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1
Hintikka, Jaakko. "The pragmatic fallacies of the New Theory of Reference". Pragmatics and Cognition 6, n. 1-2 (1 gennaio 1998): 9–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/pc.6.1-2.04hin.
Abstract (sommario):
As is well known, according to the "new" theory of reference, the reference relation can be carried out by means of rigid designators whose relationship with the object they designate cannot be analyzed away. Moreover, the new theorists claim, the category of proper names in a natural language marks almost invariably rigid designators. In this paper, both claims are rejected. Using distinctions between the referential system (which determines which entities the primitive symbols of language refer to in each possible world) and the identification system (which determines which member of one world is identical with which member of another), and between two types of object identification (public and perspectival), it is argued that the use of a noun phrase as a rigid designator is predicated on the assumption that a language user knows who (or what) the noun phrase refers to in the actual world. The conclusion is that rigid designation is not a conceptually irreducible reference relation, nor are proper names always used as rigid designators.
2
Gogoi, Tutul, Rajni Kumar, Joshua Anand Gladwin e Vivek Goyal. "Testing and Evaluation of High Energy Portable Laser Source used as a Target Designator along with a Laser Seeker". Defence Science Journal 68, n. 5 (12 settembre 2018): 494–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.14429/dsj.68.12422.
Abstract (sommario):
Precision guided munitions are often driven with the help of a special kind of laser beam, pointing onto the target of interest which can be a ground based stationary target or a moving one. The laser source which is popularly known as target designator is a key element in this and plays a vital role in performing any laser guided bombings. In this paper a testing methodology and evaluation technique is described for such a portable high energy laser source. The parameters of the designator are tested in laboratory environment as well as verified in field conditions. The measured and tested parameters are laser source energy, pulse repetition frequency, laser wavelength accuracy and pulse width. A laser guided bomb seeker is also used to test with and verify different designator parameters specially the pulse repetition frequency (PRF) in field conditions. The PRF is generally set in the seeker manually and the designators are fired onto a target for different PRFs and energy levels. If the PRF of the seeker matches with that of the designator then it locks onto the target and if different it does not. In this experiment one more designator is also fired onto a different target within the field of view of the seeker with the same parameters except the energy level. The seeker changes its position to the target having higher energy density provided pulses are within its detection window.
3
Cartwright, Richard L. "On Singular Propositions". Canadian Journal of Philosophy Supplementary Volume 23 (1997): 67–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00455091.1997.10715962.
Abstract (sommario):
A designator a of an object x is rigid in Kripke's sense if and only if (i) for every possible world w, if x exists in w, then a designates x with respect to w and (ii) there is no possible world with respect to which a designates something other than x. Alternatively, but to the same effect, a is rigid just in case neither the sentence:a might have existed and not have been anor the sentence:Something other than a might have been ahas an interpretation on which it is true. This alternative seems to me preferable: the concept of designation with respect to a world is difficult and occasions certain problems (about which something will be said later), but these problems do not arise on this explanation.
4
Otoom, Maysoon, e Khader Otoom. "Jordanian Woman as a Leader between Individual Resources and Social Conditions: A Comparative Case Study of Jerash and Al-Karak in Jordan". Dirasat: Human and Social Sciences 50, n. 5 (30 ottobre 2023): 654–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.35516/hum.v50i5.6995.
Abstract (sommario):
Objectives: The study purpose was to identify the personal resources and social conditions that enhance the leadership skills amongst women in Jordan. It aimed to shed light on the stereotypes, , and beliefs that underlie all aspects of gender-based discrimination in the field of study.
Methods: The study relied on the analytical induction methodology. which is implemented by “designation” that is based on asking people “the designator” whether some women “the designatee” were more influential than others in their surroundings. The methodology was applied through conducting several FGDs among various age groups, as well as individual interviews with women who were designated as transformational leaders.
Results: The study showed that ethnic affiliation in Jerash and Al-Karak played an important role in the way in which the concepts of masculinity and femininity were socially constructed, and thereby the way in which the concept of women leadership was constructed in those two cultures. The culture of (i.e. Al-Karak) seemed to be more tolerant and had wider space for the creation of female leaders in comparison with cultural environments of (i.e. Jerash). The study also showed that designated female leaders were usually inheritors of a high-level symbolic capital (i.e. middle/upper social class, sophisticated education, etc…). Furthermore, the role model of most female leaders was more likely their father or other charismatic male leaders.
Conclusions: The study recommends to build solid foundations that can be followed by educational curricula, and girls' leadership training programmes.
5
Rizzi, Alessandro. "Designator Retinex, Milano Retinex and the locality issue". Electronic Imaging 2016, n. 6 (14 febbraio 2016): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.2352/issn.2470-1173.2016.6.retinex-018.
6
Kikuchi, Ichiro. "MOSUKE MURATA, THE DESIGNATOR OF ERYTHEMA NODOSUM LEPROSUM". Leprosy Review 80, n. 1 (1 marzo 2009): 92–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.47276/lr.80.1.92.
7
Kim, Eun Joo, Sarah Tanford e Laura A. Book. "The Effect of Priming and Customer Reviews on Sustainable Travel Behaviors". Journal of Travel Research 60, n. 1 (13 gennaio 2020): 86–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0047287519894069.
Abstract (sommario):
This research investigates how priming environmental attitudes influences purchase decisions and donations in response to environmental cues in online traveler reviews. An experiment evaluated the effects of priming, green review valence, and green designator cues using a simulated travel website. Priming was implemented using an environmental awareness scale that was completed before viewing the stimuli. Green review valence consisted of customer reviews for a resort that contained positive or negative environmental content. The designator cue was a “green leaders” badge on the resort description. The results indicate that the influence of environmental attitudes is stronger when green content is negative versus positive, and negative environmental content increases donations to environmental causes. Environmental attitude scores moderate the effect of priming those attitudes on behavioral intentions. However, a green designator does not influence outcomes. The findings can help operators promote environmental behaviors and attract travelers through sustainable practices.
8
Wang, Jin Song, Jin Qiu Qi, Hao Zeng Wang, Jian Nan Deng e Zhi Yong An. "Research on Technology of the Laser Designator Multi-Parameter Integrated Detection Method". Key Engineering Materials 552 (maggio 2013): 276–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.552.276.
Abstract (sommario):
According to the state of testing technology for laser designator multi-parametric, a multi-parameter integrated detection method on the basis of optical collimation and digital image processing technology is proposed, and the way for the detection of multi-parameter characteristics and integrated detection is analyzed. By using the detection principle of large aperture lens focus spot method, the parameter measurements, such as the divergence angle of the laser designator beam, displacement amount of the light spot move, spot of adjustment range and deviation and the multi-axis consistency are measured. Simultaneously, the parameters of the sight line alteration of daylight aiming sight, the graduation precision can also be tested. By the analysis of experiment,the method has high detection accuracy and detection efficiency.
9
Thanalakshmi, P., N. Anbazhagan, Gyanendra Prasad Joshi e Eunmok Yang. "A quantum resistant universal designated verifier signature proof". AIMS Mathematics 8, n. 8 (2023): 18234–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.3934/math.2023927.
Abstract (sommario):
<abstract><p>In order to ensure that only the designated person can verify the signer's signature on the message, Steinfeld et al. introduced the concept of Universal Designated Verifier Signature (UDVS), which enables a designator who has obtained a signature on a message from the signer to designate the signature to any desired designated verifier. This idea was developed to address the privacy concerns of the signature holder at the time of certificate distribution. They are appropriate for applications that demand the designer's secrecy. The fact that the designated verifier must generate a public key with regard to the signer's public parameter for signature verification is a significant drawback of UDVS methods. In cases where the verifier is unable to begin the key generation procedure, this constraint is inapplicable. Baek et al. developed the idea of "Universal Designated Verifier Signature Proof (UDVSP)", which does not require the verifier's public key for verification, to get around this restriction. All existing UDVSP constructions are based on a discrete logarithm problem, which is vulnerable to quantum computer attacks. As a result, an efficient quantum resistant UDVSP is built on a hard problem in coding theory, as suggested by NIST reports. The scheme's security against forgeability and impersonation attacks is examined using the random oracle model.</p></abstract>
10
Feng Ao, 冯傲, 乐小云 Le Xiaoyun e 张小富 Zhang Xiaofu. "Research Progress on Laser Device Used in Laser Target Designator". Laser & Optoelectronics Progress 56, n. 1 (2019): 010002. http://dx.doi.org/10.3788/lop56.010002.
11
Ferrier, B., A. E. Baitis e A. Manning. "Evolution of the Landing Period Designator (LPD) for Shipboard Air Operations". Naval Engineers Journal 112, n. 4 (luglio 2000): 297–316. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-3584.2000.tb03338.x.
12
Yang-EunChang. "A Character of the Designator of Body in Kim, Hae-soon's Poetry". EOMUNYEONGU 56, n. ll (aprile 2008): 503–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.17297/rsll.2008.56..018.
13
Ferrier, B., e T. Manning. "Simulation and Testing of the Landing Period Designator (LPD) Helicopter Recovery Aid". Naval Engineers Journal 110, n. 1 (gennaio 1998): 189–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-3584.1998.tb02396.x.
14
Khaled, Tarek, Ashraf El-Sherif e Mohamed Elkhatib. "Characterization and Modulation of High Power Diode Laser Module as a Target Designator". International Conference on Aerospace Sciences and Aviation Technology 16, AEROSPACE SCIENCES (1 maggio 2015): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.21608/asat.2015.23027.
15
GRASSO, ROBERT J., JOHN C. WIKMAN, DAVID P. DROUIN, GEORGE F. DIPPEL e PAUL I. EGBERT. "A HIGH-RESOLUTION 2D IMAGING LASER RADAR FOR OCCLUDED HARD TARGET VIEWING AND IDENTIFICATION". International Journal of High Speed Electronics and Systems 18, n. 02 (giugno 2008): 393–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129156408005424.
Abstract (sommario):
BAE SYSTEMS has developed a Low Cost Targeting System (LCTS) consisting of a FLIR for target detection, laser-illuminated, gated imaging for target identification, laser rangefinder and designator, GPS positioning, and auto-tracking capability within a small compact system size. The system is based upon BAE Systems proven micro-bolometer passive LWIR camera coupled with Intevac's new EBAPS camera. A dual wavelength diode pumped laser provides eyesafe ranging and target illumination, as well as designation; a custom detector module senses the return pulse for target ranging and to set the range gates for the gated camera. Trials show that the current detectors offer complete extinction of signals outside of the gated range, thus, providing high resolution within the gated region. The images have shown high spatial resolution arising from the use of solid state focal plane array technology. Imagery has been collected in both the laboratory and the field to verify system performance during a variety of operating conditions.
16
Pelcowa, Halina. "Słownictwo regionalne – słownictwo gwarowe – słownictwo ludowe". Prace Językoznawcze 20, n. 4 (16 settembre 2019): 197–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.31648/pj.4492.
Abstract (sommario):
The author discusses similarities and differences in the interpretation of words regarded as dialectalisms or regionalisms, collectively named folk vocabulary. She points to several features: assigning values, linguistic awareness of language users, name formation mechanisms, the link between a name and its designator as well as regional and functional scope of words and their place in the lexical inventory of the inhabitants of the countryside, city and region.
17
Bae, Minji, Jaehoon Ha e Heechan Park. "A Study on the Laser Designator for the Missile System Using Semi-Active Laser Seeker". Journal of the Korea Institute of Military Science and Technology 23, n. 5 (5 ottobre 2020): 466–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.9766/kimst.2020.23.5.466.
18
Land, E. H. "An alternative technique for the computation of the designator in the retinex theory of color vision." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 83, n. 10 (1 maggio 1986): 3078–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.83.10.3078.
19
Just, Rebecca S., Jennifer Le e Jodi A. Irwin. "LUS+: Extension of the LUS designator concept to differentiate most sequence alleles for 27 STR loci". Forensic Science International: Reports 2 (dicembre 2020): 100059. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fsir.2020.100059.
20
Todorova, Maria. "Commentary: The Ottoman Menace in Post-Habsburg Historiography". Austrian History Yearbook 40 (aprile 2009): 141–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0067237809000125.
Abstract (sommario):
Threevery fine papers deal with the Ottoman menace as metaphor in what we now designate as the post-Habsburg period, that discreet time span between the closing decades of the nineteenth century and World War II, with some forays into the contemporary period. In all three papers, the Ottoman (or the Turk, as was the current usage) served as a foil for contemporary grievances. It is not really the “Ottoman menace” they are dealing with, but, accordingly, the communist, socialist, working-class, Jewish, Serbian, or other “menaces” that are additionally demonized by introducing the analogy to a well-known and popular symbol. In the apt observation of the Austrian playwright J. P. Ostland, quoted by Maureen Healy, this was the present packaged as the past. It needs to be stressed that even the phrase “Ottoman menace” is a neologism form the post-World War II period, when scholarly works insisted correctly on a distinction between “Ottoman” as an imperial designator and “Turk” as an ethnic and later a national one. Although this distinction is justified for analytical purposes, it introduces a tinge of anachronism that belies one of the primary goals of history writing.
21
O'Reilly, Peter J. F. "Aircraft/Deck Interface Dynamics for Destroyers". Marine Technology and SNAME News 24, n. 01 (1 gennaio 1987): 15–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.5957/mt1.1987.24.1.15.
Abstract (sommario):
The interface between vertical takeoff and landing (VTOL) aircraft and destroyer and frigate-type warships involves a great many factors. This paper discusses a computer analytical technique which permits dynamic analysis of the aircraft landing or taking off from a moving deck or being handled or stowed on the ship. A condensed explanation of how the synthetic time histories are generated is contained in the Appendix. Two examples of how the technique has been used are included: first, a Recovery Assist and Secure System (RAS) analysis, and second, a pilot landing aid system, the Landing Period Designator (LPD) research program.
22
Hammond, Tracy, Drew Logsdon, Brandon Paulson, Joshua Johnston, Joshua Peschel, Aaron Wolin e Paul Taele. "A Sketch Recognition System for Recognizing Free-Hand Course of Action Diagrams". Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence 24, n. 2 (11 luglio 2010): 1781–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v24i2.18812.
Abstract (sommario):
Military course-of-action (COA) diagrams are used to depict battle scenarios and include thousands of unique symbols, complete with additional textual and designator modifiers. We have created a real-time sketch recognition interface that recognizes 485 freely-drawn military course-of-action sym- bols. When the variations (not allowable by other systems) are factored in, our system is several orders of magnitude larger than the next biggest system. On 5,900 hand-drawn symbols, the system achieves an accuracy of 90% when con- sidering the top 3 interpretations and requiring every aspect of the shape (variations, text, symbol, location, orientation) to be correct.
23
Flores, Tatiana. "“Latinidad Is Cancelled”". Latin American and Latinx Visual Culture 3, n. 3 (1 luglio 2021): 58–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/lavc.2021.3.3.58.
Abstract (sommario):
Adopting a hemispheric perspective, this essay problematizes the construct of latinidad by foregrounding how it reproduces Black erasure. I argue that “Latin America,” rather than being a geographical designator, is an imagined community that is Eurocentric to the degree that its conceptual boundaries exclude African diaspora spaces. I then turn to understandings of whiteness across borders, contrasting perceptions of racial mixture in the United States and the Hispanophone Americas. Lastly, I examine works by (Afro-)Latinx artists whose nuanced views on race demonstrate the potential of visual representation to provide insight into this complex topic beyond the black-white binary.
24
Lee, Young-Ju, e Yong-Pyung Kim. "Implementation of the Simulator for Evaluating a Long-range Laser Range Finder and a Laser Target Designator". Transactions of The Korean Institute of Electrical Engineers 64, n. 7 (1 luglio 2015): 1026–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.5370/kiee.2015.64.7.1026.
25
Ryu, Haeyoung. "The Effect Of Auditor Designation On Audit Opinion: Evidence From Korea". Journal of Applied Business Research (JABR) 31, n. 5 (1 settembre 2015): 1899. http://dx.doi.org/10.19030/jabr.v31i5.9402.
Abstract (sommario):
Korea introduced the auditor designation system as an exception to the free audit engagement system in 1991. The auditor designation system is a system in which Securities & Futures Commission designates an auditor for companies that are highly likely to manipulate their accounting information so as to conduct fair auditing. The meaning of this study is in that it focused on the auditor designation system, which is only enforced in Korea around the world, to investigate whether auditors of companies designated with an auditor express conservative opinions in comparison to companies without designation. This study also examined whether designated auditors give more conservative opinions to companies showing low quality of financial reporting. As a result of verification, companies designated with an auditor were found to have greater possibility of receiving adverse audit opinions compared to companies without designation, and lower quality of financial statements resulted in adverse audit opinions. Such results indicate that designated auditors perform stricter and more independent auditing. The results of this study can provide useful implications to other nations attempting to introduce the auditor designation system.
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Schneider, Henrique. "The Institutions of Privacy: Data Protection Versus Property Rights to Data". SATS 22, n. 1 (1 luglio 2021): 111–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/sats-2020-0004.
Abstract (sommario):
Abstract This paper investigates the conceptual possibility for, and the institutions relating to a positive right of private property to data. To do so, it distinguishes between structured data, as a designator, and datapoints, which are data embedded in the timeline. The reasoning being explored here is: the agents generating datapoints – he source of the data – have a right to private property to the datapoints they generate. The agents, then, can choose to retain the datapoints or to sell them to data-users, aggregators, etc. Once these data-users render property of data themselves, they can further market it. There are, however, challenges to this view. One is the relative high cost of managing private property to data versus the relative low cost of misappropriating data and datapoints. The other is network effects: more precisely, data created or enriched in networks.
27
Ng (吴海辉), David H. F. "Constructed Identities and Potent Imaginaries". Mission Studies 39, n. 3 (5 dicembre 2022): 354–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15733831-12341863.
Abstract (sommario):
Abstract This paper offers a missiological reflection on the construction of Mainland Chinese ethnic and racial identity. Through a survey of scholarly literature on both the ethnic classification project in Mainland China and “yellow” as a racial designator in Western imagination, this article demonstrates their fluid, constructed, and imagined nature in the context of power, inequality, and vulnerability. While these imposed constructions are contested and negotiated, they are also, to varying extents, shared and accepted. This article also argues that such constructed identities and imaginaries can powerfully shape our understanding and encounter with others in our increasingly diverse and interconnected world. For the Christian, Jesus’ humble, self-giving, sacrificial love and service should shape our identity and relationship with others in ways that transcend our inherited ethnic and racial identity constructions. As citizens of heaven, Christians – in both their attitudes and practices – should thus model an alternative to the ethnic and racial division and brokenness already evident in the church and the world.
28
Im, Uni, Jong Il Kim e Seung Hun Yeom. "The Effect of Periodic Auditor Designation System and Direct Designation System on Accounting Conservatism". Academic Society of Global Business Administration 20, n. 6 (31 dicembre 2023): 104–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.38115/asgba.2023.20.6.104.
Abstract (sommario):
This study analyze the effect of the periodic auditor designation system and the direct designation system on accounting conservatism. The periodic auditor designation system newly established by the New External Audit Act and the direct designation system with provisions added to the existing designation system were introduced with the goal of securing the independence of auditors in the auditing work and improving the audit quality, which is the output of the auditing work.
According to the analysis, the periodic auditor designation system did not reinforce accounting conservatism, but the direct designation system was found to reinforce accounting conservatism.
The reason that the periodic auditor designation system and the direct designation system have different effects on conservatism is because their operation methods are different.
The periodic auditor designation system is a system in which a company that has appointed an auditor voluntarily for more than six years receives a designated audit by an auditor designated by the Securities and Futures Commission for three years after 2020. However, the direct designation system is a system in which the Securities and Futures Commission designates auditors by inheriting the existing auditor designation system and adding a new designation reason to the existing designation reasons.
Therefore, according to the empirical analysis of this study, the audit risk arising from the company's specific factors having a significant effect on the auditor's conservatism.
29
Bezpalko, S. O., V. M. Shymkovysh, P. I. Kravets, A. O. Novatskyi, L. L. Shymkovysh e А. Yu Doroshenko. "Software system for laser targeting dropped ammunition". PROBLEMS IN PROGRAMMING, n. 2 (giugno 2023): 10–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/pp2023.02.010.
Abstract (sommario):
For last few years usage of small commercial unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) on battlefield was drastically increased. In addition to use UAVs as spotter, they more and more frequently applied to drop small ammunition on enemy forces. In this paper laser targeting system that suitable for use on lightweight, mobile drones that drop freefalling ammunition was developed. Laser targeting systems are used for detecting and tracking the targets in the battlefield by obtaining the position information of these targets which is being designated and illuminated by UAV’s laser designator then the laser light reflected from these targets and come to the input of the optical systems of the dropped ammunition. An optical system for collimating the reflected beam from the target is one of the main components of the laser targeting system (LTS). The Quad Detector (QD) as a part of this optical system is simply consists of four photodiodes capable of detecting light spot projected on its surfaces and determine the deviation position of the laser spot from its center. It converts the incident laser spot to its corresponding photocurrent, the readout circuit that filter and convert the photocurrent to its corresponding voltage and the tracking system that is controlling the laser seeker movement to track the intended target based on the feedback information of the QD depending on the real position of the tracking platform. Developed system will ensure that munitions are accurately hit the target, reducing unnecessary casualties and damage, as well as reducing the number of sorties required and the time spent in hazardous airspace for the unmanned aerial vehicle.
30
Slater, Tom. "The invention of the ‘sink estate’: Consequential categorisation and the UK housing crisis". Sociological Review 66, n. 4 (12 giugno 2018): 877–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0038026118777451.
Abstract (sommario):
This article explores the history and traces the realisation of a category that was invented by journalists, amplified by free market think tanks and converted into policy doxa (common sense) by politicians in the United Kingdom: the ‘sink estate’. This derogatory designator, signifying social housing estates that supposedly create poverty, family breakdown, worklessness, welfare dependency, antisocial behaviour and personal irresponsibility, has become the symbolic frame justifying current policies towards social housing that have resulted in considerable social suffering and intensified dislocation. The article deploys a conceptual articulation of agnotology (the intentional production of ignorance) with Bourdieu’s theory of symbolic power to understand the institutional arrangements and cognitive systems structuring deeply unequal social relations. Specifically, the highly influential publications on housing by a free market think tank, Policy Exchange, are dissected in order to demonstrate how the activation of territorial stigma has become an instrument of urban politics. The ‘sink estate’, it is argued, is the semantic battering ram in the ideological assault on social housing, deflecting attention away from social housing not only as urgent necessity during a serious crisis of affordability, but as incubator of community, solidarity, shelter and home.
31
Skakov, Nariman. "Soul Incorporated". Slavic Review 73, n. 4 (2014): 772–800. http://dx.doi.org/10.5612/slavicreview.73.4.772.
Abstract (sommario):
In this essay I explore how Soviet policymakers, biologists, and writers negotiated the borderline dividing the human and animal domains and conceptualized the animal world for ideological purposes. I link the classic Soviet clash betweenstikhiinost’(spontaneity) andsoznatel‘nost’(consciousness) with biological experiments of the 1920s that were set to deconstruct the human-animal hierarchy and to create a vision of “classless” biology. I show whyDzhan, one of Andrei Platonov’s first earnest attempts to evolve into a socialist realist writer glorifying the Soviet state’s firm strides toward the communist future, fails to achieve the semantic certitude of the Stalinist text. Various recurrent and profoundly unconventional themes, often connected with animality and corporeality, drastically muddle the ideological coordinates of the text and preclude the possibility of a clear passage from stikhiinost' to soznatel'nost'. The (a)political status of the Dzhan people as a newly formed Soviet collective body manifests itself in the complex interplay between two rather commonplace categories:bodyandsoul. The body acquires abstract political qualities by becoming collective, while the soul, as a designator for the Dzhan people and as a category, gains flesh. The novella reveals the “Turkmen” nation as a site of bare life itself in its indestructible corporeal glory.
32
Thomson, G. "Advances in electro-optic systems for targeting". Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part G: Journal of Aerospace Engineering 212, n. 1 (1 gennaio 1998): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/0954410981532090.
Abstract (sommario):
Throughout history, ‘optics’ have been used as the primary sense for weapon aiming. Military aircraft have now been using electro-optic avionic systems for more than 50 years to provide aiming precision in a variety of targeting applications. Recent conflicts have made significant use of the precision of electro-optic (E-O) systems such as the thermal imaging and airborne laser designator (TIALD) to strike specific targets, by day and night, while minimizing the risk of unintentional collateral damage. Many of these E-O systems provide a convenient ‘CNN news compatible’ video and the use and effectiveness of the TIALD have been witnessed by many people on television. Perhaps not so obvious are the underlying advances in E-O technology and the extensive enhancements that have made this all possible. The United Kingdom is a world leader in E-O technology and continues to research and develop new systems to meet anticipated future needs. The author examines the basis for use of electro-optic avionics in targeting applications and describes the depth of the technology employed to meet the precision requirements. A few examples of E-O systems are examined, together with a discussion of future directions.
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Verma, Kamlesh, Debashis Ghosh, Rajeev Marathe e Avnish Kumar. "Efficient Embedded Hardware Architecture for Stabilised Tracking Sighting System of Armoured Fighting Vehicles". Defence Science Journal 69, n. 3 (30 aprile 2019): 208–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.14429/dsj.69.14414.
Abstract (sommario):
A line-of-sight stabilised sighting system, capable of target tracking and video stabilisation is a prime requirement of any armoured fighting tank vehicle for military surveillance and weapon firing. Typically, such sighting systems have three prime electro-optical sensors i.e. day camera for viewing in day conditions, thermal camera for night viewing and eye-safe laser range finder for obtaining the target range. For laser guided missile firing, additional laser target designator may be a part of sighting system. This sighting system provides necessary parameters for the fire control computer to compute ballistic offsets to fire conventional ammunition or fire missile. System demands simultaneous interactions with electro-optical sensors, servo sensors, actuators, multi-function display for man-machine interface, fire control computer, logic controller and other sub-systems of tank. Therefore, a complex embedded electronics hardware is needed to respond in real time for such system. An efficient electronics embedded hardware architecture is presented here for the development of this type of sighting system. This hardware has been developed around SHARC 21369 processor and FPGA. A performance evaluation scheme is also presented for this sighting system based on the developed hardware.
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Leszczynski, Agnieszka. "Glitchy vignettes of platform urbanism". Environment and Planning D: Society and Space 38, n. 2 (1 ottobre 2019): 189–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0263775819878721.
Abstract (sommario):
‘Platform urbanism’ has recently gained traction as a designator for emergent dynamics and material configurations associated with the increasing presence of digital platform enterprises in cities. Initial scholarly engagements with platform urbanism have tended to coalesce around critiques of digital platforms as progenitors of inevitably dystopian urban futures. In this paper, I advance a counter-topographical minor theory of platform urbanism. I do so by drawing on Legacy Russell's notion of the glitch as a tendency toward both error and erratum (correction) in digital systems, mobilizing space/times where platforms appear ‘glitchy’—unexpectedly, otherwise than anticipated, or not at all—as the margins of platform urbanism. Through the narration of three specific platform/city interfaces from the minors of their glitchy margins, I capture the ways in which platform–urban configurations are demonstrably open to negotiations, reconfigurations, and diffractions through tactical maneuvers rooted in everyday digital practices of urban denizens. Theorized from the minor, platform urbanism is a phenomenon that may beget an array of possible outcomes that remain shapeable by mundane tactical interventions in the platform-mediated present. This ultimately underwrites possibilities for more hopeful digital urban politics, theory, and futures.
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Zouhar, Marián. "An Argument for the Obstinate Rigidity of Proper Names". Grazer Philosophische Studien 96, n. 4 (21 novembre 2019): 497–517. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18756735-000067.
Abstract (sommario):
A recent argument suggests that proper names are persistently rigid designators. Invoking the Kaplanian distinction between a world of the context of utterance and a world of the circumstance of evaluation, the argument maintains that names have to designate something only in the former, but not in the latter, implying thus that the designated objects must exist only in the former world. This paper shows that names designate something in both kinds of world and are thus obstinately rigid. This is achieved in three steps. First, the author argues that the contents of names must be available in possible worlds regardless of whether the named objects exist in them. Second, the author argues that these contents are expressed by English names in both kinds of world. Third, since Millianism suggests that names express contents by way of designating objects, the author argues that they have to designate something in both kinds of world.
36
Hajhosseini, Babak, Bryan Stewart, Jane C. Tan, Stephan Busque e Marc L. Melcher. "Evaluating Deceased Donor Registries: Identifying Predictive Factors of Donor Designation". American Surgeon 79, n. 3 (marzo 2013): 235–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000313481307900319.
Abstract (sommario):
The objectives of this study were to evaluate and compare the performance of the deceased donor registries of the 50 states and the District of Columbia and to identify possible predictive factors of donor designation. Data were collected retrospectively by Donate Life America using a questionnaire sent to Donor Designation Collaborative state teams between 2007 and 2010. By the end of 2010, there were 94,669,081 designated donors nationwide. This accounted for 39.8 per cent of the U.S. population aged 18 years and over. The number of designated organ donors and registry-authorized recovered donors increased each year; however, the total number of recovered donors in 2010 was the lowest since 2004. Donor designation rate was significantly higher when license applicants were verbally questioned at the Department of Motor Vehicles (DMV) regarding their willingness to register as a donor and when DMV applicants were not given an option on DMV application forms to contribute money to support organ donation, compared with not being questioned verbally, and being offered an option to contribute money. State registries continue to increase the total number of designated organ donors; however, the current availability of organs remains insufficient to meet the demand. These data suggest that DMV applicants who are approached verbally regarding their willingness to register as a donor and not given an option on DMV application forms to contribute money to support organ donation might be more likely to designate themselves to be a donor.
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Mallik, Prabhat K., Kimi Nishikawa, Pramit Mallik e Hua Shi. "Complement-Mediated Selective Tumor Cell Lysis Enabled by Bi-Functional RNA Aptamers". Genes 13, n. 1 (29 dicembre 2021): 86. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes13010086.
Abstract (sommario):
Unlike microbes that infect the human body, cancer cells are descended from normal cells and are not easily recognizable as “foreign” by the immune system of the host. However, if the malignant cells can be specifically earmarked for attack by a synthetic “designator”, the powerful effector mechanisms of the immune response can be conscripted to treat cancer. To implement this strategy, we have been developing aptamer-derived molecular adaptors to invoke synthetic immune responses against cancer cells. Here we describe multi-valent aptamers that simultaneously bind target molecules on the surface of cancer cells and an activated complement protein, which would tag the target molecules and their associated cells as “foreign” and trigger multiple effector mechanisms. Increased deposition of the complement proteins on the surface of cancer cells via aptamer binding to membrane targets could induce the formation of the membrane attack complex or cytotoxic degranulation by phagocytes and natural killer cells, thereby causing irreversible destruction of the targeted cells. Specifically, we designed and constructed a bi-functional aptamer linking EGFR and C3b/iC3b, and used it in a cell-based assay to cause lysis of MDA-MB-231 and BT-20 breast cancer cells, with either human or mouse serum as the source of complement factors.
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Skakov, Nariman. "Introduction: Andrei Platonov, an Engineer of the Human Soul". Slavic Review 73, n. 4 (2014): 719–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.5612/slavicreview.73.4.719.
Abstract (sommario):
In this essay I explore how Soviet policymakers, biologists, and writers negotiated the borderline dividing the human and animal domains and conceptualized the animal world for ideological purposes. I link the classic Soviet clash between stikhiinost’ (spontaneity) and soznatel'nost’ (consciousness) with biological experiments of the 1920s that were set to deconstruct the human-animal hierarchy and to create a vision of “classless” biology. I show why Dzhan, one of Andrei Platonov's first earnest attempts to evolve into a socialist realist writer glorifying the Soviet state's firm strides toward the communist future, fails to achieve the semantic certitude of the Stalinist text. Various recurrent and profoundly unconventional themes, often connected with animality and corporeality, drastically muddle the ideological coordinates of the text and preclude the possibility of a clear passage from stikhiinost’ to soznatel'nost'. The (a)political status of the Dzhan people as a newly formed Soviet collective body manifests itself in the complex interplay between two rather commonplace categories: body and soul. The body acquires abstract political qualities by becoming collective, while the soul, as a designator for the Dzhan people and as a category, gains flesh. The novella reveals the “Turkmen“ nation as a site of bare life itself in its indestructible corporeal glory.
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Hasan Jamshidi. "The Rational Evidence in the Jurisprudent Deduction Adopted by Al-Muhaqqiq Al-Hilli". Al-Muhaqqiq 1, n. 2 (15 giugno 2022): 51–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.62745/muhaqqiq.v1i2.154.
Abstract (sommario):
Due to the importance of the rational evidence in deducting legislative rules, especially the novelties, the investigation in the works of jurisprudents helps us a lot to optimally make use of such evidence. In this respect, the jurisprudent method adopted by Al-Muhaqqiq Al-Hilli should be investigated, since he has been the most influential jurisprudent in developing jurisprudent researches. Hence, we have decided to study the deductive and jurisprudent texts of Al-Muhaqqiq Al-Hilli.As a result of the present study, it has become evident that Al-Hilli has made use of the rational evidence in the necessity of imitating the Book (the Qur’an) and the honorable Sunna of the Prophet. Al-Hilli has approved the fact that reason is an independent legislative evidence governing either in obligation or sanctity. Reason may perform this by the assistance of Sharia (Islamic law). Al-Hilli has considered reason to be aware of the address of the Legislator, therefore, he has made use of this under the title” the designator of legislative information.” He has assigned the rational evidence the role of proving the cogency of all evidences like the uniquely reported tradition, and considered the accompaniment of what is contained in a previous revelation one of the rational evidences
40
Carcello, Joseph V., Carl W. Hollingsworth e Terry L. Neal. "Audit Committee Financial Experts: A Closer Examination Using Firm Designations". Accounting Horizons 20, n. 4 (1 dicembre 2006): 351–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.2308/acch.2006.20.4.351.
Abstract (sommario):
The Sarbanes-Oxley Act (SOX) requires the disclosure of whether the audit committee has a financial expert. We examine disclosures related to audit committee financial experts (ACFEs) in the first year that this disclosure requirement is in effect. We find that virtually all companies disclose whether an ACFE is on the audit committee, although the transparency of the disclosure regarding the ACFE's background is limited. We also find that most ACFEs do not have a background in accounting or finance, although there are notable differences between stock exchanges on this dimension. In addition, we find that companies designate ACFEs who would not have been identified using extant research methods, and companies fail to voluntarily designate many individuals who appear to qualify as an ACFE, particularly if another audit committee member is already designated as an ACFE. Thus, some companies appear to be extremely conservative in designating directors as ACFEs, possibly due to concerns about the legal liability faced by designated ACFEs. Finally, we identify certain company characteristics that are associated with the designation or type of financial expert on the audit committee.
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Gogoi, Tutul, e Rajni Kumar. "Design and Development of a Laser Warning Sensor Prototype for Airborne Application". Defence Science Journal 73, n. 3 (12 maggio 2023): 332–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.14429/dsj.73.18662.
Abstract (sommario):
Due to recent developments in high-energy laser systems, the laser is becoming one of the most potential choices in battlefield applications. Laser of a laser range finder used to find target distance may be of nanosecond pulse width and a single pulse may be sufficient to gather the instantaneous range information. A laser target designator is a similar laser with higher energy and with programmable pulse repetition frequencies5,7. Detection of such a specific battlefield laser radiation along with recognizing friend or foe is required for countermeasures. Designing a laser detection system that is capable of detecting such low-power level laser pulses of nanosecond pulse width at a long distance is a critical design and a challenging task. Again detecting a wide wavelength band that can start from 500 nm to around 1700 nm range using a single detector or device is also a challenging task. In this work, a sensor system is being designed and a prototype is developed to cover such a long band detection using a single detector for high-energy lasers. Also, in addition to detecting hostile code, the direction of an incoming laser beam is tried to incorporate into this sensor. The sensor can be utilized to detect unknown or non-friendly laser illumination from within a specific angular cone and distance.
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Hattaway, Michael. "Lands, realms, women and texts". Cahiers Élisabéthains: A Journal of English Renaissance Studies 96, n. 1 (5 marzo 2018): 7–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0184767818761435.
Abstract (sommario):
Words spread into diverse spaces. Such a word is ‘occupy’ along with its derivatives. It designates both possession and ownership, concepts explored in Shakespeare’s King John. Non-portable property is problematic: Can one ‘own’ enclosed commons, colonies designated as ‘plantations’, countries ( The Tempest)? Certain comedies are set in occupied lands ( Love’s Labour’s Lost, Much Ado About Nothing). Could a Renaissance prince be emperor in his own realm at the time of imperial papacy? The word became so ‘ill sorted’ ( 2 Henry IV), after it came to designate sexual possession or rape, that it almost vanished for 150 years.
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Speshilova, Elizaveta. "On Reference of Proper Names: Descriptive and Causal Approaches". Ideas and Ideals 14, n. 4-2 (27 dicembre 2022): 416–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.17212/2075-0862-2022-14.4.2-416-430.
Abstract (sommario):
The article considers the semantics of proper names in the context of analytical philosophy. The author classifies and analyzes the existing approaches to the issue of proper names reference (the descriptive theory of reference and the direct reference theory) and also reveals the points of their mutual intersection. After briefly defining the main theses of descriptive theory, the author proposes to distinguish its strong version from the weak one. According to the strong version, presented primarily by the works of G. Frege and B. Russell, the name, in fact, is a disguised description (or conjunction of descriptions), while, according to the weak version, dating back to the works of J. Searle, a name is associated with a complex disjunction of descriptions. In both the first and second cases, it is the descriptions that specify the denotation of the name; in other words, the name indicates the object only indirectly. However, this approach, at least, does not take into account the possibility of naming an object using a ‘false’ description, that is, a description that specifies the characteristic(s) to which the object does not correspond. The semantics of proper names is interpreted in a fundamentally different way in direct reference theory, according to which names are labels for objects. The reference of the name in this case is determined either with the help of a causal chain of communication (S. Kripke), or with the help of a historical explanation of the relationship between the one who uses the name and the singular object that is designated by that name (K. Donnellan). The name itself is understood as a rigid designator, directly and strictly pointing to the same object in any factual or counterfactual situation. This approach allows us to show how, for example, it is possible to use an incorrect description to refer to a certain subject. The comparative study of these theories made it possible to discover the presence of causal aspects in the descriptive theory of reference and the significance of descriptive characteristics in the direct reference theory, and thereby more accurately describe the semantics of proper names.
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Capdeferro, Josep. "Malnoms graciosos de criminals desgraciats entre les sentències de contenció del canceller de Catalunya (segles XVI-XVII)". SCRIPTA. Revista Internacional de Literatura i Cultura Medieval i Moderna 21, n. 21 (22 giugno 2023): 161. http://dx.doi.org/10.7203/scripta.21.26818.
Abstract (sommario):
Resum: Insospitadament, en una col·lecció jurisprudencial de prestigi emanada dels cancellers de la Catalunya moderna, diversos criminals que buscaven la protecció de l’asil eclesiàstic van ser designats amb els seus malnoms respectius, a més de nom i cognom i, sovint, altres circumstàncies identificatives. Així, es constata l’arrelament profund d’aquest mecanisme popular per designar les persones (de certa extracció social?). La majoria dels 75 malnoms localitzats eren graciosos i corresponien a trets d’origen, caracterització o complementaris dels delinqüents respectius. Només alguns resulten totalment enigmàtics als ulls contemporanis (quelcom ben comprensible, n’hi ha que tenen una component arbitrària o atzarosa).Paraules clau: malnoms, Catalunya, barroc, canceller, justícia, arbitrarietatAbstract: Unexpectedly, in a prestigious collection of sentences issued by the chancellors of early modern Catalonia, several malefactors who sought the protection of ecclesiastical asylum were designated by their respective nicknames, in addition to their first and last names and, often, other identifying circumstances. Thus, the deep rootedness of this popular mechanism to designate people (of a certain social extraction?) is confirmed. Most of the seventy-five nicknames found are quite funny and provide information on the origin, characterization or complementary elements of the offenders. Only some are totally enigmatic to contemporary eyes (which is quite understandable, they often had an arbitrary or random component).Keywords: nicknames, Catalonia, earlymodern, chancellor, justice, arbitrariness
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L.M., Usyk. "MOTIVATORS OF SUBLIMATED EVALUATION SEMANTICS IN ENGLISH, GERMAN, RUSSIAN AND UKRAINIAN NAMES OF MEDICINAL PLANTS". South archive (philological sciences), n. 85 (12 aprile 2021): 140–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.32999/ksu2663-2691/2021-85-23.
Abstract (sommario):
Purpose. The purpose of this article was to perform a cognitive onomasiological reconstruction of the semantic component, that is related to the sublimated estimation meanings inherent in motivators of English, German, Russian and Ukrainian medicinal plants’ names. The goal has been realized through several research stages: determining the quantitative and qualitative parameters of evaluative motivators in the body of the studied material, identifying their types, comparing the data obtained for related languages inside the language groups and generalizing across the language groups.Methods. The following methods were employed to achieve the goals of this research paper: comparative-historical method, namely, internal reconstruction to identify related evaluative motivators for the languages within their language groups, and semantic reconstruction to reveal the original motive of the phytonymic name; cognitive-onomasiological analysis has established the status of evaluative motivators in the onomasiological structures of plant nominations; the method of cognitive reconstruction has determined the stage of human cognitive activity at which the semantic component of sublimated evaluation is formed.Results. The mixed motivational type is prevailing for plant nominations with an evaluative semantic component, 93% прикладів в англійській і 91.5% прикладів фітонімів у німецькій мові, по 69% і 62% – в російській і українській). The results of the study have revealed that languages within language groups are characterized by mostly conjoint motivational parameters for phytonyms with the semantic component of sublimated evaluation. We could not identify modus-type motivators of aesthetic evaluation in English. The common feature for all the studied languages is the metaphorization of the concepts of ‘sun’, ‘gold’, ‘stars’, ‘female beauty’ to designate the names of medicinal plants with a semantic component of aesthetic evaluation. Ethical evaluation meanings in the motivators of phytonyms are formed through metaphorization of theological concepts.Conclusions. In all the studied languages, evaluative motivators are not a priority in the plant nomination process, instead, motivators referring to the objective features of the plants are more often selected. The universal parameters of the semantic component of sublimated evaluation for the languages of the Germanic and Slavic groups are the predominance of associative-terminal motivators in terms of quantitative indicators as compared to modus motivators. The emotional constituent of this type of evaluation in all the studied languages is less prominent as compared to evaluation types of lower levels, since evaluative meanings belonging to higher levels of cognitive activity are mostly based on the rational component.Key words: cognitive onomasiological reconstruction, aesthetic estimation, ethic estimation, modus designator, metaphoric designator. Мета. Здійснити когнітивно-ономасіологічну реконструкцію мотиваторів сублімованих оцінок (естетичних та етичних), виявлених в ономасіологічних структурах назв лікарських рослин в англійській, німецькій, російській та українській мовах. Реалізація поставленої мети передбачає визначення кількісних та якісних параметрів оцінних мотиваторів у корпусі дослідже-ного матеріалу, визначення їх типів, зіставлення отриманих даних всередині мовних груп і між мовними групами.Методи. Прийоми порівняльно-історичного методу: застосування прийому внутрішньої реконструкції дозволило виявити споріднені оцінні мотиватори всередині мовних груп, а прийом семантичної реконструкції дав змогу розкрити первісний мотив найменування. Когнітивно-ономасіологічний аналіз встановив статус оцінних мотиваторів в ономасіологічних структу-рах рослинних номінацій. Прийом когнітивної реконструкції визначив етап когнітивної діяльності людини, на якому форму-ється семантичний компонент сублімованих оцінок.Результати. Переважна більшість вивчених рослинних номінацій із оцінним компонентом семантики приналежні до змі-шаного мотиваційного типу (93% прикладів в англійській і 91.5% прикладів фітонімів у німецькій мові, по 69% і 62% – в російській і українській). Цілком очікувано, що результати вивчення виявили більше спільного у мотиваційному підґрунті фітонімів із семантичним компонентом сублімованої оцінки між мовами всередині мовних груп. Спільною для всіх вивчених мов характеристикою є метафоризація концептів «сонце», «золото», «зорі», «жіноча краса» у процесі мотивації назв лікар-ських рослин із семантичним компонентом естетичної оцінки. Значення етичних оцінок у мотиваторах фітонімів формуються за рахунок метафоризації теологічних концептів.Висновки. В усіх досліджених мовах оцінні мотиватори не є пріоритетними у процесі номінації рослин, натомість, пере-вагу мають мотиватори, що називають об’єктивну ознаку рослини. Універсальними параметрами семантичного компонента сублімованої оцінки для мов германської та слов’янської груп є переважання мотиваторів асоціативно-термінального типу за квантитативними показниками порівняно із мотиваторами модусного типу. Спільною для усіх досліджених мов є нижча ступінь виявлення емоційної складової в сублімованих оцінках порівняно із оцінками нижчих рівнів, оскільки оцінки вищих рівнів у більшій мірі оперті на раціональний компонент.Ключові слова: когнітивно-ономасіологічна реконструкція, мовна оцінка, етична оцінка, естетична оцінка, модусний мотиватор, метафоричний мотиватор.
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Микиртумов, Иван Борисович. "HOW TO NOT MIX WORDS AND OBJECTS". Логико-философские штудии, n. 4(19) (15 dicembre 2021): 291–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.52119/lphs.2021.55.75.008.
Abstract (sommario):
В статье я излагаю свои соображения по поводу статьи Евгения Борисова, помещённой в этом выпуске журнала. Попутно я излагаю своё видение проблем кросс-мировой предикации и кросс-идентификации. Я полагаю, что межмировое тождество невозможно и что главная задача состоит в обеспечении идентификации. Для этого можно использовать либо метод поддержания когнитивного контакта либо метод двойников, отождествляемых по набору существенных признаков. Он определяется прагматически. Метод жёстких десигнаторов также ведёт к интенсиональной логике, поскольку в языке-объекте должны присутствовать релятивизованные к мирам имена объектов. Борисов пытается построить логику кросс-мировой предикации сразу на нескольких основаниях, которые плохо совместимы друг с другом. Он квантифицирует по возможным индивидам, но при этом пытается опереться на метаязыковые имена индивидов как на основание для кросс-идентификации, метаязыковое имя индивида становится аргументом для функции значения, хотя не является жёстким десигнатором. Ключевая операция системы Борисова - назначение двойника в возможном мире - спрятана за функцией f, которая выступает в роли условия идентификации, т. е. прочерчивает кросс-мировую линию. На мой взгляд, система имеет потенциал, но нуждается в додумывании и уточнении. In this article, I present my comments on the article by Evgeny Borisov, which is included in this issue of the journal. Along the way, I set out my vision of the problems of cross-world predication and cross-identification. I believe that cross-world identity is impossible, and that the main task is to provide identification. To do this, you can use either the method of keeping cognitive contact, or the method of counterparts identified by a set of essential features, which is defined pragmatically. The method of rigid designators leads to intensional logic, since the object language must contain object names that are relativized to worlds. Borisov is trying to build the logic of cross-world predication on several bases at once, which are poorly compatible with each other. He quantifies over the domain of possible individuals, but at the same time he tries to rely on the metalinguistic names of individuals as a basis for cross-identification, the metalinguistic name of an individual becomes an argument for the value function, although it is not a rigid designator. The key operation of Borisov’s system is the appointment of a counterpart in a possible world. It is hidden behind the function f, which acts as a condition for identification, that is, it draws a cross-world line. In my opinion, the system has some good prospects, but it needs to be thought out and refined.
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Bakkal, Erim. "Kripke’nin Kurgu Çözümlemesinde Ad ve Adımsı Arasındaki İlişki". Kilikya Felsefe Dergisi / Cilicia Journal of Philosophy 8, n. 2 (2021): 36–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/kilikya20218211.
Abstract (sommario):
Bu metindeki amacım Kripke’nin kurgu çözümlemesinde özel adlar ve adımsılar (pretended name) arasındaki ilişkiyi ele almak. Kripke için özel adlar değişmez imleyicilerdir (rigid designator), yani tek bir varlığı/şeyi var olduğu tüm olanaklı dünyalarda biricik belirlerler. Adımsılar ise kurgusal söylemde ortaya çıkan kurgunun taslamasının bir parçasıdır; yani kurgu dünyadaki karakterlerin adlarıdır. Kripke’ye göre adımsılar sadece gerçek adları taklit eden fakat taklit ve benzerlik ilişkisinden öte bir ilişkileri olmayan, adlardan kategorik olarak farklı şeylerdir. Fakat Kripke için adlar ve adımsılar kategorik olarak farklı olsalar da bu iki dilsel birim birbirlerini belirler gibi gözükür. Yani “Sherlock Holmes” özel adı, “Sherlock Holmes” özel adımsısı ile eşseslidir fakat bunun gerekçesi yeterince açık değildir. Bu açık olmama durumu kurgusal karakter adlandırma önermelerinin adlandırıcı açısından a priori ve olumsal mı olduğu yoksa a posteriori ve zorunlu mu olduğu sorusuyla ilişkilidir. Böylelikle bu belirleme ilişkisi ya zorunlu ya da olumsal bir ilişkidir. Ben bu belirleme ilişkisinin olumsal olduğunu savunacağım. Fakat bu belirleme ilişkisi olumsal olsa da ad ve adımsı arasında eşseslilik açısından sıkı bir ilişki olmaya devam eder. Ben bu sıkı ilişkinin genellikle kendiliğinden bir ilişki olduğunu, kurgu karakterin önce adı olabileceği gibi ilişkilendiği adımsısı da olabileceğini ve bu ayrım yeterince düşünülmediği için genellikle ad ve adımsının eşseslilik açısından çakıştığını savunacağım. Fakat ilişkilendiği adımsı ve özel adı eşsesli olmayan karakterler de olabileceğini ileri süreceğim. Son olarak ise bu dediklerimizden adımsıların geçtiği betimlemeler üretebileceğimizi ve bunlar yoluyla da kurgu varlıklara değişen imleyiciler olarak gönderimde bulunabileceğimizi savunacağım.
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Farmer, A. M. "Reducing phosphate discharges: the role of the 1991 EC urban wastewater treatment directive". Water Science and Technology 44, n. 1 (1 luglio 2001): 41–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2001.0010.
Abstract (sommario):
This paper reviews the status of implementation of the 1991 EC urban wastewater treatment Directive in relation to its requirements for phosphate removal from wastewater discharges. Transposition of the Directive is satisfactory in most Member States as is implementation of requirements regarding collection and secondary treatment of sewage, with the notable exceptions of Belgium and Italy. A range of approaches has been adopted for the designation of sensitive areas under the Directive and designation is still not complete. It is likely that most Member States will have met the treatment requirements for sensitive areas by the end of 1998. Exceptions will include France and Spain (where implementation will be incomplete), the UK (which designated more sensitive areas in 1998 and will meet requirements for these at a later date) and Greece and Italy (for which sensitive area designation is lacking or uncertain). The Commission has indicated that it will examine compliance for both designation and treatment closely. This may place further pressure on Member States to designate further sensitive areas. It is estimated that currently in ten EU Member States, containing 90% of the EU population, about 375,000 tonnes of phosphorus are produced in domestic wastewater each year. In 1994 39-45% of this was removed in wastewater treatment works.
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Antoniu, Sabina. "Fresh from the designation pipeline: orphan drugs recently designated in the European Union". Expert Opinion on Orphan Drugs 1, n. 3 (25 gennaio 2013): 249–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1517/21678707.2013.764822.
50
Oddone, Luca, Luciano Bongiorni e Angelo Casabianca. "Type designation and new combination for the alpine intergeneric hybrid ×Pseudadenia micrantha (Orchidinae, Orchidaceae)". Phytotaxa 158, n. 1 (30 gennaio 2014): 99. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.158.1.8.
Abstract (sommario):
A new combination, ×Pseudadenia micrantha, is proposed for the rare intergeneric hybrid between Gymnadenia rhellicani × Pseudorchis albida. Kerner did not designate a holotype and the 1976 typification of Hautzinger was not in accord with the ICN Code. An illustration by Kerner is designated here as the lectotype. Chorological and morphological notes detailing comparison with the parental species are provided. Una nuova combinazione, ×Pseudadenia micrantha, viene proposta per il raro ibrido intergenerico tra Gymnadenia rhellicani × Pseudorchis albida. Kerner non istituì un olotipo e la tipificazione fatta da Hautzinger nel 1976 è contro il Codice ICN. Una illustrazione di Kerner viene designata come lectotipo. Vengono fornite anche note corologiche e morfologiche di confronto con le specie parentali.