right habenulae make these species good model systems to understand the origin of these mechanisms in vertebrates. My work leads to three main conclusions:(1) As in zebrafish, we have found an asymmetric expression of the components of the Nodal signalling pathway in the left dorsal diencephalon of the catshark and the lamprey. The laterality of the asymmetry is conserved between these three species, which allows us to exclude a reversed laterality in lampreys like it was proposed on the basis of arguments related to the size of habenular nuclei.(2) The Nodal signalling pathway is requied for the establishment of habenular asymmetries in the catshark and lamprey thus suggesting an ancestral role in the development of epithalamic asymmetries.(3) A detailed analysis of proliferation-differentiation patterns in the catshark habenulae during their development highlighted multiple cellular and molecular asymmetries. In particular it showed the existence of an earlier left-sided asymmetric neurogenesis.These studies provide new insights about the origin and diversification of the mechanisms controlling the establishment of vertebrates’ brain asymmetries. The study of the lamprey and the dogfish, two unconventional model systems open new perspectives for their understanding
Haillot, Emmanuel. "Études des voies de signalisation Nodal et BMP dans la mise en place de l'axe dorso-ventral et gauche-droite de l'embryon d'oursin Paracentrotus lividus". Nice, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012NICE4098.
Testo completoThe establishment of the anteroposterior, dorso-ventral and left-right polarity axis of the embryo requires communication between cells through signaling molecules, whose mode of action is poorly understood. In the sea urchin as in vertebrates, the molecules of the TGF- β family, Nodal and BMP2/4, are essential to specify the dorso-ventral and left-right axes of the embryo. During my PhD, I contributed to the dissection of the genetic network downstream of Nodal and BMP2/4 signaling pathways. We characterized the expression and analyzed the function of 18 genes encoding transcription factors and 8 genes encoding ligands, and defined the relationships between these genes. I also contributed to a study of the function of the transcriptional repressor Tel that we identified as a major regulator of the spatial expression of Nodal, downstream of MAP kinases p38 and JNK. I showed that it also acts as an antagonist of the Wnt signaling pathway. I then demonstrated that BMP signaling is essential to restrict Nodal expression in the ventral region through the ligands GDF and BMP2/4, via the receptors ALK1/2 and ALK3/6. Intriguingly, I discovered that one of the fundamental mechanisms, which, in vertebrates allows adjustment of the highlighting a striking conservation of the mechanisms of axis specification and patterning. Finally, I participated in the analysis of the early steps regulating establishment of the left-right axis. We showed that the FGF/ERK and BMP2/4 pathways are essential for nodal expression in a discrete region of the endomesoderm on the right side that has the properties of a left right organizing center. In contrast, Notch signaling and the activity of the pump H+/K+ are required to prevent nodal expression on the left side of the endomesoderm
Charoy, Camille. "Mécanismes moléculaires de polarisation des projections neuronales dans l'axe droite-gauche". Thesis, Lyon 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LYO10090/document.
Testo completoThe nervous circuits have stereotype positions within the major body axes. During development, axonal navigation and special positioning of the axon tracts in the target territories are regulated by many axon guidance factors. During my thesis I have been interested in two models of neuronal circuit formation that present a leftright polarity. The first one concerns the formation of the spinal commissural neurons projections, a model of oriented navigation along the left-right axis and the second one is the innervation of the phrenic motoneurons, a novel model of left-right asymmetric innervation pattern. Rhythmic locomotor movements like walking, running or swimming require neuronal circuits ensuring left-right coordination. Central components of these circuits are commissural neurons of the spinal cord. During development theses neurons are projecting axons across the midline that divides the nervous system in two parts, which connect the contralateral side of the spinal cord. Extensive work focused on the mechanisms controlling midline crossing. These study revealed a fundamental role of guidance factors secreted by floor plate cells at the ventral midline such as Netrins, Slits and Semaphorins. They also revealed that before crossing, axons are attracted towards the floor plate, and navigating by the floor plate they lose responsiveness to these attractive factors and develop a new sensitivity to repulsive cues that drive them out of the floor plate. In a previous study, my team showed that commissural axons gain response to Sema3B only after floor plate crossing (Nawabi et al., 2010). Before crossing, Plexin-A1 the Sema3B receptor is processed by a protease: the Calpain1. During crossing suppression of this pathway enable Plexin-A1 expression at growth cone surface, leading to sensitization to Sema3B. The suppression of Calpain activity was found controlled by floor plate signals, which remained unknown. During my thesis I have identified and characterized the functional contribution of two floor plate signals that are responsible for the inhibition of Calpain activity and axon sensitization to Sema3B after midline crossing: the neurotrophic factor gdnf and the cell adhesion molecule NrCAM. My results bring new elements on the control of midline crossing processes, Semaphorin signaling, and post-translational modifications of the Plexins receptors. In my second project, I have been interested in left-right asymmetries of the nervous system through the study of a new model of left-right asymmetry: the diaphragm innervation. The diaphragm is a muscle essential for breathing, it is composed of one central tendinous region and two lateral muscles. These muscles are innervated by a subset of cervical spinal cord motoneurons which forms the left and right phrenic nerves. Despite its central disposition in the organism and its apparent symmetry, we noticed that the diaphragm presents nervous and muscular asymmetries. Surprisingly phrenic motoneurons present typical and different nerve patterns on the left and right diaphragm muscles. Diverse left-right characteristic have been documented in the brain but none concerned yet the spinal cord or peripheral projections. My thesis work has been dedicated to the identification of the mechanisms that control the asymmetry of the diaphragm innervation. My work showed that this asymmetry is set up very early during development via a molecular pathway that is known to control the visceral organ asymmetry. This work opens numerous perspectives and brings new information on the molecular diversity of spinal neurons that could shed a new light on the mechanisms of motoneuron physiopathology
Miollis, Frédérick de. "Développement d’un système de culture in vitro 3D et microfluidique pour étudier les interactions tumeur-stroma et la résistance aux drogues de l’adénocarcinome du pancréas". Thesis, Lille, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021LILUI015.
Testo completoPancreatic cancer is one of the deadliest cancers with an extremely poor prognosis. In 2020, the 5-year survival rate remains very low (only 3 to 9%) and the median is less than 6 months. Despite significant progress in the patient care, current therapies do not have the expected effectiveness. This is due to the strong chemoresistance observed in this cancer. The key factor of this resistance is the complex tumor microenvironment mainly composed of stroma and a dense extracellular matrix limiting the access of therapies to the tumor. The current models’ limitations, particularly in terms of physiological relevance, are a major obstacle in understanding this chemoresistance. In response to this issue, researchers are turning to different approaches by developing brand new models that are alternatives to those already available (in vitro and in vivo).The objectives of this work were: (i) to develop an in vitro 3D microfluidic culture device allowing to reproduce the tumor microenvironment both biologically and mechanically, as well as to model the flows and mass transport present in a pancreatic tumor, and (ii) to approach the morphological changes of the co-culture by studying epithelio-mesenchymal markers and to study the impact of FOLFIRINOX chemotherapy in this model.First, we have shown numerically and experimentally the feasibility of such an in vitro model. The chosen extracellular matrix is a combination of collagen I and hyaluronic acid creating a rigid structure close to in vivo conditions. It allows long-term culture maintenance under the effect of the perfusion as well as the activation of pancreatic stellate cells. The chosen perfusion rate allows to apply an interstitial flow in the model equivalent to the one observed in the in vivo microenvironment, inducing hydrostatic pressure and shear stress on the cancerous cells.Then, we demonstrated the biological contribution of this model by showing an increased chemoresistance to the FOLFIRINOX protocol of tumor cells both in mono- and in co-culture in the microfluidic device. We also show the establishment of a process presenting characteristics of epithelial-mesenchymal transition and a possible promotion of a dedifferentiated phenotype of tumor cells by activated pancreatic stellate cells.In conclusion, we present in this thesis an original microfluidic model allowing to mimic a tumor (co-culture of epithelial and mesenchymal cells) and to study the kinetics of a complex multidrug chemotherapy. In the future, the device should allow us to further study the mechanisms of drug resistance and tumor-stroma interactions in pancreatic cancer
Delisle, Pascal. "Colonisation agricole et développement soutenable en forêt tropicale : pour une approche multidimensionnelle, le cas de l'Amazonie colombienne". Paris 1, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998PA010055.
Testo completoIn the south of Colombia, the Amazonian rainforest has been suffering a process of agricultural colonisation for the last forty years. Along with a more usual process of rural exodus, the interior colonisation has represented an outlet for the demographic and social pressure of the andean rural areas. The economic failure of small peasants' colonisation has given birth to a process of land concentration accompanied by social conflicts and cattle ranching. Since the end of the 1970's, this economic failure and socio-political situation have opened the way to a powerful illegal economy based on the coca culture. In reaction to social inequality, the guerrilla movements have emerged and quickly got involved in the illegal economy. This thesis proposes to analyse the unsustainability of the colombian amazonian development on a multidimensional basis, taking into account the coevolution of the ecological, economic and socio-political dimensions. As neither the usual tools of conventional economics nor the environmental economics analysis seem capable to explain the current dynamics and propose effective alternative solutions, a multidimensional approach seems to be needed. The argumentation is made in three steps: - the first one consists in understanding the historical and social causes of the amazonian colonisation and expose its multidimensional failure. - the second step consists in evaluating the capacity of the main international agencies'analysis and proposals to deal with the deforestation problem. - At last, the thesis proposes an alternative approach for the amazonian development that deals simultaneously with the socio-political and economic aspects of the current situation. A way towards sustainability is proposed via the reconstruction of the local and regional governance on the basis of a multidimensional project, already accepted by the legislator : the peasants' reserve
Cardinal, Mikaël. "Identification paramétrique et analyse de sensibilité d'un modèle dynamique de l'aéronef SA-160 pour le développement d'une version sans pilote (drone)". Mémoire, Université de Sherbrooke, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11143/7700.
Testo completoCourrèges, Sandra. "L'espace et l'humain : les cadres de référence, leur développement et leurs relations avec les confusions spatiales". Thesis, Toulouse 2, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011TOU20015.
Testo completoThe thesis is about spatial representations, especially spatial frames of reference, which are used to locate an object with respect to another in a small-scale space, for example: « the salt is to the left of the pepper ». Different references exist: self-centred, object-centred and environment-centred. The references preferentially employed by a subject depend on his language and culture.First of all, the development of frames of reference is analysed with French subjects from 3 to 21 years of age, thanks to 180° rotation paradigm tasks (Levinson, 2003). Secondly, the relations between left/right confusions and the use of frames of reference are examined with French adults, with a self-judgment questionnaire and a rotation paradigm task.Results show that the development of frames of reference in France follows the predictions of the Representational Redescription model of Karmiloff-Smith (1992). They also highlight a link between left/right confusions and spatial references used by some adults
Charignon, Elsa. "Évaluation de nouveaux complexes halogénés de Platine liés à des carbènes N-hétérocycliques pouvant combiner un effet chimiotoxique et radiotoxique pour le traitement du mélanome cutané métastatique". Thesis, Lyon, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LYSE1207.
Testo completoAlthough only 10% of skin cancers are due to cutaneous melanoma, but it’s still responsible for 80% of the mortality caused by this type of cancer. The aim of my thesis was evaluating the cytotoxicity of new platinum complexes (NHC-Pt) in metastatic cutaneous melanoma and investigating their mechanisms of action. These complexes can be radiolabeled. We studied if chemotoxicity of platinum combined by radiotoxicity of low energy electrons emitted by 123 Iodine (123I) can lead to a higher cytotoxicity. This radiolabelling also permitted us to study the biodistribution of the NHC-Pt compounds. We have shown that the compound NHC-Pt-I2, not only had a significant cytotoxic effect on mutated and wild-type BRAF metastatic melanoma cell lines but also on melanoma cell lines resistant to vemurafenib which is a BRAF inhibitor. Getting results in a very short cell exposure time (1h), showed a rapid onset of cellular cytotoxicity, and it’s contrary to what was observed in cisplatin and dacarbazine. We also showed that cytotoxic effect obtained by 1h treatment of cells was due to higher cellular accumulation of the NHC-Pt-I2. This higher accumulation was about 95 times more than that of cisplatin and allowed much more DNA damage induction. Our Mechanistic studies showed that NHC-Pt compounds induce cell apoptosis via the Bcl-xL pathway and also there is another pathway dependent on pancaspases which is still unidentified. The radiolabelling with 123I of the NHC-Pt-Br2 enabled the in vivo study of its biodistribution in mice. The NHC-Pt-Br-123I compound had a fast and important distribution to the blood compartment, and a very slight accumulation in the main organs, and also in tumors. On the other hand, the study of amplification of Pt cytotoxicity by the effect of 123I was limited by very low labelling efficiency of radiolabelled compounds. The reason of this low efficacy may be the special commercial saline solutions of 123I that we used. The results achieved during this thesis project revealed the important potential of NHC-Pt compounds as a therapeutic tool for metastatic cutaneous melanoma
Tauziet, Véronique. "Exposition prénatale aux substances psychoactives : impact sur le développement de l'enfant. Revue bibliographique". Bordeaux 2, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999BOR23069.
Testo completoGagnon, Hélène. "Développement et évaluation d'une intervention sur mesure visant à favoriser l'usage d'une seringue neuve à chaque injection chez les usagers de drogues par injection qui fréquentent les programmes d'échange de seringues". Thesis, Université Laval, 2008. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2008/25690/25690.pdf.
Testo completoThe use of soiled syringes exposes injection drug users (IDUs) to serious infections. To better target objectives of an intervention aimed at promoting the use of a new syringe at each injection, a preliminary study was realized. The use of an integrative theoretical model has permitted to identify factors associated with the intention of IDUs to adopt this behaviour. Only 39% of the 105 respondents had a firm intention to adopt this behaviour in the next week. Perceived behavioural control (OR : 17.83; CI95% 5.75-55.15) and attitude (OR : 13.43; CI95% 3.54-50.87) were the principal factors associated with intention. Intervention mapping served as the conceptual framework to guide the development of the intervention. At each developmental step, this model integrates theory, empirical data and information collected among populations. More specifically, the intervention emerges through a strategy named Computer Tailoring. This strategy uses information technologies to present messages customized according to individual characteristics. This intervention was implemented within the framework of an evaluative research. A two-group randomized control trial design was adopted. Behavioural outcomes were measured at baseline (T0), one week after the intervention (T1) and three months later (T2). A total of 260 IDUs were recruited. At baseline, 52.3% of the participants reported not always using new syringes in the previous week. The analysis showed a short term effect. One month after the implementation of the intervention, participants in the experimental group were using fewer soiled syringes (p = 0.004), and a higher number reported adopting safe behaviour (p = 0.04). These effects were not significant three months later. The results of this study add weight to those already published demonstrating the efficacy of Computer Tailoring intervention to modify behaviour. When they are exposed to tailored educational messages, IDUs who visit needle exchange programs (NEPs) adopt safer injection practices.
Ramamonjy, Aro. "Développement de nouvelles méthodes de classification/localisation de signaux acoustiques appliquées aux véhicules aériens". Thesis, Paris, CNAM, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019CNAM1234/document.
Testo completoThis thesis deals with the development of a compact microphone array and a dedicated signal processing chain for aerialtarget recognition and direction of arrival (DOA) estimation. The suggested global approach consists in an initial detection ofa potential target, followed by a DOA estimation and tracking process, along with a refined detection, facilitated by adaptivespatial filtering. An original DOA estimation algorithm is proposed. It uses the RANSAC algorithm on real-time time-domainbroadband [100 Hz - 10 kHz] pressure and particle velocity data which are estimated using finite differences and sums ofsignals of microphone pairs with frequency-dependent inter-microphone spacings. The use of higher order finite differences, or variants of the Phase and Amplitude Gradient Estimation (PAGE) method adapted to the designed antenna, can extend its bandwidth at high frequencies. The designed compact microphone array uses 32 digital MEMS microphones, horizontally disposed over an area of 7.5 centimeters. This array geometry is suitable to the implemented algorithms for DOA estimation and spatial filtering. DOA estimation and tracking of a trajectory controlled by a spatialization sphere in the Ambisonic domain have shown an average DOA estimation error of 4 degrees. A database of flying drones acoustic signatures has been set up, with the knowledge of the drone’s position in relation to the microphone array set out by GPS measurements. Adding artificial noise to the data, and selecting acoustic features with evolutionary programming have enabled the detection of an unknown drone in an unknown soundscape within 200 meters with the JRip classifier. In order to facilitate the detection and extend its range, the initial detection stage is preceded by differential beamforming in four main directions (north, south, east, west), and the refined detection stage is preceded by MVDR beamforming informed by the target’s DOA
Quentel, Alain. "Développement d'un LIDAR à balayage pour la détection et la poursuite longue portée de drones". Thesis, Normandie, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021NORMR011.
Testo completoMisuse of civil drones, or UAVs (unmanned aerial vehicles) has been a rising concern in the past few years. As a response, multiple systems including optics, electronics and even acoustics technologies have been developed for detection and tracking. Unfortunately, UAVs represent a challenging target to detect and track due to their small, decimetric size and large variability of shapes and behaviors. In this PhD, we developed and optimized a LiDAR (light detection and ranging) system to tackle this issue to distances up to a kilometer. In our system, range is acquired using the time of flight principle, and imagery done by sequentially scanning the scene with a dual-axis galvanometer. We took advantage of the scanning versatility to develop several operating modes. A standard detection mode captures the image of the scene using a raster-scan of large _eld of view. Tracking mode is based on a local pattern surrounding the target, which is updated at a very high rate to keep the target within its boundaries. Efforts were put into a theoretical and numerical optimization study of the numerous parameters involved in our scanning LiDAR, so as to reach su_cient performances in term of maximal range, localization resolution and rate. Pattern optimization for both detection and tracking mode was a primary focus, using the target probability of detection as the function to maximize. Target size, speed and re_ectivity was also introduced in the probability of detection, giving a complete overview of the system performance. On our LiDAR platform, developed from the ground up, each component was characterized to enrich and validate our models. This prototype was tested for UAVs detection and tracking during several weeks of trials. Following this success, a pre-industrial integration process was launched and supervised by the candidate
Masson, Emilie. "Etude de la propagation des ondes électromagnétiques dans les tunnels courbes de section non droite pour des applications métro et ferroviaire". Phd thesis, Université de Poitiers, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00615291.
Testo completoKilburg, Arnaud. "Cristallisation du transporteur ABC BmrA de Bacillus subtilis : développement d’une nouvelle méthode de dosage des détergents par Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization (MALDI)". Thesis, Lyon 1, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LYO10116/document.
Testo completoOur project aims to determine the 3D structure of BmrA from Bacillus subtilis. The protein was purified in six different detergents. Using foscholine 12, led to crystallize OmpF, an outer membrane porin of E. coli. We show that the crystallization conditions directly influence the crystal packing of OmpF. The BmrA purification protocol optimized by using Triton X100 at the extraction and a mixture β-D-dodecyl-maltoside cholate for chromatographic steps allowed us to get to 4°C crystals, for which we verified they consist of BmrA. These crystals have yielded full data to 7 Å. These diffraction data are a significant advance in the short term to resolve the 3D structure of BmrA. We have developed a new detergents dosage assay which is based on the determination by MALDI-type mass ratio of deuterated isotopes / protonated. The method was validated with the FC12, the DDM, the β-OG, the LMNG, CHAPS, cholate detergents and calix [4] aréniques by measuring the concentration of these detergents in different conditions of extraction/ purification, concentration, dialysis and gel filtration, of different membrane proteins. This method allowed us (i) to estimate the size of the detergent belt associated to BmrA and other membrane proteins (ii) to modulate this size in terms of the detergent mixture and (iii) to provide information on the behavior of complex protein-detergent
Song, Zehua. "Agents antimicrobiens ciblant le complexe III de la chaine respiratoire mitochondriale : Etudes des déterminants structuraux de la sensibilité différentielle et du développement de la résistance, en utilisant la levure comme organisme modèle". Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016SACLS281/document.
Testo completoThe bc₁ complex of the mitochondrial respiratory chain is a good therapeutic target for the treatment of malaria as the enzyme is essential for pathogen proliferation. The two catalytic sites, Qo and Qi, formed by cytochrome b, are not fully conserved between species, facilitating the development of inhibitors with differential saffinity, which is important for the development of new drugs. At present, Atovaquone is the only antimalarial drug targeting the bc₁ complex used in medicine. The emergence of resistance makes it important to find new inhibitors, and the ELQs (Endochin-like Quinolones) are promising antimalarial candidates.In order to study the inhibitor binding to the active sites and the effect of resistance mutations, we have used yeast and a combination of biochemical and bioinformatic methods. We have studied the relationship between atovaquone resistance mutations in the Qo site and loss of function. We have also modified the yeast Qo site to make it more like the parasite site. The “Plasmodium” residues in the yeast Qo site altered its activity, which resulted in the overproduction of superoxide and the loss of respiratory growth. This could be restored by the modification of another bc₁ complex subunit interacting with the Qo site, ISP, suggesting that both these subunits need to be readjusted for correct activity. We then analyzed polymorphisms of the Qo region reported in Humans and found that they could alter the enzyme sensitivity to atovaquone, which could impact the side-effects linked to atovaquone treatment. We have also studied the mode of action of ELQ-400 and showed that this new antimalarial drug targets both the Qo and Qi sites, which would make the emergence of resistance less likely. Finally, we have started the reconstruction of yeast Qi site to make it resemble the parasite site.The yeast mutants with a “Plasmodium-like” bc₁ complex could be useful tools for the study of antimalarial drugs. These analyses have also resulted in a better understanding of the structure and function of the bc₁ complex
Fan, Yannan. "Tissue-specific gain of wild-type RTK levels combined with screen strategies identify new mechanisms of cell vulnerability in developmental and tumorigenic programs". Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016AIXM4071.
Testo completoWe explore the cell competence to deal with slight changes in RTK inputs during embryogenesis and tissue homeostasis using a mouse model in which wild-type RTK Met levels can be moderately enhanced in a tissue specific manner. Most tissues buffer enhanced RTK levels thus avoiding perturbation of developmental programs and tissue homeostasis. Nevertheless, certain cell types are vulnerable to RTK levels. During embryogenesis, the limb mesenchyme is sensitive to alterations of the spatial distribution of RTKs, as illustrated by gene expression changes and by loss of accessibility to incoming myoblasts, which lead to limb muscle defects. At adulthood, liver enhanced Met levels (Alb-R26Met) perturbs tissue homeostasis, leading to tumorigenesis. To uncover new genes that cooperate with RTKs during tumour initiation, we combined Alb-R26Met mice with the Sleeping Beauty (SB) transposon mutagenesis system. 285 putative cancer-related genes have been identified. Some correspond to known proto-oncogenes or tumour suppressors, thus validating the overall strategy we employed for cancer gene discovery. Others have not been previously linked to cancer. 9 new tumour suppressors have been functionally validated, demonstrating the validity of our screen strategy. To identify signals involved in tumour maintenance, we employed a phosphokinome-guided drug screen and identified new synergistic drugs deleterious for cancer cells modelled by the Alb-R26Met genetic setting. The overall strategy and outcomes strengthen the value of combining unbiased genetic and genomic approaches to identify new mechanisms relevant for cancer biology and new therapeutic interventions
Blancon, Justin. "Identification des déterminants génétiques de la tolérance à la sècheresse chez le maïs par l'étude de l'évolution de l'indice foliaire vert au cours du cycle de la plante et le développement d'une méthode de phénotypage innovant". Thesis, Université Clermont Auvergne (2017-2020), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019CLFAC026.
Testo completoBy the end of the century, climate forecasts predict a decrease in the quantity and regularity of rainfall with an increasing risk of drought in Europe and in many regions of the world. Breeding for more tolerant varieties will be an essential lever to face these future constraints. The main objective of this work is to characterize the genetic determinisms of drought tolerance in maize. To this aim, it is proposed to dissect this complex trait into underlying physiological traits whose genetic determinism is supposed to be simpler. Green Leaf Area Index (GLAI) dynamics throughout the plant cycle, through its major role in light interception, transpiration and CO2 exchange, is a promising secondary trait to identify and better understand the genetic basis of drought tolerance. During this thesis, we developed a high-throughput method for phenotyping maize GLAI dynamics in the field. This method combines UAV multispectral imagery and a simple GLAI model. It makes possible the estimation of the dynamics of GLAI continuously throughout the whole plant cycle with good accuracy, while reducing the phenotyping time twentyfold. This method was used in two well-watered and two water-deficient trials to characterize the GLAI dynamics of 324 lines from a MAGIC population (Multi-parent Advanced Generation Inter-Cross). The estimated dynamics have a high heritability and explain a significant part of grain yield under well-watered and water-stressed conditions. To characterize the genetic basis of GLAI dynamics, three longitudinal GWAS (Genome Wide Association Study) approaches were compared: a univariate two-step approach, a multivariate two-step approach and a random regression one-step approach. These three approaches, combined with the high density of available genotyping data (nearly 8 million markers), have revealed many QTL (Quantitative Trait Loci), some of which were co-localized with yield QTL. Finally, we demonstrated that the GLAI QTL identified in this study could explain nearly 20 % of the grain yield variability observed in a large network of water-stressed experiments. This work provides methods that will enable a better characterization and understanding of the genetic determinisms of GLAI dynamics, a trait that was out of reach in large populations until now. This trait presents all the characteristics required to improve the effectiveness of selection programs under water stress conditions
Girard, Sabine. "La territorialisation de la politique de l'eau est-elle gage d'efficacité environnementale ? : Analyse diachronique de dispositifs de gestion des eaux dans la vallée de la Drôme (1970-2011)". Phd thesis, Ecole normale supérieure de lyon - ENS LYON, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00737165.
Testo completoCalmer, Radiance. "3D wind vectors measurement with remotely piloted aircraft system for aerosol-cloud interaction study". Phd thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2018. http://oatao.univ-toulouse.fr/20750/1/CALMER_Radiance.pdf.
Testo completoBouayad-Gervais, Karim. "Augmenter la vitesse d'administration de la cocaïne facilite le développement d'une motivation exacerbée pour la drogue ne pouvant pas être expliquée uniquement par la quantité de drogue consommée ou l'étendue de l'entraînement opérant". Thèse, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/10240.
Testo completoCelis, Gonzalez Leila Iliana. "La Colombie 1970-2006 : violence et modèle de développement". Mémoire, 2008. http://www.archipel.uqam.ca/1491/1/M10542.pdf.
Testo completoMontmagny, Grenier Catherine. "Sexe, drogue et quête de sens : leçon d'économie politique d'une liminalité en contexte touristique costaricain". Thesis, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/25235.
Testo completoWithin the field of criminology, the ecological perspective argues for an implicit notion of spatiality, one which reduces the physical environment to nothing more than a basic geographical site, thereby excluding the power relationships, as well as the social and cultural dynamics, or values- and meaning-based dynamics, conveyed therein. As such, this study investigates the importance of geographical space in criminology. By employing the concept of liminality, defined as a symbolic space-time, this thesis also specifically studies the role space plays in the (re)production of both illegalisms and playful deviance, their respective regulation, as well as in the production of knowledge. In order to shed light on the liminality concept, this thesis draws on a five-and-a-half-month-long ethnography, carried out in two Costa Rican beach towns. It also illustrates how the tourism industry’s neoliberal practices produce a liminal space that caters to quests for the exoticism, and especially the hedonism and authenticity, sought by tourists seeking to escape the confines of their everyday lives. While a segment of the scientific literature views liminality as a space where everyday norms are suspended, this thesis instead suggests that tourists adhere to norms already present in such spaces, ones specifically based on an aggressive form of hedonism, which in turn result in “out of the ordinary” alcohol and drug consumption, as well as sexuality, on the part of tourists. In adopting an interdisciplinary approach, this study initially employs cultural geography’s notion of space. This conception of space, which employs an idealist-materialist dialectic, also allows for the adoption of an analytical perspective based on the concept of uneven development. It also makes it possible to understand not only why certain places, regions, and countries are recognized as being so-called liminal spaces, but also how the practices of a capitalist economy push them to rely on an image of liminality in order to survive and operate within the market economy. In additionally taking inspiration from social anthropology, this thesis views the touristic experience as a rite of passage, while also proposing that tourists are subjected to a symbolic device, which leads them to perform a site-specific tourist identity. This performance, given concrete form by the consumption of transgressions, results in the (re)production of the liminal space. The thesis also shows that this symbolic device is a regulating mechanism in regard to conducts, but additionally to bodies. Lastly, the thesis illustrates the ways in which the research field is also a liminality for researchers, one which affects them, as well as the knowledge produced therein.
Turmel, Jessica. "Profils latents d'usage de substances psychotropes chez les consommateurs de cannabis à l'adolescence : les problèmes les plus fréquents par profil et les profils les plus représentés par problème". Thèse, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/19391.
Testo completoCannabis is the most widely used illicit substance among adolescents worldwide. We know that cannabis misuse is likely to cause a variety of effects at physical, psychological, social and economic levels. However, consumers are a heterogeneous group and not all will experience significant problems associated with such use. It is therefore important to identify high-risk users and to specify the nature of these problems in order to intervene effectively with this clientele. Yet, although the scientific literature raises the idea that certain types of consumers are at higher risk, the current state of knowledge reveals little empirical information that would distinguish adolescents with higher risk profiles. To this end, the typologies available today are generally limited to theoretical or clinical studies, refer to specific problems, or are based on specific consumption indicators such as frequency of use. Furthermore, no study has yet been able to reveal the types of problems associated specifically with certain consumer profiles or to specify which profiles are more prone to various consequences. The present study is based on a latent class consumption model developed from several consumer characteristics found in the study by Fallu, Briere and Janosz (2014). They were compared with several predictors and problems associated with the consumption. The sample comes from within the context of evaluation of the New Approaches New Solutions (NANS) dropout prevention program, and consists of 1618 students who used cannabis in 10th grade. The subjects were annually evaluated from the 7th grade until the 11th. This study examines which attributed and non-attributed problems are most common for each class. It also examines which classes are most frequently assigned to different attributed and non-attributed problems. Finally, it compares the results obtained for the attributed and non-attributed problems. The analytical strategy used was to conduct descriptive analysis, chi-square analysis and univariate analysis of variance (ANOVA), sometimes followed by post-hoc tests when relevant. The results show that the class can predict the occurrence of various problems that young people face, that some classes are more represented for some problems, and that teenagers with heavier profiles are at risk of underestimating certain problems associated with their consumption. One of the main findings regarding the two early classes. It seems that early-moderate use students have a more internalized problems profile and those with early-heavy and polydrug use, a more externalized problems profile. Finally, the implications of these results are discussed.
Chaumel, Jean-Philippe. "Impact de différents profils de consommation de cannabis à l'adolescence sur le développement des conduites antisociales manifestes et cachées à la fin de l'adolescence". Thèse, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/7856.
Testo completoRichard-Lalonde, Mélissa. "Développement d'un biosenseur BRET permettant le criblage de drogues qui causent l'activation de canaux Kir3 via les récepteurs couplés aux protéines G". Thèse, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/6964.
Testo completoG protein-coupled receptors form multimeric complexes comprising G protein and effectors. We want to characterize such complexes comprising delta opioid receptors (DOR) and Kir3 channels, which interest us due to their involvement in opioid analgesia. Immunopurification, BRET and GTPgS binding experiments were done in transfected HEK293 cells. Kir3 channels were co-immunopurified with DOR, implying a spontaneous interaction between the receptor and effector. BRET assays corroborated the presence of this interaction in living cells and allowed us to identify a spontaneous and specific interaction between DOR/Gg and Gg/Kir3, indicating their co-existence within the same complex. Since the activation of the receptor implies it undergoes conformational changes, we were interested in evaluating if the conformational information flows from the ligand-bound receptor until the downstream effector. Hence, we determined the effect of different ligands on the BRET signal that was generated by the following pairs: DOR/Gbg, DOR/Kir3 and Kir3/Gbg. We noticed a modulation of the DOR/Gbg and Gbg/Kir3 interactions that followed the order of efficacy of the ligands to activate the G protein, which we did not observe between DOR and Kir3. Therefore, we concluded that the conformational information flows from the receptor to the Kir3 channel via the Gbg protein. These results allowed us to develop a BRET biosensor (EYFP-Gg2/Kir3.1-Rluc), which could be used in high throughput screening to detect new molecules that activate Kir3 channels with high efficacy.
Boucher, Marie-Pier. "Développement d'une rétroaction normative à la suite de la grille de dépistage de la consommation problématique d'alcool et de drogues chez les adolescents et les adolescentes". Thèse, 2021. http://depot-e.uqtr.ca/id/eprint/9548/1/eprint9548.pdf.
Testo completoNault-Brière, Frédéric. "Association entre consommation de drogues illicites et symptomatologie dépressive à l’adolescence : une étude longitudinale auprès de jeunes Québécois fréquentant l’école secondaire en milieu défavorisé". Thèse, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/6150.
Testo completoIllicit drug use and depressive symptoms are associated, but the nature of this association remains poorly understood. Clarifying the underlying mechanism(s) is necessary in order to design interventions which can potentially reduce the co-occurrence of the two phenomena, which accounts for sizeable individual and social costs. Clarification efforts should start in adolescence, when drug use and affective problems are typically initiated. The aim of this thesis is to help clarify the nature of the association between some of the most frequently used illicit drugs and depressive symptomatology in adolescents. This work was carried out using a cohort from the New Approaches, New Solutions (NANS) longitudinal dataset, which comprises more than 3000 students attending school in disadvantaged areas of Quebec (Canada) who were followed throughout high school (2003-2007). The first article of the thesis focuses on the association between cannabis use and depressive symptoms. This study examined prospective associations in both directions between the two phenomena from the beginning (grade 8) to the end (grade 11) of high school. Direct links were analysed, as well as indirect links involving two factors reflecting normative and non normative social connectedness: school bonding and affiliation with deviant and substance-using peers. Results indicate that depressive symptoms and cannabis use can be mutual risk factors and that a social mechanism involving an erosion of normative social connectedness may play a mediating role in bidirectional developmental cascades linking the two manifestations. The second article tested whether the use of two synthetic drugs, MDMA (ecstasy) and meth/amphetamines (speed), in grade 10 was associated with the development of elevated depressive symptoms the following year, independently from potential confounders. As hypothesized, the use of MDMA and meth/amphetamine was independently predictive of subsequent depressive symptoms. Concurrent use of the two substances was more predictive than singular use. Given the paucity of well-controlled longitudinal studies on the subject, these results provide some of the first compelling evidence that synthetic drug use may pose a risk for the development of affective symptoms in youth.
Tremblay, Emilie. "Agressivité physique à l'enfance et criminalité à l'âge adulte : effet modérateur de la consommation d'alcool et de cannabis à l'adolescence". Thèse, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/8423.
Testo completoIndividuals exhibiting high levels of physical aggression during childhood are more at risk of criminal behaviors during adulthood regardless of the presence of several risk factors. Aggressive children are also more at risk of using psychoactive substances during adolescence. Studies of the relationship between substance use and crime have provided different conclusions, depending on the substance under consideration and depending on the category of crime. Alcohol consumption has been positively associated with crimes, both against people and against property. Cannabis consumption has been associated positively with crime against property and negatively with crime against people. This present study aimed at investigating the hypothesis that physical aggression manifested in childhood is associated with an increase in criminal charges during adulthood and that association is specific to the type of crime and moderated differentially by alcohol and cannabis use. To this end, 887 male participants from lower socioeconomic status were followed from age 6 to age 25. Multinomial logistic regressions indicate that individuals belonging to a moderate or a high trajectory of physical aggression during childhood are more likely to commit crimes later in adulthood. This association remains significant after control of family adversity and drug use. Alcohol and cannabis use during adolescence has no effect on this association. However, main effects of alcohol use on crimes against person and cannabis use on crimes against property are observed. The implications of these findings are discussed.
Rioux, Charlie. "De la sensibilité différentielle à la diathèse-stress dans la prédiction de la consommation de substances à l’adolescence : interactions entre l’environnement familial et le tempérament au cours du développement". Thèse, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/21164.
Testo completo